| character
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English zh [s:etymology_text]
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English zh [ld:sounds ls:tags,s:zh-pron]
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English zh [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English ja [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English ja [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English ko [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English ko [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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English vi [ld:head_templates s:expansion]
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English ko [ld:senses ls:glosses]
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character
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| 丐
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Characters in the same phonetic series (丐) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Corruption of 匄.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : koi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : goi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kat • Middle-Chinese : kajH
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to beg for alms • to give • beggar • a surname
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beggar • beg • give
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丐 (eumhun 빌 개 (bil gae))
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canonical : 丐: Hán Việt readings: cái 丐: Nôm readings: cái • canonical : gái
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丐
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| 並
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From the clerical script (隸書) of 竝 (OC *beːŋʔ), originally depicting two people standing side-by-side. ‖ From the clerical script (隸書) of 竝 (OC *beːŋʔ), originally depicting two people standing side-by-side.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǐng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phīng • Middle-Chinese : bengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong⁶
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to be side by side; to be in a row • simultaneously; at the same time • Used before a negative for emphasis; actually; in fact • and; moreover; furthermore • (Southern Min) than • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to compete; to match one's strength with • (Taiwanese Hokkien) the most • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 並 (MC bengX) ‖ Alternative form of 傍 (“to be near; approaching”)
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‖ 並(なみ) • (nami) ‖ 並(なみ) • (-nami)
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‖ something medium, average, common, ordinary • a row or line of things ‖ average, medium
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並 (eumhun 나란히 병 (naranhi byeong)) · 並 (eumhun 아우를 병 (aureul byeong)) · 並 (eumhun 곁 방 (gyeot bang)) · 並 (eumhun 땅 이름 반 (ttang ireum ban))
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hanja form of 병 (“side by side, together, in order”) • hanja form of 병 (“combine, annex”) • hanja form of 방 (“side, vicinity”) • hanja form of 반 (“used in place names”)
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Hán-Nôm : tịnh
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並
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| 丫
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Appeared c. 1000, much later than the alternative forms. \ Pictogram (象形) . A fork in a branch or path.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aa¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a • Middle-Chinese : 'ae
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bifurcation; fork • forked • (Beijing Mandarin, colloquial, derogatory) he; she • (Beijing Mandarin, colloquial) A derogatory appositive attached to second- and third-person pronouns.
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bifurcation • fork
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丫 (eumhun 가닥 아 (gadak a))
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Hán-Nôm : a • Hán-Nôm : nha
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丫
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| 乍
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Pictogram (象形) – an axe chopping wood. Original form of 柞. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsèe • Middle-Chinese : dzraeH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsànn
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suddenly • at first • (Eastern Min) just; exactly • (Eastern Min) only a short while ago; just ‖ (Southern Min) to deep-fry slightly
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Although
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乍 (eumhun 잠깐 사 (jamkkan sa))
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(for) a short time
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Hán-Nôm : chạ • Hán-Nôm : sạ • Hán-Nôm : cha • Hán-Nôm : sã • Hán-Nôm : chả
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乍
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| 乒
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phing
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(onomatopoeia) ping! • Short for 乒乓球 (pīngpāngqiú, “ping pong; table tennis”).
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乒
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| 乓
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bam¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóng
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(onomatopoeia) pang!, pong!, bang!
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Hán-Nôm : bang
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乓
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| 乖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaai¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuai • Middle-Chinese : kweaj
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clever; alert • (usually of a child or animal) well-behaved; docile; obedient; nice; untroublesome • (literary, or in compounds) to violate; to rebel • (literary, or in compounds) to separate; to split • (literary, or in compounds) to break off; to cut off • (literary, or in compounds) difference; mistake • (literary, or in compounds) unnatural; strange • (Sichuanese, Xiang) beautiful
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to diverge, to disobey, to go against
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乖 (eumhun 어그러질 괴 (eogeureojil goe))
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Hán-Nôm : quai • Hán-Nôm : quay
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乖
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| 亂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːns) : phonetic 𤔔 (*[r]ˁo[n]-s) + semantic 乚. The left-side component 𤔔 is itself ideogrammatic, depicting the effort to comb a tangle of threads, hence the semantic link to order and disorder. \ Area word of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Khmer ប្រួល (pruəl, “changing; unstable”) < Khmer រួល (ruəl, “to cook; to grill”), and also Khmer កំរោល (kɑmraol, “to go berserk; to become excited”) < Khmer រោល (rool, “to burn; to roast”) (Schuessler, 2007). Burmese ရုန်း (run:, “to struggle, to warp, to cause chaos”) and Tibetan ཁྲལ་ཁྲུལ (khral khrul, “fragments; scattered”) are Austroasiatic loans. Compare also Vietnamese lộn (“to turn the inside out, upside down, to reverse, to return, etc.”) and trộn (“to mix; to blend; to turn upside down”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːns) : phonetic 𤔔 (*[r]ˁo[n]-s) + semantic 乚. The left-side component 𤔔 is itself ideogrammatic, depicting the effort to comb a tangle of threads, hence the semantic link to order and disorder. \ Area word of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Khmer ប្រួល (pruəl, “changing; unstable”) < Khmer រួល (ruəl, “to cook; to grill”), and also Khmer កំរោល (kɑmraol, “to go berserk; to become excited”) < Khmer រោល (rool, “to burn; to roast”) (Schuessler, 2007). Burmese ရုန်း (run:, “to struggle, to warp, to cause chaos”) and Tibetan ཁྲལ་ཁྲུལ (khral khrul, “fragments; scattered”) are Austroasiatic loans. Compare also Vietnamese lộn (“to turn the inside out, upside down, to reverse, to return, etc.”) and trộn (“to mix; to blend; to turn upside down”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luān • Middle-Chinese : lwanH ‖
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disorderly; chaotic • unstable; volatile; turbulent • unrest; uprising; revolt; rebellion • confused; befuddled • distraught; upset • promiscuous • wildly; in an uncontrolled way; without order or reason; at random; haphazardly; having no direction or coherence; recklessly; arbitrarily • to obscure; to blur; to mix up • to destroy; to ruin; to throw into disorder; to upset • (obsolete, literary, music or poetry) coda; finale; conclusion of a piece • (Classical) to administer; to govern; to manage • (rare and obsolete) to cross a body of water ‖ (Teochew) casually; as one pleases
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turbulent
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亂 (eumhun 어지러울 란 (eojireoul ran), word-initial (South Korea) 어지러울 난 (eojireoul nan))
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hanja form of 란/난 (“confusion, state of chaos”) • hanja form of 란/난 (“create chaos, revolt”)
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Hán-Nôm : loạn • Hán-Nôm : trộn • Hán-Nôm : lộn
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亂
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| 些
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se • Middle-Chinese : sjae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : so³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : so¹ • Middle-Chinese : saH • Middle-Chinese : sejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛ
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some; a few; a little; a bit (an indefinite amount) • (used after adjectives and certain verbs) a bit; a bit more • rather; somewhat • (archaic) A modal particle. ‖ A modal particle. • (figurative) fu (poetry) • ^‡ can; be able to • ^‡ what • ^‡ this ‖ ^‡ to decrease
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a few, a little; some • sometimes
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些 (eum 사 (sa))
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little
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Hán-Nôm : ta • Hán-Nôm : tá
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chữ Hán form of ta (“I; me; we; us”).
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些
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| 亞
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Pictogram (象形) : an overhead view of a construction, likely a 亞-shaped tomb. \ Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔrak (“inferior; dependent”), whence Tibetan རག (rag, “to depend on; subject; subservient; dependent”) (Bodman, 1980; Coblin, 1986). \ Karlgren (1957) connects it to 惡 (OC *qaːɡ, “evil”), but Schuessler (2007) considers this to be unlikely due to the semantics. \ The shangsheng pronunciation in Mandarin (yǎ) is a result of influence from the pronunciation of 啞／哑 (yǎ), whose written form contains 亞 as a component (Fu, 1958). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : à • Middle-Chinese : 'aeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aa³ ‖
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^† a house (four walls & windows, seen from above) • second; inferior • Alternative form of 婭／娅 • a surname ‖ (～洲) Short for 亞細亞／亚细亚 (Yàxìyà, “Asia”). ‖ (chiefly dialectal) Alternative form of 阿 (“kinship prefix”) ‖ (Nanning Pinghua) this
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‖
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rank • follow • sub- prefix ‖
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亞 (eumhun 버금 아 (beogeum a)) ‖ 亞 • (A) (hangeul 아)
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hanja form of 아 (“second; sub-”) • hanja form of 아 (“ranking next; coming after”) • hanja form of 아 (“Asia (abbreviation)”) • hanja form of 아 (“used as a prefix to names”) ‖ (in headlines) Short for 亞細亞아세아 (Asea, “Asia”).
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Hán-Nôm : á • Hán-Nôm : a
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Asia • Asiatic
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亞
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| 亨
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Pictogram (象形) . An ancestral shrine. ‖ Pictogram (象形) . An ancestral shrine. ‖ Pictogram (象形) . An ancestral shrine.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hing • Middle-Chinese : xaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paang¹ • Middle-Chinese : phjaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˇ • Middle-Chinese : xjangX
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smoothly progressing; prosperous • (physics) Short for 亨利 (hēnglì, “henry”). • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 烹 (pēng) ‖ Alternative form of 享 (xiǎng)
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‖ 亨(とおる) • (Tōru)
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pass through • go smoothly ‖ a male given name
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亨 • (hyeong, paeng) · 亨 • (hyeong, paeng) (hangeul 형, 팽, revised hyeong, paeng, McCune–Reischauer hyŏng, p'aeng)
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Hán-Nôm : Hưởng
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亨
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| 亮
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raŋs) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ, “building; tower”). \ Part of an Austroasiatic word family; compare Khmer [script needed] (-rāṃṅa, “to be light; to be bright”) (Schuessler, 2007), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *raaŋʔ (“light; to shine”); as well as: \ :* ស្រាំង (srang, “to be pale; to be colourless”) with 爽 (OC *sraŋʔ), \ :* [script needed] (brāṅa, “to grow light (after dark)”) with 炳 (OC *praŋʔ). \ :* បំព្រាង (bɑmpriəng, “to shed a pale light”) with 明 (OC *mraŋ). \ Alternatively, STEDT compares it to Proto-Kuki-Chin *klaaŋ-I, *klaan-II (“to shine; light; bright”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liōng • Middle-Chinese : ljangH
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bright; brilliant; radiant • loud and clear • (dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Wu, Xiang) lamp; light • to shine; to illuminate • (neologism) to be the highlight; to be epic • to make one's voice loud and clear; to raise one's voice • to reveal; to disclose • a surname
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‖ 亮(りょう) • (Ryō) ^(←りやう (ryau)?) · 亮(あきら) • (Akira)
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clear • help ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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亮 (eum 량 (ryang))
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Hán-Nôm : lượng • Hán-Nôm : lương
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亮
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| 什
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‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sam⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sím ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sap⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaap⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzyip ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄚˊ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : siánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siannh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sannh
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Only used in 什麼／什么 (shénme). ‖ (census) ten families • troop of ten men • set of ten poems • Alternative form of 十 (shí, “ten”), usually used in fractions or multiples. • miscellaneous; assorted • Alternative form of 雜／杂 (zá) • a surname ‖ Only used in 通什. ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 啥 (“what”)
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(financial, obsolete) ten
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什 • (sip, jip) · 什 • (sip, jip) (hangeul 십, 집, revised sip, jip, McCune–Reischauer sip, chip)
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Hán-Nôm : thập • Hán-Nôm : lặt • Hán-Nôm : thậm
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什
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| 仆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰoːɡs, *pʰus, *pʰoɡs, *bɯːɡ, *pʰoːɡ) : semantic 人 + phonetic 卜 (OC *poːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : puk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phak • Middle-Chinese : phjuH • Middle-Chinese : phjuwH • Middle-Chinese : phuwH • Middle-Chinese : bok
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to fall forward • to lie prostrate; prone
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仆 (eum 부 (bu))
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Hán-Nôm : bộc • Hán-Nôm : phó
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仆
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| 仇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡu) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ) – spouse. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡu) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ) – spouse.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siû • Middle-Chinese : gjuw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiû • Middle-Chinese : gjuw
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hatred; enmity; resentment • enemy; foe; adversary • to make reprisals; to retaliate • to proofread; to check against the original ‖ companion; peer • spouse; mate • a surname
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‖ 仇(あだ) • (ada) ‖ 仇(かたき) • (kataki)
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‖ foe, enemy ‖ Alternative form of 敵
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仇 (eum 구 (gu))
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enemy • hate, hatred • enmity
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Hán-Nôm : cừu
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仇
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| 仍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯŋ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). \ ; “to be done repeatedly; as before”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiông • Middle-Chinese : nying
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to follow; to do the same as • to continue; to be done repeatedly • frequently; repeatedly • the eighth generation; numerous (descendants) • still; yet • thus; as a result • a surname
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仍 (eum 잉 (ing))
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Hán-Nôm : nhưng • Hán-Nôm : nhăng • Hán-Nôm : nhang • Hán-Nôm : những • Hán-Nôm : dưng • Hán-Nôm : dừng • Hán-Nôm : nhẳng • Hán-Nôm : nhùng
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仍
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| 仔
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Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯ, *ʔslɯʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ) \ Cognate with 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ) and 崽 (OC *ʔslɯːʔ, *srɯː, *srɯː). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (子) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslɯ, *ʔslɯʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ) \ Cognate with 子 (OC *ʔslɯʔ) and 崽 (OC *ʔslɯːʔ, *srɯː, *srɯː). ‖ Hokkien á is a weak form of 囝 (kiáⁿ, káⁿ), as evidenced in older, less reduced forms such as giá (Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum; 彚音妙悟) or iá (Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum; Medhurst, 1832). (Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations in words borrowed from Southern Min are from etymology 1.) ‖ Hokkien á is a weak form of 囝 (kiáⁿ, káⁿ), as evidenced in older, less reduced forms such as giá (Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum; 彚音妙悟) or iá (Dictionario Hispanico Sinicum; Medhurst, 1832). (Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations in words borrowed from Southern Min are from etymology 1.) ‖ Weak form of 佮 (kah, kap, “and”). ‖ Weak form of 百 (pah, “hundred”). ‖ Weak form of 旦 (tòaⁿ, “dawn”). ‖ (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.) ‖ Cognate with 載 (OC *ʔslɯːʔ, *ʔslɯːs, *zlɯːs, “to load; to carry”). ‖ From 著／着.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsír • Middle-Chinese : tsiX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zai² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : á ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kánn ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : á ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : á • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ah ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : á • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nà ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsi ‖
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(domesticated animals or fowls) young • meticulous; fine • (Taiwan) Alternative form of 籽 (zǐ, “seed”) ‖ (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Shehua) son (Classifier: 個／个 c; 粒 c) • (Cantonese) child • (Cantonese, slang) boyfriend (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese, slang) (young) male (Classifier: 條／条 c; 隻／只 c) • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Northern Min) Diminutive suffix. · Denotes a young male of a particular trait. • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Northern Min) Diminutive suffix. · Denotes a young male of a particular occupation or background, often demeaningly. • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Northern Min) Diminutive suffix. · Used to call somebody affectionately. (For names, it is only used for males.) • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Northern Min) Diminutive suffix. · Demeaningly denotes somebody of a particular occupation or position. • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Northern Min) Diminutive suffix. · Denotes a young animal. • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Northern Min) Diminutive suffix. · Denotes something that is small in size. • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Northern Min) Diminutive suffix. · Denotes the younger sibling of one's spouse. • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Northern Min) Diminutive suffix. · Used with single-syllable nouns without denoting a specific meaning. • (Cantonese) Used after a classifier to indicate that something is small in size and/or quantity. • (Cantonese, slang, neologism) Suffix placed after a verb or adjective to sound cute and affectionate. ‖ a diminutive suffix for nouns, adjectives or quantities • a suffix that converts a verb or adjective into a noun • a suffix placed after a name or title, used endearingly, humorously or pejoratively ‖ Alternative form of 囝, especially when used as a suffix. ‖ (Southern Min) An interfix placed between two nouns to show the relationship between the two objects. ‖ (Southern Min) An interfix placed between two numbers to denote the value of 100, i.e. x 仔 y = 100x + 10y. ‖ (Southern Min) An interfix used limitedly in certain temporal location adverbs. ‖ a suffix used after nouns • a suffix that makes a derogatory slur ‖ Only used in 仔肩 (zījiān). ‖ Used to show a verb has been completed before the last verb of a sentence, often in a sequence of events. • Used to indicate the present perfective.
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offspring (animal) • detailed, fine
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仔 (eum 자 (ja))
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Hán-Nôm : tử • Hán-Nôm : tể
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仔
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| 仗
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Derived from 杖 (OC *daŋʔ) "cane, staff", with suffix *-s → *-h → 去聲／去声 (qùshēng), attested in Zuozhuan as 杖 (zhàng) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǒng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāng • Middle-Chinese : drjangX • Middle-Chinese : drjangH
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weaponry; weapons; arms • to hold a weapon • war; battle • (obsolete) guard; escort • to depend; to rely
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‖ 仗(つえ) • (tsue) ^(←つゑ (twe)?) ‖ 仗(つわもの) • (tsuwamono) ^(←つはもの (tufamono)?) ‖ 仗(まわり) • (mawari) ^(←まはり (mafari)?) ‖ 仗(じょう) • (jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?)
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‖ Alternative spelling of 杖 (“a cane, a crook, a walking stick”) ‖ Alternative spelling of 兵 (“weaponry; a soldier, a warrior; a courageous person, a brave; someone who is very confident, even obstinate”) ‖ Alternative spelling of 回り, etc.: surroundings; around; turning ‖ military strength • reliable, dependable
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仗 (eum 장 (jang))
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Hán-Nôm : trượng • Hán-Nôm : dượng
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仗
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| 份
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hùn
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share; part; portion • duty • degree; extent; level; standard • Classifier for things that are part of a whole.; part; portion • Classifier for servings. • Classifier for copies, documents, newspapers, periodicals.; copy • (colloquial, used with erhua) Classifier for appearances or states. • Suffix used after 省, 縣／县, 年, 月, etc.
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portion • part • duty
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份 (eum 빈 (bin))
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portion • part • duty
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Hán-Nôm : phần • Hán-Nôm : phân
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份
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| 仿
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Middle-Chinese : phjangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴
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to imitate • to resemble; to be similar • characters written after a calligraphy model • a surname: Fang ‖ Alternative form of 彷 (“to waver”)
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imitate • copy • as if • stand still • wander
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仿 (eum 방 (bang))
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imitate • similar to
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Hán-Nôm : phảng • Hán-Nôm : phẳng • Hán-Nôm : phàng • Hán-Nôm : phần • Hán-Nôm : phỏng
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仿
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| 伊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qlil) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 尹 (OC *ɢʷlinʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(h)i ~ *(h)aj (“this; here”). Cognate with Burmese ဤ (i, “this”). ‖ From 渠 (MC gjo, “he; she; it”). \ In Southern Sixian Hakka: /ki/ → /i/. \ In Wu (You, 1995): /ɡ-/ → /dʑ-/ → /ɦ-/ ( → /ʔ-/).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Middle-Chinese : 'jij ‖
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(literary) this; that • (literary, formal or Coastal Min) he, him; she, her; it • (literary) you (singular) • (～水, ～河) Yi River (a tributary of the Luo River in Henan, China) • a surname • Short for 伊拉克 (Yīlākè, “Iraq”). • Short for 伊朗 (Yīlǎng, “Iran”). ‖ (Southern Sixian Hakka, Wu) he, him; she, her; it
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‖ 伊(い) • (I) ‖ 伊(い) • (i)
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‖ Short for イタリア (Italia, “Italy”). ‖ Short for 伊太利 (Italia, “Italy”). • Short for 伊賀 (Iga, “Iga”).
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伊 (eumhun 저 이 (jeo i))
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canonical : 伊: Hán Việt readings: y 伊: Nôm readings: y • canonical : ì
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伊
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| 伍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːʔ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 五 (OC *ŋaːʔ). Also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) . ‖ From 亻 (denoting one octave higher in Kunqu) + 五 (wǔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : góo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gōo • Middle-Chinese : nguX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ
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troop of five soldiers • (figuratively) military • ally; company • (financial) Alternative form of 五 (“five”) • a surname: Wu, Woo, Ng, or Eng ‖ (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note high la (6̇).
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(financial, dated) five • five (mahjong)
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伍 (eumhun 다섯사람 오 (daseotsaram o))
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hanja form of 오 (“five”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngũ
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five
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伍
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| 伙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲) and ideogrammic compound (會意): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 火/ semantic 火.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fo² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hér • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hué
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companion; colleague • group of such people • Classifier for groups of people. • jointly • meal; food • (Hong Kong) Classifier for flats or families. • a surname
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companion; colleague; utensils
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伙 (eum 화 (hwa))
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Hán-Nôm : lõa • Hán-Nôm : loã • Hán-Nôm : hỏa • Hán-Nôm : hoả • Hán-Nôm : hõa • Hán-Nôm : hoã • Hán-Nôm : lỏa • Hán-Nôm : loả
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伙
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| 估
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːʔ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːʔ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Middle-Chinese : kuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gu³
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to estimate (an amount, value, etc.) • (Cantonese) to guess • (literary) price • (literary) merchant; businessperson ‖ Only used in 估衣 (gùyi, “secondhand clothes for sale”).
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估 (eum 고 (go))
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Hán-Nôm : cô • Hán-Nôm : cố
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估
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| 伶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːŋ) : semantic 人 (“man; person”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : líng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Middle-Chinese : leng
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(historical) court musician; performer • (dated) actor • solitary; lonely • clever • a surname
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clever • actor • smart
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伶 (eum 령 (ryeong))
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Hán-Nôm : rành • Hán-Nôm : lanh • Hán-Nôm : linh • Hán-Nôm : nhanh • Hán-Nôm : rảnh • Hán-Nôm : ranh • Hán-Nôm : rình • Hán-Nôm : lánh
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伶
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| 佃
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tin⁴ • Middle-Chinese : den ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : din⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tān • Middle-Chinese : denH
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(literary) to till; to cultivate • (literary) Alternative form of 畋 (tián, “to hunt”) ‖ to rent and till land from a landlord • (obsolete) land rent • (dialectal) to rent • a surname
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‖ 佃(つくだ) • (tsukuda)
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‖ cultivated rice field
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佃 (eum 전 (jeon))
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Hán-Nôm : điền
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佃
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| 佑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs). \ Exoactive derivation of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs, “right”). \ “Right” and “left” are metaphors for “to assist” via the following semantic development: “left or right” > “to be on the left or right of a person” > “to assist, to help, to protect”. \ Compare the derivation of 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist; to help”) from 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iū • Middle-Chinese : hjuwH
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to assist; to help; to protect • (alt. form 祐) to bless • a surname • (Taiwan) yotta- (SI unit prefix)
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‖ 佑(ゆう) • (Yū)
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To help ‖ a male given name
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佑 • (u) · 佑 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u)
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Hán-Nôm : hữu • Hán-Nôm : hựu
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to assist; to help
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佑
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| 你
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nɯʔ) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 尔 (OC *njelʔ). Alternatively, Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 人 (“person”) + 尔 (“you”) \ Colloquial form of 爾 (OC *njelʔ, “you”) attested since the Tang dynasty. Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *na-ŋ (“you”). ‖ Contraction of 你嘅 (ngi2 gê4, “your”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ní ‖
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you (the person spoken to or written to) ‖ your
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Extended shinjitai form of 儞: you
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你 (eum 니 (ni))
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canonical : 你: Hán Việt readings: nhĩ • canonical : nễ 你: Nôm readings: né • canonical : nể • canonical : nẻ • canonical : nệ
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你
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| 佣
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iong
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commission (amount of money paid to a middleman)
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佣
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| 佩
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人 (“person”) + 凡 + 巾 (“piece of cloth”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phua̍h • Middle-Chinese : bwojH
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belt ornament; pendant • to wear; to hang (from the waist) • to hold; to carry • to remember in heart • to admire • to surround; to encircle
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‖ 佩(はい) • (-hai) ‖ 佩(はい) • (hai)
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‖ swords ‖ ancient ornamental belt
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佩 (eum 패 (pae))
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Hán-Nôm : bội
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佩
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| 併
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *breːŋʔ, *breːŋs, *peŋʔ, *peŋs, *beːŋʔ) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pìng • Middle-Chinese : pjiengX • Middle-Chinese : bengX • Middle-Chinese : pjiengH
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to combine; to amalgamate
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join
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併 (eum 병 (byeong))
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Hán-Nôm : tính
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併
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| 來
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Pictogram (象形) of wheat – original character of 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) or 麳 (OC *rɯː, “wheat”). The line in the middle represents the ear, the two lines pointing upwards represent leaves, and the lines pointing downwards represent the stem and roots. An additional horizontal line was often added at the top end of the character, possibly used to emphasize the ear of the wheat. Compare 禾. \ This character has been borrowed for “to come” since the oracle bone script. During the Western Zhou and Warring States periods, additional semantic components, such as 止 (“foot”) or 辵 (“to walk”), were added to differentiate the original sense from the borrowed sense. However, these additions were not inherited in later scripts. \ Some consider the derivative 麥 from the addition of 夊 (“to walk slowly”) to be the original form for the meaning “to come”. If so, their meanings have interchanged due to frequent use of 來 for “to come”. \ Shuowen connects “wheat” and “to come” from a mythological standpoint: 天所來也 (“it comes from the heavens”). This may be supported by archaeological evidence, which suggests that wheat is not native to China, but originated in the Fertile Crescent. \ 來 and 麥 have both been reconstructed to begin with *mr- in Old Chinese. The former retains the liquid as /l/, while the latter retains the nasal /m/. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-j ~ ra (“to come”) (STEDT). Cognate with 迨 (OC *l'ɯːʔ, “to reach; until”), 賚 (OC *rɯːs, “to bestow”), Burmese လာ (la, “to come”). Also cognate with 蒞 (OC *rɯbs, “to arrive”) according to Schuessler (2007). ‖ Cognate to or same word as 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâi • Middle-Chinese : loj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loi⁴ • Middle-Chinese : loj
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to come; to arrive • to happen; to occur • to do (specific meaning depending on the context) • since • next; coming; future • (after a number) about; approximately; around • Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement toward the speaker. • Used before a verb to express volition. • Used with 不 or 得 to express capability. • Used after numerals in colloquial lists. • Meaningless particle for rhythmic purposes. • (Shanghainese) currently • (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 來 (MC loj) • a surname ‖ (obsolete) wheat
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Kyūjitai form of 来
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來 (eumhun 올 래 (ol rae), word-initial (South Korea) 올 내 (ol nae))
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hanja form of 래 (“to come; to arrive”)
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Hán-Nôm : lai • Hán-Nôm : lay • Hán-Nôm : lơi • Hán-Nôm : ray • Hán-Nôm : rơi • Hán-Nôm : rời
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來
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| 侈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰjalʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g(r/l)aːj (“scatter, sow, dispersedly widely; wide; star”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007). \ *Insides Chinese, cognate with 哆 (OC *ʔl'aːlʔ), 移 (OC *lal), 離 (OC *reːls, *rel, *rels) (STEDT); \ *Outsides Chinese, cognate with Burmese ကျယ် (kyai, “wide”), Mizo tai (“scatter, disperse”), Northern Qiang [script needed] (ʁdʐə, “star”) (Mawo), Southern Qiang [Term?] (χdʐe³³pe⁵⁵, “star”) (Taoping), etc. (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshí • Middle-Chinese : tsyheX
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extravagant; wasteful; excessive; luxurious • exaggerated; overstated
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侈 (eum 치 (chi))
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Hán-Nôm : xỉ • Hán-Nôm : ẩy • Hán-Nôm : xảy • Hán-Nôm : xí • Hán-Nôm : đứa • Hán-Nôm : xẩy • Hán-Nôm : xi
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侈
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| 侶
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Middle-Chinese : ljoX
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companion • associate with
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‖ 侶(とも) • (tomo)
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‖ companion, follower
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侶 (eumhun 짝 려 (jjak ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 짝 여 (jjak yeo))
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hanja form of 려/여 (“companion”)
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Hán-Nôm : lứa • Hán-Nôm : lữ
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侶
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| 俄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo • Middle-Chinese : nga ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo
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suddenly; (very) soon; presently • tilted ‖ Short for 俄羅斯／俄罗斯 (Éluósī).: Russia (A transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and North Asia)
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‖ 俄(が) • (ga)
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‖ sudden, abrupt, unexpected
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俄 (eum 아 (a))
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canonical : 俄: Hán Việt readings: nga 俄: Nôm readings: nga • canonical : ngoa
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chữ Hán form of Nga, nga (“Russia, Russian”). • chữ Hán form of nga (“sudden; in an instant”).
