Difference between revisions of "Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Ancient-Greek-Alphabet"

From Polyglot Club WIKI
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Quick edit)
 
(12 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
<div class="pg_page_title">The Ancient Greek Alphabet (Αρχαίο ελληνικό αλφάβητο)</div>
[[File:Alphabet-grec.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Alphabet-grec.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:300%;"> Αρχαίο ελληνικό αλφάβητο - Ancient Greek Alphabet</div>
Hello Ancient Greek learners,


Here is a lesson on how to use the Ancient Greek Alphabet.


== '''Ελληνικά''' ==
The Ancient Greek alphabet is one of the earliest alphabets in the world, and it has a long and fascinating history. It was first used in the 8th century BCE, and it quickly became the writing system for the ancient Greek language.
Για το πότε ακριβώς, σε ποιο μέρος και με ποιον τρόπο δημιουργήθηκε το ελληνικό αλφάβητο υπήρξαν πολλές απόψεις. Η επικρατέστερη πάντως ερμηνεία θεωρεί πως πρότυπο υπήρξε το φοινικικό αλφάβητο, το οποίο πρέπει να γνώρισαν οι Έλληνες καθώς ταξίδευαν στα τέλη του 9ου π.Χ. αιώνα στην ανατολική Μεσόγειο. Επιβεβαιωτικά στοιχεία αυτής της άποψης είναι ότι τα γράμματα του ελληνικού αλφαβήτου διατήρησαν τα φοινικικά τους ονόματα, αν και τα ονόματα αυτά δεν σήμαιναν τίποτα στα ελληνικά. Αντιθέτως, στα φοινικικά κάθε γράμμα ήταν ονομασμένο κατά μια λέξη που ξεκινούσε με αυτό (aleph=βόδι, beth=σπίτι, gimel=καμήλα κ.λπ.). Γι' αυτό το λόγο και τα ονόματα των γραμμάτων παρέμειναν άκλιτα στα ελληνικά.
Το ελληνικό αλφάβητο έγινε η βάση για τη δημιουργία του λατινικού αλφαβήτου. Πράγματι, το λατινικό αλφάβητο προέρχεται κυρίως από το ετρουσκικό αλφάβητο το οποίο με τη σειρά του και σύμφωνα με την επικρατέστερη σήμερα άποψη, βασίστηκε στο ελληνικό.


== '''English''' ==
Over time, it underwent several modifications and eventually evolved into the modern Greek alphabet that is used today. Despite these changes, the Ancient Greek alphabet still holds an important place in history, as it was used to write some of the most famous works of Greek literature, such as the works of Homer and the epic poem "The Iliad".
The Ancient Greek alphabet has been in use from 750 BC to today. It is interesting to note that the Greeks were the first Europeans to write an alphabet. Previous writing systems had been either syllabic or pictographic.
 
The Ancient Greek alphabet has been in use from 750 BC to today. It is interesting to note that the Greeks were the first Europeans to write an alphabet.  
It is interesting to note that the Greeks were the first Europeans to write an alphabet. Previous writing systems had been either syllabic or pictographic.


The Greek alphabets of alpha and beta are familiar to Indian students. The first three letters of the Greek alphabet are ABΓ.  
The Greek alphabets of alpha and beta are familiar to Indian students. The first three letters of the Greek alphabet are ABΓ.  
Line 15: Line 15:
The Greek alphabet began making its appearance after the Dark Ages. The first vowel letters were Α (alpha), Ε (epsilon), Ι (iota), Ο (omicron), and Υ (upsilon). Greek also introduced three new consonant letters, Φ (phi), Χ (chi) and Ψ (psi), appended to the end of the alphabet as they were developed.
The Greek alphabet began making its appearance after the Dark Ages. The first vowel letters were Α (alpha), Ε (epsilon), Ι (iota), Ο (omicron), and Υ (upsilon). Greek also introduced three new consonant letters, Φ (phi), Χ (chi) and Ψ (psi), appended to the end of the alphabet as they were developed.


