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[[File:learn-german-polyglot-club2.jpg|thumb]] | |||
Hello everybody, | |||
In today's lesson you will learn some useful vocabulary about '''¨DECLENSION¨''' in German | |||
Feel free to edit this page by adding new words and expressions ! | |||
Happy learning ! :) | |||
It is recommended to use a color temperature adjuster such as [http://jonls.dk/redshift/ Redshift] when viewing, because I choose the colors with it on. | It is recommended to use a color temperature adjuster such as [http://jonls.dk/redshift/ Redshift] when viewing, because I choose the colors with it on. | ||
== | The function of declension is to indicate the case, the number (grammatical) and the gender of the noun. | ||
There should always be one or two words in the sentence showing the case, number and gender clearly. Not distinctively clear, but clear enough. | |||
<span link>Once you've mastered this lesson, take a look at these related pages:</span> [[Language/Swiss-german/Grammar/Gender|Gender]], [[Language/German/Grammar/Be-Polite|Be Polite]], [[Language/German/Grammar/Plural-Forms|Plural Forms]] & [[Language/German/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be|How to Use Be]]. | |||
== Adjective with determiner == | |||
Declensions happen to attributive adjectives. | |||
It is more effective to memorise adjective declensions with determiners. | |||
=== Strong declension === | |||
Strong declension is used when there is no preceding determiner or the determiner can't fully indicate the case, gender and number of the noun (e.g. mehr, etwas). | |||
For the determiner, it is not a strong declension. | |||
==== Adjective ==== | |||
===== neuer ===== | |||
new | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">neue</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">neue</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">neuem</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">neuem</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">neuer</span> | |||
|} | |||
You may wonder if “-en” will easily lead to a confusion because it can be used across 3 cases. You can find the clue why it won't in this page. | |||
=== Mixed declension === | |||
Mixed declension is used when the preceding determiner is an indefinite article or a possessive pronoun. | |||
Comparing to the strong declension, 5 forms of suffixes of the adjective are kept, while others are changed to “-en”. | |||
For the determiner, it is a strong declension. | |||
==== Indefinite article + adjective ==== | |||
=== | ===== ein (indefinite article) neuer ===== | ||
a new | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">ein neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">ein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">eine neue</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">einen neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">ein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">eine neue</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">einem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">einem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">einer neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">eines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">eines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">einer neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
===== kein (indefinite article) neuer ===== | |||
no new | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">kein neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">kein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">keine neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">keine neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">keinen neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">kein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">keine neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">keine neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">keinem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">keinem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">keiner neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">keinen neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">keines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">keines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">keiner neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">keiner neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
[[#Indefinite article|go to “indefinite article”]] | |||
==== Possessive pronoun + adjective ==== | |||
===== mein neuer ===== | |||
my new | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">mein neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">mein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">meine neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">meine neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">meinen neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">mein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">meine neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">meine neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">meinem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">meinem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">meiner neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">meinen neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">meines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">meines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">meiner neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">meiner neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
===== dein neuer ===== | |||
your new (singular informal) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">dein neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">dein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">deine neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">deine neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">dein neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">dein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">deine neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">deine neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">deinem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">deinem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">deiner neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">deinen neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">deines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">deines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">deiner neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">deiner neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
===== sein neuer ===== | |||
his new | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">sein neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">sein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">seine neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">seine neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">seinen neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">sein neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">seine neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">seine neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">seinem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">seinem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">seiner neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">seinen neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">seines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">seines neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">seiner neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">seiner neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
===== ihr neuer ===== | |||
her new; its new; one's new; their new | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">ihr neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">ihr neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">ihre neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">ihre neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">ihren neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">ihr neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">ihre neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">ihre neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">ihrem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">ihrem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">ihrer neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">ihren neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">ihres neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">ihres neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">ihrer neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">ihrer neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
===== Ihr neuer ===== | |||
your new (formal) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">Ihr neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">Ihr neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">Ihre neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">Ihre neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">Ihren neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">Ihr neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">Ihre neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">Ihre neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">Ihrem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">Ihrem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">Ihrer neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">Ihren neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">Ihres neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">Ihres neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">Ihrer neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">Ihrer neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