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俄
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| 俏
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshió • Middle-Chinese : tshjewH
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pretty; handsome; smart • charming; lovely • fast-selling; in great demand • (dialectal) to season (foods)
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like • similar • resemble • pretty • disguise oneself as • dress up • pine away
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俏 (eum 소 (so))
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like • similar • resemble • pretty
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Hán-Nôm : tiếu
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俏
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| 俐
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī
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smooth; clever; sharp
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clever
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俐 (eum 리 (ri))
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Hán-Nôm : lợi • Hán-Nôm : lời
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俐
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| 俘
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰuw) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 孚 (OC *pʰuw, “to capture”) – to capture. Originally written 孚.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu • Middle-Chinese : phju
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to capture (enemy at war) • prisoner of war
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‖ 俘(とりこ) • (toriko)
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‖ prisoner, captive • slave to one's emotions
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俘 • (bu) · 俘 • (bu) (hangeul 부, revised bu, McCune–Reischauer pu)
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captive
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俘
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| 俯
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In bronze inscriptions, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *poʔ) : phonetic 府 (OC *poʔ) + semantic 勹 (“person bending over”). In the modern script 勹 has changed to 亻.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : pjuX
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to bow one's head • to bend down; to bow • to look from above; to overlook; to look down • (honorific) to deign
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to bend down • to lie down
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俯 (eum 부 (bu))
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Hán-Nôm : phủ
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俯
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| 俱
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : keoi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khū • Middle-Chinese : kju
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all; together; completely; entirely • to accompany; to be together with • to be alike; to be similar • a surname
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俱 (eumhun 함께 구 (hamkke gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“accompany, together”)
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Hán-Nôm : câu • Hán-Nôm : cu • Hán-Nôm : gu • Hán-Nôm : cụ • Hán-Nôm : gù
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俱
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| 俳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *brɯːl) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *brɯːl) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâi • Middle-Chinese : beaj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˊ
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actor • vaudeville show • (literary) humorous; funny ‖ Only used in 俳佪.
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actor • haiku
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俳 • (bae) · 俳 • (bae) (hangeul 배, revised bae, McCune–Reischauer pae)
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canonical : 俳: Hán Việt readings: bài
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俳
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| 俸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *poːŋʔ, *boŋs) : semantic 亻 (“person”) + phonetic 奉 (OC *boŋʔ). \ Exopassive of 奉 (OC *boŋʔ, “to receive”), literally “that which is received” (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǒng • Middle-Chinese : puwngX • Middle-Chinese : bjowngH
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wages; salary; official emolument • a surname
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‖ 俸(ほう) • (hō)
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‖ salary
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俸 (eum 봉 (bong))
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Hán-Nôm : bổng • Hán-Nôm : bóng • Hán-Nôm : bỗng • Hán-Nôm : vụng • Hán-Nôm : bống • Hán-Nôm : phỗng
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俸
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| 倔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡlud) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 屈 (OC *klud, *kʰlud).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku̍t • Middle-Chinese : gjut
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stubborn; obstinate • (Cantonese) blunt; not sharp
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倔 (eum 굴 (gul))
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Hán-Nôm : quật • Hán-Nôm : oặt • Hán-Nôm : quặt • Hán-Nôm : quất • Hán-Nôm : quịt
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倔
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| 倘
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soeng⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâng ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : thang
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if; supposing; in case ‖ Only used in 倘佯. ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 通 (thang, “can; may”)
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倘 (eum 당 (dang))
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Hán-Nôm : thảng • Hán-Nôm : thẳng • Hán-Nôm : người • Hán-Nôm : thoáng • Hán-Nôm : thoảng • Hán-Nôm : thằng • Hán-Nôm : thoang • Hán-Nôm : thoắng
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倘
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| 倚
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : 'jeX • Middle-Chinese : 'jeH
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to lean on; to lean against • to rely on; to depend on; to lean on • to be partial toward; to lean toward
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to lean on; to lean against • to rely on; to depend on • Alternative form of 椅: chair • Alternative form of 踦, 畸: lame, crippled; unbalanced
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倚 • (ui, gi) · 倚 • (ui, gi) (hangeul 의, 기, revised ui, gi, McCune–Reischauer ŭi, ki)
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Hán-Nôm : ỷ • Hán-Nôm : ấy
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倚
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| 倡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjaŋ, *tʰjaŋs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 昌 (OC *tʰjaŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjaŋ, *tʰjaŋs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 昌 (OC *tʰjaŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiàng • Middle-Chinese : tsyhangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiong • Middle-Chinese : tsyhang
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to lead (a chorus); to introduce • to sing • to advocate; to recommend; to encourage; to promote; to propagate ‖ professional singer and dancer • musician; actor; entertainer; performer • Alternative form of 娼 (chāng, “prostitute”)
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prostitute
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倡 (eum 창 (chang))
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Hán-Nôm : xướng
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倡
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| 倦
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In the Chu form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrons) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 龹 (). In the Small Seal Script form, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrons) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 卷 (OC *ɡron, *kronʔ, *krons, *ɡonʔ). \ Compare Tibetan ཀྱོར་ཀྱོར (kyor kyor, “weak; feeble”), Tibetan ཁྱོར་བ (khyor ba, “to stumble; to move totteringly”), Tibetan འཁྱོར་བ ('khyor ba, “to stagger, to reel”) (Bodman, 1980). Cognate with 痯 (OC *koːnʔ, *koːns, “exhausted”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Middle-Chinese : gjwenH
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tired; weary
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in fatigue • languor • grow weary of, lose interest in
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倦 (eumhun 게으를 권 (geeureul gwon))
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hanja form of 권 (“languor”)
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Hán-Nôm : quyện • Hán-Nôm : cuộn
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倦
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| 值
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯɡs, *dɯɡ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯɡs, *dɯɡ) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 直 (OC *dɯɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Middle-Chinese : driH
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price • (mathematics, computing, etc.) value • to be worth • worthwhile • to be on duty • to face; to confront • (Hokkien) to be a match for; to compare favorably with ‖ (obsolete) to hold upright
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Alternative form of 値
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值 (eum 치 (chi))
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Hán-Nôm : trị • Hán-Nôm : trịa
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值
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| 偎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quːl) : semantic 人 (“man; person”) + phonetic 畏 (OC *quls)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wui¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ue • Middle-Chinese : 'woj
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to snuggle up to; to lean close to • hidden; unclear • to comfort
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cling to • cuddle • embrace • fondle
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偎 • (oe) · 偎 • (oe) (hangeul 외)
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come close • approach • embrace • faint, vague
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偎
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| 做
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Originally a vulgar variant of 作, written ⿰作攵. The component 乍 later corrupted into 古. \ Colloquial form of the departing-tone variant of 作 (MC tsaH, “to do”), to differentiate from the checked-tone variant (now represented by 作). Loss of checked codas in Mandarin has resulted in homophony of the two.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tserè
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to do; to perform • to make; to produce • to become • to give (a party, a reception) • to be (a role) • (euphemistic) to make love • (Cantonese) to work at • (Cantonese) to air; to broadcast
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(to) make/do
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做 • (ju, ja) · 做 • (ju, ja) (hangeul 주, 자)
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Hán-Nôm : tố • Hán-Nôm : súa
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做
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| 偵
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : trhjeng • Middle-Chinese : traengH • Middle-Chinese : trhjengH
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to spy, reconnoiter • detective • Alternative form of 貞／贞 (zhēn, “divination”)
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investigation, spy, detective
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偵 (eumhun 염탐할 정 (yeomtamhal jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“investigation; spy”)
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Hán-Nôm : trinh • Hán-Nôm : rình • Hán-Nôm : triệng
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偵
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| 偷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoː) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo). ‖ From on9, reinterpreted as the keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie which produces the character 偷.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thio • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thau • Middle-Chinese : thuw ‖
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to steal; to snatch • stealthily; secretly; covertly • thief; burglar • to have an extra-marital relationship • to while away without purpose; to drift along • (Cantonese) to exhaust the usage of space ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, leetspeak) Alternative form of on9
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偷 (eum 투 (tu))
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Hán-Nôm : thầu • Hán-Nôm : du • Hán-Nôm : thâu
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偷
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| 偽
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Simplified from 僞 (爲 → 為). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷrals) : semantic 亻 (“man”) + phonetic 為 (OC *ɢʷal, *ɢʷals, “to make”), originally “artificial”. \ Often thought to be derived from 為 (OC *ɢʷal, “to act as”) (Karlgren, 1956; Wang, 1982; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). \ Alternatively, it may be cognate to 訛 (OC *ŋʷaːl, “erroneous”) (Schuessler, 2007); this may be compared to Tibetan རྔོད (rngod, “to deceive”), though the -d in Tibetan is unexplained (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014). \ Jacques (2022, 2023) seems to attempt to unify the two etymologies above. He argues the Middle Chinese initial ng- in both 偽 (MC ngjweH) and 訛 (MC ngwa) come from a middle voice/intransitivizing prefix *ŋ-. 偽, reconstructed as *ŋ-waj-s, would be derived from 為 (OC waj) as the root.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Middle-Chinese : ngjweH
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false; counterfeit; bogus; fake; pseudo-; artificial • falsehood; untruthfulness • illegal; illegitimate
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‖ 偽(ぎ) • (gi) ‖ 偽(にせ) or 偽(ニセ) • (nise)
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falsehood, lie • fake, forgery ‖ a falsehood, lie • (logic) a false statement (usually based without facts) ‖ a counterfeit, forgery • an imitation, replica • prefixed to nouns: · counterfeit, forged • prefixed to nouns: · fake, false
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偽 (eum 위 (wi))
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Hán-Nôm : ngụy • Hán-Nôm : nguỵ
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偽
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| 傅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paɡs) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paɡs) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hū • Middle-Chinese : pjuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹
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(literary) teacher; instructor • (literary) to assist • (literary) to teach; to instruct • (literary) to attach to; to adhere to • a surname ‖ (literary) Alternative form of 敷 (fū) • (literary) Alternative form of 敷 (fū) · to apply; to lay on; to lace
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傅 (eum 부 (bu))
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Hán-Nôm : phó
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傅
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| 傘
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Pictogram (象形) – pictographic representation of an umbrella.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàn • Middle-Chinese : sanX
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umbrella; parasol • umbrella-like object • parachute • a surname: San
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‖ 傘(かさ) or 傘(カサ) • (kasa) (counter 本)
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‖ umbrella (cloth-covered frame used for protection against rain or sun) • bell; umbrella (of a jellyfish)
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傘 (eumhun 우산 산 (usan san))
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hanja form of 산 (“umbrella”)
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Hán-Nôm : tản • Hán-Nôm : tàn • Hán-Nôm : tán
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傘
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| 傳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tons, *don, *dons) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon). \ Related to 轉 (OC *tonʔ, *tons, “to turn around; to transfer”); see there for more. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tons, *don, *dons) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon). \ Related to 轉 (OC *tonʔ, *tons, “to turn around; to transfer”); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuînn • Middle-Chinese : drjwen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuān • Middle-Chinese : drjwenH • Middle-Chinese : trjwenH
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to transfer; to deliver; to transmit; to pass on • to teach; to impart • to pass down; to hand down • to abdicate; to resign sovereign authority • to express; to convey • to summon; to call • to spread; to circulate; to disseminate • (physics) to conduct (electricity or heat) • (Hokkien) to pass on to the next generation; to transmit to the offspring • (Mainland China Hokkien) to summon with a subpoena • (Mainland China Hokkien) to give birth; to procreate; to have children • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to prepare; to get ready; to make ready • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to set up a trap to make a fool of someone • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to give • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to allow; to let; to permit • (Quanzhou Hokkien) by ‖ (historical) relay station for transmitting documents • (historical) stagecoach; post-chaise • (historical, literature) a category of historical literary works · historical narrative; record; chronicle; historical documents • (historical, literature) a category of historical literary works · commentary; annotation • (historical, literature) a category of historical literary works · paracanonical work (any work that complements a canon or a canonical body of texts but not considered canonical by itself, often including the above) • (literature) biography; life story • (historical, literature) novel or story written in the historical style • to write a biography
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summon • propagate, transmit
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傳 (eumhun 전할 전 (jeonhal jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“transfer”)
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canonical : 傳: Hán Việt readings: truyền • canonical : truyện • canonical : truyến 傳: Nôm readings: chuyền • canonical : chuyện • canonical : chuyến • canonical : chiện ‖ romanization : truyền ‖ romanization : truyện ‖ romanization : chuyền ‖ romanization : chuyện
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‖ chữ Hán form of truyền (“to transmit, to transfer; to impart; to summon; to express”). ‖ chữ Hán form of truyện (“a story, a novel, a fiction book”). ‖ Nôm form of chuyền (“to pass a ball”). ‖ Nôm form of chuyện (“matters, affairs; a tale, a legend”).
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傳
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| 傻
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Unclear. Possible early forms in Middle Chinese include 𧫝 (MC srwaeX) or 誜 (MC srwaeH), indicating "to speak carelessly; to talk nonsense".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sá • Middle-Chinese : srwaeX • Middle-Chinese : srwaeH
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foolish; silly; stupid • inflexible; naïvely stubborn • blank; dumbfounded • (dialectal Mandarin, including Tianjin Mandarin) very; quite
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傻 (eum 사 (sa))
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Hán-Nôm : xọa • Hán-Nôm : xoạ • Hán-Nôm : xoe • Hán-Nôm : xọ • Hán-Nôm : xõ
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傻
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| 僕
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In the oracle bone script and the early Western Zhou bronze script, it was a pictogram (象形) of a slave or prisoner, with hands holding a basket (其) to pick up garbage, an instrument of punishment (辛) above the head, and a tail (尾) to represent the slave's low status, akin to animals. \ 其 later corrupts into 甾, the hands (廾) move below 辛, and the slave's body (人) moves to become the left component. Later, 辛 corrupts into 丵 (probably by fusing with 甾) and combines with 廾 to give 菐 (OC *boːɡ, *puɡ), which functions as a phonetic component. \ In the current form, it is essentially a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːɡ, *buːɡ) : semantic 人 (“man”) + phonetic 菐 (OC *boːɡ, *puɡ). \ Probably related to Tibetan བུ (bu, “son; boy”) (Coblin, 1986). \ Alternatively, Peiros and Starostin (1996) compare it to Tibetan ཕྲུག (phrug, “child”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Middle-Chinese : buwk • Middle-Chinese : bowk
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servant; slave (often male) • (literary, humble, men's speech) I; me; your humble servant • (obsolete) coachman; groom • (obsolete) to attach; to adhere • a surname
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‖ 僕(ぼく) • (boku) ‖ 僕(ぼく) or 僕(ボク) • (boku) ‖ 僕(しもべ) • (shimobe)
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I (masculine speech) • manservant ‖ manservant, servant ‖ (men's speech) I; me (personal pronoun; usually used by males; implies that the speaker is a young boy or otherwise boyish) • you, he, she (only used in reference to a person who uses this term to refer to themselves, or is one who is assumed to use it, such as a young boy) ‖ manservant, servant • a man of low social status • a low-ranking civil servant
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僕 (eum 복 (bok))
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Hán-Nôm : bộc • Hán-Nôm : bọc
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僕
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| 僵
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : goeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiang • Middle-Chinese : kjang
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(obsolete) to fall down • stiff; rigid • stupefied; dazed; blank • deadlocked
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fall down • collapse
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僵 (eum 강 (gang))
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Hán-Nôm : cương
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僵
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| 價
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːs) : semantic 人 + phonetic 賈 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, *klaːʔ, “sell”). \ Perhaps related to 賈 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, *klaːʔ, “to sell”). ‖ See 介. ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kèe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kà • Middle-Chinese : kaeH ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄚˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄐㄧㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄍㄚ
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price; cost • value • (chemistry) valence; valency • (linguistics) valence; valency • a surname: Jia ‖ (Hangzhounese) Alternative form of 介 (so, such) ‖ Only used in 㒑價／㒑价 (kuǐqiǎ). ‖
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worth, value
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價 (eumhun 값 가 (gap ga))
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hanja form of 가 (“price; value”)
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Hán-Nôm : giá
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價
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| 僻
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Middle-Chinese : phjiek • Middle-Chinese : phek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui⁶
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to avoid; to evade • unorthodox • remote; out of the way • uncommon; rare • eccentric; odd; peculiar • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) codewords used in certain professions or gangs ‖ Alternative form of 背 (“remote; secluded; out-of-the-way”)
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僻 (eumhun 후미질 벽 (humijil byeok))
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hanja form of 벽 (“remote; out of the way”) • hanja form of 벽 (“uncommon; rare”)
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Hán-Nôm : tịch
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僻
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| 儉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡramʔ) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gim⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiǎm • Middle-Chinese : gjemX
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frugal; thrifty • modest; moderate; temperate • lacking; insufficient • poor harvest • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to save up; to store up • (Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) to save; to economize • a surname
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儉 (eumhun 검소하 검 (geomsoha geom))
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hanja form of 검 (“frugal, temperate”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiệm • Hán-Nôm : cợm • Hán-Nôm : hiếm • Hán-Nôm : thiếu
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儉
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| 允
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Oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a person with the head emphasized, indicating a nod. \ Bronze inscriptions onward (corrupted form): Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lunʔ) : phonetic 㠯 (OC *lɯʔ) + semantic 儿 (“person”). \ Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs *winʔ or *junʔ: \ * If *junʔ, then possibly related to Burmese ယုံ (yum, “to believe”); if so, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *yum (“to believe”); other cognates would then be Asho Chin yón-é, Mara Chin zó, Lahu ʑo³¹. \ * If *winʔ, then 信 (OC *hljins) (minimally reconstructed *sin(s)) is its possible derivative.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ín • Middle-Chinese : ywinX
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^† to allow; to consent; to permit • ^† fair; just; equitable; even-handed; impartial • ^† proper; suitable; appropriate • ^† honest; genuine • a surname
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‖ 允(まこと) • (Makoto)
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consent • sincerity • permit ‖ a male given name
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允 (eum 윤 (yun))
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Hán-Nôm : doãn • Hán-Nôm : duẫn
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允
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| 兒
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Pictogram (象形) : an infant with an imperfect cranium (i.e. fontanelle). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-ŋa-j (“small; inferior; offspring”) (STEDT). Cognate with Burmese ငယ် (ngai, “little; young”), Jingpho shangai (ʃă³¹ ŋai³¹, “to give birth”). \ According to Schuessler (2007), it may be an area word; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ŋa(i)k (“baby”), Proto-Bahnaric *ŋaː (“baby”), Khmer ង៉ា (ngaa, “infant; baby”). The word is also cognate with 倪 (OC *ŋeː, “small and weak”). 伢 is the southern dialectal form of 兒 (MC nye, “child; son”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄦˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Middle-Chinese : nye ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngai⁴ • Middle-Chinese : ngej
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(now in compounds) child • one's own child; son • (now in compounds) (male) adolescent • (attributive, of animals) male • Non-syllabic noun diminutive suffix. • Suffix after nouns that does not indicate diminutiveness. • Suffix added to some verbs or adjectives to form nouns. • Suffix after a limited number of verbs. • Suffix after certain nouns that result in a different meaning from the unsuffixed form. • Suffix after reduplicated adjectives. ‖ a surname • Alternative form of 齯／𫠜 (ní, “teeth grown in old age”) • Alternative form of 倪 (“small and weak”) • Alternative form of 郳 (Ní)
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Kyūjitai form of 児 (“child; young of animals”) • Used in personal names.
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兒 (eumhun 아이 아 (ai a)) ‖ 兒 (eumhun 다시 난 이 예 (dasi nan i ye))
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hanja form of 아 (“child”) ‖ hanja form of 예 (“used in personal names”)
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canonical : 兒: Hán Việt readings: nhi • canonical : nghê 兒: Nôm readings: nhẻ
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chữ Hán form of nhi (“child”).
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兒
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| 兔
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Pictogram (象形) – a rabbit. \ Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Japhug qala (“rabbit”) (with animal prefix qa-), Lisu ꓕꓳꓽ ꓡꓻ (tʰò lɑ) (Schuessler, 2007; Zhang et al., 2019). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thòo • Middle-Chinese : thuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄢ
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leporid; rabbit or hare • moon • Short for 伏兔 (“a component of a chariot”). • a surname ‖ Mercury (planet)
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Rabbit
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兔 (eumhun 토끼 토 (tokki to))
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hanja form of 토 (“rabbit, hare”)
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Hán-Nôm : thố • Hán-Nôm : thỏ
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Rabbit • (by extension) a leporid
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兔
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| 兜
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𠑹 (“cover”) + 皃 (“head”): a helmet. \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) suggests a connection to 頭 (OC *[m-t]ˤo, “head”). See there for more. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dau¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : too • Middle-Chinese : tuw ‖
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helmet; hood • helmet-shaped • armor • to wrap in a bag; to encase; to carry in a wrap • bag; pouch; plastic bag • pocket • to pocket; to keep; to retain; to acquire dishonestly • to reach • to move around; to move in a circle • to canvass; to solicit • to take responsibility for • to relate in detail • to peddle; to hawk • (Hokkien) home • (Hokkien) nearby • (Singapore Hokkien) place; side; location • (Cantonese) flat or shallow container; flat or shallow bowl • (Cantonese) to contain; to hold in a container; to hold with one's hand(s) in a horizontal positional • (Cantonese) to make a detour; to bypass; to deviate • (Cantonese, of routes or journeys) indirect; lengthy; with detours or deviations • (Cantonese) to explain one's way out of a bad situation • (Cantonese) Classifier for things put in a flat or shallow container. • (Cantonese) to scoop with a flat or shallow container • (Cantonese) to hit with one's limbs, in a curved trajectory; to slap (someone); to kick ‖ (Hakka) some; a few; a little; a bit (an indefinite amount) • (Hakka) Plural marker for pronouns.
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‖ 兜(かぶと) • (kabuto)
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‖ helmet
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兜 (eum 두 (du))
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(투구 두, tugu-): helmet (especially, made of iron)
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Hán-Nôm : đâu
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兜
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| 兢
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Possibly the vocalic variant of 驚 (OC *kreŋ, “to be afraid; to alarm”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 謹 (OC *kɯnʔ, “to be careful; to be attentive”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Middle-Chinese : king
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(ideophonic) fearful; cautious
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兢 (eum 긍 (geung))
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Hán-Nôm : cạnh • Hán-Nôm : ganh • Hán-Nôm : căng • Hán-Nôm : giằng
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兢
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| 內
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冂 (“city outskirts”) + 入 (“to enter”) – entering the city through its outskirts - inside, within. \ Related to 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”); see there for more. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冂 (“city outskirts”) + 入 (“to enter”) – entering the city through its outskirts - inside, within. \ Related to 入 (OC *njub, “to enter”); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǎi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luē • Middle-Chinese : nwojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naap⁶
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inside; interior; internal; inner • (obsolete) room; inner room • (literary) court; imperial palace • woman; wife • heart; mind; self • (traditional Chinese medicine) internal organs • (Buddhism) within Buddhism • 65th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝍆) • (Teochew) family • (Teochew) home • (Internet slang) Alternative form of 那 • (Philippine Hokkien) Classifier for servings / helpings of food. ‖ to enter • Original form of 納／纳 (nà, “to pay”).