The Greek alphabet is a set of twenty-four letters and it notes each vowel and consonant with a separate Greek symbol. The alphabet was originally written from right to the left though it was written from left to right later.
The Ancient Greek alphabet consisted of 24 letters, each with a corresponding name, sound, and symbol. Some of the letters were derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, while others were created specifically for the Greek language. The letters were written either in capital letters or in small letters, and the writing was typically done on papyrus or parchment scrolls.


The Greece alphabet has two main branches. They were the Ionic and the Chalcidian. The Ionic or eastern, form was adopted by Athens and became what we know today as the classical Greek alphabet. The Chalcidian or, western form, gave rise to the Etruscan alphabet that forms the basis of the Latin or a Roman alphabet that we use today.
The Greece alphabet has two main branches. They were the Ionic and the Chalcidian. The Ionic or eastern, form was adopted by Athens and became what we know today as the classical Greek alphabet. The Chalcidian or, western form, gave rise to the Etruscan alphabet that forms the basis of the Latin or a Roman alphabet that we use today.


Source : Ancient Greece Facts.com
The Ancient Greek alphabet was not just used for writing Greek, but also for mathematical and scientific purposes. In fact, the Greek word for alphabet is "αλφάβητος" (alphabêtos), which means "a system for expressing numbers". This reflects the importance of the alphabet in mathematical and scientific pursuits in ancient Greece.
 
One of the most notable aspects of the Ancient Greek alphabet is its influence on other alphabets and writing systems. The Etruscan, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets, among others, were all influenced by the Greek alphabet. Additionally, the Greek alphabet was used as the basis for the development of many scientific and mathematical symbols, such as the Greek letter π (pi), which represents the mathematical constant.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
!'''capital'''
!'''capital'''
!'''lowercase'''
!'''lowercase'''
Line 330: Line 332:
*<nowiki>**</nowiki>Final, ç.
*<nowiki>**</nowiki>Final, ç.


=='''Français''' ==
==Sources==
Il y a eu de nombreuses vues depuis quand exactement, où et comment l'alphabet grec a été créé. Cependant, l'interprétation la plus répandue considère que l'alphabet phénicien était un modèle, que les Grecs ont dû connaître pendant leur voyages à la fin du IXe siècle av. J-C en Méditerranée orientale.
La confirmation de ce point de vue est que les lettres de l'alphabet grec ont conservé leurs noms phéniciens, bien que ces noms n'avaient rien à dire en grec. En phénicien, en revanche, chaque lettre en phénicien a été nommée d'après un mot qui commençait par elle (aleph = bœuf, beth = maison, gimel = chameau, etc.). Pour cette raison, les noms des lettres sont restés invariables en grec.
 
L'alphabet grec a devenu la base de la création de l'alphabet latin. En effet, l'alphabet latin provient principalement de l'alphabet étrusque, qui à son tour, selon la vision dominante actuelle, était basé sur l'alphabet grec.
 
 
 