===== unser neuer ===== | |||
our new | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">unser neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">unser neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">unsere neue</span> | |||
<span style="color:#FF0000">unsre neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">unsere neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#FF8080">unsre neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">unseren neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C0C0FF">unsern neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C0C0FF">unsren neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">unser neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">unsere neue</span> | |||
<span style="color:#FF0000">unsre neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">unsere neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#FF8080">unsre neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">unserem neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C000FF">unserm neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C000FF">unsrem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">unserem neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C000FF">unserm neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C000FF">unsrem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">unserer neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8080FF">unsrer neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">unseren neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C0C0FF">unsern neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C0C0FF">unsren neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">unseres neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#00C0FF">unsres neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">unseres neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#00C0FF">unsres neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">unserer neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8080FF">unsrer neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">unserer neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8080FF">unsrer neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
===== euer neuer ===== | |||
your new (plural informal) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">euer neuer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">euer neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">eure neue</span> | |||
<span style="color:#FF0000">euere neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">eure neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#FF8080">euere neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">eueren neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C0C0FF">euren neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#80C000">eueres neues</span> | |||
<span style="color:#80C000">eures neues</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">eure neue</span> | |||
<span style="color:#FF0000">euere neue</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">eure neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#FF8080">euere neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">euerem neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C000FF">eurem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">euerem neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C000FF">eurem neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">euerer neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8080FF">eurer neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">eueren neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#C0C0FF">euren neuen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">eueres neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#00C0FF">eures neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">eueres neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#00C0FF">eures neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">euerer neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8080FF">eurer neuen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">euerer neuen</span> | |||
<span style="color:#8080FF">eurer neuen</span> | |||
|} | |||
[[#Possessive pronoun|go to “possessive pronoun”]] | |||
=== Weak declension === | |||
Weak declension is used when the preceding determiner indicates the case, gender and number of the noun (e.g. [[#Demonstrative pronoun|demonstrative pronouns]], [[#Distributive pronoun|distributive pronouns]]). | |||
Comparing to the mixed declension, the suffixes of previous 5 unchanged forms of the adjective are changed to “-e”, while others are kept as “-en”. | |||
For the determiner, it is a strong declension. | |||
==== Definite article + adjective ==== | |||
===== der (definite article) neue ===== | |||
the new | the new | ||
| Line 10: | Line 467: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 40: | Line 497: | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[#Definite article|go to “definite article”]] | |||
=== No declension === | |||
Declension doesn't happen to predicative adjectives. | |||
is new / are new | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
| | | colspan="3" rowspan="4" |ist neu | ||
| rowspan="4" |sind neu | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | === Special adjective === | ||
[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wenig#Declension wenig] | |||
[https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/viel#Declension viel] | |||
[[File:Deutsche_Deklinationen_3.png]] | |||
== Article == | |||
=== Definite article === | |||
[[#Definite article + adjective|Declension of definite article have been described above.]] | |||
=== Indefinite article === | |||
[[#Indefinite article + adjective|Declension of indefinite article have been described above.]] | |||
== Noun == | |||
=== Regular declension === | |||
For masculine singular and neuter singular (both singular), an “-s” or “-es” is added in genitive accordingly. If it ends with “-z” or “-s”, that will likely be “-es”; otherwise “-s”. Sometimes both are accepted. | |||
For plural, an “-n” or “-en” is often added in dative accordingly. If it ends with “-z” or “-s”, that will likely be “-en”; if it ends with “-n”, then “-n” or “-en” is not to be added; otherwise “-n”. | |||
spoon, knife, fork, glasses | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
| | |Löffel | ||
| | |Messer | ||
| | |Gabel | ||
| | |Gläser | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
| | |Löffel | ||
| | |Messer | ||
| | |Gabel | ||
| | |Gläser | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
| | |Löffel | ||
| | |Messer | ||
| | |Gabel | ||
| | |Gläser'''n''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
| | |Löffel'''s''' | ||
| | |Messer'''s''' | ||
| | |Gabel | ||
| | |Gläser | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | === N-declension === | ||
For weak masculine singular nouns and several neuter singular nouns, the declension is adding “-n” or “-en” accordingly at the end in accusative, dative and genitive. If it ends with “-e”, that will likely be “-n”; otherwise “-en”. | |||
student | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
| | |Student | ||
| | |Studenten | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
| | |Student'''en''' | ||
| | |Studenten | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
| | |Student'''en''' | ||
| | |Studenten | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
| | |Student'''en''' | ||
| | |Studenten | ||
|} | |} | ||
Several words have an additional “regular declension” after a common N-declension in its single form. | |||
name | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
| | |Name | ||
| | |Namen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
| | |Namen | ||
| | |Namen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
| | |Namen | ||
| | |Namen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
| | |Namen'''s''' | ||
| | |Namen | ||
|} | |} | ||
There is a notable exception, with the accusative unchanged: Herz | |||
heart | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!neuter singular | |||
!neuter | !plural | ||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
| | |Herz | ||
| | |Herzen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
| | |Herz | ||
| | |Herzen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
| | |Herzen | ||
| | |Herzen | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
| | |Herzens | ||
| | |Herzen | ||
|} | |} | ||
== | == Pronoun == | ||
=== Personal pronoun === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | |||
!1<sup>st</sup>-person singular | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup>-person singular informal | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup>-person singular masculine | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup>-person singular feminine | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup>-person singular neuter | |||
!1<sup>st</sup>-person plural | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup>-person plural informal | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup>-person plural | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup>-person formal | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|ich | |||
|du | |||
|er | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">sie</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">es</span> | |||
|wir | |||
|<span style="color:#FFA0A0">ihr</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">sie</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF4040">Sie</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|mich | |||
|dich | |||
|ihn | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">sie</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">es</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#A08080">uns</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#E08080">euch</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">sie</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF4040">Sie</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | |||