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Kyūjitai form of 内
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內 (eumhun 안 내 (an nae))
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hanja form of 내 (“inside; within”) [dependent noun; prefix]
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Hán-Nôm : nội ‖ romanization : nội
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‖ chữ Hán form of nội. · in; inside; within • chữ Hán form of nội. · inside one's heart; internal; psychological • chữ Hán form of nội. · imperial palace; royal court • chữ Hán form of nội. · wife (and concubine) • chữ Hán form of nội. · woman; a woman's beauty • chữ Hán form of nội. · bedroom; room • chữ Hán form of nội. · internal organs; entrails, bowels, guts • chữ Hán form of nội. · a surname
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內
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| 兩
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According to Shuowen Jiezi an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 一 + 㒳. Baxter (1992) observes that, in historical forms, the character is two 丙 (OC *praŋʔ) joined together; this would make 丙 the phonetic component in a sort of phono-ideogrammic compound (see also Baxter & Sagart (2014)). \ Unknown. Schuessler (2007) proposes two possible etymologies: \ * Borrowing from Kra-Dai; compare Proto-Tai *rawᴬ (“we”) > Thai เรา (rao, “we”), Zhuang raeuz (“we (inclusive)”); Proto-Kam-Sui *hra¹ (“two”) > Southern Kam yac (“two”), Sui xgaz (“two”). \ * Cognate with Tibetan སྲང (srang, “balance; scale; weight; unit of weight”). \ Derivative: 輛 (OC *raŋs, “chariot”) (literally “that which is paired”, i.e. “a set of wheels”). ‖ According to Shuowen Jiezi an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 一 + 㒳. Baxter (1992) observes that, in historical forms, the character is two 丙 (OC *praŋʔ) joined together; this would make 丙 the phonetic component in a sort of phono-ideogrammic compound (see also Baxter & Sagart (2014)). \ Unknown. Schuessler (2007) proposes two possible etymologies: \ * Borrowing from Kra-Dai; compare Proto-Tai *rawᴬ (“we”) > Thai เรา (rao, “we”), Zhuang raeuz (“we (inclusive)”); Proto-Kam-Sui *hra¹ (“two”) > Southern Kam yac (“two”), Sui xgaz (“two”). \ * Cognate with Tibetan སྲང (srang, “balance; scale; weight; unit of weight”). \ Derivative: 輛 (OC *raŋs, “chariot”) (literally “that which is paired”, i.e. “a set of wheels”). ‖ According to Shuowen Jiezi an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 一 + 㒳. Baxter (1992) observes that, in historical forms, the character is two 丙 (OC *praŋʔ) joined together; this would make 丙 the phonetic component in a sort of phono-ideogrammic compound (see also Baxter & Sagart (2014)). \ Unknown. Schuessler (2007) proposes two possible etymologies: \ * Borrowing from Kra-Dai; compare Proto-Tai *rawᴬ (“we”) > Thai เรา (rao, “we”), Zhuang raeuz (“we (inclusive)”); Proto-Kam-Sui *hra¹ (“two”) > Southern Kam yac (“two”), Sui xgaz (“two”). \ * Cognate with Tibetan སྲང (srang, “balance; scale; weight; unit of weight”). \ Derivative: 輛 (OC *raŋs, “chariot”) (literally “that which is paired”, i.e. “a set of wheels”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liáng • Middle-Chinese : ljangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nióo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niáu • Middle-Chinese : ljangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ljangH
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two • two (used in radio communications in aviation and by the military) • some; few • different; distinct • a surname ‖ tael (a traditional unit of weight) · (Mainland China) Short for 市兩／市两 (shìliǎng, “market tael, equal to 1/10 of a catty or 50 grams”). • tael (a traditional unit of weight) · (Hong Kong) equal to 1/16 of a catty or 37.7994 grams • tael (a traditional unit of weight) · (Taiwan) Short for 臺兩／台两 (“Taiwanese tael, equal to 1/16 of a catty or 37.5 grams”). • tael (a traditional unit of weight) · (historical) metal currency unit used in China and Japan • Short for 公兩／公两 (gōngliǎng, “hectogram”). ‖ Original form of 輛／辆 (liàng).
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both
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兩 (eumhun 두 량 (du ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 두 양 (du yang)) ‖ 兩 (eumhun 냥 냥 (nyang nyang), word-initial (South Korea) 냥 양 (nyang yang))
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hanja form of 량 (“both”) ‖ hanja form of 냥 (“(archaic) (units of measure) a liang or tael, a unit of weight equivalent to about 40 g”) • hanja form of 냥 (“(archaic) (units of coinage) a nyang”)
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Hán-Nôm : lưỡng • Hán-Nôm : lượng • Hán-Nôm : lạng
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Nôm form of lạng (“tael (unit of weight equal to 37.8 grams)”). • chữ Hán form of lượng (“tael”). • chữ Hán form of lưỡng (“two, both”).
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兩
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| 兮
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Originally the same character as 乎 (OC *ɢaː). The oracle bone form consists of 丂 (“fork in a tree”) and two vertical strokes above; the two strokes are parallel in most oracle bone attestations, possibly representing finer branches (i.e. the sound produced by wind blows past these branches).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hê • Middle-Chinese : hej
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(literary) Sentence-internal or final exclamatory particle. • (Central Min, Puxian Min) Possessive particle. • (Southern Min) Alternative form of 个 (possessive particle)
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兮 (eum 혜 (hye))
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Hán-Nôm : hề
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兮
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| 冀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krɯls) : semantic 北 + phonetic 異 (OC *lɯɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì • Middle-Chinese : kijH
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to look forward to; to hope for; to wish • Alternative name for 河北 (Héběi, “Hebei, a province of China”).
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‖ 冀(き) • (ki) ‖ 冀(き) • (Ki)
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‖ hope for, look forward to, wish ‖ (historical) Short for 冀州 (Kishū): Ji Province • Synonym of 河北 (Kahoku): Hebei Province
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冀 (eumhun 바랄 기 (baral gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“to hope; to wish”)
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Hán-Nôm : kí
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冀
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| 冉
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Pictogram (象形) – uncertain. Possibly depicts hair hanging down (the original form of 髯) or the edge of a turtle shell (the original form of 𪚮).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiám • Middle-Chinese : nyem • Middle-Chinese : nyemX
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(archaic) edge of a turtle shell • Used in 冉冉 (rǎnrǎn). • (obsolete) tender; weak • a surname
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冉 (eum 염 (yeom))
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Hán-Nôm : nhiễm
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冉
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| 冗
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“roof”) + 儿 (“person”) — a person at home without work to do.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung² • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jióng
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superfluous; unnecessary; surplus; uncalled-for; spare; excessive; redundant • complicated and tedious; overloaded with details • busy routine
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superfluous • uselessness
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canonical : 冗: Hán Việt readings: nhũng 冗: Nôm readings: nũng • canonical : nhõng • canonical : nhũng • canonical : đem • canonical : nhùng
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冗
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| 冤
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冖 (“cover”) + 兔 (“rabbit”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : un • Middle-Chinese : 'jwon
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to wrong; to treat unjustly • not cost-effective • (literary, or in compounds) grievance; unjust • (literary, or in compounds) enmity; hatred • (Cantonese) to pester; to bother; to annoy • (Cantonese) Alternative form of 㾓 (jyun¹, “sore; achy and tired”) • (Southern Min) to argue; to quarrel
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‖ 冤(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?)
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false charge • hatred ‖ false charge
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冤 (eumhun 원통할 원 (wontonghal won))
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hanja form of 원 (“grievance; injustice; wrong”)
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Hán-Nôm : oan
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冤
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| 冰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋ) : semantic 水 + phonetic 仌 (OC *pŋrɯŋ, *ŋrɯŋ). \ The above vulgar character in Shuowen Jiezi is 凝. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed). Compare Proto-Tani *pam (“snow”), Japhug jpɣom (“to freeze”), tɤjpɣom (“ice”), and perhaps Tangut 𘒓 (*par¹, “to congeal”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019; Jacques, 2014). \ Within Chinese, 凌 (OC *rɯŋ, “ice”) and possibly 凝 (OC *ŋrɯŋ, “to congeal”) are usually considered cognates (STEDT; Zhengzhang, 2003; Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). However, they are phonologically difficult to reconcile with the Tibeto-Burman cognates above (cf. Schuessler, 2007). \ STEDT also includes 雱 (OC *pʰaːŋ, “heavy (snowfall)”) and 霙 (OC *qraŋ, “snowflake”) in the Chinese comparandum of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am. \ Alternatively, this may be related to Old Khmer ប្រិង៑ (“to harden; to solidify”), from រិង៑ (“to dry up”), although the meanings are difficult to reconcile (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ping • Middle-Chinese : ping
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ice (Classifier: 塊／块 m c; 嚿 c) • ice-cold • to freeze; to ice • (slang, drug) methamphetamine; meth; ice • a surname: Bing
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Alternative form of 氷
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冰 (eumhun 얼음 빙 (eoreum bing))
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Alternative form of 氷 (“hanja form of 빙 (“ice”)”)
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canonical : 冰: Hán Việt readings: băng 冰: Nôm readings: băng • canonical : phăng • canonical : bâng • canonical : văng • canonical : bưng
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chữ Hán form of băng (“ice”).
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冰
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| 凌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT). \ :Insides Sinitic, 凌 (OC *p.rəŋ ~ [r]əŋ) is cognate with 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ), 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", 霙 (OC *qraŋ, “*ʔraŋ”) "snowflake, sleet", & possibly also 凝 (OC [ŋ](r)əŋ) "to congeal" (STEDT; Baxter and Sagart, 2014); \ :Outsides Sinitic, cognate with Proto-Tani *pam (“snow”), Japhug jpɣom (“to freeze”), tɤjpɣom (“ice”) (STEDT; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019). \ Alternatively, 冰 (OC *prjəŋ ~ prəŋ?) and 凌 (OC *b-rjəŋ ~ rəŋ) may be related to Old Khmer ប្រិង៑ (“to harden; to solidify”) from រិង៑ (“to dry up”), although the meanings are difficult to reconcile (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 冫 (“ice”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-p(w)am (“to freeze; snow”) (provisionally reconstructed) (STEDT). \ :Insides Sinitic, 凌 (OC *p.rəŋ ~ [r]əŋ) is cognate with 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ), 雱 (OC *pʰˁaŋ) "heavy snowfall", 霙 (OC *qraŋ, “*ʔraŋ”) "snowflake, sleet", & possibly also 凝 (OC [ŋ](r)əŋ) "to congeal" (STEDT; Baxter and Sagart, 2014); \ :Outsides Sinitic, cognate with Proto-Tani *pam (“snow”), Japhug jpɣom (“to freeze”), tɤjpɣom (“ice”) (STEDT; Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019). \ Alternatively, 冰 (OC *prjəŋ ~ prəŋ?) and 凌 (OC *b-rjəŋ ~ rəŋ) may be related to Old Khmer ប្រិង៑ (“to harden; to solidify”) from រិង៑ (“to dry up”), although the meanings are difficult to reconcile (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Middle-Chinese : ling ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˋ
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ice • to rise high; to go up; to climb over; to traverse • to place oneself above; to override; to transgress • to ride (wind, etc.) • to bully and humiliate; to insult; to encroach on; to invade • to risk; to brave • to approach; to draw near; to close in on • to tremble • disorderly; messy • a surname ‖ to freeze up; to form ice
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endure • keep (rain) out • stave off • tide over • defy • slight • surpass
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凌 (eumhun 업신여길 릉 (eopsinyeogil reung), word-initial (South Korea) 업신여길 능 (eopsinyeogil neung)) · 凌 (eumhun 능가할 릉 (neunggahal reung), word-initial (South Korea) 능가할 능 (neunggahal neung))
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hanja form of 릉 (“to place oneself above; to override”)
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Hán-Nôm : lăng • Hán-Nôm : lăn • Hán-Nôm : lâng • Hán-Nôm : lừng • Hán-Nôm : rưng • Hán-Nôm : dưng
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Surname
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凌
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| 几
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Pictogram (象形) – stool (viewed from the side). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krəj (“foot, leg; stool”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲི (khri) and Burmese ခြေ (hkre).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kí • Middle-Chinese : kjijX
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stool; chair • long narrow table; bench • small table
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table, table enclosure • table or wind radical
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几 (eumhun 안석 궤 (anseok gwe))
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back rest • desk
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Hán-Nôm : kỉ
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几
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| 凰
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Originally 皇. A spurious 𠘨 was added by the assimilation with 鳳.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hwang
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(Chinese mythology) female fenghuang (a mythological bird)
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a female phoenix
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凰 (eum 황 (hwang))
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Hán-Nôm : hoàng
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凰
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| 凳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːŋs) : phonetic 登 (OC *tɯːŋ) + semantic 几 (“table; stool”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tìng • Middle-Chinese : tongH
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bench, stool • (dialectal) chair (Classifier: 張／张 c)
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凳 (eum 등 (deung))
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Hán-Nôm : đắng • Hán-Nôm : đẵng • Hán-Nôm : đặng
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凳
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| 函
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Originally 圅, a pictogram (象形) – an upside-down arrow stored inside a box with one or two handles.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâm • Middle-Chinese : hom • Middle-Chinese : heam
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^† to include • ^† box • (formal) letter (Classifier: 個／个 m)
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‖
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a box-shaped receptacle, e.g. a coin bank or letter box (e.g. 銭函, 投函する) • to insert [into a container] (cf. 入れる, 容れる) • a suit of armor (more commonly 鎧) ‖
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函 (eumhun 함 함 (ham ham))
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hanja form of 함 (“box”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : hòm • Hán-Nôm : hàm
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函
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| 刁
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Variant of 刀 (dāo).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : diu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiau • Middle-Chinese : tew
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treacherous; crafty; deceitful • to tempt • unkind • stammering • picky about food • to wring • to inveigle • ear of grains • to make (time) • a surname
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‖ 刁(とら) • (Tora)
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‖ (obsolete, used in 15-17 century) Alternative form of 寅 (the third of the twelve Earthly Branches)
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刁 (eum 조 (jo))
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Hán-Nôm : điêu
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刁
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| 刈
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Originally written 乂. Now phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋads) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 乂 (OC *ŋads, “to mow”) + semantic 刂 (“knife”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ŋa-p (“to mow, cut, reap”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007). \ Cognate with Tibetan རྔ་བ (rnga ba), བརྔས (brngas), and colloquial Western Tibetan རྔབ་བ (rngab ba), which Coblin (1986) and STEDT treat as more conservative.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngāi • Middle-Chinese : ngjojH
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to mow; to cut; to weed • (obsolete) crops that have been cut • (literary) sickle • (literary) to kill; to chop; to lop • (literary) to eradicate; to eliminate • a surname
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reap, cut (grass or other plants), prune
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刈 (eumhun 깍을 예 (kkageul ye))
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hanja form of 예 (“to mow”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngãi
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刈
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| 划
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːlʔ, *koːls, *ɡroːl) : phonetic 戈 (OC *koːl) + semantic 刀. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waa⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huâ • Middle-Chinese : hwae ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kò
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to row; to paddle • to calculate; to be profitable; to be a good deal ‖ to row; to paddle
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|
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划 (eum 화 (hwa))
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Hán-Nôm : hoa • Hán-Nôm : quả
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划
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| 別
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 冎 (“bone”) + 刂 (“knife”) – to cut up bone and flesh. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *brat (“cut apart, cut open”). Cognate to 八 (OC *preːd, “to divide; to differentiate”), 列 (OC *red), 裂 (OC *red). \ Mei (2008) proposes that the intransitive sense "to leave, to part" (with voiced initial *b- in Middle Chinese) is primary and that the transitive sense "to discriminate, to discriminate" (with voiceless initial *p-) is derived from the intransitive sense with the Old Chinese causative prefix *s-, resulting in a devoicing effect: *s-b- > *s-p- > *p-; compare 黑 (OC *s-mək, “black”) from 墨 (OC *mək, “ink”). On the other hand, Sagart and Baxter (2012) consider the intransitive sense to be derived from the transitive sense (*pret) by prefixation of *N-, resulting in a voicing effect: *N-p- > *N-b- > *b-; compare 敗 (OC *N-pˤrat-s, “to suffer defeat”) from 敗 (OC *pˤrat-s, “to defeat”). \ Sense "do not" is a contraction of 不要 (bùyào).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piat • Middle-Chinese : bjet • Middle-Chinese : pjet
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(literary) to divide; to separate • to distinguish; to differentiate; to discriminate • distinction; difference; contrast • group; class; kind • to leave; to part • (Wu, dialectal Mandarin) to turn; to change • to pin; to clip • to stick something in; to bolt • (Southern Min) to interpret (one's fortune); to predicate • another; other • special; unique; peculiar; particular • misspelled; erroneous • by oneself; on one's own; separately • had better not; do not; don't • particle used with 是 after it to express supposition, often an imagined unfavourable scenario • a surname
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‖ 別(べつ) • (betsu) -na (adnominal 別(べつ)な (betsu na), adverbial 別(べつ)に (betsu ni)) ‖ 別(べつ) • (betsu) ‖ 別(べつ) • (-betsu) ‖ 別(べち) • (bechi) ^†-nari ‖ 別(べち) • (bechi)
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‖ different, separate, another ‖ difference • another • exception ‖ separated by ‖ different, separate, another ‖ difference
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別 (eumhun 다를 별 (dareul byeol))
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hanja form of 별 (“difference”)
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Hán-Nôm : biệt • Hán-Nôm : biết • Hán-Nôm : bét • Hán-Nôm : bết • Hán-Nôm : bệt • Hán-Nôm : bịt • Hán-Nôm : bẹt • Hán-Nôm : bít
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別
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| 刨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bruː) : phonetic 包 (OC *pruː) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau⁴⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâu
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to dig • (Mandarin, colloquial) to deduct; to take away; to exclude ‖ plane; planer; planing machine • to shave; to plane • (Cantonese, Shanghainese) grater • (Cantonese) to grate
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carpenter's plane • plane • level
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刨 (eum 포 (po))
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carpenter's plane • plane • level
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Hán-Nôm : bào
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刨
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| 刮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːd) : phonetic 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaat³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khue • Middle-Chinese : kwaet ‖
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to shave; to pare off; to scrape • Alternative form of 颳／刮 (guā, “to blow”) • to wipe; to sweep • to plunder; to extort • (colloquial) to reprimand; to scold • (Cantonese, slang) to find someone ‖ (Hakka) very
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|
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刮 (eumhun 깎을 괄 (kkakkeul gwal))
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hanja form of 괄 (“to cut; to shave; to peel”)
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canonical : 刮: Hán Việt readings: quát 刮: Nôm readings: quát
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chữ Hán form of quát (“to scrape off; to pare; to make thin”). • Nôm form of quát (“to shout; to storm; to yell”).
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刮
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| 剃
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Possibly a post-Han variant of 剔 (OC *l̥ʰeːɡ) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tai³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thih • Middle-Chinese : thejH
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to shave (hair)
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to shave
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剃 • (che) · 剃 • (che) (hangeul 체)
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|
|
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剃
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| 剔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeːɡ) : phonetic 易 (OC *leːɡs, *leɡ) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English tick (Cheung, 2007, page 219). \ ; "to take (attendance)"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiak • Middle-Chinese : thek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tai³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : tik¹
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to pick meat from bones • to pick (with a pointed instrument); to scrape • to pick out; to weed out • (dialectal) to pick; to choose ‖ Alternative form of 剃 (tì, “to shave”) ‖ tick; checkmark • to tick; to put a checkmark • to take (attendance)
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‖ 剔(てき) • (teki)
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‖ cutting
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剔 (eum 척 (cheok))
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Hán-Nôm : dịch • Hán-Nôm : tích
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剔
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| 剩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljɯŋs) : phonetic 乘 (OC *ɦljɯŋ, *ɦljɯŋs) + semantic 刀. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīng • Middle-Chinese : zyingH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshun
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to be left; to remain • (literary, or in compounds) extra; leftover • a surname: Sheng ‖ (Hakka, Hokkien) Alternative form of 伸 (“to be left; to remain”)
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leftover, remainder, residue
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剩 • (ing) · 剩 • (ing) (hangeul 잉, revised ing, McCune–Reischauer ing)
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leftover • remainder • residue
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canonical : 剩: Hán Việt readings: thặng
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chữ Hán form of thặng (“surplus; remainder”).
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剩
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| 剪
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Originally 𣦃 or 前, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslenʔ) : phonetic 歬 (OC *zleːn) + semantic 刀 (“knife”). Since 前 has replaced 歬, an additional 刀 has been added.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zin² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsián • Middle-Chinese : tsjenX
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to cut (paper, etc.)
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|
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剪 (eum 전 (jeon))
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Hán-Nôm : tiện • Hán-Nôm : tiễn
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剪
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| 剿
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiâu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caau¹
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to destroy; to exterminate; to annihilate ‖ Alternative form of 抄 (chāo, “to plagiarize”)
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|
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剿 (eum 초 (cho))
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Hán-Nôm : tiễu • Hán-Nôm : thẹo • Hán-Nôm : tĩu
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剿
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| 劃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰʷreːɡ, *ɡʷreːɡ) : phonetic 畫 (OC *ɡʷreːɡs, *ɡʷreːɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰʷreːɡ, *ɡʷreːɡ) : phonetic 畫 (OC *ɡʷreːɡs, *ɡʷreːɡ) + semantic 刂 (“knife”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ue̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ui̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huā • Middle-Chinese : hweak • Middle-Chinese : xweak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄏㄨㄞ
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to delimit; to differentiate；to divide; to mark off • to transfer (money, accounts, etc.) • to assign (task, etc.) • to plan • to gesture as a signal • to scratch; to cut (the surface) • Alternative form of 畫／画 (“stroke of a Chinese character (line drawn with a writing implement)”) • (dialectal) Alternative form of 畫／画 (“horizontal stroke of a Chinese character”) • Used in 劃然／划然. • (South Korean idol fandom, humorous) NCT (group) ‖ Only used in 㓦劃／㓦划 (bāihuai).
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劃 (eumhun 그을 획 (geueul hoek))
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hanja form of 획 (“to carve; to set in stone”) • hanja form of 획 (“to plan”) • hanja form of 획 (“to draw a line; to mark”)
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Hán-Nôm : vạch • Hán-Nôm : hoạch • Hán-Nôm : đạch • Hán-Nôm : gạch • Hán-Nôm : hoa
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劃
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| 劈
|
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pek³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pek⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Middle-Chinese : phek
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to slit; to chop; to cleave • to crack; to split open • (dialectal, of voice) to become hoarse • to be right against (one's head, face, etc.) • (of lightning) to strike; to destroy • wedge • (fencing) to cut; to deliver an attack with a chopping motion, landing on the edge or tip of the weapon • (fencing) a cut • to divide; to split • to break off; to strip off • (Cantonese) to cut down prices sharply • (Cantonese) to drink large amount of alcohol • (Cantonese) to drive at high speed
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|
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劈 • (byeok) · 劈 • (byeok) (hangeul 벽, revised byeok, McCune–Reischauer pyŏk)
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canonical : 劈: Hán Việt readings: phách
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Chữ Hán form of phách (“to split; to chop (the wood)”).
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劈
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| 劍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kams) : phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam) + semantic 刂. \ Schuessler (2007) proposes a possible native origin, from *k-nominalized adjective 剡 (OC *ɦljamʔ, *lamʔ), which is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjam (“sharp”) and lost its *r- initial due to folk etymology; doublets 磏 (OC *r(i)am, “whetstone”) and 鐮 (OC *ɡ·rem, “sickle”) retain *r-. \ Alternatively, the double-edged sword seemingly originated from the southern state of Wu (吳); so a native Wu term, of unknown linguistic affiliation, might have yielded both Old Chinese 劍 (OC *kams) and Proto-Vietic *t-kɨəm ( > Vietnamese gươm).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiàm • Middle-Chinese : kjaemH
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sword (bladed on both sides); sabre (Classifier: 口; 把) • Classifier for swings of a sword. • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 剣: double-edged sword; swordsmanship
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劍 (eumhun 칼 검 (kal geom))
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hanja form of 검 (“sword; knife”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiếm • Hán-Nôm : ghém • Hán-Nôm : gươm • Hán-Nôm : kém • Hán-Nôm : chém • Hán-Nôm : sớm
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sword
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劍
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| 劫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kab, *kab) : phonetic 去 (OC *kʰaʔ, *kʰas) + semantic 力 (“power, force”) \ ; “(Buddhism) disaster”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gip³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiap • Middle-Chinese : kjaep
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to coerce; to compel; to threaten • to rob; to plunder; to take by force • (Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”). · (hyperbolic) extremely long time • (Buddhism) Short for 劫波 (jiébō, “kalpa”). · (figurative, by extension) disaster; calamity; catastrophe
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‖ 劫(こう) • (kō) ^(←こふ (kofu)?) ‖ 劫(こう) • (kō) ^(←こふ (kofu)?) ‖ 劫(ごう) • (gō) ^(←ごふ (gofu)?)