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Lettre'''
!'''Dénomination'''
!'''Équivalences modernes pour la prononciation'''
|-
|'''Α  α'''
|alpha
|a (long ou bref)
|-
|'''Β  β'''
|bêta
|b
|-
|'''Γ  γ'''
|gamma
|g ('''g'''are);  prononcé '''n''' devant  γ, κ, χ, ξ
|-
|'''Δ  δ'''
|delta
|d
|-
|'''Ε  ε'''
|epsilon
|e (bref)
|-
|'''Ζ  ζ'''
|dzêta
|dz (consonne double)
|-
|'''Η  η'''
|êta
|e (long ouvert : t'''ê'''te)
|-
|'''Θ  θ'''
|thêta
|t aspiré  (proche du th anglais : '''th'''ing)
|-
|'''Ι  ι'''
|iota
|i (long ou bref)
|-
|'''Κ  κ'''
|kappa
|k ou c (dur : '''c'''orde)
|-
|'''Λ  λ'''
|lambda
|l (non mouillé : é'''l'''ève)
|-
|'''Μ  μ'''
|mu
|m
|-
|'''Ν  ν'''
|nu
|n
|-
|'''ξ  ξ'''
|ksi
|x (consonne double : bo'''x'''e)
|-
|'''Ο  ο'''
|omicron
|o (bref)
|-
|'''Π  π'''
|pi
|p
|-
|'''Ρ  ρ'''
|rho
|r (transposé par rh)
|-
|'''Σ  σ / ς'''
|sigma
|s (dur);  s’écrit ς en finale : '''σ'''ει'''σ'''μό'''ς'''
|-
|'''Τ  τ'''
|tau
|t (ne se  prononce jamais s)
|-
|'''Υ  υ'''
|upsilon
|u (long ou bref)
|-
|'''Φ  φ'''
|phi
|p aspiré,  prononcé f en français ('''ph'''oto)
|-
|'''Χ  χ'''
|chi
|kh (guttural : allemand ''Bu'''ch''''')
|-
|'''Ψ  ψ'''
|psi
|ps (consonne double)
|-
|'''Ω  ω'''
|oméga
|o (long ouvert)
|-
|'''''J'''''
|yod/yud
|y devant  voyelle ('''y'''acht, vo'''y'''elle, pa'''y'''er)
|-
|'''''Ϝ'''''
|digamma
|w ('''W'''allonie)
|}
 


* Image: https://www.collegeberthelot-begles.fr/2018/04/24/sondage-4eme-enseignement-de-grec-ancien/


'''Remarque'''
* [https://graficnotes.blogspot.com/2012/04/blog-post_19.html http://graficnotes.blogspot.com/2012/04/blog-post_19.html]
 
Le mot ''alphabet'' est tiré du nom des deux premières lettres grecques (''alpha'' et ''bêta''),
 
La première lettre et la dernière lettre sont ''alpha'' et ''oméga'' qui symbolisent respectivement le début et la fin de tout.
 
==Sources==


Image: https://www.collegeberthelot-begles.fr/2018/04/24/sondage-4eme-enseignement-de-grec-ancien/
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_latin#Alphabet_antique


http://graficnotes.blogspot.com/2012/04/blog-post_19.html
* http://www.ancientgreecefacts.com/greek-alphabet/


https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_latin#Alphabet_antique
* ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA


http://www.ancientgreecefacts.com/greek-alphabet/
* Anne-Marie Boxus


ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
{{Marianthi-Signature}}


Anne-Marie Boxus
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Endings-of-the-third-declensions|Endings of the third declensions]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Adverbs-formed-from-adjectives|Adverbs formed from adjectives]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/The-Irregular-Adjectives|The Irregular Adjectives]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Conjunctions|Conjunctions]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Reciprocal-Pronouns|Reciprocal Pronouns]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Aspect-in-the-Ancient-Greek-Verb|Aspect in the Ancient Greek Verb]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Interrogative-Pronouns|Interrogative Pronouns]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Ancient-Greek-Correlatives|Ancient Greek Correlatives]]
* [[Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/The-Middle-Voice-of-λύω-:-λύομαι|The Middle Voice of λύω : λύομαι]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 10:23, 27 March 2023

The Ancient Greek Alphabet (Αρχαίο ελληνικό αλφάβητο)
Alphabet-grec.jpg

Hello Ancient Greek learners,

Here is a lesson on how to use the Ancient Greek Alphabet.

The Ancient Greek alphabet is one of the earliest alphabets in the world, and it has a long and fascinating history. It was first used in the 8th century BCE, and it quickly became the writing system for the ancient Greek language.

Over time, it underwent several modifications and eventually evolved into the modern Greek alphabet that is used today. Despite these changes, the Ancient Greek alphabet still holds an important place in history, as it was used to write some of the most famous works of Greek literature, such as the works of Homer and the epic poem "The Iliad".

