Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Hanisation

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Hi polyglots.

From 1980s till 2000s, when people like Samantha Reed Smith and Michael Jackson were active, many people were open to the idea of cosmopolitanism. However, as time goes by, people choose to hole up, instead of diving into the ocean of unfamiliar parts of the world. There is a popular story in the Bible: tower of Babble, where the God plays the trick of “divide and conquer” on the human. What if all humans can understand each other?

This is already partially achieved: mathematical and physics notations, chemical notations, electronic symbols, musical notations, phonetic notations, traffic signs, safety signs, computer languages, and so on. Following the globalisation through European colonisation, almost all languages have got their romanisations. Because Latin characters are phonograms, people around the world can try to pronounce a foreign name without knowing about another writing system. In 2020s, when China becomes influential worldwide, people start to notice a different approach. In the field of languages, because Han characters are logograms, people around the world can try to understand a foreign text without knowing about pronunciations in that language.

In pre-modern times, if the text is written in Chinese, then speakers of other languages knowing only Chinese script and syntax can also understand the text. This is called “brushtalk”, as texts are written with brushes. In the modern time, “Pseudo-Chinese”, which is Japanese in Hàn script without syllables, emerged since 2009. Simply after getting familiar with Japanese syntax and some vocabularies, Chinese speakers can also understand texts written in it. There is a Pseudo-Chinese messaging app 「対多」 online, which shows that the solution of sharing the same writing system for different languages works.

When will people around the world get interested into learning Han script? The possible scenario is when countries/regions in Sinosphere get united economically, then culturally, which still takes years to happen.

A comparison of the Hanisation transcriptions with translations: 7100 languages require 7100×7099=50402900 translations and only 7100 transcriptions. With transcriptions, their syntaxes are preserved.

Demonstration

Here demonstrated is a counterpart to International Phonetic Alphabet. It can be called Common Semantic Writing (公義書). The name of International Phonetic Alphabet is derived from the International Phonetic Association, however, the word “international” implies the division on people by nation-states, which may be considered reinforcing the nationalist narrative, while the word “common” is more neutral; the word “alphabet” or “logogram” refers to characters only, while there are actually rules in addition, so the word “writing” is preferred over “logogram”.

Text Direction

original script Han script with ruby

Θεσσαλονίκη

帖撒羅尼迦Θεσσαλονίκη

شیراز‎

設拉子
شیراز‎

ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ

上都ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ

Part of Speech and Grammatical Category

tense and aspect original script Han script with ruby
present simple I see.

I see

present continuous I am seeing.

I 動持am seeing

present perfect simple I have seen.

I 動完have seen

present perfect continuous I have been seeing.

I 動完持have been seeing

past simple I saw.

I 動去saw

past continuous I was seeing.

I 動去持was seeing

past perfect simple I had seen.

I 動去完had seen

past perfect continuous I had been seeing.

I 動去完持had been seeing

future simple I will see.

I 動來will see

future continuous I will be seeing.

I 動來持will be seeing

future perfect simple I will have seen.

I 動來完will have seen

future perfect continuous I will have been seeing.