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intimidate • aeon, eon ‖ (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology ‖ (go) a position in which two alternating stones can be captured and recaptured indefinitely ‖ (Buddhism) kalpa: a unit of time in Buddhist cosmology
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劫 (eumhun 위협할 겁 (wihyeophal geop))
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hanja form of 겁 (“coerce; threaten”) [affix] • hanja form of 겁 (“kalpa”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : kiếp
|
|
劫
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| 劾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːɡs, *kʰrɯːɡs, *ɡɯːɡ) : phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ) + semantic 力 (“power”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hat⁶ • Middle-Chinese : kheajH • Middle-Chinese : hojH • Middle-Chinese : hok
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to expose one's crimes • (literary) to try; to convict
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censure
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劾 (eumhun 꾸짖을 핵 (kkujijeul haek))
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hanja form of 핵 (“scold; inquire”)
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Hán-Nôm : hặc
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|
劾
|
| 勒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯːɡ) : semantic 革 + phonetic 力 (OC *rɯɡ). ‖ From 在 (MC dzojX) (Dai, 2004). Compare 哉 > 了. Cognate with 垃 (lā). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lak⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : leh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : le̍h • Middle-Chinese : lok ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄌㄟ
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(literary) bridle (headgear for a horse) • to rein in; to restrain • to compel; to force; to coerce • to halter; to headstall • (literary) to command; to lead; to lay out (forces) • (colloquial) to strap tightly; to bind tight; to strangle; to tighten • to restrict; to limit • (literary) to cut; to carve; to engrave • to compile; to bind (to make a book) • to write; to draw; to depict • to extort; to blackmail • to tantalise; to provoke • Short for 勒克斯 (lèkèsī, “lux”). • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to roll up one's sleeves or trousers • (Xiamen Hokkien) to use one's hand to straighten up something • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to make a pleat • a surname: Le ‖ to be at; to be in • at; in • the process of; currently (used to indicate the continuous aspect) • -ed; used to indicate the perfective aspect ‖ Alternative form of 嘞 (“modal particle”)
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‖ 勒(ろく) • (roku)
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halter and bit ‖ bit (metal in horse's mouth) • headstall • the second of the Eight Principles of Yong
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勒 (eumhun 굴레 륵 (gulle reuk), word-initial (South Korea) 굴레 늑 (gulle neuk))
|
|
Hán-Nôm : lặc • Hán-Nôm : lắc • Hán-Nôm : lấc • Hán-Nôm : lật • Hán-Nôm : lất
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勒
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| 勞
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 熒 + 力. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 熒 + 力. ‖ From English Rolex. Orthography from 勞力士／劳力士.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lô • Middle-Chinese : law ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁴ • Middle-Chinese : lawH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : lou¹
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to toil; to do manual labour • (polite) to trouble; to disturb • fatigued; tired • labour; toil; work • meritorious deed • labourer; worker • a surname ‖ to encourage; to console ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese) Rolex watch (Classifier: 隻／只 c)
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|
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勞 (eumhun 일할 로 (ilhal ro), word-initial (South Korea) 일할 노 (ilhal no))
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hanja form of 로/노 (“work”)
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Hán-Nôm : lao • Hán-Nôm : lau • Hán-Nôm : lạo • Hán-Nôm : rạo
|
|
勞
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| 勵
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·rads) : phonetic 厲 (OC *m·rads) + semantic 力.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lē • Middle-Chinese : ljejH
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to encourage • (literary) to strive • a surname
|
|
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勵 (eumhun 힘쓸 려 (himsseul ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 힘쓸 여 (himsseul yeo))
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hanja form of 려/여 (“strive”) • hanja form of 려/여 (“encourage”)
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Hán-Nôm : lệ • Hán-Nôm : lẹ
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勵
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| 勸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰons) : phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns) + semantic 力 (“strength”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hyun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuìnn • Middle-Chinese : khjwonH
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to encourage; to recommend • to advise; to urge; to exhort • to appeal • a surname: Quan
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勸 (eumhun 권할 권 (gwonhal gwon))
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hanja form of 권 (“recommend, advise, urge”)
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Hán-Nôm : khuyến • Hán-Nôm : khuyên
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勸
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| 匆
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshang
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hasty; hurried
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匆 (eum 총 (chong))
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Hán-Nôm : thông
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匆
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| 匈
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiong • Middle-Chinese : xjowng
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Hun, Hunnic • Short for 匈牙利 (Xiōngyálì, “Hungary, Hungarian”). • Used in 匈匈. • Alternative form of 凶 (xiōng, “famine”) • Alternative form of 兇／凶 (xiōng, “fearful; fierce; ferocious”)
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‖ 匈(きょう) • (kyō)
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‖ Abbreviation of 匈牙利. Hungary
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匈 (eumhun 오랑캐 흉 (orangkae hyung))
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barbarian • savage • foreigner
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Hán-Nôm : hung
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匈
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| 匕
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Pictogram (象形) – a spoon.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei² • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pí • Middle-Chinese : pjijX
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(historical) a kind of spoon in ancient China • (literary) dagger • arrow • people • ^‡ Original form of 妣 (bǐ, “deceased mother”). • Occasionally used as an iteration marker.
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‖
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‖
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匕 (eumhun 비수 비 (bisu bi))
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spoon • dagger
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Hán-Nôm : chủy • Hán-Nôm : chuỷ
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In Vietnamese Hán Nôm texts, 匕 is used as an iteration marker.
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匕
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| 匙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dje) : phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ) + semantic 匕 (“spoon”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dje) : phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ) + semantic 匕 (“spoon”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sî • Middle-Chinese : dzye ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄕ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sî • Middle-Chinese : dzye
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spoon ‖ key (Classifier: 條／条 c)
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‖ 匙(じ) • (-ji) ‖ 匙(し) • (-shi) ‖ 匙(ひ) • (hi) ‖ 匙(かい) • (kai) ^(←かひ (kafi)?) ‖ 匙(さじ) • (saji) ‖ 匙(しゃじ) • (shaji) ‖ 匙(すくい) • (sukui) ^(←すくひ (sukufi)?)
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spoon ‖ spoon, scoop ‖ spoon, scoop ‖ spoon, scoop ‖ (obsolete) a scoop for food • (archaic, rare) a wooden sword for training ‖ spoon, scoop used for food • more specifically, a spoon or scoop used for compounding medicine • by extension, medicine • by further extension, a doctor ‖ spoon ‖ (rare) a scoop
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匙 (eum 시 (si))
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Hán-Nôm : thi • Hán-Nôm : thìa • Hán-Nôm : thì • Hán-Nôm : chủy • Hán-Nôm : chuỷ
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匙
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| 匣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːb) : semantic 匚 + phonetic 甲 (OC *kraːb). ‖ Checked-tone variant of 也.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : haap⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hap⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍p • Middle-Chinese : haep ‖
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small box, case ‖ (Suzhounese) also; even
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box
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匣 (eum 갑 (gap))
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small box, case • coffer
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Hán-Nôm : hạp • Hán-Nôm : hộp • Hán-Nôm : háp • Hán-Nôm : tráp
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匣
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| 匪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯlʔ) : semantic 匚 (“box”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯlʔ) : semantic 匚 (“box”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯlʔ) : semantic 匚 (“box”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huí • Middle-Chinese : pj+jX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣ
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robber; bandit; gangster • (Taiwan, officialese, historical, derogatory) of or relating to the "Communist bandits" (共匪 (gòngfěi)) • (literary) not • Original form of 篚 (fěi, “bamboo basket”). • dishonorable; improper (behavior) • that; those • Alternative form of 斐 ‖ Only used in 匪匪. ‖ Alternative form of 分
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bandit, gangster, rogue
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匪 • (bi, bun) · 匪 • (bi, bun) (hangeul 비, 분, revised bi, bun, McCune–Reischauer pi, pun)
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Hán-Nôm : phỉ
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匪
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| 匾
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From 扁 (OC *peːnʔ, “flat”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bin² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pián • Middle-Chinese : penX
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flat • horizontal inscribed board; plaque; silk banner embroidered with eulogy • a kind of round shallow basket
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匾 (eum 편 (pyeon))
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Hán-Nôm : biển
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匾
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| 區
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 匸 + 品 – Many people (品) are inside 匸. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khi • Middle-Chinese : khju ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : au¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : oo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io • Hokkien · Tai-lo : au • Middle-Chinese : 'uw
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area; district; region; ward • administrative division • to distinguish; to differentiate • residence; dwelling • small house • world; the human world • small; tiny • mediocre; ordinary ‖ (historical) an ancient measuring vessel • (historical) Classifier for the amount measured by one ou. • a surname
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ward • district
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區 (eumhun 구역 구 (guyeok gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“area; district; region; ward”)
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Hán-Nôm : khu • Hán-Nôm : khù • Hán-Nôm : au • Hán-Nôm : âu
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區
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| 卉
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai² • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huī • Middle-Chinese : xjw+jX • Middle-Chinese : xjw+jH
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plants • flowers • a surname
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|
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卉 (eum 훼 (hwe))
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|
Hán-Nôm : tạp • Hán-Nôm : hủy • Hán-Nôm : huỷ
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|
卉
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| 卡
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This character is a vertical stacking of 上 (“up”) and 下 (“down”) with fusion of the horizontal lines, thus representing being squeezed between above and below. \ Maybe cognate with 夾 (OC *kreːb, “to clip”). ‖ From English card. ‖ From French calorie. ‖ From English car. ‖ From French cassette. ‖ From English carat. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kaa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaa² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kha̍h ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khah ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khah ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khá ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kaa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kha̍h
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to wedge; to get stuck; to be jammed; to become tightly wedged • to clip; to fasten • to scrag; to choke • (computing) to freeze up; to buffer; to stop loading; to lag • (computing) laggy; slow; not responding • pin; fastener • checkpoint; checkpost • (Gan) fishbone • a surname: Qia ‖ card (Classifier: 張／张) ‖ Short for 卡路里 (kǎlùlǐ). ‖ truck; lorry • railcar ‖ Short for 卡式 (kǎshì, “cassette”). ‖ (Hong Kong) carat (unit of weight equivalent to 200 milligrams) ‖ Used in transcription.
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card
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卡 (eum 잡 (jap))
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Hán-Nôm : tạp • Hán-Nôm : ca
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卡
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| 卦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷreːs) : phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː) + semantic 卜.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuà • Middle-Chinese : kweaH
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divinatory trigram or hexagram of the I Ching • to divine • to change • Alternative form of 掛／挂 (guà)
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‖ 卦(け) • (ke)
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‖ divination symbol or sign
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卦 (eum 괘 (gwae))
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Hán-Nôm : quái
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卦
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| 卯
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This character was found in oracle bone scripts depicting a sacrifice (a human or animal body) that is cut in half. This kind of practice mainly happened in Shang dynasty and was gradually eliminated after Zhou's conquest of Shang, leading to obscurity of the character's original meaning. An old variant is 戼. According to Shuowen Jiezi, it is an open door, like 門／𨳇 (mén) but reversed. \ Derived from root 流 (OC *r(j)u) with volitional or agentive OC prefix *m- (see Sagart, 1999); so *m-ruu means "(cause to flow >) pour out, empty" > *m-ruuʔ 卯 "pouring or emptying stage" i.e. "waning moon", "with the word in its sacrificial applications meaning 'to blood-let'" (Smith, 2011). \ Association with the rabbit was probably arbitrary, just as how 辰 was arbitrarily associated with the dragon (see Ferlus, 2013).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maau⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : báu • Middle-Chinese : maewX
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fourth of twelve earthly branches (十二支) • rabbit (兔) of Chinese zodiac • period from 5-7 a.m. • early morning • mortise
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‖ 卯(う) • (U) ‖ 卯(ぼう) • (Bō) ^(←ばう (bau)?)
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‖ the Rabbit, the fourth of the twelve Earthly Branches ‖ the Rabbit, the fourth of the twelve Earthly Branches
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卯 (eumhun 토끼 묘 (tokki myo)) · 卯 (eumhun 넷째 지지 묘 (netjjae jiji myo))
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hanja form of 묘 (“rabbit”) • hanja form of 묘 (“fourth Earthly Branch”)
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Hán-Nôm : mão • Hán-Nôm : mẫu • Hán-Nôm : méo • Hán-Nôm : Mẹo • Hán-Nôm : mẻo
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chữ Hán form of Mão (“fourth of the twelve earthly branches”).
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卯
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| 却
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Variant of 卻. The modern mainland China usage is of reform nature.
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|
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‖ 却(きゃく) • (kyaku)
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instead; on the contrary ‖ thoroughly • thoroughly until it is gone
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却 (eum 각 (gak))
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Hán-Nôm : khước
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|
却
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| 厥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kod, *kud) : semantic 厂 + phonetic 欮 (OC *kod). ‖ Bodman (1980) relates it to Tibetan ཁྱོད (khyod, “you”). ‖ ‖ Contraction of 佢阿 (kì â).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kyut³ • Middle-Chinese : kjwot ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kyut³ • Middle-Chinese : kjwot ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kyut³ • Middle-Chinese : kjut ‖
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to faint; to lose consciousness • a surname ‖ his; her; its; their ‖ Only used in 突厥 (Tūjué). ‖ (Hakka) his; her
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|
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厥 (eumhun 그 궐 (geu gwol)) · 厥 (eumhun 나라이름 굴 (naraireum gul))
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hanja form of 궐 (“he, she, it, they”) • barbarian tribe or country, eg., 突厥 (돌궐, originally, 돌굴), compare 蕃國 (번국), 藩國 (번국) • hanja form of 굴 (“used in place names”)
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Hán-Nôm : cột • Hán-Nôm : quyết
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厥
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| 參
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Simplified from 曑 (晶 → 厽). \ The bronze script form is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 晶 (“stars”) + 光 (“light; brightness”) + 彡 (“light rays”) – Three Stars mansion. 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom) also acts as a phonetic component. Ignoring the lines connecting the three stars, 光 may be interpreted as 卩 (“kneeling person”), representing someone looking at the shining stars above him. \ Alternatively, it may be the original character of 簪 (OC *ʔsɯːm, *ʔsrɯm, “hairpin”), since the bronze script forms resemble a person wearing a hat with three stars. \ Based on the seal script form, Shuowen interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum) : semantic 晶 (“stars”) + phonetic 㐱 (). \ table \ From 三 (OC *suːm, *suːms, “three”) + other element (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ table \ Related to Japhug tɤzrɤm (“root”), Yakkha साम (“root”) (Jacques, 2015b). ‖ table ‖ table ‖ table \ Related to 巉 (OC *zraːm, *zraːmʔ, “craggy”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ table ‖ tabletable \ From English ransom (Cheung, 2007, page 219).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : serm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sam • Middle-Chinese : srim ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : serm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : song • Hokkien · Tai-lo : som • Middle-Chinese : srim ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caam¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsham • Middle-Chinese : tshom ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saam¹ • Middle-Chinese : sam ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caam¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsham • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsherm • Middle-Chinese : tsrhim ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sam¹
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(～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Three Stars mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions) • a surname ‖ ginseng or any other similar plant • Short for 海參／海参 (hǎishēn, “sea cucumber”). ‖ to join; to take part • to consult • (literary) to examine; to inspect • (literary) to investigate and understand • to pay visit to a superior • (historical) to impeach an official before the emperor • (literary) to form a trio with two other things ‖ (obsolete or financial) Alternative form of 三 (“three”) ‖ Only used in 參差／参差 (cēncī) and 參錯／参错 (cēncuò). ‖ (Siyi Yue) clever; capable; competent; powerful ‖ (Cantonese) hostage (Classifier: 條／条 c)
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three
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參 (eumhun 참여할 참 (chamyeohal cham)) ‖ 參 (eumhun 들쭉날쭉할 참 (deuljjungnaljjukhal cham)) ‖ 參 (eumhun 별 이름 삼 (byeol ireum sam)) ‖ 參 (eumhun 석 삼 (seok sam))
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hanja form of 참 (“to join; to participate”) [affix] ‖ (literary) hanja form of 참 (“jagged; uneven”) ‖ hanja form of 삼 (“(Chinese astronomy) Three Stars mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)”) ‖ (financial) Alternative form of 三 (“hanja form of 삼 (“three”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : tham
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參
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| 叉
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 + 丶. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 + 丶. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 + 丶. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 + 丶. ‖ table \ From English charge. Doublet of 叉廚／叉厨 (caa¹ cyu⁴, “to charge (to accuse of a crime); charge (legal accusation)”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : caa¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshee • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsha • Middle-Chinese : tsrhea • Middle-Chinese : tsrhae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caa³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˋㄦ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : caa¹
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fork (pronged tool, including the eating utensil) • to use a fork; to pick up with a fork • (Wu) to pick up food with chopsticks • to cross; to intersect; to interlace • cross; X • Phonetic reading of × when used to replace offensive characters. • (chiefly Cantonese, euphemistic) A generic intensifier which can be substituted for any profane intensifier. • (Cantonese) Short for 叉燒／叉烧 (“char siu”). • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to pinch • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to speak rudely • (Wu) to play (mahjong) • (Xiang, of ducks and geese) to eat ‖ (Northeastern Mandarin) to block up; to jam ‖ to spread; to open; to fork; to separate • (Wu) to push something away; to move something away ‖ Alternative form of 杈 (chà, “fork of a branch”) • Alternative form of 岔 (chà, “diverge, branch off; fork in the road”) ‖ (Cantonese) to charge; to recharge
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‖
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fork (また) • to stick, to insert, to stab (as with a fork) (さす) • to fold (one's arms) (こまねく, こまぬく) ‖
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叉 (eumhun 갈래 차 (gallae cha))
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hanja form of 차 (“to cross; to intersect”)
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Hán-Nôm : xoa
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叉
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| 另
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In 玉篇校釋 (胡吉宣, 1989), it is considered a simplified form of 別／别 (bié), used to refer a synonym word with different pronunciation.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līng
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another; separate; other • in addition; besides • Used to add a postscript to a letter like the English abbreviation "P.S."
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另 (eum 령 (ryeong))
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Hán-Nôm : lánh • Hán-Nôm : lính • Hán-Nôm : liếng • Hán-Nôm : tránh
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另
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| 叨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːw, *l̥ʰaːw) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 刀 (OC *taːw). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːw, *l̥ʰaːw) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 刀 (OC *taːw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to • Hokkien · Tai-lo : too • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thoo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thoo • Middle-Chinese : thaw
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to talk on; to chatter; to be excessively talkative • (ideophonic, of a person near death) gasping for breath; breathing heavily ‖ Alternative form of 饕 (tāo, “to be greedy for”) • (humble, used when receiving favour from others) to get the benefit of
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叨 (eum 도 (do))
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Hán-Nôm : thao • Hán-Nôm : đâu • Hán-Nôm : đau • Hán-Nôm : đao
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叨
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| 叩
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiò • Middle-Chinese : khuwX
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to knock; to strike • to kowtow; to bow • (literary) to enquire; to ask • Alternative form of 扣 (kòu, “to hold; to restrain”) • a surname
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to knock; to strike
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叩 • (go) · 叩 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko)
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Hán-Nôm : khấu
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叩
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| 叭
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ
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Only used in 喇叭 (lǎba). • (onomatopoeia) Sound of a gunshot or crack. ‖ An onomatopoeia. • ^‡ mouth opening
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叭 (eum 팔 (pal))
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Hán-Nôm : bá • Hán-Nôm : bớt • Hán-Nôm : bát • Hán-Nôm : bợt • Hán-Nôm : bớ • Hán-Nôm : váp • Hán-Nôm : vát
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叭
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| 叮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːŋ) : phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ) + semantic 口. \ ; “to microwave” \ ; “to disqualify”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ding¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ting • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tin • Middle-Chinese : teng
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(of insects) to sting; to bite • to advise; to urge; to repeat what one says to make sure • to question closely • (informal) to microwave (heat in a microwave oven) • (Cantonese, informal) to disqualify; to eliminate • (Cantonese) unaccented beats (in Cantonese opera) • Used in onomatopoeia.
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叮 (eum 정 (jeong))
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Hán-Nôm : đinh
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Đinh ninh 叮嚀 exhort or enjoin repeatedly
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叮
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| 叱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰjid) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 七 (OC *sn̥ʰid).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cik¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsyhit
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to scold; to shout at; to bawl out
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‖ ‖ 叱(しっ) • (shi')
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to open the mouth ‖ scold • shout • reprove ‖ shh • shoo
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叱 (eumhun 꾸짖을 질 (kkujijeul jil))
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hanja form of 질 (“scold”)
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Hán-Nôm : sất • Hán-Nôm : sứt • Hán-Nôm : sớt
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叱
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| 叼
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : diu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : toh
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to hold in the mouth
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叼
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| 吁
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Characters in the same phonetic series (于) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰʷa, *ɢʷas) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : heoi¹ • Middle-Chinese : xju • Middle-Chinese : hjuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ
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to sigh • huh! (used to express surprise or doubt) • worried • a surname • Alternative form of 噓／嘘 ‖ (Mainland China) (used to stop animals from advancing) whoa!
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吁 • (yu) · 吁 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu)
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canonical : 吁: Hán Việt readings: hu • canonical : hù • canonical : u 吁: Nôm readings: hu • canonical : hủ • canonical : vo • canonical : vu • canonical : xu
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chữ Hán form of hù (“to scare someone with a surprise”). • chữ Hán form of vù (“sound of the blowing wind”).
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吁
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| 吃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声 (xíngshēng)): semantic 口 (kǒu) + phonetic 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hek³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gut • Middle-Chinese : kj+t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khit ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍h
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to eat; to consume • to live on • to suffer; to endure; to bear • to exhaust; to be a strain • to drink • (board games) to capture • (mahjong) to chow • to accept ‖ to stammer; to stutter; to falter ‖ Only used in 吃吃 (qīqī). ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 食
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‖ 吃(きつ) • (kitsu) ‖ 吃(チー) • (chī) ‖ 吃(ままなき) • (mamanaki)
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‖ stammering, stuttering • accepting, complying ‖ (mahjong) a call for an open 順子 (shuntsu, “sequence of three suited tiles”), compare English chow ‖ stammering, stuttering • a stutterer
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吃 (eum 흘 (heul))
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Hán-Nôm : khật • Hán-Nôm : hấc • Hán-Nôm : hất • Hán-Nôm : hớt • Hán-Nôm : ngát • Hán-Nôm : ngặt • Hán-Nôm : ngật • Hán-Nôm : ực • Hán-Nôm : cật
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吃
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| 吆
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io
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to yell
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吆 (eum 요 (yo))
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Hán-Nôm : yêu
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吆
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| 吝
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Compare Tibetan སྲི (sri, “to be thrifty”), Proto-Central-Chin *ren (“to economize; frugal”) (whence Mizo ren) (Geilich, 1994).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liām • Middle-Chinese : linH
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stingy; miserly; parsimonious; niggardly • (literary) to regret; to resent • a surname
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miserly • stingy • sparing
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吝 (eum 린 (rin))
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Hán-Nôm : lận
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吝
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| 吞
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Attested somewhat late (in Warring States period's texts). \ Starostin reconstructs 吞 (OC *tʰən) derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dʱɨ̄n/ŋ (“to swallow, to drink”), whence also Tibetan འཐུང ('thung, “to drink”) & Lepcha ᰋᰩᰵ (thóng, “to drink”), which STEDT derives from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-tuŋ (“to drink, to suckle”); however, STEDT does not derive 吞 from or compare it to *m/s-tuŋ. \ Schuessler (2007) compares it to several Kam-Tai words: Thai กลืน (glʉʉn), Ahom 𑜀𑜢𑜤𑜃 (k(l)en), Saek [script needed] (tlɯɯnᴬ¹), Proto-Kam-Sui *ʔdun, etc. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tan¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thun • Middle-Chinese : thon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣ • Middle-Chinese : then
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to swallow (to cause food, drink, etc. to pass from the mouth into the stomach) • to annex (territory, a country, etc.) ‖ a surname
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吞 • (tan) · 吞 • (tan) (hangeul 탄, revised tan, McCune–Reischauer t'an)
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Hán-Nôm : thôn • Hán-Nôm : xôn
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吞
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| 吠
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 口 (“mouth”) + 犬 (“dog”) – to bark. \ Onomatopoeic and from Proto-Sino-Tibetan, perhaps *baus: cognate to Mizo bauh (“to bark”), from earlier *baus (Schuessler 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huī • Middle-Chinese : bjojH
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(of a dog) to bark
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Bark; howl.
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吠 (eum 폐 (pye))
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Hán-Nôm : phệ • Hán-Nôm : phịa
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吠
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| 吧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声 (xíngshēng)): semantic 口 (kǒu) + phonetic 巴 (bā) (OC *praː). \ From 罷／罢 (bà) and 夫 (OC *ba, “is it not?”), itself a contraction of 不乎. ‖ Onomatopoeic. ‖ Onomatopoeic. ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English bar. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄅㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --pa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Middle-Chinese : pae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ • Middle-Chinese : phae
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Emphatic final particle; used at the end of a sentence to · indicate a suggested action: why don't you ... • Emphatic final particle; used at the end of a sentence to · express imperative mood: let us ... • Emphatic final particle; used at the end of a sentence to · indicate a speculation. • Used at the end of a sentence used to concede a point. • Used at the end of a sentence used to indicate disapproving incredulousness. • Used after the topic for emphasis. ‖ (onomatopoeia) sound of crackling; crack ‖ (onomatopoeia) pow!; smack! ‖ (dialectal) to smoke (a cigarette) ‖ bar • Short for 貼吧／贴吧 (Tiēbā, “internet board”). • Used in transcription. ‖ Only used in 吧呀. ‖ Only used in 吧呀.
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吧 (eum 파 (pa))
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canonical : 吧: Hán Việt readings: ba 吧: Nôm readings: ba • canonical : bơ • canonical : và • canonical : vài ‖ romanization : và
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‖ Nôm form of và (“and, with, as well as”).
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吧
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| 吩
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan¹
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Used in 吩咐 (fēnfù). • Used in 吩呶. ‖ Used in transcription.
