Language/Spanish/Culture/Literatura/fr
Littérature
La littérature est l'art du mot. En général, il se réfère à tout travail artistique impliquant l'utilisation du mot écrit ou mode oral. Littérature en espagnol a été et est l'un des plus importants et influents dans le monde. Au début (XI siècle D.C.) ne couvrait que la production littéraire de la péninsule ibérique (Espagne). Actuellement, il englobe également la littérature ibérique de l'Amérique latine, bien qu'il existe des différences profondes et significatives entre eux.
Littérature en espagnol (Espagne)
L'Espagne a une tradition littéraire riche et variée. Son influence est perceptible au fil du temps et certains des auteurs font partie du patrimoine culturel du monde. Littérature espagnole à tout ce qui produit en castillan (qui est généralement appelé "espagnol" en dépit d'être juste une des nombreuses langues parlées dans la région) dans la péninsule ibérique est considéré. Dans un sens plus large (ne pas employer pour notre sélection actuelle) peut être considéré comme la littérature espagnole à tout ce qui produit dans la région ibérique invariablement votre langue (ce qui inclut une littérature en catalan, le valencien, le basque, entre autres).
Ensuite, nous allons détailler quelques-uns des auteurs les plus importants et des œuvres de la littérature espagnole:
"El cantar del mio Cid" (Auteur anonyme)
Ce travail remonte au XIIe siècle entre 1145 et 1207 (s. XIII) selon le savant espagnol Ramon Menendez Pidal. Il est un poème épique par un auteur anonyme, qui a été transmis oralement au moment de la production. Il est considéré comme un travail de base de la littérature et de l'identité nationale espagnole, comparable à celle des chansons de feat épique "La Chanson de Roland" ( " La Chanson de Roland") ou "La Chanson des Nibelungen" ( " Nibelungen"). il est écrit dans l'ancien castillan donc la lecture est difficile, mais en général se retrouve traduit en castillan moderne.
Romances (en général)
Ce sont des sortes de compositions poétiques, la diffusion par voie orale, très populaire autour du XVe siècle. Pour son caractère oral beaucoup d'entre eux ont été perdus, même si certains ont été compilés et reconstruit dans la pièce "nouvelle fleur de vieux romans" (1928). Sa structure est généralement octosyllabes poème de rimes assonance en paires de lignes. Un exemple de la romance est le "enfant Romance del Conde" (version moderne de la musique par Paco Ibañez ici: link)
"La Celestina" (Fernando de Rojas)
En outre, il est connu comme le "Tragicomedy de Calisto et Mélibée". Il est une œuvre hybride, à mi-chemin entre le roman et la tragi-comédie de théâtre de la fin du XVe et au début du XVIe siècle. Pendant longtemps, la paternité de l'œuvre était inconnu jusqu'à ce qu'il a été déterminé qu'il a été écrit par Fernando de Rojas.
Le baroque ou Le siècle de l'or
Il est considéré que le baroque espagnol couvre de la fin du XVIe siècle jusqu'au milieu du XVIIIe siècle. Certains des travaux fondamentaux de cette période correspondent à Lope de Vega et Gongora. Certains des écrivains les plus influents de la période sont: Miguel de Cervantes (auteur de "Don Quichotte" et plusieurs "nouvelles" est considéré comme le fondateur du roman père occidentale moderne), Francisco de Quevedo (auteur de "hustler" et de multiples œuvres poétiques et essais politiques), Luis de Gongora (poète connu, auteur de la "Fable de Priam et Thisbé"), Lope de Vega (son travail le plus important est considéré comme "Fuenteovejuna"), Baltasar Gracian ( "le porte-parole »), Tirso de Molina (« le Trickster de Séville ") et Pedro Calderon de la Barca (auteur du célèbre jeu" la vie est un rêve »).
Miguel de Cervantes
He is easily the most recognized and influential Spanish author in the world. It has been compared on several occasions with William Shakespeare. He is considered as the father of the novel and modern narrative for his polyphonic creation "The ingenious hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha" (1605). The second part was published in 1615. It is considered, according to some votes "the best literary work ever written" and one of the most influential works of Literature. Fyodor Dostoevsky and Lev Tolstoy went on to say that it was his favorite novel and has influenced countless international writers such as: Ruben Dario, Jorge Luis Borges, Charles Dickens, Gustave Faulbert, Herman Melville, Mark Twain or Franz Kafka among many others .