|mir | |||
|dir | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">ihm</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FFA0A0">ihr</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">ihm</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#A08080">uns</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#E08080">euch</span> | |||
|ihnen | |||
|Ihnen | |||
|} | |||
=== Reflexive pronoun === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !1<sup>st</sup>-person singular | ||
!neuter | !2<sup>nd</sup>-person singular informal | ||
! | !3<sup>rd</sup>-person singular masculine | ||
!3<sup>rd</sup>-person singular feminine | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup>-person singular neuter | |||
!1<sup>st</sup>-person plural | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup>-person plural informal | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup>-person plural | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup>-person formal | |||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:# | |ich | ||
|<span style="color:# | |du | ||
|<span style="color:# | |er | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">sie</span> | |||
|es | |||
|wir | |||
|ihr | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">sie</span> | |||
|Sie | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|mich | |||
|dich | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#A08080">uns</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#E08080">euch</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|mir | |||
|dir | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#A08080">uns</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#E08080">euch</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#40A0A0">sich</span> | |||
|} | |||
=== Reciprocal pronoun === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
!1<sup>st</sup>-person | |||
!2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
!3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
| | | colspan="3" rowspan="3" |einander | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | === Possessive pronoun === | ||
Declensions of possessive pronouns is determined by its function: | |||
*Possessive pronoun is attributive. [[#Possessive pronoun + adjective|Its declension is described above.]] | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">mein</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">mein</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">meine</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">meine</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">meinen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">mein</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">meine</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">meine</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">meinem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">meinem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#8080FF"> | |<span style="color:#8080FF">meiner</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">meinen</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">meines</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">meines</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">meiner</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">meiner</span> | |||
|} | |||
*Possessive pronoun is not attributive and has no preceding article. Add “-er” to nominative masculine singular, add “-es” to nominative and accusative neuter singular. | |||
<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|<span style="color:# | |- | ||
|<span style="color:# | ! | ||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">meiner</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">meines</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">meine</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">meine</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">meinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">meines</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">meine</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">meine</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">meinem</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">meinem</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">meiner</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">meinen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">meines</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">meines</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">meiner</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">meiner</span> | |||
|} | |} | ||
*Possessive pronoun is not attributive and has a preceding article. Suffixes become “-e” or “-en” like the weak declension of adjectives. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">der meine</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">das meine</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">die meine</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">die meinen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">den meinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">das meine</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">die meine</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF8080">die meinen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">dem meinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">dem meinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">der meinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">den meinen</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">des meinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">des meinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">der meinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#8080FF">der meinen</span> | |||
|} | |||
=== Demonstrative pronoun === | |||
==== der (demonstrative pronoun) ==== | |||
that | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">der</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">das</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">die</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">die</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">den</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">das</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">die</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">die</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">dem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">dem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">der</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#80C0FF">denen</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">dessen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">dessen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#8080FF"> | |<span style="color:#8080FF">deren</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#8080FF"> | |<span style="color:#8080FF">deren</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== derselbe ==== | ||
the same | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">derselbe</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">dasselbe</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">dieselbe</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF8080"> | |<span style="color:#FF8080">dieselben</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">denselben</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">dasselbe</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">dieselbe</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF8080"> | |<span style="color:#FF8080">dieselben</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">demselben</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">demselben</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#8080FF"> | |<span style="color:#8080FF">derselben</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">denselben</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">desselben</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">desselben</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#8080FF"> | |<span style="color:#8080FF">derselben</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#8080FF"> | |<span style="color:#8080FF">derselben</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== derjenige ==== | ||
the one | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">derjenige</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000">dasjenige</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">diejenige</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">diejenige</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">denjenige</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000">dasjenige</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">diejenige</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">diejenige</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">demjenige</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">demjenige</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">derjenige</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">denjenige</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">desjenige</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">desjenige</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">derjenige</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">derjenige</span> | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== dieser ==== | ||
this one; that one | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine singular | |||
!neuter singular | |||