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to instruct, to order
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吩 • (bun) · 吩 • (bun) (hangeul 분, revised bun, McCune–Reischauer pun)
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to instruct, to order
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吩
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| 吭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡaːŋʔ, *ɡaːŋs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khngh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khōng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hang • Middle-Chinese : hangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤˋ • Middle-Chinese : hangX
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to utter; to utter a sound ‖ throat (of birds) • throat in general ‖ voice • to swallow
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throat • neck • pivot
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吭 • (hang) · 吭 • (hang) (hangeul 항, revised hang, McCune–Reischauer hang)
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throat
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吭
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| 吮
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syun⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ún • Middle-Chinese : zywinX • Middle-Chinese : dzjwenX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuínn
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to suck (with one's mouth) ‖ (Hokkien) to pick off or strip off or scrape off edible food from inedible material like bone, shell, or seeds (usually with one's teeth and/or tongue) • (Hokkien) to gnaw; to nibble off causing holes (by insects) • (Hokkien) to comb; to pluck or pick off dirt (as a bird grooms itself with its beak) • (Hokkien, figurative) to nitpick; to find fault; to be fussy
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吮 (eum 전 (jeon))
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Hán-Nôm : duyện • Hán-Nôm : giỏn • Hán-Nôm : duyên
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吮
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| 吱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰes) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Middle-Chinese : khjieH
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(onomatopoeia) sound of creaking or squeaking • (Taiwan, neologism, slang, derogatory) supporters of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP)
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吱 (eum 지 (ji))
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吱
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| 吵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sm̥ʰreːwʔ, *mewʔ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sm̥ʰreːwʔ, *mewʔ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sm̥ʰreːwʔ, *mewʔ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sm̥ʰreːwʔ, *mewʔ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : caau² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsháu • Middle-Chinese : tsrhaewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˇ • Middle-Chinese : mjiewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠˋ
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noisy; rowdy; boisterous; clamorous • to argue; to dispute • to disturb; to annoy ‖ ^‡ Sound of chicken. ‖ Used in personal names. • Used in 吵吵 (chāochao, “to make noise”). ‖ ^‡ Alternative form of 訬／𰵏 (“light (of weight)”)
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吵 (eum 묘 (myo)) · 吵 (eum 초 (cho))
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Hán-Nôm : sảo • Hán-Nôm : thểu • Hán-Nôm : sao • Hán-Nôm : chiễu
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吵
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| 吻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯnʔ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 勿 (OC *mɯd). \ Unknown. Various possibilities are (Schuessler, 2007): \ * Related to 門 (OC *mɯːn, “door”); \ * Related to Mizo hmûi (“lips; upper lip”); \ * Related to Proto-Vietic *c-ɓuːj(ʔ) (“lip”) (Vietnamese môi); \ * Related to Burmese မုတ် (mut, “mouth”) (in မုတ်ဆိတ် (muthcit, “beard”)) and မှုတ် (hmut, “to blow with mouth”); \ * Related to Khmer មាត់ (mŏət, “mouth, lip”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bún • Middle-Chinese : mjunX
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(anatomy) proboscis; lip; corner of the lips • to shut the lips • to kiss; kiss (Classifier: 啖 c) • to coincide; to tally; to be consistent
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‖ 吻(ふん) • (fun)
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lips • kiss ‖ (anatomy) proboscis
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吻 • (mun) · 吻 • (mun) (hangeul 문, revised mun, McCune–Reischauer mun)
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Hán-Nôm : vẫn • Hán-Nôm : vặt • Hán-Nôm : vẩn • Hán-Nôm : ẫn • Hán-Nôm : uẫn • Hán-Nôm : ẫm • Hán-Nôm : ỡm • Hán-Nôm : uẫm • Hán-Nôm : uỗm • Hán-Nôm : uổm • Hán-Nôm : uẩm
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吻
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| 吼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰloːʔ, *qʰloːs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : háu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hió • Middle-Chinese : xuwX • Middle-Chinese : xuwH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : lung¹
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(of a large animal) to roar • (of people) to shout • (of inanimate objects such as cars) to squeal • (Hokkien, Puxian Min) to cry; to sob; to weep • a surname: Hou ‖ (Hong Kong, construction, informal) Alternative form of 窿
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howl, roar, cry, bark
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吼 (eum 후 (hu))
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Hán-Nôm : hống • Hán-Nôm : hổng • Hán-Nôm : khỏng • Hán-Nôm : rống
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吼
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| 呀
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia • Middle-Chinese : ngae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄧㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aa³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : aa³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : aa⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚ • Middle-Chinese : xae ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : aa⁶
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to be surprised • Interjection for expressing surprise • (onomatopoeia) creak • a classifier ‖ Synonym of 啊 (“Sentence-final exclamation particle”). Normally used after words ending in -a, -o, -e, -i, -ü. ‖ Sentence-final particle for softening statements or questions. • Particle used after list items in a list of examples. ‖ Sentence-final particle expressing surprise and suspicion. ‖ (of mouth) opened • empty ‖ (colloquial) -ty
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呀 (eum 하 (ha))
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Hán-Nôm : nhá • Hán-Nôm : nha
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呀
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| 呂
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Pictogram (象形) of two vertebrae. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-ra-t (“bone”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Middle-Chinese : ljoX
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(anatomy) spine • (music) even-numbered notes in shí'èrlǜ • Lü, a state in China that existed in the early years of the Spring and Autumn Period • a surname
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spine • backbone
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呂 (eum 려 (ryeo))
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Hán-Nôm : lã • Hán-Nôm : lả • Hán-Nôm : lỡ • Hán-Nôm : lử • Hán-Nôm : lữa • Hán-Nôm : rả • Hán-Nôm : rứa • Hán-Nôm : trả • Hán-Nôm : trở • Hán-Nôm : lớ • Hán-Nôm : lở • Hán-Nôm : lữ
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呂
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| 呆
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; Etymology 1 \ ; Etymology 2 \ ; Etymology 3
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngoi⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâi
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dull; wooden • dull-minded; simple; stupid • (Eastern Min) bad • (chiefly Mainland China) Alternative form of 待 (“to stay”) • a surname: Dai
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amazed, disgusted, shocked
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呆 (eumhun 어리석을 매 (eoriseogeul mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“dull-minded; simple; stupid”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngốc
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stupid, naive, foolish
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呆
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| 呢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nil) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil) \ Ota (1987) suggests that the particle used in questions comes from 聻 (MC nriX) [Five Dynasties], a particle which may come from 爾 (MC nyeX, “that”), and that the particle used to indicate an action in progress comes from earlier 哩 [Yuan dynasty], which may come from 裏 (MC liX, “place”) [Tang dynasty–Five Dynasties]. ‖ ; “cloth” ‖ Substrate word. Compare: \ * Proto-Tai *najꟲ (“this”): Zhuang neix (“this”), Thai นี้ (níi, “this”), Lao ນີ້ (nī, “this”) \ * Proto-Mon-Khmer *niʔ ~ nih (“this”): Khmer នេះ (nih, “this”) \ * Proto-Mon-Khmer *naaj (“deictic particle”): Khmer នាយ (niəy, “over there”), Vietnamese này, nầy (“this”), Vietnamese nay (“now”), Vietnamese nấy (“that”) \ * Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʔneinˣ (“this”): White Hmong no (“here, this”) \ * Proto-Austronesian *nay (“deictic particle: this”), *qani (“proximal deictic: this”), *-ni (“proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here; now”): Malay ini (“this”). ‖ ‖ From clipping of English level. ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄋㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ne¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --ni • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ni • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --neh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --nih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ne • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --ne • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nee • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --nee ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nî • Middle-Chinese : nrij ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ni¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ne² ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : le¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : nî
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Sentence-final particle indicating a reciprocal question; used to apply the previously asked question to a new subject. What about ...?; And ...? • Sentence-final particle signalling a pause, to emphasize the preceding words. • Sentence-final particle indicating continuation of an action or state, English present continuous. to be ...-ing • Sentence-final particle used to make questions more indirect, to give the impression that the speaker is speaking to themselves. • (Shanghainese) Sentence-final particle expressing anger. ‖ Used in 呢喃 (nínán). • woollen cloth (for heavy clothing) ‖ (Cantonese) this ‖ (Cantonese) hey; Used to raise attention of the listener ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, gaming) levels (in a video game) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, figuratively) levels in a society; social class ‖ sound • Alternative form of 䛏 (ní) ‖ Only used in 唵嘛呢叭咪吽 (ǎn mānī bēimēi hōng). ‖ (Southern Min) Used in some question words.
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呢 (eum 니 (ni))
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Hán-Nôm : ni • Hán-Nôm : nài • Hán-Nôm : nấy • Hán-Nôm : nê • Hán-Nôm : nỉ • Hán-Nôm : nì • Hán-Nôm : này
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呢
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| 呵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːl, *qʰaːls) : semantic 口 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : o • Middle-Chinese : xa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ho¹ • Middle-Chinese : xaH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : o¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ho¹
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Alternative form of 訶／诃 (hē, “to berate; to scold”) • to shout; to cry out • to cherish; to treasure; to protect • (onomatopoeia) Sound of laughing. • Exclamation particle for expressing surprise. • (dialectal) to smoke (tobacco) ‖ to expel breath; to slowly breathe out ‖ Used in transcription. ‖ Alternative form of 哈 (“to bend over”) ‖ Alternative form of 啊 (“exclamation particle”) ‖ Alternative form of 啊 (“modal particle”) ‖ (dialectal) to cheat; to deceive ‖ (Cantonese) Used to point out something that one would like confirmation for.
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scold, disapprove
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呵 • (ga) · 呵 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka)
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Hán-Nôm : ha • Hán-Nôm : há • Hán-Nôm : hả • Hán-Nôm : hà • Hán-Nôm : khá • Hán-Nôm : khà
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呵
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| 呻
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshan • Middle-Chinese : syin ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : san³
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to chant; to recite • to groan; to moan ‖ (Cantonese) to complain; to express discontent
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呻 • (sin) · 呻 • (sin) (hangeul 신, revised sin, McCune–Reischauer sin)
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Hán-Nôm : thân
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呻
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| 咄
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deot¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyut³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyut³ • Middle-Chinese : twot • Middle-Chinese : twat ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tu̍t
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(onomatopoeia) a loud voice, especially in an angry way; tut-tut. • to berate ‖ (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to speak not in a fluent manner
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talk, speech, conversation, tale
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咄 • (dol) · 咄 • (dol) (hangeul 돌, revised dol, McCune–Reischauer tol)
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Hán-Nôm : xót • Hán-Nôm : sụt • Hán-Nôm : đốt • Hán-Nôm : rút
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咄
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| 咋
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄚˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Middle-Chinese : tsreak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Middle-Chinese : dzraek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Middle-Chinese : tsraeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa⁴
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(colloquial, dialectal) how ‖ (obsolete) to be loud; to shout; to cry ‖ (obsolete) to bite • Used in 㕭咋. ‖ (obsolete, ideophonic, of speech) suddenly; in an outburst • Alternative form of 炸 (“to burst; to explode; to infuriate”) ‖ Alternative form of 乍 (zhà, “suddenly”) ‖ Only used in 咋呼 (zhàhu). ‖ (Cantonese) Contraction of 啫呀 (ze1 aa3). ‖ Sentence-final particle expressing surprise and suspicion.
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咋 • (sa) · 咋 • (sa) (hangeul 사)
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Hán-Nôm : chạ • Hán-Nôm : chá • Hán-Nôm : chách • Hán-Nôm : cha
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咋
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| 咐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pos) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 付 (OC *pos). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pos) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 付 (OC *pos).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ
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to instruct; to order ‖ ^‡ Defined in the historical dictionary 《字彙補》 as 噓.
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to instruct, to order
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咐 • (bu) · 咐 • (bu) (hangeul 부, revised bu, McCune–Reischauer pu)
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to instruct, to order
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咐
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| 咒
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiù • Middle-Chinese : tsyuwH
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religious incantation or mantra; spell • curse; malediction • to curse; to damn
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咒 • (ju) · 咒 • (ju) (hangeul 주, revised ju, McCune–Reischauer chu)
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Hán-Nôm : chú
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咒
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| 咕
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Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 古 (gǔ). \ ;“to stand someone up”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo
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(onomatopoeia) the sound of rumbling, bubbling, glugging, cooing, etc. (often in compounds) • (colloquial) to stand up someone; to fail to show up
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咕 • (go) · 咕 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko)
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Hán-Nôm : cô • Hán-Nôm : cổ
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咕
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| 咖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl). ‖ ‖ From Hokkien 跤 (kha), shortened from 跤數／跤数 (kha-siàu, “character; guy”), probably with influence from Mandarin 腳色／脚色 (juésè, “character”). \ Alternatively, from English cast. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚ
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Only used in 咖啡 (kāfēi); also used as its short form. ‖ Only used in 咖喱 (gālí) and 咖哩 (kālǐ). ‖ (chiefly Taiwan, slang) character; role ‖ Only used in 咖咖. ‖ The meaning of this term is uncertain.
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咖 (eum 가 (ga))
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咖
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| 咨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsli) : phonetic 次 (OC *sn̥ʰis) + semantic 口 (“mouth”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Middle-Chinese : tsij
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to consult • official document • an interjection used to indicate appreciation • to sigh • to show the teeth • Alternative form of 資／资 (zī) • Alternative form of 茲／兹 • Alternative form of 齜／龇 (zī)
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咨 (eum 자 (ja))
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Hán-Nôm : tư • Hán-Nôm : ti
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咨
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| 咪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth; speech”) + phonetic 米 (OC *miːʔ). \ Onomatopoeic. ‖ Contraction of 唔係／唔系 (m⁴ hai⁶). ‖ Possibly a contraction of 唔使 (m⁴ sai²) (Bai, 2003). ‖ Borrowed from English microphone or mic. ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English mile. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : mai⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mai⁵ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : mai¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mai⁵ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mai¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : mai¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : mai¹
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meow • sound used to call a cat • Used in 咪咪 (mīmī, “(slang) breasts; tits; boobs”). ‖ When used with 囉／啰 (lo¹) at the end of a phrase, used to spell out something obvious. • When used with 囉／啰 (lo¹) or rising intonation at the end of a phrase, used to connect a condition to a result or suggestion. • Used as the negative of 係／系 (hai⁶) when asking a question. ‖ (Cantonese, imperative) don't ‖ microphone (Classifier: 支 c) ‖ Only used in 咪唑 (mǐzuò, “imidazole”). ‖ (obsolete or Cantonese) mile • (Cantonese, informal) mile per hour • (Cantonese, informal) kilometre per hour ‖ to study hard ‖ to peel with a knife • to pinch (with fingernails)
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baa (bleating of a sheep) • meter
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咪 • (mi) · 咪 • (mi) (hangeul 미, revised mi, McCune–Reischauer mi)
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Hán-Nôm : mễ
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咪
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| 咬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːw, *ŋɡreːwʔ, *qreːw) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 交 (OC *kreːw). \ (oral sex): Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 口 + 交. \ Perhaps Sino-Tibetan; compare Chepang ङेव्ह्सा (ŋewh-, “to nibble”) (Schuessler, 2007). The Min vernacular readings are reminiscent of Proto-Tai *giəwꟲ (“to chew”), whence Thai เคี้ยว (kíao) (ibid.). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngáu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gáu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Middle-Chinese : kaew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Middle-Chinese : 'aew
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to bite; to snap at; to gnaw • to incriminate; to accuse • to articulate; to pronounce • to be nitpicking on words • (of dog) to bark • (dialectal Mandarin, Jin) itchy • (neologism, slang, euphemistic) Alternative form of 口交 (kǒujiāo, “oral sex; to perform oral sex on”) ‖ Only used in 咬咬. ‖ Only used in 咬哇 and 哇咬.
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咬 • (gyo) · 咬 • (gyo) (hangeul 교, revised gyo, McCune–Reischauer kyo, Yale kyo)
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Hán-Nôm : giảo • Hán-Nôm : rao • Hán-Nôm : ngẩu • Hán-Nôm : ngấu • Hán-Nôm : ngảo • Hán-Nôm : ngảu • Hán-Nôm : ngáu
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咬
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| 咱
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Fusion of 自家 (MC dzijH kae, “self”) [Song] > Modern Mandarin zá (Lü, 1984). Fusion with 們／们 (men) produces the form with a nasal coda [Yuan], e.g. Modern Mandarin zán (Norman, 1988). ‖ Fusion of 早晚 (zǎowǎn). ‖ From 儂／侬 (lâng, “person; I, me”) + elision of 儂／侬. Compare 阮 (gún, goán, “we, us (exclusive)”), 恁 (lín, “you (plural)”), 𪜶 (in, “they, them”). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ze¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsam • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄗㄢ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nán ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄚˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄚˇ
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(literary or dialectal) I; me • (inclusive) we; us • (literary) A particle used after personal pronouns. ‖ (dialectal, in compounds) time ‖ (inclusive) we; us • (polite) you • (inclusive) our ‖ Sentence-final modal particle for the imperative mood, similar to 吧 (ba). • Sentence-final modal particle for the declarative mood. ‖ Alternative form of 咋 (“how”)
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咱 • (chal, cha) · 咱 • (chal, cha) (hangeul 찰, 차, revised chal, cha, McCune–Reischauer ch'al, ch'a)
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Hán-Nôm : cha • Hán-Nôm : ta • Hán-Nôm : thính
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Variant of 聽, see there for more details.
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咱
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| 咳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰɯː, *ɡɯː) : semantic 口 + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰɯː, *ɡɯː) : semantic 口 + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰɯː, *ɡɯː) : semantic 口 + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰɯː, *ɡɯː) : semantic 口 + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kat¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : koi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kha • Middle-Chinese : hoj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haai¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hai ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hoi⁴ • Middle-Chinese : hoj ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kak¹
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to cough • cough ‖ Used to express sorrow, remorse, or surprise. ‖ (of infant) to laugh; to cackle • Alternative form of 孩 (hái, “child; infant”) • interjection for sighing or order • Alternative form of 閡／阂 (“to be cut off from”) ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 㩿 (kak¹) (Used in 甩咳.)
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‖ 咳(せき) • (seki)
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‖ a cough
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咳 • (hae) · 咳 • (hae) (hangeul 해)
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Hán-Nôm : cay • Hán-Nôm : hãy • Hán-Nôm : hỡi • Hán-Nôm : khái • Hán-Nôm : gay • Hán-Nôm : gây
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咳
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| 哄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡloːŋs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs). ‖ ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 哄 – see 鬨 (“to fight; to combat; to cause a commotion or disturbance”). \ (This character is the simplified form of 鬨). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : háng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hánn • Middle-Chinese : huwngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hang ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung³
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to fool; to cheat • to keep (especially a child) in good humor; to coax • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taiwanese and Singapore Hokkien) to frighten; to menace; to threaten; to intimidate by violent language ‖ (of many people) to vocalize simultaneously ‖ (Cantonese) to move close to (somebody); to crowd (somebody)
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哄 (eum 홍 (hong))
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Hán-Nôm : họng • Hán-Nôm : hống • Hán-Nôm : hòng • Hán-Nôm : ngọng • Hán-Nôm : rống
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哄
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| 哇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreː, *qʷraː) : semantic 口 + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄨㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ua • Middle-Chinese : 'ea • Middle-Chinese : 'wae
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Interjection indicating surprise or amazement: wow!, gee • (onomatopoeia) sound of crying • (onomatopoeia) sound of vomiting • (Classical) to vomit • Sentence-final particle: Equivalent of 啊 (a). Only used after words ending in -u, -ao.
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哇 (eum 와 (wa))
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Hán-Nôm : oa • Hán-Nôm : òa/oà
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哇
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| 哈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡuːb) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ For Hui people, the surname is the initialism of several Arabic names, such as حَسَن (ḥasan). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ Mostly likely Sinitic, but the exact etymon is disputed. Possible etyma include: \ * Pause/topic/focus marker 呵, 啊 (Dede, 2007; Xu, 2015, 2021); \ * Accusative/dative marker 行 attested in the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty (Du, 2005), which may come from the locative 上 (“on; above”) (Jiang, 1998); or \ * Locative 下 (“below”) (Yang, 2014; Zhou, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngap⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ngop ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : haa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haai¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hap ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hēnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hā ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˇ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : haa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Hap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Hah ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚˋ ‖
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^‡ (of fish) many; plenteous • ^‡ (of a fish's mouth) opening; moving • mouthful; sip ‖ (onomatopoeia) sound of laughter: ha • exclamation of triumph, etc.: ha! • (dialectal) Sentence-final particle softening the request. • to breathe out • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to drink · (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to drink alcohol • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to drink · (Taiwanese Hokkien) to drink tea • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to exhale hot air to keep oneself warm • Short for 哈薩克斯坦／哈萨克斯坦 (Hāsàkèsītǎn, “Kazakhstan”). • Short for 哈爾濱／哈尔滨 (Hā'ěrbīn, “Harbin”). ‖ (Hokkien) Used to indicate confusion or pondering when the speaker did not hear or comprehend clearly: huh; hmm; what; pardon?; what did (they/you/he/she) say? • (Hokkien) Used to express doubt or disbelief: huh?; hmm?; what?; oh?; what do you mean? • (Hokkien) Used to express subtle surprise or amusement/astonishment: huh!; oh!; what! • (Taiwanese Hokkien) Used to express consent or agreement or approval: huh ok; oh alright; yeah; sure; ah yes ‖ (chiefly Mandarin, Jin, colloquial) to bend; to stoop ‖ (Beijing Mandarin) to scold; to reprimand ‖ Only used in 哈巴 (hǎba, “Pekingese; pug”). ‖ a surname (mainly among Hui people) ‖ Used in compounds. ‖ Only used in 哈喇 (hāla). ‖ (Southwestern Mandarin, Xiang) silly; stupid ‖ (Southwestern Mandarin) to tickle ‖ Only used in 哈士蟆 (hàshimá). ‖ Only used in 哈巴 (hàba). ‖ Alternative form of 喝 (“to drink”) • Alternative form of 呷 ‖ Used in place names. ‖ (Gansu and Qinghai Mandarin) Accusative/dative marker, placed after a preverbal object.
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哈 • (hap) · 哈 • (hap) (hangeul 합, revised hap, McCune–Reischauer hap)
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Hán-Nôm : cáp • Hán-Nôm : hóp • Hán-Nôm : hộp • Hán-Nôm : ngáp • Hán-Nôm : họp • Hán-Nôm : hớp • Hán-Nôm : ngớp
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哈
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| 哎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 艾 (OC *ŋaːds, *ŋads).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aai¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ai
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Interjection of surprise.
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interjection of surprise
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哎 • (ae) · 哎 • (ae) (hangeul 애)
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Hán-Nôm : ngáy • Hán-Nôm : ngửi
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哎
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| 哥
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Stacked form of 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). \ ; “elder brother” \ : It is a clipping of 阿哥 (MC 'a ka), a borrowing from Xianbei *aqa (“elder brother”) (Mei, 2015). Compare Proto-Mongolic *aka, whence also Mongolian ᠠᠬᠠ (ak-a, “elder brother”). Related to 阿干 (MC 'a kan), which is the definite form of the same Xianbei word (Mei, 2015).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koh • Middle-Chinese : ka
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older brother; elder brother • older male relative of the same generation • (honorific) term of address for a male person of the same age or older • Short for 哥斯達黎加／哥斯达黎加 (Gēsīdálíjiā, “Costa Rica”). • Original form of 歌 (gē, “to sing; song”).
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kanji used to transliterate borrowings from foreign languages • Alternative form of 歌 (“sing, singing”) • elder brother
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哥 (eumhun 성씨 가 (seongssi ga))
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Hán-Nôm : ca • Hán-Nôm : kha
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哥
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| 哦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : semantic 口 (“mouth; speech”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : semantic 口 (“mouth; speech”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : semantic 口 (“mouth; speech”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : semantic 口 (“mouth; speech”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : semantic 口 (“mouth; speech”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : o² • Cantonese · Jyutping : o⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : òo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ôo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : o⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : o⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : o³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : o⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngo⁴ • Middle-Chinese : nga
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Used to express doubt: oh?; really? (Usage same as that of 𡂿／𫪘 (ōu).) ‖ Used to express realization or understanding: oh (Usage same as that of 𡂿／𫪘 (ōu).) ‖ sentence-final particle conveying informality, warmth, friendliness or intimacy • sentence-final particle indicating that one is stating a fact that the other person is not aware of ‖ (Cantonese) Used to express acknowledgement: okay ‖ (literary) to recite (poetry); to chant • (Cantonese) to nag
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哦 • (a) · 哦 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a)
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canonical : 哦: Hán Việt readings: nga 哦: Nôm readings: nga
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chữ Hán form of nga (“recite, hum, croon”).
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哦
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| 哨
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàu • Middle-Chinese : sjew • Middle-Chinese : tshjewH
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to patrol (keep watch over an area by regularly walking or travelling around it) • sentry; sentinel; post • to chirp • to whistle • whistle (device used to make a whistling sound) • a surname: Shao
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to stand guard, to look out (for a suspect or enemy)
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哨 • (cho, so) · 哨 • (cho, so) (hangeul 초, 소, revised cho, so, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, so)
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Hán-Nôm : tiếu • Hán-Nôm : téo • Hán-Nôm : tóe • Hán-Nôm : toé • Hán-Nôm : tiêu
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哨
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| 哩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ) \ The Min Nan form is borrowed from English mile. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ) \ The Min Nan form is borrowed from English mile. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ) \ The Min Nan form is borrowed from English mile. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ) \ The Min Nan form is borrowed from English mile. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ) \ The Min Nan form is borrowed from English mile. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ) \ The Min Nan form is borrowed from English mile.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : le¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : li¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mai ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄌㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : le¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --li • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --le • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --lee • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mai ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄞˇ
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(archaic) mile ‖ Used to indicate an interrogative perfective aspect. ‖ (at the end of declarative sentence) Used to indicate continuation of a state or action. • Placed after each item of a list ‖ (a phonetic component) · (Dungan) Marks the perfective aspect. ‖ a meaningless particle ‖ Only used in 哩伽塔.