I 動來完持will have been seeing

Transliteration and Transcription

original script transliteration

in Han script with ruby

transcription

in Han script with ruby

vermaken

作製ver·maken

娛樂vermaken

entertain

間持enter·tain

娛樂entertain

divertir

離向di·vertir

娛樂divertir

unterhalten

下持unter·halten

娛樂unterhalten

divertìre

離向di·vertìre

娛樂divertìre

divertir

離向di·vertir

娛樂divertir

развлечь

離引раз·влечь

娛樂развлечь

divertir

離向di·vertir

娛樂divertir

Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration

Latin script phonetic transcription

in Mandarin Chinese

in Han script with ruby

transliteration

in Han script with ruby

Bristol

布里斯托爾Bristol

橋邊Bri·stol

Greenville

格林維爾Greenville

翠鄉Green·ville

Hamilton

漢彌爾頓Hamilton

兀丘Hamil·ton

Manchester

曼彻斯特Manchester

母營Man·chester

Montgomery

蒙哥馬利Montgomery

山君Mont·gomery

Oxford

奧克斯福德Oxford

牛津Ox·ford

Portland

波特蘭Portland

埠地Port·land

Springfield

斯普林菲爾德Springfield

春田Spring·field

Phono-Semantic Borrowing

Latin script phonetic transcription

in Mandarin Chinese

in Han script with ruby

borrowed phono-semantic word

in Han script with ruby

crêpe

可麗餅crêpe

crêpe

diyogí

迪約吉織物diyogí

䌦紓綺diyogí

gaṅgā

恒伽河gaṅgā

洹泇gaṅgā

moʻai

摩艾石像moʻai

砪砹moʻai

Annotation

field of study original script Han script with ruby
classical thermodynamics Entropie

經典熱力學Entropie

statistical mechanics Entropie

統計力學Entropie

astrophysics Entropie

天體物理學Entropie

information theory Entropie

信息論Entropie

sociology Entropie

社會學Entropie

requirement original script Han script with ruby
simple peasant

田舍者peasant

explanatory peasant

農民特指佃户,泛指無知無禮者peasant

Separable Word

original script Han script with ruby
Es kommt darauf an.

Es kommt彼上daraufan

Parallel Text

original script Han script with ruby

Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheid en rechten geboren. Zij zijn begiftigd met verstand en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broederschap te gedragen.

Alle 名複mensen worden 自由vrij en 平等gelijk in 尊嚴waardigheid en 權利名複rechten 分去geboren代複Zij zijn 分去begiftigd met 理性verstand en 良心gewetenen 適於behoren 自身zich 對於jegens 彼此elkander in een 精神geest van 兄弟關係broederschap te 擧止gedragen

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

All 人類名複human beings are 分去born 自由free and 平等equal in 尊嚴dignity and 權利名複rights代複They are 分去endowed with 理性reason and 良心conscience and should 行動act 對於towards 彼此one another in a 精神spirit of 兄弟關係brotherhood

Tous les êtres humains naissent libres et égaux en dignité et en droits. Ils sont doués de raison et de conscience et doivent agir les uns envers les autres dans un esprit de fraternité.

Tous les 人類名複êtres humains naissent 自由libres et 平等égaux en 尊嚴dignité et en 權利名複droits代複Ils sont doués de 理性raison et de 良心conscience et doivent 行動agir 彼此les uns envers les autres dans un 精神esprit de 兄弟關係fraternité

Alle Menschen sind frei und gleich an Würde und Rechten geboren. Sie sind mit Vernunft und Gewissen begabt und sollen einander im Geist der Brüderlichkeit begegnen.

Alle 名複Menschen sind 自由frei und 平等gleich an 尊嚴Würde und 權利名複Rechten 分去geboren代複Sie sind mit 理性Vernunft und 良心Gewissen 分去begabt und sollen 彼此einander 於其介冠與im 精神Geist 冠屬der 兄弟關係Brüderlichkeit 對待begegnen

Tutti gli esseri umani nascono liberi ed eguali in dignità e diritti. Essi sono dotati di ragione e di coscienza e devono agire gli uni verso gli altri in spirito di fratellanza.

Tutti gli 人類名複esseri umani nascono 自由liberi ed 平等eguali in 尊嚴dignità e 權利名複diritti代複Essi sono dotati di 理性ragione e di 良心coscienza e devono 行動agire 彼此gli uni verso gli altri in 精神spirito di 兄弟關係fratellanza

すべての人間にんげんは、うまれながらにして自由じゆ​うであり、かつ、尊厳そんげん権利けんりとについて平等びょうどうである 。人間にんげんは、理性りせい良心りょうしんとをさずけられており、たがいに同胞どうほう精神せいしんをもって行動こうどうしなければならない 。

すべて 人間にんげん うまれながら動連 にして 自由じゆ​う でありかつ尊嚴そんげん 權利けんり 關於について 平等びょうどう である人間にんげん 理性りせい 良心りょうしん さずけられて動對 おりたがいに 同胞どうほう 精神せいしん 助對 もって 行動必須こうどうしなければならない動條

모든 人間인간은 태어날 때부터 自由자유로우며 그 尊嚴존엄權利권리에 있어 同等동등하다. 人間인간天賦천부적으로 理性이성良心양심附與부여받았으며 서로 兄弟형제애의 精神정신으로 行動행동하여야 한다.

