Language/Northern-uzbek/Grammar/Indirect-Discourse
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In this lesson, we will be learning about indirect discourse, also known as reported speech. Indirect discourse is used to report what someone said or thought without using their exact words. This is a helpful tool in Northern Uzbek language to convey information accurately in various settings like journalism, literature, legal, and academic writing.
Don't hesitate to look into these other pages after completing this lesson: Present Continuous Tense & Orthographic rules.
Overview
Indirect discourse can be used in everyday life situations like reporting a conversation or retelling a story that was heard from someone else. It is also used in various formats like news, interviews, and academic writing. In Northern Uzbek language, when using indirect discourse, one can use different verb forms to show the different levels of certainty and the level of quotation.
Introduction to Indirect Discourse
Indirect discourse refers to conveying a message that is originally spoken or thought by someone in our own words. In Northern Uzbek language, indirect discourse changes the verb tense and pronoun according to the reported speech content's subject, tense, and purpose. Reports of speeches or thoughts usually begin with verbs like "suzlash" or "aytdi" which means "says" or "said."
Indirect Discourse with If and Question Words
In Northern Uzbek language, there are different ways to express indirect discourse with conditional statements and questions words. For example, the word "agar," which means "if," is used to convey conditional sentences in indirect discourse. Similarly, the question words "kim," "qayerda," "qanday," and "nimaga" can be used to report question-based indirect discourse. These conjunctions are used to convert direct questions into indirect mode.
Example:
| Direct Discourse | Indirect Discourse |
|---|---|
| Shunchaki, "Men sushi yaxshi ko'raman," dedi. | U aytganicha, "Men sushi yaxshi ko'raman" degan edi. |
Translation: "I like sushi," he said. || He said he liked sushi.
In this example, the indirect discourse is formed by changing the direct speech verb tense and pronoun according to their subject, beginning the sentence with the word "U" implies he, and then moving the sentence's verb form in the past tense.
Indirect Discourse with Adverbs
In indirect discourse, adverbs like "kabi," which means "as," or "dek," which means "like," can also be used. They help to give the essence or tone of the original statement. They can also be used to contrast a previous statement or to add clarification about the original statement.
Example:
| Direct Discourse | Indirect Discourse |
|---|---|
| "Men sinfdan chiqib, mashin bilan yurgan edim," dedi. | U aytganicha, sinfdan chiqib, mashin bilan yurgan edi, kabi. |
Translation: "I left the class and went for a ride in a car," he said. || He said he left the class and went for a ride in the car, like.
In this example, the indirect discourse is formed by adding an adverb "kabi" with the verb's end, which describes the essence or purpose of the original sentence.
Indirect Discourse with Causative Verbs or Nouns
In some cases, indirect discourse can be formed by using causative constructions with verbs like "ber-" which means "to give," or nouns like "tartib." In these cases, the structure of the original sentence is retained or partially retained, and the speaker only adds an additional part of speech to show that the original subject influenced the outcome.
Examples:
| Direct Discourse | Indirect Discourse |
|---|---|
| "Men kitobni o'rgatishni boshlaganman," dedi. | U aytganicha, men kitobni o'rganib bo'lganman deb hisoblashdi. |
| "Masha choy ichmadim," dedi. | U aytganicha, Masha choy ichishi uchun buyurtma bergan edi. |
Translation: "I have started learning a book," he said. || He said he had considered himself to have learned the book.
Translation: "Masha did not drink tea," she said. || She said Masha ordered tea.
In these examples, the indirect discourse is formed by adding a causative verb or a noun into the original sentence.
Conclusion
Indirect discourse is a useful tool in conveying information without using one's exact words. In Northern Uzbek language, indirect discourse is formed by changing the verb tense and pronoun according to the reported speech content's subject, tense, and purpose. It is also formed with different conditional statements conjunctions, adverbs, and causative constructions with verbs or nouns. By using indirect discourse, we can convey the essence of the reported speech or thought, and adjust the tone, essence, meaning or purpose according to the reported context.
Congratulations on finishing this lesson! Explore these related pages to keep learning: How to Use Have & Conditional Sentences.
Other Lessons
- Passive Voice
- Forming sentences with negation
- The verb KELMOQ – to come
- Expressing a desire fo an action
- Causative Constructions
- Past Tense
- Accusative case
- Relative Clauses
- Conditional Sentences
- Nouns
| ◀️ Relative Clauses — Previous Lesson | Next Lesson — Causative Constructions ▶️ |