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‖ 哩(マイル) • (mairu)
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mile ‖ mile (mi)
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哩 (eum 리 (ri))
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mile
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Hán-Nôm : rị • Hán-Nôm : ré • Hán-Nôm : lí • Hán-Nôm : rí
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哩
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| 哪
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Written as 那 before the 20th century. \ It is generally considered to be the fusion of 奈何 (OC *naːls ɡaːl, “how”) (Wang, 1990; Sun, 1992; Shimura, 1995), usually citing Gu Yanwu's (顧炎武) commentary on Zuozhuan. Lü (1985) distinguishes between “which” (choosing among several choices), which he derives from 若 (OC *njaɡ), and “how” (asking for something), which he considers to be a fusion of 若何 (OC *njaɡ ɡaːl, “how”). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄋㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄋㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naa³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lô ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄝˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˊ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nah
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which; what • any • Indefinite determiner. • where • wherever; anywhere; everywhere • (rhetorical question) how (used in rhetorical questions) ‖ Sentence-final particle, equivalent to 啊 (a). ‖ Only used in 哪吒 (Nézhā). ‖ Used to indicate something that should be noticed. ‖ Used in personal names. ‖ Only used in 哪哪. ‖ what • interjection used to express surprise • then why; how
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哪 • (na) · 哪 • (na) (hangeul 나, McCune–Reischauer na)
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Hán-Nôm : ná • Hán-Nôm : nư • Hán-Nôm : na • Hán-Nôm : nạ
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哪
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| 哮
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : háu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hau • Middle-Chinese : xaew • Middle-Chinese : xaewH
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heavy breathing; wheeze • to roar; to howl
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to howl loudly
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哮 (eum 효 (hyo))
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Hán-Nôm : hao
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哮
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| 哼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰraːŋ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 亨 (OC *qʰaŋʔ, *pqʰraːŋ, *qʰraːŋ) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰraːŋ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 亨 (OC *qʰaŋʔ, *pqʰraːŋ, *qʰraːŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄏㄫ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hng⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hm⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hn̍gh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hngh
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to hum; to croon • to moan; to groan ‖ interjection at the start of a sentence expressing disapproval, disdain, discontent, displeasure, or anger: hmph; humph
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哼 • (hyeong) · 哼 • (hyeong) (hangeul 형)
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Hán-Nôm : hanh
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哼
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| 唁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrans) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 言 (OC *ŋan).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gān • Middle-Chinese : ngjenH
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to offer condolences
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express condolence
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唁 • (eon) · 唁 • (eon) (hangeul 언, revised eon, McCune–Reischauer ŏn)
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express condolence
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唁
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| 唉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰlɯː, *qɯː, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰlɯː, *qɯː, *qrɯː, *qrɯːʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aai¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : oi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : haih ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aai¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : oi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : haih
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interjection or grunt of agreement; yes; right • sighing interjection; ah; alas ‖ interjection or grunt of agreement; yes; right • sighing interjection; ah; alas • interjection expressing sadness, disappointment, regret, etc.; ah; alas
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alas
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唉 • (ae) · 唉 • (ae) (hangeul 애, revised ae, McCune–Reischauer ae, Yale ay)
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ask • answer
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Hán-Nôm : ai • Hán-Nôm : hãy • Hán-Nôm : hởi • Hán-Nôm : hỡi • Hán-Nôm : hễ • Hán-Nôm : hĩ • Hán-Nôm : hơi
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唉
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| 唧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsiɡ, *ʔsɯɡ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 即 (OC *ʔsɯɡ). ‖ ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English jack. Doublet of 積／积 (zik¹).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Middle-Chinese : tsit • Middle-Chinese : tsik ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zek¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Middle-Chinese : tsit • Middle-Chinese : tsik ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zek¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹
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to spurt; to squirt; to pump ‖ (onomatopoeia) ‖ (Cantonese) Sentence-final particle: · Used to persuade someone. • (Cantonese) Sentence-final particle: · Used to ask or question someone, often in an impatient tone. • (Cantonese) Sentence-final particle: · Used in a tender tone to indicate endearment. • (Cantonese) Sentence-final particle: · Used to indicate gratefulness, usually used with 好彩. ‖ (Cantonese) jack (device for raising and supporting a heavy object) • (Cantonese) to jack (to physically raise using a jack)
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Hán-Nôm : tức • Hán-Nôm : cơ
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唧
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| 唬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰraːs, *kʷraːɡ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 虎 (OC *qʰlaːʔ) ‖ ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 唬 – see 號 (“to roar”). \ (This character is a variant form of 號). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Middle-Chinese : xaeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛˊ • Middle-Chinese : kwaek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haak³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hó
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angry voice of tiger ‖ voice of bird ‖ Alternative form of 嚇／吓 (“to frighten”) ‖ to frighten or to fool
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唬 • (ho) · 唬 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho)
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唬
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| 售
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siû • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwH
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to sell • to carry out (a plan); to achieve (something sinister)
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售 (eumhun 팔 수 (pal su))
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canonical : 售: Hán Việt readings: thụ 售: Nôm readings: thụ • canonical : thịu
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售
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| 啃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 肯 (OC *kʰɯːŋʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang² • Cantonese · Jyutping : han² • Cantonese · Jyutping : kang² • Cantonese · Jyutping : hang³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄣˋ
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to gnaw; to nibble • (figuratively) to delve into; to study or overcome • (onomatopoeic) cough ‖ (colloquial) to eat
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啃 • (sap) · 啃 • (sap) (hangeul 삽, revised sap, McCune–Reischauer sap)
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啃
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| 啄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rtoːɡ, *toːɡ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ) ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : doek³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : teh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : terh • Middle-Chinese : tuwk • Middle-Chinese : traewk ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : doeng¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : top
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to peck (to strike with the beak or bill) • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) with a sharp nose; having a nose shaped like a beak (used especially in compounds) ‖ beak; bill • bulge; protrusion; point; tip • to peck • to bite or hold with the mouth • to swindle; to rip off • to pick on; to target someone personally ‖ (Hokkien, business, gambling) to drive a hard bargain; to economically take advantage of; to exploit economically; to penny-pinch; to profiteer; to swindle; to cheat; to be stingy/miserly with (such as overpricing to favor sellers or undervaluing to favor buyers)
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‖ 啄(たく) • (taku)
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to peck at ‖ the seventh of the Eight Principles of Yong
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啄 (eum 탁 (tak))
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Hán-Nôm : trác • Hán-Nôm : trốc • Hán-Nôm : chác
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啄
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| 啊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 阿 (OC *qaːl). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 阿 (OC *qaːl). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 阿 (OC *qaːl). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 阿 (OC *qaːl). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 阿 (OC *qaːl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --a • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --ah ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aa² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄚˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aa⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aa³
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Used by itself to express surprise. ah, oh, ha • Used to express affirmation or exhortation. ‖ Used to indicate doubt or questioning. what?, huh?, eh ‖ Used to indicate puzzled surprise. what? oh? huh? ‖ Used to indicate agreement/approval. ah ‖ Sentence-final particle expressing surprise. • Sentence-final particle expressing exclamation, excitement or enthusiasm. • Sentence-final particle softening the request. • Used in enumerations, for confirmation (often untranslated). • on and on, continuously
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Exclamatory particle
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啊 • (a) · 啊 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a)
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love
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canonical : 啊: Hán Việt readings: a 啊: Nôm readings: a • canonical : à • canonical : ơ • canonical : ạ ‖
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‖ Nôm form of a (“Used in the beginning of a sentence to indicate questioning: ah, oh, ha”).
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啊
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| 啡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯːlʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˋ • Middle-Chinese : phojX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˊ ‖
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Used in transcription. • (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 咖啡 (kāfēi, “coffee”). • (～色) (chiefly Cantonese) brown ‖ ‖ ‖ (Eastern Min, dialectal Hakka) to spit
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啡 • (bae, bi) · 啡 • (bae, bi) (hangeul 배, 비, revised bae, bi, McCune–Reischauer pae, pi)
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啡
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| 啤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth (phonetic)”) + phonetic 卑. \ Borrowed from English beer. First attested in 1828, in Robert Morrison's Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect. ‖ Borrowed from English pair. \ From 1950 at the earliest. ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English press. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pî ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pe¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : be¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : be¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : be¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei¹
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beer • (Hong Kong Cantonese) to drink beer ‖ pair • Classifier for pairs of objects. • Short for 啤牌. · playing card (Classifier: 張／张 c; 副 c; 套 c; 疊／叠 c) • Short for 啤牌. · (by extension) card game ‖ to stare; to glare ‖ to weld; to solder; to press a mould or seal an edge with a machine • to apply pressure to cause something to flow through ‖ (chiefly Cantonese) Used in transcription. ‖ larynx disorder that causes one to be unable to speak loudly • Alternative form of 諀 (bǐ)
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Hán-Nôm : bi • Hán-Nôm : bì
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啤
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| 啦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 拉. ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ From 了 + 啊 ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄌㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : laa¹ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : --la • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --lah ‖ ‖
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(Mandarin, colloquial) Contraction of 了啊 (le a). · Used at the end of a sentence to indicate a change of state with a strong emotion. • (Mandarin, colloquial) Contraction of 了啊 (le a). · Used at the end of a sentence to inform the beginning of an action with a strong emotion. ‖ ‖ (Cantonese) Placed at the end of a sentence in imperatives making it sound more like a request than an order. • (onomatopoeia) cheering sound ‖ (Southern Min) Placed at the end of a sentence to denote completion of an action. • (Southern Min) Placed at the end of a sentence to denote dissatisfaction and perfunctoriness. • (Philippine Hokkien) Placed at the end of a sentence to denote affirmation. ‖ Placed on the end of a sentence to indicate a yes-no question. ‖ Used to indicate a persistent questioning tone • Used to indicate berating tone
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Hán-Nôm : lạp • Hán-Nôm : láp
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啦
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| 啪
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; (Cantonese) to take (a medicine or drug) ‖ ; (Cantonese) to take (a medicine or drug)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paak¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paa¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : baak¹
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(onomatopoeia) pop; pow • (neologism, slang) Synonym of 啪啪啪 (pāpāpā, “to have sex”) • (Cantonese) to take (a medicine or drug) • (Cantonese) to eat quickly • (Cantonese) to break apart something in a snappy manner • (Cantonese) to make a snapping sound ‖ (Cantonese, slang) to execute by firing squad
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啪
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| 啼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tê • Middle-Chinese : dej
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^⁜ to cry loudly; to wail • (dialectal, by extension) to cry; to weep • ^⁜ (of birds or beasts) to call; to cry; to howl • a surname
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to cry, to call (e.g. as a bird does -- see 鳴く)
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啼 • (je) · 啼 • (je) (hangeul 제, revised je, McCune–Reischauer che, Yale cey)
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Hán-Nôm : đề
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啼
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| 喂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 + phonetic 畏 (OC *quls). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 + phonetic 畏 (OC *quls).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : eh ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄨㄟ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄨㄝ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai² • Cantonese · Jyutping : wei² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uê
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(used to call attention) Hey! ‖ hello?; yes? (greeting, used when responding to a call, such as a phone call) • (dated) Response when spoken to directly face-to-face: yes?
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喂 • (wi) · 喂 • (wi) (hangeul 위)
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Hán-Nôm : ỏi • Hán-Nôm : ói • Hán-Nôm : ôi • Hán-Nôm : òi • Hán-Nôm : uy • Hán-Nôm : hôi • Hán-Nôm : ổi • Hán-Nôm : úi
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喂
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| 喇
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laa³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laa⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laa¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚˊ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : laa³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : laa⁴
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Only used in 喇叭 (lǎba, “trumpet; bugle”). ‖ Only used in 喇嘛 (lǎma, “lama”). ‖ ‖ (onomatopoeia) sound of wind or rain ‖ Only used in 哈喇子 (hālázi, “saliva”) and 半喇子兒／半喇子儿 (“a half”). ‖ Used at the end of a sentence to indicate a change of state. • Used at the end of a sentence to inform the beginning of an action. ‖ Sentence-final particle expressing surprise and suspicion.
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喇 • (ral, ra) · 喇 • (ral, ra) (hangeul 랄, 라, revised ral, ra, McCune–Reischauer ral, ra)
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Hán-Nôm : lạt
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喇
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| 喊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːmʔ, *qʰrɯːmʔ, *ɡrɯːmʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 咸 (OC *ɡrɯːm).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : haam³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiàm • Middle-Chinese : xamX • Middle-Chinese : heamX • Middle-Chinese : xeamX
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to shout; to cry; to yell; to howl • to call out for (someone) • (Cantonese) to cry; to sob; to weep • (regional) to address (someone in the specified way when talking to them); to call
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喊 (eumhun 소리칠 함 (sorichil ham))
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hanja form of 함 (“shout”)
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Hán-Nôm : hảm
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喊
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| 喘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjonʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 耑 (OC *toːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuán • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwenX
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to pant; to gasp • to breathe • breath; breathing
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pant • gasp • breathe hard
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喘 • (cheon) · 喘 • (cheon) (hangeul 천, revised cheon, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏn)
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Hán-Nôm : suyễn • Hán-Nôm : suyển • Hán-Nôm : siễn
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喘
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| 喚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰʷaːns) : semantic 口 + phonetic 奐 (OC *qʰʷaːns).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wun⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huàn • Middle-Chinese : xwanH
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to call; to summon
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‖ 喚(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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‖ to shout; to cry • to call; to summon
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喚 (eumhun 부를 환 (bureul hwan))
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hanja form of 환 (“call”)
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Hán-Nôm : hoán
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喚
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| 喧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰʷan) : semantic 口 + phonetic 宣 (OC *sqʰon).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hyun¹ • Middle-Chinese : xjwon
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noisy; uproarious; clamouring
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noisy; uproarious; clamouring • lively
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喧 • (hwon) · 喧 • (hwon) (hangeul 훤, revised hwon, McCune–Reischauer hwŏn)
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Hán-Nôm : huyên
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喧
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| 單
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Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a net to catch animals. The two boxes at the top are weights, the middle section is the net, the bottom is the rope. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/t)a(n/j) (“single; one; whole; only”). Cognate with 但 (OC *daːn, *daːnʔ, *daːns, “only; but”). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tan • Middle-Chinese : tan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sim⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siân • Middle-Chinese : dzyen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Siān • Middle-Chinese : dzyenX • Middle-Chinese : dzyenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄢˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄢˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ
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single; individual; solitary • thin; narrow; faint • simple; uncomplicated • (of clothes) unlined • (mathematics) Short for 單數／单数 (dānshù, “odd”). • (linguistics) Short for 單數／单数 (dānshù, “singular”). • cover; bed sheet • list; register; catalogue • only; merely; simply • and; plus • bill (Classifier: 張／张 c) • (Cantonese) receipt (Classifier: 張／张 c) • (Cantonese) transaction; order (Classifier: 張／张 c) • Classifier for cases, deals and businesses. • (Cantonese, derogatory) Classifier for people. • a surname ‖ to surround • Used in 單于 (chányú). • Used in 單閼／单阏. ‖ (～縣) Shan County (a county of Shandong) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 嘽／啴 • Alternative form of 繟／𦈎 ‖ Alternative form of 戰／战 (zhàn) • Used in 單至／单至. ‖ (rare) a surname
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單 (eumhun 홀 단 (hol dan)) ‖ 單 (eumhun 오랑캐 이름 선 (orangkae ireum seon))
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hanja form of 단 (“single; individual; solitary”) ‖ hanja form of 선 (“a barbarian”)
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Hán-Nôm : đơn • Hán-Nôm : đan • Hán-Nôm : thiền • Hán-Nôm : truyên
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單
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| 喳
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‖ Misinterpreted from Manchu ᠵᡝ (je). Compare Mongolian ᠵᠠ (ǰa) (Cyrillic spelling за (za)).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshā ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa¹
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(onomatopoeia) sound of birds tweeting loudly. ‖ (historical, chiefly in novels, movies or dramas) yes (when responding to the emperor or a Manchu official in the Qing dynasty)
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喳 (eum 사 (sa))
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Hán-Nôm : tra
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喳
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| 喻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *los) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *los) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jū • Middle-Chinese : yuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ
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to inform; to notify; to explain • to understand; to know • to draw an analogy; to liken; to use a metaphor • a surname ‖ ^† Alternative form of 愉 (yú, “happy”)
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‖
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Extended shinjitai form of 喩 ‖
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喻 • (yu) · 喻 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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canonical : 喻: Hán Việt readings: dụ • canonical : du 喻: Nôm readings: dụ • canonical : dầu • canonical : dẫu • canonical : dỗ • canonical : nhủ • canonical : rủ • canonical : dẩu
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chữ Hán form of dụ (“allegory, metaphor, to explain”).
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喻
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| 嗓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋaːŋʔ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 桑 (OC *sŋaːŋ). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s(j)a(m/ŋ) (“throat”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : song¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : song² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sóng
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(anatomy) throat • voice
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嗓 (eum 상 (sang))
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Hán-Nôm : tảng • Hán-Nôm : tang • Hán-Nôm : tãng • Hán-Nôm : sãng
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嗓
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| 嗚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 烏 (OC *qaː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : oo • Middle-Chinese : 'u
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(onomatopoeia) Sound of sobbing or crying.
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(expression) oh, ah, alas • to weep
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嗚 • (o) · 嗚 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o)
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Hán-Nôm : ô • Hán-Nôm : o • Hán-Nôm : ọ • Hán-Nôm : ỏ • Hán-Nôm : u • Hán-Nôm : ú
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嗚
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| 嗜
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : dzyijH
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to be addicted to; to indulge in; to have weakness for • to covet
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like • prefer
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嗜 • (gi) · 嗜 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki)
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Hán-Nôm : thị
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嗜
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| 嗡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qloːŋ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 翁 (OC *qloːŋ). ‖ Semantic loan from Sanskrit ॐ (oṃ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ong ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄛㄫ
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(onomatopoeia) buzzing; droning; humming ‖ (Buddhism) om
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嗡 (eumhun 소 울음 옹 (so ureum ong))
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canonical : 嗡: Hán Việt readings: ông • canonical : án 嗡: Nôm readings: óng • canonical : ông
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嗡
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| 嗣
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sû • Middle-Chinese : ziH
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(literary) to inherit; to continue • (literary) descendants • (literary) heir; successor • (literary) soon after
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to inherit; to succeed (take over a position). See the variant form: 継ぐ.
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嗣 • (sa) · 嗣 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa)
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Hán-Nôm : tự
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嗣
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| 嗽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːɡs, *sroːɡ, *sloːɡ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 欶 (OC *sloːɡs, *sroːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄡˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sàu • Middle-Chinese : suwH • Middle-Chinese : suwk • Middle-Chinese : sraewk
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to cough
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‖ 嗽(うがい) • (ugai) ^(←うがひ (ugafi)?) ‖
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‖ gargling ‖ gargle
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嗽 • (su) · 嗽 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su)
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Hán-Nôm : sấu
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嗽
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| 嘀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 啇. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 啇.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ
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An onomatopoeia. ‖ Used in 嘀咕 (dígu).
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Hán-Nôm : đích
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嘀
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| 嘉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːl) : semantic 壴 + phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kee • Middle-Chinese : kae
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excellent; good • auspicious • to praise, commend
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praise • auspicious
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嘉 (eum 가 (ga))
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beautiful • happy, joyous
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Hán-Nôm : gia
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嘉
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| 嘗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djaŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 旨 (“will; intention”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soeng⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siáng • Middle-Chinese : dzyang
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to taste; to try the flavour • to attempt; to try • to experience • (literary) ever; once • a surname
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once • before • formerly • ever • never • ex- • lick • lap up • burn up • taste • undergo • underrate • despise
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嘗 • (sang) · 嘗 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang)
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Hán-Nôm : thường
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嘗
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| 嘛
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄇㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --ma • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --mah ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚˊㄦ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄇㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maa⁴ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : mā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mǎ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚˊ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : mà
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(suggests that the preceding is obvious, sometimes impatient in tone): Of course! • Signals a pause in a sentence, sometimes used to get the listener's attention. • Used at the end of an imperative or request to express expectation or dissuasion. ‖ (dialectal) what ‖ Only used in 喇嘛 (lǎma). ‖ (Southern Min) also ‖ Only used in 唵嘛呢叭咪吽 (ǎn mānī bēimēi hōng). ‖ Only used in 嘛嘛吼 (mamahǒu).
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嘛 • (ma) · 嘛 • (ma) (hangeul 마, revised ma, McCune–Reischauer ma, Yale ma)
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Hán-Nôm : ma
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嘛
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| 嘴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔseʔ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 觜 (OC *ʔse, *ʔse, *ʔseʔ). \ Related to 觜 (OC *ʔse, *ʔse, *ʔseʔ, “horn-like hair on the owl-head; beak of a bird; mouth”). \ Further etymology is unknown. Schuessler (2007) relates it to Tibetan མཚུལ་པ (mtshul pa, “lower part of the face; muzzle; beak”), which is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ts(j)ul (“lip; beak”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄟˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuí
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(anatomy) mouth (especially the part of the face associated with the mouth) (Classifier: 張／张 m) • (figurative) mouth-like object; beak; nozzle; spout (of a teapot, etc.) • (figurative) food • (figurative) utterance; spoken words; speech • (Cantonese) to kiss • (literary) beak
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‖ 嘴(くちばし) • (kuchibashi) ‖ 嘴(はし) • (hashi)
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beak; bill ‖ (anatomy) beak; bill ‖ (anatomy) beak; bill
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嘴 (eum 취 (chwi))
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Hán-Nôm : chủy • Hán-Nôm : chuỷ
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嘴
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| 嘶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *seː) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 斯 (OC *se).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sai¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Middle-Chinese : sej
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neighing of a horse • husky throated; gravel voiced • (of birds; insects) mournful murmur; whimpering • (onomatopoeia, of various sounds) eg. sound of paper being shredded; sobbing
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to neigh, to whinny
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嘶 • (si) · 嘶 • (si) (hangeul 시, revised si, McCune–Reischauer si)
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Hán-Nôm : tê
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嘶
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| 嘹
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Middle-Chinese : lew • Middle-Chinese : lewH
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(of sound) clear and melodious
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used to describe clearness of voice
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嘹 • (ryo) · 嘹 • (ryo) (hangeul 료, revised ryo, McCune–Reischauer ryo)
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used describe clarity of voice • resonant
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Hán-Nôm : rêu
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嘹
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| 嘻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰɯ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 喜 (OC *qʰlɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi • Middle-Chinese : xi
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(interjection) expression of surprise • (onomatopoeia) representation for laughter
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mirthful • happy • interjection
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嘻 • (hui) · 嘻 • (hui) (hangeul 희, revised hui, McCune–Reischauer hŭi)
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harmony • laugh
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Hán-Nôm : hi • Hán-Nôm : hảy • Hán-Nôm : hề • Hán-Nôm : hì • Hán-Nôm : hí
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嘻
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| 嘿
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : heh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --heh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : --hennh
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hey (used to get attention, or express admiration or surprise) • hah; hee; lol • (Taiwan) yeah; yes
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嘿 • (muk) · 嘿 • (muk) (hangeul 묵, revised muk, McCune–Reischauer muk)
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Hán-Nôm : hải
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嘿
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| 噩
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The same character as 咢, both ultimately derived from or identical to 喪, see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : go̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngak
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frightening; startling; shocking; ill-omened
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bad • ill-omened • unlucky
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噩 • (ak) · 噩 • (ak) (hangeul 악, revised ak, McCune–Reischauer ak)
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Hán-Nôm : ngạc
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噩
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| 噪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːws) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws, “to chirp”). \ Originally written 喿, see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sò • Middle-Chinese : sawH
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(literary) to chirp; to cry • to clamor; to make an uproar; to make a racket
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噪 • (jo) · 噪 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho)
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Hán-Nôm : táo • Hán-Nôm : tháo
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噪
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| 噴
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Characters in the same phonetic series (奔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯːn, *pʰɯːns, *pɯns) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 賁 (OC *prals, *bɯl, *pɯːn, *bɯn) \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m/s-prat ~ *pran (“to sprinke; to spray”), whence Burmese ဖျန်း (hpyan:, “to spray, to sprinkle”). On the other hand, Schuessler (2007) compares it to Mizo phuh (“to blow out of the mouth”), Tibetan ཕུ་བ (phu ba, “to blow”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (奔) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯːn, *pʰɯːns, *pɯns) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 賁 (OC *prals, *bɯl, *pɯːn, *bɯn) \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m/s-prat ~ *pran (“to sprinke; to spray”), whence Burmese ဖျန်း (hpyan:, “to spray, to sprinkle”). On the other hand, Schuessler (2007) compares it to Mizo phuh (“to blow out of the mouth”), Tibetan ཕུ་བ (phu ba, “to blow”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pan³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pan¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phùn • Middle-Chinese : phwon • Middle-Chinese : phwonH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋ
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to spurt; to gush; to jet out • to spray • (colloquial, slang) to angrily rebuke or scold • (of smell) strong; fragrant • (colloquial) busy season (of something) • Classifier for the number of times a plant blooms, bears fruits, ripens or is harvested. ‖ ^† to play a wind instrument
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erupt, spew
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噴 (eumhun 뿜을 분 (ppumeul bun))
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Hán-Nôm : phun • Hán-Nôm : phún • Hán-Nôm : phôn
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噴
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| 嚇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰraːɡs, *qʰraːɡ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/d-krwak (“frighten”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྐྲག་ (skrag), Burmese ကြောက် (krauk), Lashi kyuk (Hill, 2019). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰraːɡs, *qʰraːɡ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/d-krwak (“frighten”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྐྲག་ (skrag), Burmese ကြောက် (krauk), Lashi kyuk (Hill, 2019). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰraːɡs, *qʰraːɡ) : semantic 口 + phonetic 赫 (OC *qʰraːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/d-krwak (“frighten”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan སྐྲག་ (skrag), Burmese ကြောက် (krauk), Lashi kyuk (Hill, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haak³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : herk • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiannh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : heeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hennh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : heh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hat • Middle-Chinese : xaeH • Middle-Chinese : xaek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haak¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hennh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : he̍nnh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : henn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiannh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : heh • Middle-Chinese : xaek ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : hánn
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(transitive) to frighten; to scare • (intransitive) to be afraid; to be scared; to be frightened • to threaten; to intimidate • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Used to express intimidation ‖ Used to express disapproval, discontent, or resentment: tut-tut; humph • Used to express astonishment. • (Hokkien) Used to express a positive response: that's right; right • (Hokkien) Placed at the end of a sentence to indicate doubt: isn’t it so? ‖ (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to threaten; to intimidate; to frighten • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to cow someone to submission
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嚇 • (ha, hyeok) · 嚇 • (ha, hyeok) (hangeul 하, 혁, revised ha, hyeok, McCune–Reischauer ha, hyŏk)
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Hán-Nôm : hách • Hán-Nôm : hạ
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嚇
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| 嚎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 口 + phonetic 豪 (OC *ɡaːw). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : âu ‖
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(of an animal) to roar; to howl • (of people) to shout • (dialectal) to cry; to weep ‖ Sentence-final particle used to indicate a rebuting tone. • Used to indicate surprise.
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嚎 • (ho) · 嚎 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho)
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Hán-Nôm : hào • Hán-Nôm : gào
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嚎
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| 嚴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋam) : semantic 喦 (“talkative”) + phonetic 敢 (OC *klaːmʔ, “daring”) – the original script of 譀 (OC *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb, “exaggerated and absurd words”). \ The meanings of “solemn” and “stern” may be a result of phonetic borrowing. \ Schuessler (2007) considers 嚴 (OC *ŋam) to be cognate with the following: \ * 巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “(of mountains) high; lofty”) \ * 儼 (OC *ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”) \ * 險 (OC *qʰramʔ, “precipitous; dangerous”) \ * 業 (OC *ŋab, “lofty; large”) (an allofam with a stop final). \ They are all Sino-Tibetan in origin. Cognates in Tibetan include Tibetan རྔམ་པ་ (rngam pa, “splendor; majesty”) and Tibetan རྔམས (rngams, “height; splendor”). Burmese ငြမ်း (ngram:, “scaffold”) may also be a cognate.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gêm • Middle-Chinese : ngjaem
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strict; rigorous; rigid • solemn; majestic; stately; grave • urgent; pressing • severe; intense • (of a door, mouth, defense, etc.) tight • (literary) to respect • (literary) to fear • (honorific) father • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 厳 (strictness, severity, rigidity)
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嚴 • (eom) · 嚴 • (eom) (hangeul 엄, revised eom, McCune–Reischauer ŏm)
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strict, rigorous, rigid • stern
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Hán-Nôm : nghiêm • Hán-Nôm : ngàm
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嚴
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| 嚷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njaŋʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njaŋʔ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiáng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jióng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄤˇ
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to shout; to cry out • to make an uproar, to brawl • (dialectal) to criticize ‖ Synonym of 嚷 (rǎng) Only used in 嚷嚷 (rāngrang).
