Editing Language/English/Grammar/Prepositions

[[File:Prepositions-english-polyglot-club.png|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:200%;">Preposition</div>

Prepositions are short words ('''on''', '''in''', '''to''') that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in front of gerund verbs). 

A prepositions describes a relationship between other words in a sentence or phrase.  


In itself, a word like "'''in'''" or " '''after'''" is rather meaningless and hard to define. For instance, when you try to define a preposition like "'''in'''" or " '''between'''" or "'''on'''", you invariably use your hands to show how something is physically situated in relationship to something else.


Prepositions are nearly always combined with other words in structures called prepositional phrases.


Prepositional phrases can be made up of a million different words, but they tend to be built the same: a preposition followed by an optional determiner and an optional adjective (or two) followed by a noun or pronoun (called the object of the preposition).


This whole phrase, in turn, takes on a modifying role, acting as an adjective or an adverb, locating something in time and space, modifying a noun, or telling when or where or under what conditions something happened.


* Prepositions indicate relationships between other words in a sentence.
* Many prepositions tell you where something is or when something happened.
* Most prepositions have several definitions, so the meaning changes quite a bit in different contexts.
* When prepositions combine with verbs to create phrasal verbs, such as "put up (with)" (tolerate) and "put down" (insult), the meanings are not usually simply a sum of the two words put together.
* Ending an English sentence with a preposition is not a grammatical error.

==Examples==
You can sit '''''before''''' the desk OR '''''in front''' of'' the desk.


The professor can sit '''''on''''' the desk (when he's being informal) or '''''behind''''' the desk, and then his feet are '''''under''''' the desk or '''''beneath''''' the desk.


He can stand '''''beside''''' the desk (meaning '''''next''' to'' the desk), '''''before''''' the desk, '''between''' the desk and you, or even '''''on''''' the desk (if he's really strange).


Here are examples of prepositions and their meaning:


{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Preposition
!Meaning
!Example
|-
|about
|for topics, meaning what about
|I was talking about you
|-
|above
|higher than, or over
|The sun is above the  clouds.
|-
|across
|from one side to the other
|It's dangerous to run across the road.
|-
|adjacent
|be next to, be beside something
|The parking lot is adjacent to the park.
|-
|along
|from one end to the other 
|They are walking along the road.
|-
|among
|surrounded by
|John was among the  spectators.
|-
|at
|position in space or time
|He learned Russian at 45 / He is at the store.
|-
|behind
|at the back of 
|Passengers sit behind the  driver.
|-
|below
|lower than 
|His shorts are below his  knees.
|-
|beneath
|under
|The pen was beneath the  books.
|-
|beside
|next to
|The bank is beside the  cinema.
|-
|between
|in the space separating two things
|Mary sat between Tom  and Jane.
|-
|by
|who made it
|A book by Mark Twain
|-
|close to
|near
|The bank is close to the school
|-
|down
|from higher to lower
|He pulled down the blind.
|-
|for
|what is intended
|I bought this book for you.
|-
|from
|where something starts or originates
|The wind is blowing from the south.
|-
|from
|source / point of origin
|A present from Jane
|-
|in
|located within
|Get in the car!
|-
|in front of
|directly before
|The child ran out in front of the bus.
|-
|inside
|in the inner part of 
|The bird is inside the  cage.
|-
|into
|enter a closed space
|He went into the  shop.
|-
|near
|close to
|The school is near the  church.
|-
|next to
|beside
|The bank is next to the  cinema.
|-
|off
|movement away from a source
|The men get off the train.
|-
|on
|in a position touching a surface 
|The plate is on the  table.
|-
|onto
|move to a position on a surface 
|The cat jumped onto the  roof of the car.
|-
|opposite
|facing, on the other side
|Eva sat opposite Tom  at the table.
|-
|out of
|leaving a car / taxi
|The passengers get out of the taxi
|-
|past
|beyond
|He drove past the supermarket.
|-
|round
|in a circular movement 
|The earth moves round the  sun.
|-
|through
|from one side to the other
|The Seine flows through Paris.
|-
|throughout
|in every part of
|The virus spread throughout the country.
|-
|to
|in the direction of; towards
|On the way to the  station.
|-
|towards
|in the direction of
|The child ran towards her  father.
|-
|under
|beneath, below
|Water flows under the  bridge.
|-
|underneath
|beneath
|There was dust underneath the rug.
|-
|up
|towards or in a higher position
|He walked up the stairs.
|}

==Related Lessons==
* [[Language/English/Grammar/Prepositions-of-Direction|Prepositions of Direction]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/Gender|Gender]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/Adverbs-of-Degree|Adverbs of Degree]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/False-Ellipsis--(Part-2)|False Ellipsis (Part 2)]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/POSSESSIVE-PRONOUNS|POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/Perfect-Tenses|Perfect Tenses]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/Adverbs-of-Manner|Adverbs of Manner]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/How-Some-pointers-when-using-Adjectives|How Some pointers when using Adjectives]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/Countable-and-Uncountable-Nouns|Countable and Uncountable Nouns]]
* [[Language/English/Grammar/Present-Tense|Present Tense]]