Literature in Spanish (Hispanoamericana)
Hispanic American Literature encompasses all literary production in Spanish in the American territory (including South America, Central America, North America and the Caribbean). It covers an enormous number of countries, historical periods and different cultures. It is also considered one of the most extensive, widespread and influential in the world although its study is difficult due to the geographical and temporal differences previously indicated. The greatest impulse of Latin American literature is in the twentieth century in the so-called editorial boom and with the avant-garde movements of the early twentieth century.
Below we will mention some of the most significant cultural centers of production and some of the works and / or authors of the same <! - It is possible to emphasize that the list is incredibly reduced, by questions of space and time, and the central idea is to complete it With the time and help of other editors. It does not seek to be a complete analysis, much less a mere introduction and the beginning of a project, so some obvious absences are expected and necessary in the process of construction of the article. ->:
Literature Argentina
Historically, Argentina has been a nucleus of production and edition of texts in conjunction with Colombia and Mexico (the three Latin American countries with the largest print run). Many of them have had scope and repercussion in the international arena, being widely accepted in Europe and the whole world. Some of its most recognized authors are:
Julio Cortázar
He is one of the authors of the Latin American "Boom" and one of the most popular in Europe. Some of his works include: Bestiary (1951), End of the Game (1956), The Secret Weapons (1959) and Hopscotch (1963).
Ernesto Sabato
He was a renowned Argentine painter, writer and physicist. Initially trained in the hard sciences, he left his career in physics at the top of it to devote himself to painting and literature. Some of his works were received positively by writers like Thomas Mann or Albert Camus. These include: The Tunnel (1948), On Heroes and Tombs (1961) and Abbadon the Terminator (1974).
Jorge Luis Borges
He is perhaps the most emblematic and recognized Argentine author in the world. His work is limited to poetry and short stories (he never cultivated the novel). He has influenced thinkers and artists like Harold Bloom, Umberto Eco, Paul Auster, Julio Cortázar, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Grant Morrison or Thomas Pynchon. Some of the most important anthologies are: "Universal History of Infamy" (1935), "The Garden of the Paths That Bifurcate" (1941), "Fictions" (1944) and his most emblematic work The Aleph (1949)
Colombian Literature
Colombian literature is one of the oldest in America, dating back to the arrival of the Spanish conquerors to the continent. However, its major importance revolves around the genre known as "magical realism." Gabriel García Márquez is one of its most emblematic writers.
Gabriel García Márquez
He is one of the most outstanding writers of the twentieth century. Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982. Harvested with great success the genre known as "magical realism" and has been its greatest exponent. Some of his best known works include: "Autumn of the Patriarch" (1975), "Chronicle of a Death Announced" (1981) and "Love in the Time of Cholera" (1985). His most acclaimed work is "One Hundred Years of Solitude" (1967).
Mexican Literature
Mexican literature is one of the most important in Latin America and the world. At the moment Mexico is the country with greater editorial roll of Hispano-America, dominating the written and cinematographic production of the region. Various artistic currents have been born within this culture and its topics are very varied, highlighting the recovery of Aboriginal traditions, the literature of emancipation and protest and Latin American magical realism.
Juan Rulfo
He is one of the most important writers of Mexican literature of the twentieth century. His works recover with cruelty the episodes of the Mexican revolution. His most important works are "El Llano en Llamas" (1953) and Pedro Paramo (1955). The first work is an anthology of stories revolving around the revolution and the second is his most emblematic work, which revolves around the figure of Pedro Paramo, a Mexican caudillo and the story of his son who seeks to reconstruct the history of his progenitor. It is part of a literary tradition very close to that of Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
Carlos Fuentes
He was nominated multiple times for the Nobel Prize for Literature and is one of the most important literary figures of recent times (20th and 21st century). The majority of its written production is located in the twentieth century. His most important works are: "The Most Transparent Region" (1958), "The Death of Artemio Cruz" (1962) and "Aura" (1962). Also his stories are well known (Here the link for one of them titled "Chac Mool")