모든 人間係인간은名助 태어날定來 自從때부터名助 自由且자유로우며名助 尊嚴共존엄과名助 權利於권리에名助 있어 同等爲동등하다形動人間係인간은名助 天賦於천부적으로名助 理性共이성과名助 良心作양심을名助 附與且부여받았으며 彼此서로 兄弟般之형제애의副助 精神且정신으로名助 行動僅행동하여야 한다

人人ㄖㄣˊ ㄖㄣˊㄕㄥㄦˊ自由ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊㄗㄞˋ尊嚴ㄗㄨㄣ ㄧㄢˊㄏㄜˊ權利ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧˋㄕㄤˋ一律ㄧ ㄌㄩˋ平等ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄥˇ他們ㄊㄚ ˙ㄇㄣ賦有ㄈㄨˋ ㄧㄡˇ理性ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋㄏㄜˊ良心ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄣㄅㄧㄥˋㄧㄥㄧˇ兄弟ㄒㄩㄥ ㄉㄧˋ關係ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ˙ㄉㄜ精神ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊㄒㄧㄤ對待ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄉㄞˋ

人人ㄖㄣˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄕㄥ ㄦˊ 自由ㄗˋ ㄧㄡˊㄗㄞˋ 尊嚴ㄗㄨㄣ ㄧㄢˊ ㄏㄜˊ 權利ㄑㄩㄢˊ ㄌㄧˋ ㄕㄤˋ 一律ㄧ ㄌㄩˋ 平等ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄉㄥˇ他們ㄊㄚ ˙ㄇㄣ 賦有ㄈㄨˋ ㄧㄡˇ 理性ㄌㄧˇ ㄒㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ 良心ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄒㄧㄣㄅㄧㄥˋ ㄧㄥ ㄧˇ 兄弟關係ㄒㄩㄥ ㄉㄧˋ ㄍㄨㄢ ㄒㄧˋ ˙ㄉㄜ 精神ㄐㄧㄥ ㄕㄣˊ ㄒㄧㄤ 對待ㄉㄨㄟˋ ㄉㄞˋ

Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.

Todos os 人類名複seres humanos nascem 自由livres e 平等iguais em 尊嚴dignidade e em 權利名複direitos動複Dotados de 理性razão e de 良心consciênciadevem 行動agir 彼此uns para com os outros em 精神espírito de 兄弟關係fraternidade

Все люди рождаются свободными и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. Они наделены разумом и совестью и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства.

Все люди 動未рождаются 自由形具свободными и 平等形具равными в 代介своем 尊嚴名介достоинстве и 權利名介複правах代複Они 分去被已наделены 理性名具разумом и 良心名具совестью и должны 行動поступать в 對待名介отношении 彼此друг друга в 精神名介духе 兄弟關係名屬братства

Todos los seres humanos nacen libres e iguales en dignidad y derechos y, dotados como están de razón y conciencia, deben comportarse fraternalmente los unos con los otros.

Todos los 人類名複seres humanos nacen 自由libres e 平等iguales en 尊嚴dignidad y 權利名複derechos y動複dotados como están de 理性razón y 良心conciencia動複deben 行動動反comportarse 兄弟般fraternalmente 彼此los unos con los otros

Mọi con người sinh ra đều tự do và bình đẳng về nhân phẩm và quyền lợi. Họ được tạo hóa ban cho lý trí và lương tâm và phải đối xử với nhau với tinh thần huynh đệ.

Mọi con người 出生sinh ra 調đều 自由tự do 平等bình đẳng về 人品nhân phẩm 權利quyền lợiHọ được 造化tạo hóa ban cho 理智lý trí 良心lương tâm phải 對處đối xử 彼此với nhau với 精神tinh thần 兄弟huynh đệ

Text

O Fortuna

Latin script Han script with ruby

O Fortuna

velut luna

statu variabilis,

semper crescis

aut decrescis;

vita detestabilis

nunc obdurat

et tunc curat

ludo mentis aciem,

egestatem,

potestatem

dissolvit ut glaciem.