!feminine singular | |||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">dieser</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000">dieses</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">diese</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">diese</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">diesen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000">dieses</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">diese</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">diese</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">diesem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">diesem</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">dieser</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">diesen</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">dieses</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000">dieses</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">dieser</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">dieser</span> | |||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==== jener ==== | ||
that one (formal) | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | |||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jener</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">jenes</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">jene</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">jene</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">jenen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">jenes</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">jene</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">jene</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">jenem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">jenem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jener</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">jenen</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">jenes</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">jenes</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jener</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">jener</span> | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== solcher ==== | ||
such a, such | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">solcher</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">solches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">solche</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">solche</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">solchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">solches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">solche</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">solche</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">solchem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">solchem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">solcher</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">solchen</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">solchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">solchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">solcher</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">solcher</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | [[#Weak declension|go to “weak declension”]] | ||
=== Distributive pronoun === | |||
==== jeglicher ==== | |||
any; each, every | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jeglicher</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">jegliches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">jegliche</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">jeglichen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">jegliches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">jegliche</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">jeglichem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">jeglichem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jeglicher</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">jegliches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">jegliches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jeglicher</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== jeder ==== | ||
each, every | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jeder</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">jedes</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">jede</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">jeden</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">jedes</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">jede</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">jedem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">jedem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jeder</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">jedes</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">jedes</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">jeder</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | [[#Weak declension|go to “weak declension”]] | ||
=== Interrogative pronoun === | |||
==== welcher ==== | |||
which, what | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">welcher</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">welches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">welche</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">welche</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">welchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">welches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">welche</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">welche</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">welchem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">welchem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">welcher</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">welchen</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">welches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | <span style="color:#C0C0FF">welchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">welches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | <span style="color:#C0C0FF">welchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">welcher</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">welcher</span> | |||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== wer / was ==== | ||
who / what | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | |||
!personal | |||
!impersonal | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">wer</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#808080">was</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">wen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#808080">was</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">wem</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">wessen</span> | |||
|} | |||
=== Indefinite pronoun === | |||
==== ein (indefinite pronoun) ==== | |||
one | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine | ||
!neuter | !neuter | ||
!feminine | !feminine | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">einer</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">eines</span> | ||
<span style="color:#008000">eins</span> | |||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">eine</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">einen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">eines</span> | ||
<span style="color:#008000">eins</span> | |||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#FF0000">eine</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">einem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">einem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">einer</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">eines</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">eines</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">einer</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== kein (indefinite pronoun) ==== | ||
no one | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine | ||
!neuter | !neuter | ||
!feminine | !feminine | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">keiner</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">keines</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | <span style="color:#008000">keins</span> | ||
<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">keine</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |- | ||
<span style="color:# | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">keinen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#008000">keines</span> | |||
<span style="color:#008000">keins</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">keine</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">keinem</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">keinem</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">keiner</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">keines</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">keines</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">keiner</span> | |||
|} | |||
==== man ==== | |||
one | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! | |||
!singular | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|man | |||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">einen</span> | ||
<span style="color:# | |- | ||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">einem</span> | |||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|sein | |||
|} | |||
==== jemand ==== | |||
someone, somebody | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|<span style="color:# | ! | ||
| | !singular | ||
|- | |||
|<span style="color:# | !nominative | ||
<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#808080">jemand</span> | ||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">jemanden</span> | |||
<span style="color:#808080">jemand</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">jemandem</span> | ||
<span style="color:# | <span style="color:#808080">jemand</span> | ||
|- | |||
!genitive | |||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF">jemandes</span> | |||