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嚷 • (yang) · 嚷 • (yang) (hangeul 양, revised yang, McCune–Reischauer yang)
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Hán-Nôm : nhượng • Hán-Nôm : nhằng • Hán-Nôm : nhương • Hán-Nôm : nhướng • Hán-Nôm : nhưỡng
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嚷
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| 嚼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zewɢ) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 爵 (OC *ʔsewɢ). \ Schuessler (2003) links this word with Proto-Mon-Khmer *caʔ (“to eat”). Also compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzaʔ (“to eat”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsio̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Middle-Chinese : dzjak ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍uh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshia̍uh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiauh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiauh
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(transitive) to chew; to masticate; to crunch ‖ (Hokkien) to chatter; to prattle; to talk incessantly (used mainly in compounds) • (Hokkien) to chatter; to prattle; to talk incessantly (used mainly in compounds) · (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippine and Taiwanese Hokkien) to be fond of talking; to chatter • (Taiwanese Hokkien, music, dated) paiban (played by hitting it on one's palm or knee) • (Taiwanese Hokkien, music, dated) sound of a paiban • (Taiwanese Hokkien, music, dated) to play the paiban • (Taiwanese Hokkien, dated) to jump in a bouncing way like a rabbit
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嚼 • (jak) · 嚼 • (jak) (hangeul 작, revised jak, McCune–Reischauer chak)
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Hán-Nôm : tước
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嚼
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| 囊
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Characters in the same phonetic series (襄) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) – a tied bag (𣒚), with various items in it (𤕦). 𤕦 also serves as a phonetic element. There are many alternative forms. In the modern, standard form, the bottom turned into an abbreviated form of 襄, with the result that the character is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːŋ) : abbreviated semantic 㯻 (“bag”) + abbreviated phonetic 襄 (OC *snaŋ). \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese နွှင် (hnwang, “to skin; to peel off”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : long • Middle-Chinese : nang ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : long²
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bag; sack; pouch; pocket • to bag; to put into a bag • to cover • (Hokkien) to wear; to put on • (Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to put into • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to fool; to trick; to trap • a surname ‖ interior; contents • (of a structure) shell; skeleton • framework; outline; gist
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‖
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bag • purse • sack • put in bag ‖
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囊 (eumhun 주머니 낭 (jumeoni nang))
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pocket • bag
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Hán-Nôm : nang • Hán-Nôm : nẵng
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囊
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| 囤
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tyun⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : teon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tún • Middle-Chinese : dwonX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deon⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǔn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tún • Middle-Chinese : dwonX
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to store up; to hoard ‖ grain basket; bin for grain
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囤 • (don) · 囤 • (don) (hangeul 돈, revised don, McCune–Reischauer ton)
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Hán-Nôm : độn • Hán-Nôm : đụn
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囤
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| 圃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paːʔ, *paːs) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou² • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóo • Middle-Chinese : puX • Middle-Chinese : puH
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(literally and figuratively) garden • gardener • lush; luxuriant
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圃 • (po) · 圃 • (po) (hangeul 포, revised po, McCune–Reischauer p'o)
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Hán-Nôm : bo
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圃
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| 圈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰron, *ɡronʔ, *kʰon, *ɡlonʔ, *ɡlons) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 卷 (OC *ɡron, *kronʔ, *krons, *ɡonʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰron, *ɡronʔ, *kʰon, *ɡlonʔ, *ɡlons) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 卷 (OC *ɡron, *kronʔ, *krons, *ɡonʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰron, *ɡronʔ, *kʰon, *ɡlonʔ, *ɡlons) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 卷 (OC *ɡron, *kronʔ, *krons, *ɡonʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuān • Middle-Chinese : gjwonX • Middle-Chinese : gjwenX • Middle-Chinese : gjwonH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hyun¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khian ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun⁶
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pen; sty; fold • state; city • (neologism, Internet slang, derogatory by comparison to sense 1) Alternative form of 圈 (quān, “social circle; community”) • a surname: Juan ‖ to enclose; to encircle; to circle • to mark with a circle • to bend; to angle; to curve • circle; ring; loop • (Wu) earring • area; circle • social circle; connections; group • trap; trick; trickery • Classifier for laps of a race, loops, orbits, etc. ‖ to shut in a pen; to pen in • to lock up; to jail • to confine
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range • orbit • sphere
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圈 (eumhun 우리 권 (uri gwon))
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hanja form of 권 (“circle; sphere”) • hanja form of 권 (“area; region”) • hanja form of 권 (“pen (for animals)”)
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Hán-Nôm : khuyên • Hán-Nôm : khoen • Hán-Nôm : quyên • Hán-Nôm : quyền
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圈
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| 國
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Characters in the same phonetic series (或) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷɯːɡ) : semantic 囗 (“closure”) + phonetic 或 (OC *ɡʷɯːɡ). \ The k-prefix derivation of 域 (OC *ɢʷrɯɡ, “boundary; territory”). Cognate with 閾 (OC *qʰʷrɯɡ, “threshold”) and 囿 (OC *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ, “park; garden”). \ No obvious outside cognate exists. It may be related to Burmese ကွက် (kwak, “to be marked with a square or circular pattern; to be confined to a certain area”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kok • Middle-Chinese : kwok
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country; nation; nation-state; kingdom • (obsolete) capital • (obsolete) to make a place the capital city; to establish a capital • (obsolete or in compounds) place; region • (in compounds) national; representing a nation • Short for 國語／国语 (guóyǔ, “Mandarin”). • Short for 國民黨／国民党 (Guómíndǎng, “Kuomintang”). • domestic; of our country (in many contexts meaning Chinese) • Classifier for countries (quasi-measure word). • a surname
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‖ 國(くに) • (kuni)
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country, nation, nation-state ‖ a land, a country
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國 (eumhun 나라 국 (nara guk))
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hanja form of 국 (“country; state; nation”) [affix]
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canonical : 國: Hán Việt readings: quốc 國: Nôm readings: cuốc • canonical : quốc
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chữ Hán form of quốc (“nation; state; country”).
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國
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| 圍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷɯl, *ɢʷɯls) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 囗 (“enclosure”) + phonetic 韋 (OC *ɢʷɯl, “to surround”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Middle-Chinese : hjw+j • Middle-Chinese : hjw+jH
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to surround; to encircle; to corral • all sides • girth • (often in Guangdong and Hong Kong place names) walled village (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Cantonese) Classifier for number of tables at a restaurant or a feast. (usually twelve people per table) • (Cantonese) to tally; to calculate (an amount) • (medicine) peri-
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to surround, encircle
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Hán-Nôm : vi • Hán-Nôm : vè • Hán-Nôm : vây • Hán-Nôm : vầy • Hán-Nôm : ví
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圍
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| 圓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢon) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : înn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uân • Middle-Chinese : zjwen • Middle-Chinese : hjwen
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(mathematics) circle • circular; round • complete; thorough • tactful • to complete • (numismatics) yuan; dollar; yen; won • (dialectal Cantonese, Teochew, Singapore Hokkien) glutinous rice ball
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‖
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round; circle • yen ‖
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圓 (eumhun 둥글 원 (dunggeul won))
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hanja form of 원 (“circle”) • hanja form of 원 (“won”)
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Hán-Nôm : viên • Hán-Nôm : vin
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圓
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| 圖
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 囗 (“walled city”) + 啚. \ 啚 is the early form of 鄙 (OC *prɯʔ, “remote areas”), thus meaning “territory”.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Middle-Chinese : du
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diagram; plot (Classifier: 張／张 m; 幅 m) • chart; map; picture; image (Classifier: 張／张 m c; 幅 m c) • intention; wish • to draw; to paint • to plan; to plot; to scheme • to try to gain; to seek
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drawing; picture; diagram; figure; illustration; chart; graph • sight; scene
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圖 (eumhun 그림 도 (geurim do))
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hanja form of 도 (“painting”) • hanja form of 도 (“stamp, seal”) • hanja form of 도 (“book”)
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Hán-Nôm : đồ
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to trace (a drawing or painting) • to duplicate (a drawing or painting)
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圖
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| 團
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːn) : semantic 囗 + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thn̍gh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuânn • Middle-Chinese : dwan
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sphere; ball; circle • to roll (into a ball) • mass; lump • Classifier for round, lumpy, or amorphous objects. • group; collective; panel; team; organization • group; collective; panel; team; organization · tour group arranged by travel agency • (figurative, in compounds) tightly; completely; as an inseparable collective (suggestive of circles or tightly knit groups) • (military) regiment; corps • (military or paramilitary) formation; troops; armed organization • (Mainland China) Short for 共青團／共青团 (gòngqīngtuán, “Communist Youth League”). • (graph theory) clique
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association
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團 (eumhun 둥글 단 (dunggeul dan))
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hanja form of 단 (“group”)
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Hán-Nôm : đoàn
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group • party • corps
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團
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| 圾
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saap³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sap ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ
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Only used in 垃圾 (lājī, “garbage; rubbish”). ‖ clod
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圾 (eumhun 위태할 급 (witaehal geup))
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canonical : 圾: Hán Việt readings: ngập 圾: Nôm readings: ngập
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圾
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| 址
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Characters in the same phonetic series (止) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjɯʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyiX
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location; address; site • ground; foundation
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‖ 址(し) • (shi)
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‖ (architecture) base of a structure • remains, ruins
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址 (eum 지 (ji))
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canonical : 址: Hán Việt readings: chỉ 址: Nôm readings: chỉ • canonical : xởi
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址
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| 坎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːmʔ, *kʰoːms) : semantic 土 (“earth; soil”) + phonetic 欠 (OC *kʰoms).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ham² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khám • Middle-Chinese : khomX
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(literary) pit; hole • bank or ridge between fields • critical juncture (Classifier: 道 m) • 6th of the 8 trigrams (☵) • 29th hexagram of the I Ching (䷜) • Short for 坎德拉 (kǎndélā). • a surname
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‖ 坎(かん) • (kan)
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‖ pit; hole; pitfall • one of the eight trigrams: ☵
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坎 (eum 감 (gam))
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pit, hole • snare, trap • crisis
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canonical : 坎: Hán Việt readings: khảm 坎: Nôm readings: khóm • canonical : khúm • canonical : khăm • canonical : khảm • canonical : khẳm
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坎
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| 坏
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Simplified from 壞 (褱 → 不) ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 坏 – see 坯 (“unburnt pottery and bricks; base; adobe; etc.”). \ (This character is a variant form of 坯).
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‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟ
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‖ unfired pottery and bricks; base • low hill • wall • to use earth to fill a crack
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坏 (eum 배 (bae))
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canonical : 坏: Hán Việt readings: phôi 坏: Nôm readings: hoai • canonical : hoại • canonical : hoải • canonical : phôi
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坏
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| 坡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːl) : semantic 土 (“dirt”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po • Hokkien · Tai-lo : poo • Middle-Chinese : pha
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slope; bank; hillside • to slant; to incline; to tilt • (Taiwan, Hong Kong) Short for 新加坡 (Xīnjiāpō, “Singapore”).
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坡 • (pa) · 坡 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a)
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Hán-Nôm : pha • Hán-Nôm : bờ • Hán-Nôm : phơ • Hán-Nôm : da
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坡
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| 坦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːnʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 旦 (OC *taːns)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thánn • Middle-Chinese : thanX
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^⁜ flat; level; wide • ^⁜ calm; open-hearted; at ease • ^⁜ honest; frank • to reveal; to expose • a surname
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flat; level; even
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坦 (eumhun 평평할 탄 (pyeongpyeonghal tan))
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hanja form of 탄 (“flat; level; even”)
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canonical : 坦: Hán Việt readings: thản • canonical : thán 坦: Nôm readings: đứt • canonical : đất • canonical : đắt • canonical : thản • canonical : đác • canonical : đởn • canonical : thán • canonical : đắn • canonical : đật • canonical : ngẩn • canonical : thưỡn ‖ romanization : thản ‖ romanization : đất ‖ romanization : đứt
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‖ chữ Hán form of thản (“flat; level; wide”). • chữ Hán form of thản (“calm; pleasant”). ‖ Nôm form of đất (“earth; soil; dirt”). • Nôm form of đất (“land”). ‖ Nôm form of đứt (“to break off; to be cut off”).
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坦
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| 坷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls) : semantic 土 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːlʔ, *kʰaːls) : semantic 土 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khia̍t • Middle-Chinese : khaX • Middle-Chinese : khaH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜ
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Only used in 坎坷 (kǎnkě). ‖ Used in 坷垃 (kēlā). • A placename in ancient China.
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坷 • (ga) · 坷 • (ga) (hangeul 가, revised ga, McCune–Reischauer ka)
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Hán-Nôm : kha • Hán-Nôm : khá • Hán-Nôm : khú
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坷
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| 垃
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‖ From 在 (MC dzojX) (Dai, 2004) (compare 哉 > 了) or 來 (MC loj). Cognate with 勒. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laap⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lah ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄚ
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Only used in 垃圾 (lājī). ‖ to be at; to be located at • at; in • be ...-ing; in the middle of doing something (indicating an action in progress) ‖ Only used in 坷垃 (kēlā).
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Hán-Nôm : lạp • Hán-Nôm : lắp • Hán-Nôm : lấp • Hán-Nôm : lớp • Hán-Nôm : rập • Hán-Nôm : lọp
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垃
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| 垢
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kió • Middle-Chinese : kuwX
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filth; dirt • filthy • (obsolete) dust • (literary) shame
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‖ 垢(あか) • (aka) ‖ 垢(あか) • (aka) ‖ 垢(く) • (ku)
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grime ‖ scum • dirt ‖ (slang, computing) account ‖ klesha
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垢 • (gu) · 垢 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku)
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Hán-Nôm : cấu • Hán-Nôm : cáu
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垢
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| 垣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷan) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 亘 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huân • Middle-Chinese : hjwon
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wall • city • (astronomy) enclosure
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‖ 垣(かき) • (kaki)
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‖ fence
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Hán-Nôm : viên
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垣
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| 垮
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khua
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(of a structure) to collapse; to fall • to be utterly defeated; to be routed • (of one's body) to be worn out
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Hán-Nôm : khoai
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垮
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| 埃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qlɯː) : semantic 土 (“earth; soil”) + phonetic 矣 (OC *ɢlɯʔ). ‖ ‖ Short for 埃斯特朗 or 埃格斯特朗 (āigésītèlǎng). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia • Middle-Chinese : 'oj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ai ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ai ‖
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fine dust, dirt • one ten-billionth, the number 10⁻¹⁰ ‖ Used in transcription. • Short for 埃及 (Āijí, “Egypt”). ‖ angstrom ‖ (Shanghainese) that
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‖ 埃(あい) • (ai) ‖ 埃(ほこり) • (hokori)
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‖ one ten-billionth ‖ dust
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埃 (eumhun 티끌 애 (tikkeul ae))
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fine dust, dirt
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canonical : 埃: Hán Việt readings: ai 埃: Nôm readings: ai
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埃
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| 埠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːs) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 阜 (OC *buʔ). \ A late formation (後起字). Earlier forms of southern Chinese toponyms using the character were often written with the homophone 步 (MC buH) in historical records dated from the Northern Wei to Ming dynasties, which has been conjectured to be a transcription of an earlier Kra-Dai word (Kang, 2010). Cf. 墟 (xū, “market”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : poo
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pier; wharf; dock • port city • commercial or trading port • city; town
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埠 • (bu) · 埠 • (bu) (hangeul 부, revised bu, McCune–Reischauer pu)
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Hán-Nôm : phụ
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埠
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| 堡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *puːʔ) : phonetic 保 (OC *puːʔ) + semantic 土. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *puːʔ) : phonetic 保 (OC *puːʔ) + semantic 土. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *puːʔ) : phonetic 保 (OC *puːʔ) + semantic 土.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pó • Middle-Chinese : pawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou³
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small camp; small mud fortification • fort; fortress • Short for 漢堡／汉堡 (hànbǎo, “hamburger”). ‖ (often in placenames) town or village with walls ‖ Used in place names, as a variant of 鋪／铺／舖 (pù, “courier station”).
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堡 • (bo) · 堡 • (bo) (hangeul 보, revised bo, McCune–Reischauer po)
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Hán-Nôm : bảo
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堡
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| 堰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrens, *qanʔ, *qans) : semantic 土 (“earth, ground”) + phonetic 匽 (OC *qanʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iàn • Middle-Chinese : 'jonX • Middle-Chinese : 'jonH • Middle-Chinese : 'jienH
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weir • dam • embankment; dike; bank
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‖ 堰(せき) • (seki) ‖ 堰(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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dam • prevent • stop up ‖ weir, dam ‖ a dike or levee for containing water
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堰 • (eon) · 堰 • (eon) (hangeul 언, revised eon, McCune–Reischauer ŏn)
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Hán-Nôm : yển
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堰
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| 堵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ) : semantic 土 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : tuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ze² • Middle-Chinese : tsyaeX
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(obsolete) a unit of measure of the length and height of a wall • (literary) wall • to block up; to stop up • (Teochew) to encounter • stifled; suffocated • (obsolete) An ancient unit of measure, denoting sixteen bells or chimes hanging on a bell pendant stand. • Classifier for walls. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • a surname ‖ (～河) Zhe or Du River (river in Hubei Province, China)
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堵 • (do) · 堵 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to)
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Hán-Nôm : đổ
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堵
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| 塌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːb) : semantic 土 (“dirt”) + phonetic 𦐇 ()
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Cantonese · Jyutping : taap³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lap
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to collapse; to fall down; to cave in • to sink; to droop • to calm down; to settle down • (dialectal) to slump; to sink (of morale, etc.) • (Hokkien) to fill up; to fill in; to stuff (a gap, blank, vacancy, etc.) • (Hokkien) to stack or press close together crisscrossed • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to lose money • (Hokkien) to become sunken; to hollow; to form a depression
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塌 • (tap) · 塌 • (tap) (hangeul 탑, revised tap, McCune–Reischauer t'ap)
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grind • collapse; break • drop; hang down • first ploughing of the rice field
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Hán-Nôm : tháp • Hán-Nôm : thớp • Hán-Nôm : thóp • Hán-Nôm : thấp • Hán-Nôm : thạp • Hán-Nôm : thọp • Hán-Nôm : thợp
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塌
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| 塘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːŋ) : semantic 土 (“dirt”) + phonetic 唐 (OC *ɡl'aːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tônn • Middle-Chinese : dang
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pond (Classifier: 個／个; 眼 c) • dike; embankment • bathing pool • pit-shaped thing • (Hong Kong Cantonese, swimming) lap; length (distance equal to the length of a swimming pool) (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Nanning Pinghua) unit of distance equivalent to 10 li
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塘 • (dang) · 塘 • (dang) (hangeul 당, revised dang, McCune–Reischauer tang)
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Hán-Nôm : đường • Hán-Nôm : đàng
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road
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塘
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| 塚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toŋʔ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 冢 (OC *toŋʔ) – an earthen mound, a tomb of earth.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thióng • Middle-Chinese : trjowngX
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tomb; burial mound
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‖ 塚(つか) • (tsuka)
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mound, hillock, tumulus (implies a manmade origin) ‖ a mound or hillock, generally manmade • a grave, a tumulus or burial mound
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塚 • (chong) · 塚 • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong)
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cemetery • tomb, burial mound
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Hán-Nôm : trủng
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塚
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| 塾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯwɢ) : phonetic 孰 (OC *djɯwɢ) + semantic 土 (“soil”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : suk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwk
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old-style private school
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‖ 塾(じゅく) • (juku)
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cram school ‖ a cram school
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塾 (eumhun 글방 숙 (geulbang suk))
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hanja form of 숙 (“private school”)
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Hán-Nôm : thục
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塾
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| 墅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljaːʔ) : phonetic 野 (OC *laːʔ, *ɦljaʔ) + semantic 土. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljaːʔ) : phonetic 野 (OC *laːʔ, *ɦljaʔ) + semantic 土.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Middle-Chinese : dzyoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˇ
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villa; country house • ^† village ‖ ^† Alternative form of 野 (“countryside”)
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墅 • (seo) · 墅 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ)
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Hán-Nôm : thự
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墅
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| 墜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uds) : phonetic 隊 (OC *l'uːds) + semantic 土.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuī • Middle-Chinese : drwijH
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to fall down; to drop; to sink; to go to ruin • to hang down; to weigh down; to fall due to a heavy weight • hanging object
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墜 (eumhun 떨어질 추 (tteoreojil chu))
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hanja form of 추 (“fall”)
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Hán-Nôm : trụy • Hán-Nôm : truỵ • Hán-Nôm : đụi
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墜
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| 墟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰa) : semantic 土 (“dirt”) + phonetic 虛 (OC *kʰa, *qʰa). \ ;"ruin" \ ;"market"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu • Middle-Chinese : khjo
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ruin • (literary) village • fair; market
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ruins
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墟 • (heo) · 墟 • (heo) (hangeul 허, revised heo, McCune–Reischauer hŏ)
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Hán-Nôm : hư • Hán-Nôm : khư
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墟
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| 墮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *hlol) : phonetic 隋 (OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol) + semantic 土.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : do⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : doe⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuī • Middle-Chinese : dwaX • Middle-Chinese : thwaX
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to fall; to sink • to degenerate • (Cantonese) droopy; saggy • Alternative form of 惰 (duò)
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墮 (eumhun 떨어질 타 (tteoreojil ta))
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hanja form of 타 (“to fall; to degenerate”)
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Hán-Nôm : đọa • Hán-Nôm : đoạ • Hán-Nôm : đụi • Hán-Nôm : dọa • Hán-Nôm : doạ • Hán-Nôm : dụa
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墮
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| 墾
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : han² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khún • Middle-Chinese : khonX
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to cultivate; to reclaim wasteland • to till; to plow
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to till, to plough • to cultivate; to reclaim wasteland
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墾 • (gan) · 墾 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan)
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Hán-Nôm : khẩn
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墾
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| 壓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːb) : phonetic 厭 (OC *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb) + semantic 土 (“dust”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːb) : phonetic 厭 (OC *qemʔ, *qems, *qeb) + semantic 土 (“dust”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ap • Middle-Chinese : 'aep ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : a̍h
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to press; to push down • to keep under control; to control • to suppress; to bring pressure on; to intimidate • to approach; to draw near; to close in on • to surpass; to prevail over • to shelve; to lay aside • to risk; to stake • (physics) pressure • Used in 壓根兒／压根儿 (yàgēnr, “in the first place”). • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to press and draw (a line) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to scrape or pare off horizontally ‖ (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to separate; to set apart • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to gather together; to collect
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pressure
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壓 (eumhun 누를 압 (nureul ap))
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hanja form of 압 (“pressure”)
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Hán-Nôm : áp • Hán-Nôm : ếm
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壓
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| 壞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːls) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl). \ Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to become putrid/rotten”), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, “crumbles”) (Hill, 2019). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huǎi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāi • Middle-Chinese : kweajH • Middle-Chinese : hweajH ‖
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bad • rotten; spoiled • to spoil; to ruin • to break; to stop working • (Classical) to collapse • (Classical) to demolish; to destroy • bad idea; dirty trick • extremely; very; highly ‖ (Cantonese) naughty; mischievous; rebellious; disobedient
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Kyūjitai form of 壊: break
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壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))
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hanja form of 괴 (“to break; to collapse”)
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Hán-Nôm : hoại • Hán-Nôm : hoải • Hán-Nôm : hoai
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壞
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| 壯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraŋs) : phonetic 爿 (OC *braːn, *zaŋ) + semantic 士. ‖ First written as 獞 (composed of 犭 (quǎn), the “beast” radical, and 童 (tóng), “servant”). Following the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, it was written as 僮 (with 亻 (rén), the “person” radical). Due to the derogatory connotations of the previous characters, it was officially amended to 壯／壮 (zhuàng, “strong; robust”) in 1965. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zong³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsòng • Middle-Chinese : tsrjangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zong³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zong⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zong¹
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strong; robust • to strengthen • (dialectal, chiefly Hakka or Wu, of a person or an animal) fat • (traditional Chinese medicine) one burn of moxa in moxibustion ‖ (～族) Zhuang, an ethnic group living primarily in Guangxi, China ‖ Alternative form of 莊／庄 (zhuāng, “serious; solemn”) • a surname
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Big, robust
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壯 (eum 장 (jang))
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Hán-Nôm : tráng • Hán-Nôm : trắng
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壯
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| 壹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qlid) : semantic 壺 + phonetic 吉 (OC *klid). (Shuowen)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jat¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : it • Middle-Chinese : 'jit
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(Classical) faithful; committed • (financial) one, variant of 一
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Kyūjitai form of 壱 (number one)
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壹 (eumhun 한 일 (han il))
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one
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Hán-Nôm : nhất • Hán-Nôm : nhứt
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one
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壹
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| 壽
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These forms are seen in bronze inscriptions: \ # Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djuʔ, *djus) : semantic 耂 (“old”) + phonetic 𢏚 (OC *du). \ # Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djuʔ, *djus) : semantic 耂 (“old”) + phonetic 𠷎 () (𦓃). \ # Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djuʔ, *djus) : semantic 耂 (“old”) + phonetic 𠼡 (). \ The current traditional glyph is from the composition #3, with 又 (yòu) becoming 寸 (cùn) (耂 + 𠾉). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siū • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwX • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : siū
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old age; long life • life; age • birthday • (euphemistic) funerary (especially prepared before one's death) • (Wu, Cantonese) foolish; stupid; cloddish • a surname ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 岫 (“nest, den or lair of animals”)
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longevity, long life • congratulations
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壽 (eum 수 (su))
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long life
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壽
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| 夭
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Ideogram (指事) – a figure leaning forward, presumably running, hence energetic, young. \ Coblin (1986) (apud Schuessler , 2007) considers it cognate to Tibetan ཡོ་བ (yo ba, “oblique, aslant”), གཡོ་བ (g.yo ba, “tilt”), གཡོས (g.yos); if so, probably of Sino-Tibetan origin. However, the medials do not agree, as the expected Middle Chinese reflex should be in division IV, not III-B (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Mizo eu (“to bend backwards”) (ibid.). \ Possibly related to 委 (OC *qrolʔ, “to bend”) (e.g. in Chuci https://ctext.org/chu-ci/yuan-you1?searchu=%E5%A7%94&searchmode=showall#result) (ibid.). ‖ Ideogram (指事) – a figure leaning forward, presumably running, hence energetic, young. \ Coblin (1986) (apud Schuessler , 2007) considers it cognate to Tibetan ཡོ་བ (yo ba, “oblique, aslant”), གཡོ་བ (g.yo ba, “tilt”), གཡོས (g.yos); if so, probably of Sino-Tibetan origin. However, the medials do not agree, as the expected Middle Chinese reflex should be in division IV, not III-B (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Mizo eu (“to bend backwards”) (ibid.). \ Possibly related to 委 (OC *qrolʔ, “to bend”) (e.g. in Chuci https://ctext.org/chu-ci/yuan-you1?searchu=%E5%A7%94&searchmode=showall#result) (ibid.). ‖ Ideogram (指事) – a figure leaning forward, presumably running, hence energetic, young. \ Coblin (1986) (apud Schuessler , 2007) considers it cognate to Tibetan ཡོ་བ (yo ba, “oblique, aslant”), གཡོ་བ (g.yo ba, “tilt”), གཡོས (g.yos); if so, probably of Sino-Tibetan origin. However, the medials do not agree, as the expected Middle Chinese reflex should be in division IV, not III-B (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Mizo eu (“to bend backwards”) (ibid.). \ Possibly related to 委 (OC *qrolʔ, “to bend”) (e.g. in Chuci https://ctext.org/chu-ci/yuan-you1?searchu=%E5%A7%94&searchmode=showall#result) (ibid.). ‖ Ideogram (指事) – a figure leaning forward, presumably running, hence energetic, young. \ Coblin (1986) (apud Schuessler , 2007) considers it cognate to Tibetan ཡོ་བ (yo ba, “oblique, aslant”), གཡོ་བ (g.yo ba, “tilt”), གཡོས (g.yos); if so, probably of Sino-Tibetan origin. However, the medials do not agree, as the expected Middle Chinese reflex should be in division IV, not III-B (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Mizo eu (“to bend backwards”) (ibid.). \ Possibly related to 委 (OC *qrolʔ, “to bend”) (e.g. in Chuci https://ctext.org/chu-ci/yuan-you1?searchu=%E5%A7%94&searchmode=showall#result) (ibid.). ‖ Ideogram (指事) – a figure leaning forward, presumably running, hence energetic, young. \ Coblin (1986) (apud Schuessler , 2007) considers it cognate to Tibetan ཡོ་བ (yo ba, “oblique, aslant”), གཡོ་བ (g.yo ba, “tilt”), གཡོས (g.yos); if so, probably of Sino-Tibetan origin. However, the medials do not agree, as the expected Middle Chinese reflex should be in division IV, not III-B (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Mizo eu (“to bend backwards”) (ibid.). \ Possibly related to 委 (OC *qrolʔ, “to bend”) (e.g. in Chuci https://ctext.org/chu-ci/yuan-you1?searchu=%E5%A7%94&searchmode=showall#result) (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iáu • Middle-Chinese : 'jewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iáu • Middle-Chinese : 'jew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˇ • Middle-Chinese : 'awX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄛˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄞ
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to die young, to die prematurely • to be aggrieved • to devastate • disaster ‖ young, fresh-looking • tender, gentle • lush • Alternative form of 妖 (yāo) ‖ young animal or plant ‖ name of an ancient place ‖ Only used in 夭斜.