嗚呼O 福圖納Fortuna

velut luna

名離statu variabilis

semper 動二crescis

aut 動二decrescis

世故vita 可憎detestabilis

nunc 動三obdurat

et tunc 動三curat

ludo 名屬mentis 名對aciem

名對egestatem

名對potestatem

動三dissolvit ut 冰凌名對glaciem

Sors immanis

et inanis,

rota tu volubilis,

status malus,

vana salus

semper dissolubilis,

obumbrata

et velata

michi quoque niteris;

nunc per ludum

dorsum nudum

fero tui sceleris.

Sors immanis

et inanis

rota tu volubilis

status malus

vana salus

semper 可溶dissolubilis

obumbrata

et velata

代與michi quoque 殫力動二niteris

nunc per 名對ludum

dorsum 形對nudum

fero 代對tui 劣跡sceleris

Sors salutis

et virtutis

michi nunc contraria,

est affectus

et defectus

semper in angaria.

Hac in hora

sine mora

corde pulsum tangite;

quod per sortem

sternit fortem,

mecum omnes plangite!

Sors salutis

et virtutis

michi nunc contraria

動三est affectus

et defectus

semper in 驛役angaria

Hac in hora

sine mora

名離corde 名對pulsum 動二複令tangite

quod per 名對sortem

動三sternit 形對fortem

吾與mecum 形呼複omnes 動二複令plangite

Severem ben seni candan içeri

Latin script Han script with ruby

Severem ben seni candan içeri

Yolum vardır bu erkândan içeri

Beni sorma bana benden değilem

Suretim boş yürür dondan içeri

動過Severem ben 代對seni 魂靈名離candan içeri

名擁Yolum 存係形動vardır bu 名離erkândan içeri

代對Beni 勿問sorma 代與bana 代離benden 非我değilim

我形Suretim boş 動三過yürür 名離dondan içeri

Tecelliden nasib erdi kimine

Kiminin maksudu bundan içeri

Senin aşkın beni benden alıptır

Ne şirin dert bu dermandan içeri

名離Tecelliden nasib 動三去erdi 代定對kimine

代定屬Kiminin 形去maksudu 代離bundan içeri

代屬Senin 動二屬aşkın 代對beni 代離benden 動副三使alıptır

Ne şirin dert bu 補藥名離dermandan içeri

Şeriat tarikat yoldur varana

Hakikat Marifet andan içeri

Süleyman kuş dili bilir dediler

Süleyman var Süleyman'dan içeri

教法Şeriat 道乘tarikat 途係名動yoldur 名屬varana

真理Hakikat 知識Marifet 名離andan içeri

蘇萊曼Süleyman kuş 名三擁dili 動三過bilir 動三複去dediler

蘇萊曼Süleyman var 蘇萊曼固離Süleyman'dan içeri

Unuttum din diyanet kaldı benden

Bu ne mezheptir, dinden içeri

Dinin terk edenin küfürdür işi

Bu ne küfürdür imandan içeri

Geçer iken Yunus şeş oldu dosta

Ki kaldı kapıda andan içeri

動去致Unuttum din diyanet 動三去kaldı 代離benden

定代Bu ne 宗係名動mezheptir 名離dinden içeri

名屬Dinin terk 動[非整]二擁edenin 瀆係名動küfürdür 名三擁işi

定代Bu ne 瀆係名動küfürdür 正信名離imandan içeri

動三過Geçer iken 優努斯Yunus 動三去şeş oldu 名屬dosta

Ki 動三去kaldı 名處kapıda 名離andan içeri

सुभाषितरत्नकोश १७२९ (५०.३२)