<span style="color:#00C0FF">jemands</span> | |||
|} | |||
==== niemand ==== | |||
no one, nobody | |||
<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! | |||
!singular | |||
|- | |||
!nominative | |||
|<span style="color:#808080">niemand</span> | |||
|- | |||
!accusative | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">niemanden</span> | |||
<span style="color:#808080">niemand</span> | |||
|- | |||
!dative | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">niemandem</span> | |||
<span style="color:#808080">niemand</span> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">niemandes</span> | ||
<span style="color:#00C0FF"> | <span style="color:#00C0FF">niemands</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== aller ==== | ||
all | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">aller</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">alles</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">alle</span> | ||
<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">alle</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">allen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000">alles</span> | |||
| | |<span style="color:#FF0000">alle</span> | ||
<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">alle</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |||
<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">allem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF">allem</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">aller</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">allen</span> | |||
|<span style="color:# | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">alles</span> | ||
<span style="color:# | <span style="color:#C0C0FF">allen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">alles</span> | ||
<span style="color:# | <span style="color:#C0C0FF">allen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#0000FF">aller</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">aller</span> | |||
|<span style="color:# | |||
|} | |} | ||
== | ==== beide ==== | ||
both | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">beide</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000">beide</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF">beiden</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#8080FF">beider</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== einige ==== | ||
some | some | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">einiger</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">einiges</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">einige</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">einige</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">einigen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">einiges</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">einige</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">einige</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">einigem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">einigem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">einiger</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">einigen</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">einiges</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#008000">einiges</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">einiger</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">einiger</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== | ==== mancher ==== | ||
many a, many, some | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">mancher</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">manches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">manche</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">manche</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">manchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">manches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">manche</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">manche</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">manchem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">manchem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">mancher</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">manchen</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#008000">manches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | <span style="color:#C0C0FF">manchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#008000">manches</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | <span style="color:#C0C0FF">manchen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">mancher</span> | |||
|<span style="color:#0000FF">mancher</span> | |||
|} | |} | ||
== | === Relative pronoun === | ||
==== der (relative pronoun) ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! | ||
!masculine | !masculine singular | ||
!neuter | !neuter singular | ||
!feminine | !feminine singular | ||
!plural | !plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
!nominative | !nominative | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">der</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">das</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">die</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">die</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!accusative | !accusative | ||
|<span style="color:#C0C0FF"> | |<span style="color:#C0C0FF">den</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#008000"> | |<span style="color:#008000">das</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">die</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#FF0000"> | |<span style="color:#FF0000">die</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!dative | !dative | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">dem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#C000FF"> | |<span style="color:#C000FF">dem</span> | ||
|<span style="color:#0000FF"> | |<span style="color:#0000FF">der</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#80C0FF">denen</span> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!genitive | !genitive | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">dessen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#00C0FF">dessen</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#8080FF">deren</span> | ||
|<span style="color:# | |<span style="color:#8080FF">deren</span> | ||
|} | |} | ||
== More information == | |||
If you are interested, you can see what declensions of its early forms the look like: | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German#Grammar | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German_declension | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension | |||
== Reference == | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nouns#Declension_for_case | |||
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_adjectives#Weak,_mixed,_and_strong_inflection | |||
https://deutsch.lingolia.com/en/grammar | |||
https://www.germanveryeasy.com/noun-declension | |||
https://www.germanveryeasy.com/adjective-declension | |||
https://www.germanveryeasy.com/pronouns | |||
https://www.wiktionary.org/ | |||
https://www.deutschplus.net/en/pages/Reziprokpronomen | |||
==-- AUTHOR --== | |||
[https://polyglotclub.com/member/GrimPixel GrimPixel] | |||
==Other Lessons== | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be|How to Use Be]] | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/Gender|Gender]] | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/Possessive-Case-in-German|Possessive Case in German]] | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/Past-Tense---Part-1---Perfect-Tense|Past Tense Part 1 Perfect Tense]] | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/Pronouns-in-German|Pronouns in German]] | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]] | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/Negation|Negation]] | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/Cases|Cases]] | |||
* [[Language/German/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]] | |||
<span links></span> | |||
Latest revision as of 23:13, 26 March 2023
Hello everybody,
In today's lesson you will learn some useful vocabulary about ¨DECLENSION¨ in German
Feel free to edit this page by adding new words and expressions !
Happy learning ! :)
It is recommended to use a color temperature adjuster such as Redshift when viewing, because I choose the colors with it on.
The function of declension is to indicate the case, the number (grammatical) and the gender of the noun.
There should always be one or two words in the sentence showing the case, number and gender clearly. Not distinctively clear, but clear enough.
Once you've mastered this lesson, take a look at these related pages: Gender, Be Polite, Plural Forms & How to Use Be.
Adjective with determiner[edit | edit source]
Declensions happen to attributive adjectives.
It is more effective to memorise adjective declensions with determiners.
Strong declension[edit | edit source]
Strong declension is used when there is no preceding determiner or the determiner can't fully indicate the case, gender and number of the noun (e.g. mehr, etwas).
For the determiner, it is not a strong declension.
Adjective[edit | edit source]
neuer[edit | edit source]
new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | neuer | neues | neue | neue |
| accusative | neuen | neues | neue | neue |
| dative | neuem | neuem | neuer | neuen |
| genitive | neuen | neuen | neuer | neuer |
You may wonder if “-en” will easily lead to a confusion because it can be used across 3 cases. You can find the clue why it won't in this page.
Mixed declension[edit | edit source]
Mixed declension is used when the preceding determiner is an indefinite article or a possessive pronoun.
Comparing to the strong declension, 5 forms of suffixes of the adjective are kept, while others are changed to “-en”.
For the determiner, it is a strong declension.