It is interesting to note that the Greeks were the first Europeans to write an alphabet. Previous writing systems had been either syllabic or pictographic.

The Greek alphabets of alpha and beta are familiar to Indian students. The first three letters of the Greek alphabet are ABΓ.

The Greek alphabet began making its appearance after the Dark Ages. The first vowel letters were Α (alpha), Ε (epsilon), Ι (iota), Ο (omicron), and Υ (upsilon). Greek also introduced three new consonant letters, Φ (phi), Χ (chi) and Ψ (psi), appended to the end of the alphabet as they were developed.

The Ancient Greek alphabet consisted of 24 letters, each with a corresponding name, sound, and symbol. Some of the letters were derived from the earlier Phoenician alphabet, while others were created specifically for the Greek language. The letters were written either in capital letters or in small letters, and the writing was typically done on papyrus or parchment scrolls.

The Greece alphabet has two main branches. They were the Ionic and the Chalcidian. The Ionic or eastern, form was adopted by Athens and became what we know today as the classical Greek alphabet. The Chalcidian or, western form, gave rise to the Etruscan alphabet that forms the basis of the Latin or a Roman alphabet that we use today.

The Ancient Greek alphabet was not just used for writing Greek, but also for mathematical and scientific purposes. In fact, the Greek word for alphabet is "αλφάβητος" (alphabêtos), which means "a system for expressing numbers". This reflects the importance of the alphabet in mathematical and scientific pursuits in ancient Greece.

One of the most notable aspects of the Ancient Greek alphabet is its influence on other alphabets and writing systems. The Etruscan, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets, among others, were all influenced by the Greek alphabet. Additionally, the Greek alphabet was used as the basis for the development of many scientific and mathematical symbols, such as the Greek letter π (pi), which represents the mathematical constant.

capital lowercase combinations name Britannica preferred alternatives approximate Classical Attic pronunciation
Α α, α* alpha a are
αι ae in proper nouns, ai in common words e ice
αυ au now
Β β beta b baby
Γ γ gamma g go
γγ ng angle
γκ nk nc ink
γξ nx thanks
γχ nch nkh in case
Δ δ, ∂* delta d dog
Ε ε epsilon e bet
ει ei e or i day
ευ eu bet + now
Ζ ζ zeta z used
Η η eta ē e air
ηυ ēu eu airway
Θ θ, ϑ* theta th tin
Ι ι iota i even or pin
Κ κ kappa c in proper nouns, k in common words pocket
Λ λ lambda l lily
Μ μ mu m maim
Ν ν nu n not
Ξ ξ xi x ax
Ο ο omicron o German so
οι oe in proper nouns, oi in common words German so + day
ου ou own
Π π pi p spin
Ρ ρ rho initial, rh; medial, r rose
ρρ rrh German Naturrecht
Σ σ** sigma s sand
Τ τ tau t stay
Υ υ upsilon y u French du
υι ui French concluiez
Φ ϕ, ϕ* phi ph pin
Χ χ chi ch kh kin
Ψ ψ psi ps perhaps
Ω ω omega ō o call
  • *Old-style character.
  • **Final, ç.

Sources[edit | edit source]

  • ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA
  • Anne-Marie Boxus

Author[edit source]

➡ Marianthi

  • Ευγενική χορηγία που στοχεύει να βοηθήσει μαθητές ή μη, απανταχού της Γης, που επιδίδονται στην εκμάθηση της ελληνικής γλώσσας!
  • Contribution bénévole visant à aider les personnes, partout dans le monde, qui sont engagées dans l'apprentissage de la langue grecque !
  • Voluntary contribution aimed at helping people, all over the world, who are committed to learning the Greek language! 

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

Retrieved from "https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/index.php?title=Language/Ancient-greek-to-1453/Grammar/Ancient-Greek-Alphabet&oldid=194855"