Latin script Han script with ruby

vahati na puraḥ kaścit paścān na ko‘py anuyāti māṃ

na ca navapadakṣuṇṇo mārgaḥ kathaṃ nv aham ekakaḥ |

bhavatu viditaṃ pūrvavyūḍho ‘dhunā khilatāṃ gataḥ

sa khalu bahalo vāmaḥ panthā mayā sphuṭam ūrjitaḥ |

動三vahati na puraḥ kaścit 形對複paścān na ko‘py 動三anuyāti 代對māṃ

na ca 新跡navapadakṣuṇṇo mārgaḥ 焉在kathaṃ nv aham 孑立ekakaḥ

動三令bhavatu 動對viditaṃ 先博pūrvavyūḍho ‘dhunā 名屬複khilatāṃ gataḥ

sa khalu 葳蕤bahalo 甘苦vāmaḥ panthā 我由mayā 分明sphuṭam 絶棄ūrjitaḥ

卜算子・咏梅(陸游)

Latin script Han script with ruby

yek ngwajH dwanX gjew pen, dzek mak khoj mju tsyuX.

yiX dzyeX hwang xwon duwk dzijH dzrjuw, kaeng trjak pjuwng hwa hjuX.

mju 'iH khuX tsreang tsyhwin, 'jit nyimH gjun phjang tuH.

leng lak dzyeng nej nrjenH tsuH drin, tsye hjuwX xjang nyo kuH.

yek ngwajH 斷橋dwanX gjew pen寂寞dzek mak khoj 無主mju tsyuX

已是yiX dzyeX 黃昏hwang xwon 獨自duwk dzijH dzrjuwkaeng trjak pjuwng hwa hjuX

無意mju 'iH khuX 爭春tsreang tsyhwin一任'jit nyimH 群芳gjun phjang tuH

零落leng lak dzyeng nej nrjenH tsuH drin只有tsye hjuwX xjang 如故nyo kuH

Dream of Home and Mother / 旅愁 / 送别(李叔同)

Dream of Home and Mother
Latin script Han script with ruby

Dreaming of home, dear old home.

Home of childhood and mother-

Oft when I wake 'tis sweet to find

I've been dreaming of home and mother.

Home, dear home, childhood's happy home!

When I played with sister and with brother

'Twas the sweetest joy when we did roam

Over hill and through dale with mother.

夢見Dreaming of home挚愛的dear old home

Home 屬於of 童年childhood and 母親mother

常常Oft 每時when I 睡醒wake 它是代係'tis 甜美的sweet 感覺to find

我夢見代動持I've been dreaming of home and 母親mother

Home挚愛的dear home童年的名擁childhood's 快樂的happy home

每時When I 玩耍動去played with 姐妹sister and with 兄弟brother

其是代係去'Twas 最甜蜜的the sweetest 喜悅joy 每時when 我們代複we 漫步動去did roam

Over 丘陵hill and 穿through 谷地dale with 母親mother

Sleep, balmy sleep, close mine eyes,

Keep me still thinking of mother-

Hark! It's her voice I seem to hear-

Yes, I'm dreaming of home and mother.

Angels come soothing me to rest,

I can feel their presence as none other,

For they sweetly say I shall be blest

With bright visions of home and mother.

睡覺Sleep惬意的balmy 睡覺sleep閉上close 我的mine 眼睛名複eyes

使動令Keep 代對me 依然still 想起動持thinking of 母親mother

細聽動令Hark其是代係It's 伊的代擁her 口音voice I 似乎seem 聽聞to hear

是啊Yes我夢見動持I'm dreaming of home and 母親mother

天使名複Angels come 抚慰動持soothing 代對me 休息to rest

I 可以can 感受feel 其等的代三複擁their 存在presence 有如as 無他形名none other

因爲For 其等代三複they 甜蜜地sweetly say I 應要shall 受祝福係分be blest

With 明亮的bright 異象名複visions 屬於of home and 母親mother

Childhood has come, come again,

Sleeping, I see my dear mother ---

See her loved form beside me kneel

While I'm dreaming of home and mother.

Mother dear, whisper to me now,

Tell me of my sister and brother, ---

Now I feel thy hand upon my brow ---

Yes, I'm dreaming of home and mother.