Indefinite article + adjective[edit | edit source]
ein (indefinite article) neuer[edit | edit source]
a new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ein neuer | ein neues | eine neue |
| accusative | einen neuen | ein neues | eine neue |
| dative | einem neuen | einem neuen | einer neuen |
| genitive | eines neuen | eines neuen | einer neuen |
kein (indefinite article) neuer[edit | edit source]
no new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | kein neuer | kein neues | keine neue | keine neuen |
| accusative | keinen neuen | kein neues | keine neue | keine neuen |
| dative | keinem neuen | keinem neuen | keiner neuen | keinen neuen |
| genitive | keines neuen | keines neuen | keiner neuen | keiner neuen |
Possessive pronoun + adjective[edit | edit source]
mein neuer[edit | edit source]
my new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | mein neuer | mein neues | meine neue | meine neuen |
| accusative | meinen neuen | mein neues | meine neue | meine neuen |
| dative | meinem neuen | meinem neuen | meiner neuen | meinen neuen |
| genitive | meines neuen | meines neuen | meiner neuen | meiner neuen |
dein neuer[edit | edit source]
your new (singular informal)
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | dein neuer | dein neues | deine neue | deine neuen |
| accusative | dein neuen | dein neues | deine neue | deine neuen |
| dative | deinem neuen | deinem neuen | deiner neuen | deinen neuen |
| genitive | deines neuen | deines neuen | deiner neuen | deiner neuen |
sein neuer[edit | edit source]
his new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | sein neuer | sein neues | seine neue | seine neuen |
| accusative | seinen neuen | sein neues | seine neue | seine neuen |
| dative | seinem neuen | seinem neuen | seiner neuen | seinen neuen |
| genitive | seines neuen | seines neuen | seiner neuen | seiner neuen |
ihr neuer[edit | edit source]
her new; its new; one's new; their new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ihr neuer | ihr neues | ihre neue | ihre neuen |
| accusative | ihren neuen | ihr neues | ihre neue | ihre neuen |
| dative | ihrem neuen | ihrem neuen | ihrer neuen | ihren neuen |
| genitive | ihres neuen | ihres neuen | ihrer neuen | ihrer neuen |
Ihr neuer[edit | edit source]
your new (formal)
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | Ihr neuer | Ihr neues | Ihre neue | Ihre neuen |
| accusative | Ihren neuen | Ihr neues | Ihre neue | Ihre neuen |
| dative | Ihrem neuen | Ihrem neuen | Ihrer neuen | Ihren neuen |
| genitive | Ihres neuen | Ihres neuen | Ihrer neuen | Ihrer neuen |
unser neuer[edit | edit source]
our new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | unser neuer | unser neues | unsere neue
unsre neue |
unsere neuen
unsre neuen |
| accusative | unseren neuen
unsern neuen unsren neuen |
unser neues | unsere neue
unsre neue |
unsere neuen
unsre neuen |
| dative | unserem neuen
unserm neuen unsrem neuen |
unserem neuen
unserm neuen unsrem neuen |
unserer neuen
unsrer neuen |
unseren neuen
unsern neuen unsren neuen |
| genitive | unseres neuen
unsres neuen |
unseres neuen
unsres neuen |
unserer neuen
unsrer neuen |
unserer neuen
unsrer neuen |
euer neuer[edit | edit source]
your new (plural informal)
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | euer neuer | euer neues | eure neue
euere neue |
eure neuen
euere neuen |
| accusative | eueren neuen
euren neuen |
eueres neues
eures neues |
eure neue
euere neue |
eure neuen
euere neuen |
| dative | euerem neuen
eurem neuen |
euerem neuen
eurem neuen |
euerer neuen
eurer neuen |
eueren neuen
euren neuen |
| genitive | eueres neuen
eures neuen |
eueres neuen
eures neuen |
euerer neuen
eurer neuen |
euerer neuen
eurer neuen |
Weak declension[edit | edit source]
Weak declension is used when the preceding determiner indicates the case, gender and number of the noun (e.g. demonstrative pronouns, distributive pronouns).
Comparing to the mixed declension, the suffixes of previous 5 unchanged forms of the adjective are changed to “-e”, while others are kept as “-en”.
For the determiner, it is a strong declension.
Definite article + adjective[edit | edit source]
der (definite article) neue[edit | edit source]
the new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | der neue | das neue | die neue | die neuen |
| accusative | den neuen | das neue | die neue | die neuen |
| dative | dem neuen | dem neuen | der neuen | den neuen |
| genitive | des neuen | des neuen | der neuen | der neuen |
No declension[edit | edit source]
Declension doesn't happen to predicative adjectives.
is new / are new
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ist neu | sind neu | ||
| accusative | ||||
| dative | ||||
| genitive | ||||
Special adjective[edit | edit source]
Article[edit | edit source]
Definite article[edit | edit source]
Declension of definite article have been described above.
Indefinite article[edit | edit source]
Declension of indefinite article have been described above.
Noun[edit | edit source]
Regular declension[edit | edit source]
For masculine singular and neuter singular (both singular), an “-s” or “-es” is added in genitive accordingly. If it ends with “-z” or “-s”, that will likely be “-es”; otherwise “-s”. Sometimes both are accepted.
For plural, an “-n” or “-en” is often added in dative accordingly. If it ends with “-z” or “-s”, that will likely be “-en”; if it ends with “-n”, then “-n” or “-en” is not to be added; otherwise “-n”.
spoon, knife, fork, glasses
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | Löffel | Messer | Gabel | Gläser |
| accusative | Löffel | Messer | Gabel | Gläser |
| dative | Löffel | Messer | Gabel | Gläsern |
| genitive | Löffels | Messers | Gabel | Gläser |
N-declension[edit | edit source]
For weak masculine singular nouns and several neuter singular nouns, the declension is adding “-n” or “-en” accordingly at the end in accusative, dative and genitive. If it ends with “-e”, that will likely be “-n”; otherwise “-en”.
student
| masculine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | Student | Studenten |
| accusative | Studenten | Studenten |
| dative | Studenten | Studenten |
| genitive | Studenten | Studenten |
Several words have an additional “regular declension” after a common N-declension in its single form.
name
| masculine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | Name | Namen |
| accusative | Namen | Namen |
| dative | Namen | Namen |
| genitive | Namens | Namen |
There is a notable exception, with the accusative unchanged: Herz
heart
| neuter singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | Herz | Herzen |
| accusative | Herz | Herzen |
| dative | Herzen | Herzen |
| genitive | Herzens | Herzen |
Pronoun[edit | edit source]
Personal pronoun[edit | edit source]
| 1st-person singular | 2nd-person singular informal | 3rd-person singular masculine | 3rd-person singular feminine | 3rd-person singular neuter | 1st-person plural | 2nd-person plural informal | 3rd-person plural | 2nd-person formal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ich | du | er | sie | es | wir | ihr | sie | Sie |
| accusative | mich | dich | ihn | sie | es | uns | euch | sie | Sie |
| dative | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen |
Reflexive pronoun[edit | edit source]
| 1st-person singular | 2nd-person singular informal | 3rd-person singular masculine | 3rd-person singular feminine | 3rd-person singular neuter | 1st-person plural | 2nd-person plural informal | 3rd-person plural | 2nd-person formal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | ich | du | er | sie | es | wir | ihr | sie | Sie |
| accusative | mich | dich | sich | sich | sich | uns | euch | sich | sich |
| dative | mir | dir | sich | sich | sich | uns | euch | sich | sich |
Reciprocal pronoun[edit | edit source]
| 1st-person | 2nd-person | 3rd-person | |
|---|---|---|---|
| accusative | einander | ||
| dative | |||
| genitive | |||
Possessive pronoun[edit | edit source]
Declensions of possessive pronouns is determined by its function:
- Possessive pronoun is attributive. Its declension is described above.
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | mein | mein | meine | meine |
| accusative | meinen | mein | meine | meine |
| dative | meinem | meinem | meiner | meinen |
| genitive | meines | meines | meiner | meiner |
- Possessive pronoun is not attributive and has no preceding article. Add “-er” to nominative masculine singular, add “-es” to nominative and accusative neuter singular.
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | meiner | meines | meine | meine |
| accusative | meinen | meines | meine | meine |
| dative | meinem | meinem | meiner | meinen |
| genitive | meines | meines | meiner | meiner |
- Possessive pronoun is not attributive and has a preceding article. Suffixes become “-e” or “-en” like the weak declension of adjectives.