童年Childhood 來了動完has come再來吧come again

睡覺動持SleepingI 看見see 我的代擁my 挚愛的dear 母親mother ———

看見See 伊的代擁her 心愛的loved 身形form beside 代對me 跪坐kneel

當時While 我夢見代動持I'm dreaming of home and 母親mother

母親Mother 挚愛的dear細語動介whisper to 代對me 現在now

告訴動令Tell 代對me 關於of 我的代擁my 姐妹sister and 兄弟brother ,———

現在Now I 感覺feel 你的代擁thy hand 觸上upon 我的代擁my 眉毛brow ———

是啊Yes我夢見動持I'm dreaming of home and 母親mother

旅愁
Latin script Han script with ruby

Fukeyuku aki no yo, tabi no sora no,

wabishiki omoi ni, hitori nayamu.

Koishiya furusato, natsukashi chichihaha,

yumeji ni tadoru wa, kokyō no ieji.

Fukeyuku aki no yo, tabi no sora no,

wabishiki omoi ni, hitori nayamu.

更行Fukeyuku aki no yotabi no sora no

wabishiki omoi nihitori nayamu

Koishiya 故里furusatonatsukashi 父母chichihaha

夢路yumeji ni 辿tadoru wa故鄉kokyō no 家路ieji

更行Fukeyuku aki no yotabi no sora no

wabishiki omoi nihitori nayamu

Mado utsu arashi ni, yume mo yabure,

harukeki kanata ni, kokoro hakobu.

Koishiya furusato, natsukashi chichihaha,

omoi ni ukabu wa, mori no kozue.

Mado utsu arashi ni, yume mo yabure,

harukeki kanata ni, kokoro hakobu.

Mado utsu arashi niyume mo 動被yabure

harukeki 彼方kanata nikokoro hakobu

Koishiya 故里furusatonatsukashi 父母chichihaha

omoi ni ukabu wamori no kozue

Mado utsu arashi niyume mo 動被yabure

harukeki 彼方kanata nikokoro hakobu

送别(李叔同)
Latin script Han script with ruby

Chángtíng wài, gǔdào biān, fāngcǎo bì liántiān

Wǎnfēng fú liǔ díshēng cán, xīyáng shān wài shān

Tiān zhī yá, dì zhī jiǎo, zhījiāo bàn língluò

Yī piáo zhuójiǔ jìn yúhuān, jīnxiāo biémèng hán

長亭Chángtíng wài古道gǔdào biān芳草fāngcǎo 連天liántiān

晚風Wǎnfēng liǔ 笛聲díshēng cán夕陽xīyáng shān wài shān

Tiān zhī zhī jiǎo知交zhījiāo bàn 零落língluò

piáo 濁酒zhuójiǔ jìn 餘歡yúhuān今宵jīnxiāo 別夢biémèng hán

Rule for Common Semantic Writing

The part of speech and its grammatical categories is indicated with the superscript for a word or phrase; the specialised field of the meaning of a word is indicated with the subscript for a word or phrase if needed.

Just like that homophones share the same romanised word, synonyms may share the same hanised word; also, a word possessing multiple meanings can be hanised differently.

Texts can be transcripted by default or transliterated.

The choosing of indicators takes the intuitiveness of the Han character into consideration.

Types and categories can be omitted if they are insignificant:

  • genders;
  • present tense;
  • tense for words other than the verb if there is only one tense in the clause;
  • simple aspect;
  • aspect for words other than the verb if there is only one aspect in the clause;
  • indicative mood;
  • mood for words other than the verb if there is only one mood in the clause;
  • active voice;
  • voice for words other than the verb if there is only one voice in the clause;
  • nominative case;
  • case for words other than the verb if there is only one case in the clause;
  • first person;
  • person for words other than the verb if there is only one person in the clause;
  • single number;
  • number for words other than the verb if there is only one number in the clause.