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | der meine | das meine | die meine | die meinen |
| accusative | den meinen | das meine | die meine | die meinen |
| dative | dem meinen | dem meinen | der meinen | den meinen |
| genitive | des meinen | des meinen | der meinen | der meinen |
Demonstrative pronoun[edit | edit source]
der (demonstrative pronoun)[edit | edit source]
that
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | der | das | die | die |
| accusative | den | das | die | die |
| dative | dem | dem | der | denen |
| genitive | dessen | dessen | deren | deren |
derselbe[edit | edit source]
the same
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | derselbe | dasselbe | dieselbe | dieselben |
| accusative | denselben | dasselbe | dieselbe | dieselben |
| dative | demselben | demselben | derselben | denselben |
| genitive | desselben | desselben | derselben | derselben |
derjenige[edit | edit source]
the one
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | derjenige | dasjenige | diejenige | diejenige |
| accusative | denjenige | dasjenige | diejenige | diejenige |
| dative | demjenige | demjenige | derjenige | denjenige |
| genitive | desjenige | desjenige | derjenige | derjenige |
dieser[edit | edit source]
this one; that one
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | dieser | dieses | diese | diese |
| accusative | diesen | dieses | diese | diese |
| dative | diesem | diesem | dieser | diesen |
| genitive | dieses | dieses | dieser | dieser |
jener[edit | edit source]
that one (formal)
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | jener | jenes | jene | jene |
| accusative | jenen | jenes | jene | jene |
| dative | jenem | jenem | jener | jenen |
| genitive | jenes | jenes | jener | jener |
solcher[edit | edit source]
such a, such
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | solcher | solches | solche | solche |
| accusative | solchen | solches | solche | solche |
| dative | solchem | solchem | solcher | solchen |
| genitive | solchen | solchen | solcher | solcher |
Distributive pronoun[edit | edit source]
jeglicher[edit | edit source]
any; each, every
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | jeglicher | jegliches | jegliche |
| accusative | jeglichen | jegliches | jegliche |
| dative | jeglichem | jeglichem | jeglicher |
| genitive | jegliches | jegliches | jeglicher |
jeder[edit | edit source]
each, every
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | jeder | jedes | jede |
| accusative | jeden | jedes | jede |
| dative | jedem | jedem | jeder |
| genitive | jedes | jedes | jeder |
Interrogative pronoun[edit | edit source]
welcher[edit | edit source]
which, what
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | welcher | welches | welche | welche |
| accusative | welchen | welches | welche | welche |
| dative | welchem | welchem | welcher | welchen |
| genitive | welches
welchen |
welches
welchen |
welcher | welcher |
wer / was[edit | edit source]
who / what
| personal | impersonal | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | wer | was |
| accusative | wen | was |
| dative | wem | |
| genitive | wessen |
Indefinite pronoun[edit | edit source]
ein (indefinite pronoun)[edit | edit source]
one
| masculine | neuter | feminine | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | einer | eines
eins |
eine |
| accusative | einen | eines
eins |
eine |
| dative | einem | einem | einer |
| genitive | eines | eines | einer |
kein (indefinite pronoun)[edit | edit source]
no one
| masculine | neuter | feminine | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | keiner | keines
keins |
keine |
| accusative | keinen | keines
keins |
keine |
| dative | keinem | keinem | keiner |
| genitive | keines | keines | keiner |
man[edit | edit source]
one
| singular | |
|---|---|
| nominative | man |
| accusative | einen |
| dative | einem |
| genitive | sein |
jemand[edit | edit source]
someone, somebody
| singular | |
|---|---|
| nominative | jemand |
| accusative | jemanden
jemand |
| dative | jemandem
jemand |
| genitive | jemandes
jemands |
niemand[edit | edit source]
no one, nobody
| singular | |
|---|---|
| nominative | niemand |
| accusative | niemanden
niemand |
| dative | niemandem
niemand |
| genitive | niemandes
niemands |
aller[edit | edit source]
all
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | aller | alles | alle | alle |
| accusative | allen | alles | alle | alle |
| dative | allem | allem | aller | allen |
| genitive | alles
allen |
alles
allen |
aller | aller |
beide[edit | edit source]
both
| plural | |
|---|---|
| nominative | beide |
| accusative | beide |
| dative | beiden |
| genitive | beider |
einige[edit | edit source]
some
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | einiger | einiges | einige | einige |
| accusative | einigen | einiges | einige | einige |
| dative | einigem | einigem | einiger | einigen |
| genitive | einiges | einiges | einiger | einiger |
mancher[edit | edit source]
many a, many, some
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | mancher | manches | manche | manche |
| accusative | manchen | manches | manche | manche |
| dative | manchem | manchem | mancher | manchen |
| genitive | manches
manchen |
manches
manchen |
mancher | mancher |
Relative pronoun[edit | edit source]
der (relative pronoun)[edit | edit source]
| masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | der | das | die | die |
| accusative | den | das | die | die |
| dative | dem | dem | der | denen |
| genitive | dessen | dessen | deren | deren |
More information[edit | edit source]
If you are interested, you can see what declensions of its early forms the look like:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German#Grammar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German_declension
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension
Reference[edit | edit source]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nouns#Declension_for_case
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_adjectives#Weak,_mixed,_and_strong_inflection
https://deutsch.lingolia.com/en/grammar
https://www.germanveryeasy.com/noun-declension
https://www.germanveryeasy.com/adjective-declension
https://www.germanveryeasy.com/pronouns
https://www.deutschplus.net/en/pages/Reziprokpronomen
-- AUTHOR --[edit | edit source]
Other Lessons[edit | edit source]
- How to Use Be
- Gender
- Possessive Case in German
- Past Tense Part 1 Perfect Tense
- Pronouns in German
- Prepositions
- Negation
- Cases
- Nouns