Part of Speech

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
noun 名詞 名詞 名詞 名詞
proper noun 專有名詞 固有名詞 固有名詞
verb 動詞 動詞 動詞 動詞
participle 分詞 分詞
adjective 形容詞 形容詞 形容詞 -
adverb 副詞 副詞 副詞 狀詞
pronoun 代名詞、代詞 代名詞 代名詞 代名詞、代詞
adposition 介詞 接置詞、側置詞 附置詞 介詞
conjunction 連接詞、連詞 接続詞 接續詞 連詞
interjection 感嘆詞 感動詞、間投詞、感嘆詞、嘆詞 感歎詞、間投詞、感動詞 嘆詞
number 數詞 数詞 數詞 數詞
determiner 限定詞 限定詞 限定詞
article 冠詞 冠詞 冠詞 冠詞、帽詞
demonstrative 指示詞 指示詞 指示詞
classifier 量詞、分類詞、單位詞 類別詞 分類詞 類詞、分類詞
particle 助詞、質詞、小品詞 不変化詞 不變化詞

Grammatical Category

Gender

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
masculine 陽性 男性 男性 -
feminine 陰性 女性 女性 -
neuter 中性 中性 中性 -
common 通性 通性 通性 -
animate 有生性 有生性 有情性 -
inanimate [無生] 無生性 無生性 無情性 -

Number

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
singular 單數 単数 單數 -
plural 複數 複数 複數
dual 雙數 双数、両数 雙數、兩數
trial 三數 三数
paucal 微數

Case

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
abessive 欠格 欠格 不在格
ablative 離格、奪格、從格 奪格、従格、離格 奪格
absolutive 通格、絕對格 絶対格 絕對格
accusative 賓格、對格、受格 対格 對格、目的格
adessive 接格 接格 -
adverbial 狀語格
allative 向格 向格
antessive 前格
apudessive 側格
associative 附格
aversive 避格
benefactive 益格
causal 因格
comitative 共格、伴隨格、隨同格 共格 共同格、共格
comparative 比較格
dative 與格、給格 与格、為格 與格
delative 上格 離格
direct [直接] 直接格
egressive 始格
elative 出格 出格 -
equative 等同格
ergative 作格、能格、施格 能格 能格
essive 樣格
exessive 轉變格
formal 質格
genetive 屬格、領格、生格 属格、生格 屬格
identical 等格
illative 入格 入格 -
inessive 內格 內格 -
initiative 起點格
instructive 手段格
instrumental 工具格 具格、造格 道具格、具格
intransitive [不及] 不及物格
intrative 包圍格
lative 携格、方向格
limitative 限格
locative 方位格、處格、位置格、處所格、處格 処格、所格、地格、位格、依格、於格 處格、處所格
nominative 主格 主格 主格
oblique 斜格 斜格 斜格
orientative [轉向] 轉向格
ornative 梱格
partitive 部分格
perlative 穿 穿越格
pertingent 觸碰格
possessive 擁有格、所有格
postessive 後格
prepositional [前置] 前置格
postpositional [後置] 後置格
prolative 延展格
revertive 反格
semblative 類格
sociative 協同格
stative 狀態格
subessive 底格
sublative [上下] 上下格
superessive 頂格 -
superlative 跨越格
temporal 時格、時間格
terminative 到格、终止格、終點格
transitive 及物格
translative 轉換格
vocative 呼格 呼格 呼格

Person

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
first 第一人稱 一人称 一人稱
second 第二人稱 二人称 二人稱
third 第三人稱 三人称 三人稱

Tense

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
present 現在時 現在時制 現在時制 時現在
past 過去時 過去時制 過去時制 時過去
future 將來時 未来時制 未來時制 時將來
aorist 不定過去時

Aspect

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
simple 現時體
perfect 完成體 完了相
prospective 展望體 前望相 豫定相
perfective 完整體 完結相 完望相
imperfective [非整] 非完整體 未完結相 非完望相
iterative 反覆體 反復相
distributive
frequentative 頻繁相
progressive 進行相 進行相
continuous 持續體 継続相 連續相
delimitative 短時體
completive 完成相
resultative 結果相
gnomic
habitual 習慣體 習慣相
inchoative
cessative

Mood

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
indicative 直陳語氣 直説法
subjunctive 虛擬語氣 接続法 假定法
conditional 條件語氣 条件法 式條件
imperative 祈使語氣 命令法 命令法 命令式
optative 祈願語氣 希求法、願望法
intensive

Voice

type in English indicator Chinese Japanese Korean Vietnamese
active 主動語態 能動態 能動態
passive 被動語態 受動態 受動態、被動態
antipassive [反被] 反被動語態 逆受動態 逆受動態
causative 使 使動語態、致使語態 使役態
middle 中間語態 中動態
applicative 應動語態 適用態、充当態 適用態、充當態

Vocabulary

Function words are hanised according to their functions.

Sinocentric words are to be modified, e.g. from “西芹” to “歐芹” for the parsley.

Determiner

description word in Han
indefinite article
definite article
description word in Han
determiner for something or someone close to the speaker
determiner for something or someone remote to the speaker
determiner for something or someone close to the listener 爾此
determiner for something or someone remote to the listener 爾彼

Pronoun

description word in Han
first-person pronoun
second-person pronoun
third-person masculine pronoun
third-person feminine pronoun
third-person neutral pronoun
description word in Han
inclusive “we”
exclusive “we”

Conjunction

word in English in Latin word in Han
after 之後
before 之前
as long as 只要
once, by the time, as soon as 一旦
since 自從
till, until 直至
when, while 之時
now that 既然

Swadesh List

word in English in Latin word in Han (Mandarin Chinese style) word in Han (Japanese style)
I
you (singular) 貴方
he
we 我們 私達
you (plural) 你們 貴方達
they 他們 彼等
this
that
here 這裏 此處
there 那裏 其處
who
what 什麼
where 哪裏 何處
when 什麼時候 何時
how 如何 如何
not
all 全部
many
some 一些
few
other 其他
one
two
three
four
five
big
long
wide
thick
heavy
small
short
narrow
thin
woman 女人
man 男人
person
child 兒童
wife 妻子
husband 丈夫
mother 母親
father 父親
animal 動物
fish
bird
dog
louse
snake
worm 蠕蟲 蠕蟲
tree
forest 森林
stick 枝條
fruit 水果
seed 種子
leaf 葉子
root
bark (of a tree) 樹皮 木肌
flower
grass
rope 繩子
skin 皮膚
meat
blood 血液
bone 骨頭
fat (noun) 脂肪
egg
horn
tail 尾巴
feather 羽毛
hair 頭髮
head
ear 耳朵
eye 眼睛
nose 鼻子
mouth 嘴巴
tooth 牙齒
tongue (organ) 舌頭
fingernail 指甲
foot
leg
knee 膝蓋
hand
wing 翅膀
belly 肚子
guts 腸子
neck 脖子
back
breast 胸膛
heart 心臟
liver 肝臟
to drink
to eat
to bite
to suck 吮吸
to spit 唾吐
to vomit 嘔吐
to blow
to breathe 呼吸
to laugh
to see
to hear
to know 知道
to think
to smell
to fear
to sleep 睡覺
to live
to die
to kill
to fight 打架
to hunt 打獵
to hit
to cut
to split 分開
to stab
to scratch
to dig
to swim 游泳
to fly
to walk 步行
to come
to lie (as in a bed)
to sit
to stand
to turn (intransitive)
to fall 落下
to give
to hold
to squeeze
to rub
to wash
to wipe
to pull
to push
to throw
to tie
to sew
to count
to say
to sing
to play
to float
to flow
to freeze 凍結
to swell 膨脹
sun 太陽
moon 月亮
star 恆星
water
rain
river
lake
sea
salt
stone 石頭
sand
dust 塵土
earth 土壤
cloud
fog
sky
wind
snow
ice
smoke
fire
ash 灰燼
to burn
road
mountain
red
green
yellow
white
black
night 夜晚
day 白天
year
warm 溫暖
cold 寒冷
full 滿 滿
new
old
good
bad
rotten
dirty
straight 真直
round
sharp (as a knife) 鋒利
dull (as a knife)
smooth 光滑
wet
dry
correct 正確
near
far
right
left
at
in 在裏 中於
with
and
if 如果
because 因爲
name 名字

Contributors

GrimPixel and 95.90.207.27


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