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young • disaster
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夭 • (yo, o) · 夭 • (yo, o) (hangeul 요, 오, revised yo, o, McCune–Reischauer yo, o, Yale yo, o)
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Hán-Nôm : yểu • Hán-Nôm : eo • Hán-Nôm : ỉu • Hán-Nôm : yếu • Hán-Nôm : èo • Hán-Nôm : yêu
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夭
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| 夸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷraː) : semantic 大 (“man”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷraː) : semantic 大 (“man”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷraː) : semantic 大 (“man”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷraː) : semantic 大 (“man”) + phonetic 于 (OC *ɢʷa)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaa¹ • Middle-Chinese : khwae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄚˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄚˇ
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extravagant; luxurious; handsome ‖ ^† beautiful ‖ ^† Alternative form of 跨 (kuà, “to cross over”) ‖ ^† Only used in 夸𡗸.
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boast
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夸 (eum 과 (gwa))
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Hán-Nôm : khoa
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夸
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| 套
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 大 (“large”) + 長 (“long”) – long. It is later borrowed for the “cover” sense and has now lost its original meaning. \ Cognate with 韜 (OC *l̥ʰuː); probably cognate with 㧺 and 錔 (OC *tʰuːb). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tou³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thò ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˇ • Middle-Chinese : thawX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : su
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to cover with; to encase; to put on (a sweater, etc.) • case; cover; sheath; wrapper; envelope (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • (colloquial) condom (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • to overlap; to interconnect • set; suit • knot • to harness • harness • trick; trap • (Hong Kong) Short for 套房 (“en suite bedroom”). • Classifier for a set of objects (books, furniture, rooms, etc). ⇒ all nouns using this classifier ‖ long ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 軀／躯 (su, “Classifier for sets of clothing”)
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套 (eumhun 씌울 투 (ssuiul tu))
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hanja form of 투 (“cover”)
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Hán-Nôm : sáo • Hán-Nôm : thạo
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套
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| 奚
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Cognate with 何 (OC *ɡaːl, “what; where; why; how”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hê • Middle-Chinese : hej
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where? what? how? why? • servant • the Xi (Kumo Xi) people
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servant • what • why
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奚 • (hae) · 奚 • (hae) (hangeul 해, revised hae, McCune–Reischauer hae)
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Hán-Nôm : hề
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奚
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| 奠
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Oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – an alcohol vessel (酉) placed on a mat (一). \ In the bronze inscriptions, two strokes (八) were sometimes added above the alcohol vessel, representing overflowing alcohol; this is inherited in the small seal script as 酋. In some bronze inscriptions, two horizontal strokes were sometimes also added below the line representing a mat; the strokes sometimes were changed to something like 八. These two strokes then fused with the mat to give 丌 (a table with two legs) in the small seal script. 丌 later evolved into 大 by process of libian (隸變). ‖ Oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – an alcohol vessel (酉) placed on a mat (一). \ In the bronze inscriptions, two strokes (八) were sometimes added above the alcohol vessel, representing overflowing alcohol; this is inherited in the small seal script as 酋. In some bronze inscriptions, two horizontal strokes were sometimes also added below the line representing a mat; the strokes sometimes were changed to something like 八. These two strokes then fused with the mat to give 丌 (a table with two legs) in the small seal script. 丌 later evolved into 大 by process of libian (隸變).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : din⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiān • Middle-Chinese : denH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥˋ • Middle-Chinese : tengH
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to set; to lay; to place down (typically in ceremonial contexts) • to make offerings to the dead; to libate • to establish ‖ Alternative form of 飣／饤 (dìng) • fake
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to make offerings • to establish
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奠 (eumhun 정(定)할 전 (jeonghal jeon)) · 奠 (eumhun 제사(祭祀) 전 (jesa jeon)) ‖ 奠 (eumhun 멈출 정 (meomchul jeong))
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‖
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Hán-Nôm : điện
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奠
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| 奢
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ce¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : se¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshia • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sia • Middle-Chinese : syae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚˊ
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extravagant; lavish; wasteful • excessive • (Wuhan Mandarin) to smile; to laugh ‖ a surname
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奢 • (sa) · 奢 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa)
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Hán-Nôm : xa
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chữ Hán form of xa (“extravagant, wasteful”).
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奢
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| 奶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rneːlʔ) : semantic 女 + phonetic 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). \ Unknown. \ Similar words in the area include Proto-Hmong-Mien *niaʔ²ᴰ (“mother”), Tibetan ཨ་ནེ (a ne), ནེ་ནེ (ne ne, “paternal aunt”), Khmer ញី (ñii, “female”). It may be comparable with Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nja-n (“breast; milk; suck”), whence Nuosu ꑍ (nyip, “liquid milk”), ꀉꆂ (ax nie, “breast; milk”). \ It is unknown how the Min forms relate to forms in other dialects. See this article for a discussion of the Min Nan etymon. For similar nasalisations in Min, compare 耳 (ěr). \ Colloquial words in different Min dialects show considerable variation – most have an n- initial, but finals and tones differ greatly. Some propose that this is substrate influence, passed on from the maternal Baiyue lineages since the intermarriages between southward-migrating Han Chinese and native non-Han women. Other southern dialects also show remnants of this native word: Hakka [Meixian] nɛn⁵, Cantonese [Guangzhou] nin¹ (𢆡). Compare Thai นม (nom, “breast; breastmilk”), Zhuang noemz (“breast; breastmilk”). \ The long-recognised Sino-Tibetan etymon in Chinese is 乳 (OC *njoʔ); see there for more. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : naai⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naai⁵⁻¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ni • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ling • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nee • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ne • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nái • Middle-Chinese : nejX • Middle-Chinese : nreaX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : nái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nai
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breast • milk; breast milk • to nurse • to breastfeed; to suckle • (in compounds) infant; infantile; milk (teeth, name, etc.) • (regional) mother • (regional) grandmother ‖ (Hokkien) to behave in a coy, childish or coquettish manner; to coax; to wheedle
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奶 (eumhun 젖 내 (jeot nae))
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Hán-Nôm : nãi • Hán-Nôm : nái
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奶
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| 奸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn) : semantic 女 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn). \ * Mandarin \ *:(Pinyin): jiān (jian¹) \ *:(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ \ *:: \ * Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan¹ \ * Eastern Min (BUC): găng \ * Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kan \ * Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ke; ¹ci \ * Mandarin \ ** (Standard Chinese)⁺ \ *** Hanyu Pinyin: jiān \ *** Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ \ *** Tongyong Pinyin: jian \ *** Wade–Giles: chien¹ \ *** Yale: jyān \ *** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian \ *** Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ) \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/ \ * Cantonese \ ** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong) \ *** Jyutping: gaan¹ \ *** Yale: gāan \ *** Cantonese Pinyin: gaan¹ \ *** Guangdong Romanization: gan¹ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kaːn⁵⁵/ \ * Eastern Min \ ** (Fuzhou) \ *** Bàng-uâ-cê: găng \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kaŋ⁵⁵/ \ * Southern Min \ ** (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou) \ *** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan \ *** Tâi-lô: kan \ *** Phofsit Daibuun: kafn \ *** IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³/ \ *** IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴/ \ * Wu \ ** (Northern: Shanghai) \ *** Wugniu: ¹ke; ¹ci \ *** MiniDict: ke^平; ci^平 \ *** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ke; ¹ji \ *** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ke⁵³/, /t͡ɕi⁵³/ \ Note: \ *1ke - vernacular; \ *1ji - literary. ‖ * Mandarin \ *:(Pinyin): gān (gan¹) \ *:(Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ \ * Cantonese (Jyutping): gon¹ \ * Mandarin \ ** (Standard Chinese)⁺ \ *** Hanyu Pinyin: gān \ *** Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ \ *** Tongyong Pinyin: gan \ *** Wade–Giles: kan¹ \ *** Yale: gān \ *** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan \ *** Palladius: гань (ganʹ) \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kän⁵⁵/ \ * Cantonese \ ** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong) \ *** Jyutping: gon¹ \ *** Yale: gōn \ *** Cantonese Pinyin: gon¹ \ *** Guangdong Romanization: gon¹ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /kɔːn⁵⁵/ \ ---- \ * Middle Chinese: kan \ * Old Chinese \ *: (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r]/ \ *: (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/
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‖
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‖ (archaic) to offend; to mistreat; to encroach on; alternative form of 干
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‖ 奸(かん) • (kan) -na (adnominal 奸(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 奸(かん)に (kan ni)) ‖ 奸(かん) • (kan)
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‖ wicked ‖ evil, wickedness • wicked person
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奸 (eumhun 간사할 간 (gansahal gan)) · 奸 (eumhun 범할 간 (beomhal gan))
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hanja form of 간 (“evil, wicked”)
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奸
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| 她
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho
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she, her
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Hán-Nôm : tha
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她
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| 妊
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Cognate with 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms, “to be burdened; to be loaded”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jam⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jīm • Middle-Chinese : nyimH
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pregnant
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pregnancy
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妊 (eumhun 아이 밸 임 (ai bael im))
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hanja form of 임 (“pregnancy”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhâm
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妊
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| 妒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tqaːs) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 戶 (OC *ɡʷaːʔ). \ 《說文解字注》 considered it a corrupted form of 妬: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tqaːs) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 妬 (OC *taːɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tòo • Middle-Chinese : tuH
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(of a woman) to be jealous of her husband or another woman • (by extension) to be jealous or envious of; to envy
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Alternative form of 妬
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妒 (eumhun 샘낼 투 (saemnael tu))
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Alternative form of 妬 (“hanja form of 투 (“to envy”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : đố • Hán-Nôm : đú
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妒
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| 妓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kre, *ɡreʔ) : semantic 女 + phonetic 支 (OC *kje). \ Attested earliest in Shuowen Jiezi and Wèi-Jìn period's literature (possible pronunciations *kɨe or *gɨeX); a hypohetical OC form would be *kre (Schuessler, 2007). \ Apparently loaned from Vietic (ancient 越 (yuè) in southern China). Compare Proto-Vietic *-keːʔ (“woman, female”) (whence Vietnamese cái (“female”) & gái (“girl, female”)), elsewhere in Mon-Khmer, Proto-Waic *krih girl", Proto-North-Bahnaric *kdri: "female". Alternatively, Wang (1982) relates this to 技 (jì, “skill”), yet this may be folk etymology (ibid.). \ Schuessler also points to other foreign words which meant "woman, girl" yet referred to women of low social standing in ancient China; e.g. 嬖 (bì), 嬯 (tái) (ibid.). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kre, *ɡreʔ) : semantic 女 + phonetic 支 (OC *kje). \ Attested earliest in Shuowen Jiezi and Wèi-Jìn period's literature (possible pronunciations *kɨe or *gɨeX); a hypohetical OC form would be *kre (Schuessler, 2007). \ Apparently loaned from Vietic (ancient 越 (yuè) in southern China). Compare Proto-Vietic *-keːʔ (“woman, female”) (whence Vietnamese cái (“female”) & gái (“girl, female”)), elsewhere in Mon-Khmer, Proto-Waic *krih girl", Proto-North-Bahnaric *kdri: "female". Alternatively, Wang (1982) relates this to 技 (jì, “skill”), yet this may be folk etymology (ibid.). \ Schuessler also points to other foreign words which meant "woman, girl" yet referred to women of low social standing in ancient China; e.g. 嬖 (bì), 嬯 (tái) (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : gjeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Middle-Chinese : kje
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(Classical, historical) female entertainer; female performer of song and dance • prostitute ‖ Used in 妓姕.
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‖ 妓(ぎ) • (gi)
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geisha; prostitute ‖ female entertainer
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妓 (eumhun 기생 기 (gisaeng gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“prostitute”)
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canonical : 妓: Hán Việt readings: kĩ • canonical : kỹ 妓: Nôm readings: kĩ • canonical : kỹ • canonical : đĩ
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妓
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| 妮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 尼 (OC *nil).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˊㄦ
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^† servant girl • (dialectal, endearing or derogatory) girl • a surname
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妮 • (ni) · 妮 • (ni) (hangeul 니, revised ni, McCune–Reischauer ni)
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Hán-Nôm : ny • Hán-Nôm : ni
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妮
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| 妾
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Uncertain. \ Possibly a pictogram (象形) of a woman with a headdress. Cognate to 女 with 辛 on top, though in the modern form the headdress has simplified to unrelated 立. \ Alternatively, may be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辛 (“torture device”) + 女 (“woman”) – female criminal. \ Cognate to 捷 (OC *zeb, “victory; booty”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiap • Middle-Chinese : tshjep
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slave woman • concubine • (archaic, humble) I; me (used by women to show modesty) • a surname
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‖ 妾(しょう) • (shō) ‖ 妾(しょう) • (shō)
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concubine • servant ‖ concubine ‖ (humble, feminine) I, me
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妾 (eumhun 첩 첩 (cheop cheop))
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hanja form of 첩 (“concubine”)
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Hán-Nôm : thiếp • Hán-Nôm : thê
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妾
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| 姆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ) : semantic 女 (“female”) + phonetic 母 (OC *mɯʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ) : semantic 女 (“female”) + phonetic 母 (OC *mɯʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ) : semantic 女 (“female”) + phonetic 母 (OC *mɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ḿ • Middle-Chinese : muwH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㆬ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㆬˇ
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female tutor who teaches women "female virtues" (in imperial China) • woman who looks after small children ‖ Only used in 姆媽／姆妈 (m̄mā). ‖ Only used in 姆們／姆们 (m̌men).
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wet nurse
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姆 • (mo) · 姆 • (mo) (hangeul 모, revised mo, McCune–Reischauer mo)
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child's governess • matron
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Hán-Nôm : mỗ • Hán-Nôm : mẫu
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姆
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| 姐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsjaːʔ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ze² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ze²⁻¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ze²⁻⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsé • Middle-Chinese : tsjaeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi⁶
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elder sister • woman; lady; madame • (dialectal) mother ‖ (archaic) Alternative form of 㜘 (jù, “pampered; spoiled”)
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‖ 姐(あね) • (ane)
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‖ Alternative form of 姉
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姐 • (jeo) · 姐 • (jeo) (hangeul 저)
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Hán-Nôm : thư • Hán-Nôm : tỉ • Hán-Nôm : tả
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姐
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| 姚
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iô • Middle-Chinese : yew
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handsome; elegant • Alternative form of 遙／遥 (yáo, “far; distant”) • a surname
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姚 (eumhun 예쁜 요 (yeppeun yo))
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Hán-Nôm : diêu
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姚
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| 姜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaŋ) : phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ) + semantic 女 (“female”) \ Commonly assumed to be related to 羌 (OC *kʰlaŋ) (Pulleyblank, 2000), though not necessarily (Schuessler, 2007); 羊 (OC *laŋ, “sheep”) in the graphs may be just phonetic or also semantic, signifying "names referring to nomads" (Schuessler, 2009).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : goeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kionn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiong • Middle-Chinese : kjang
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a surname • (mythology) name of a river, identified as a Qi stream near Mount Qi (Commentary on the Water Classic)
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姜 • (gang) · 姜 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang)
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a surname
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Hán-Nôm : Khương • Hán-Nôm : khương • Hán-Nôm : cưng • Hán-Nôm : gừng
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姜
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| 姥
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Etymology 1: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːʔ, *maːʔ) : semantic 女 + phonetic 老 (OC *ruːʔ). \ Etymology 2: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 女 + 老. \ See 老 (lǎo). ‖ See 母 (mǔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ló ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁵ • Middle-Chinese : muX
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Same as 老 (lǎo). • maternal grandparent ‖ old woman • mother • a surname
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old woman
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姥 (eum 모 (mo))
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maternal grandmother • midwife
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Hán-Nôm : mỗ • Hán-Nôm : mụ
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(negative) old lady
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姥
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| 姦
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Characters in the same phonetic series (姦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 女 (“woman”). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gaan¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kan • Middle-Chinese : kaen ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kán
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evil; wicked; treacherous • evildoer; treacherous person • to stage an armed rebellion or to steal • traitor; betrayer • to commit adultery • extramarital affair; adultery • to rape ‖ (Hokkien, vulgar) to fuck • (Mainland China Hokkien, vulgar) to swear; to curse • (Taiwanese Hokkien, vulgar) an interjection used to express one's anger: fuck! • (Singapore Hokkien, slang, vulgar) to scold
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‖ 姦(かん) • (kan) -na (adnominal 姦(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 姦(かん)に (kan ni)) ‖ 姦(かん) • (kan)
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wicked • mischief • seduce • rape • noisy ‖ wicked ‖ wickedness, wicked person
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姦 (eumhun 간음할 간 (ganeumhal gan))
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hanja form of 간 (“evil; wicked; treacherous”) • hanja form of 간 (“to rape; to fornicate”)
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Hán-Nôm : gian
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姦
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| 姨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lil) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 夷 (OC *lil).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yij
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maternal aunt (mother's sister) • sister-in-law (wife's sister) • aunt (a term of address for a woman around one's mother's age or slightly younger) • (historical) father's concubine
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‖ 姨(い) • (i)
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‖ a wife's sister; more specifically, a wife's younger sister • a mother's sister, a maternal aunt • a mistress (extramarital female lover); more specifically, a father's mistress
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姨 • (i) · 姨 • (i) (hangeul 이, revised i, McCune–Reischauer i)
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Hán-Nôm : di • Hán-Nôm : dì
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姨
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| 姪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *diːɡ, *diɡ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 至 (OC *tjiɡs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/m-ləj (“grandchild; nephew”) + *-t (“nominalizing final”). Cognate with Burmese မြေး (mre:, “grandchild”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsit • Middle-Chinese : drit • Middle-Chinese : det
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fraternal nephew or niece (originally only of a woman, but also of a man after the Jìn dynasty) • child of a (male) friend in the same generation • Used to call oneself before someone in one's father's generation.
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‖ 姪(めい) • (mei) ^(←めひ (mefi)?)
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‖ the daughter of one's sibling; a niece
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姪 • (jil, jeol) · 姪 • (jil, jeol) (hangeul 질, 절, revised jil, jeol, McCune–Reischauer chil, chŏl)
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Hán-Nôm : đẹt
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姪
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| 娃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreː) : semantic 女 + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ua • Middle-Chinese : 'ea ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚˊ
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beautiful • beautiful girl • girl; lady; female • child; kid; infant • child (son or daughter) • (regional) son • (regional) young animal • doll ‖ a surname
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‖ 娃(あい) • (ai)
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beautiful (used only for names) ‖ beauty, beautiful girl (generally only used in names)
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娃 • (wae) · 娃 • (wae) (hangeul 왜)
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baby • doll • pretty girl
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Hán-Nôm : oa
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娃
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| 娛
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo • Middle-Chinese : ngju • Middle-Chinese : nguH
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to amuse; to entertain • amusing; entertaining • amusement; enjoyment; pleasure • entertainment
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recreation
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娛 • (o) · 娛 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o)
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Hán-Nôm : ngu
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娛
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| 娜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *naːlʔ) : semantic 女 + phonetic 那 (OC *naːl, *naːlʔ, *naːls). ‖ Pronunciation from modern pronunciation of its phonetic part 那 (nà). Originally used to transcribe foreign female personal names, then also used in Chinese female personal names.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ló • Middle-Chinese : naX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : naa⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ló • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná • Hokkien · Tai-lo : na • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nā
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beautiful; graceful ‖ Used in female personal names.
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graceful
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娜 • (na) · 娜 • (na) (hangeul 나, revised na, McCune–Reischauer na)
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elegant • graceful • delicate
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Hán-Nôm : na • Hán-Nôm : nạ
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娜
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| 娟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʷen) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 肙 (OC *qʷeːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuan
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^† beautiful; graceful
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娟 (eumhun 예쁠 연 (yeppeul yeon))
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hanja form of 연 (“beautiful”)
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Hán-Nôm : Quyên
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娟
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| 娠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯns, *hljɯn) : semantic 女 (“female”) + phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn) \ From 震 (OC *tjɯn, “to shake; to rouse”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Middle-Chinese : syin • Middle-Chinese : tsyinH
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to be pregnant
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with child
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娠 (eumhun 아이 밸 신 (ai bael sin))
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hanja form of 신 (“with child”)
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Hán-Nôm : thần
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娠
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| 娥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngo⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo • Middle-Chinese : nga
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good; beautiful • beautiful woman • (Chinese mythology) Short for 娥皇 (Éhuáng, “Ehuang”). • (Chinese mythology) Short for 嫦娥 (Cháng'é, “Chang'e, the Chinese goddess of the moon”). • eyebrow • a surname
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娥 • (a) · 娥 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a)
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Hán-Nôm : nga
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娥
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| 娶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰloʔ, *sʰlos, *slo) : phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) + semantic 女. \ Exoactive of 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ, “to take; to obtain; to collect; to fetch”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the etymology of 嫁. \ In Min Nan, the vernacular reading is instead from 𤆬 (chhōa, “to lead; to guide”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshū • Middle-Chinese : tshjuH
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(of a man) to marry; to take (a wife)
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娶 (eum 취 (chwi))
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Hán-Nôm : thú
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娶
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| 婉
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun² • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : 'jwonX
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(literary) gentle; tender; tactful • (literary) beautiful; graceful; elegant
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graceful
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婉 (eum 완 (wan))
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Hán-Nôm : uyển • Hán-Nôm : uốn
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婉
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| 婢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peʔ, *beʔ) : semantic 女 + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe). May also be considered a ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + semantic 卑 (“low, inferior”), especially in light of its etymology. \ Endoactive of 卑 (bēi, “low, inferior”) (i.e., what is low, what is inferior). Possible allofam of 嬖 (bì, “favorite person, favorite concubine”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pī • Middle-Chinese : bjieX
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female slave • (humble) Self-designation used by females in ancient China: your servant
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maidservant • female slave
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婢 • (bi) · 婢 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi)
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Hán-Nôm : tì
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婢
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| 婪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·ruːm) : phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 女 (“woman”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laam⁴ • Middle-Chinese : lom
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to covet; to be avaricious; to be greedy
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covetous • ravenous
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婪 • (ram) · 婪 • (ram) (hangeul 람, revised ram, McCune–Reischauer ram)
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Hán-Nôm : lam
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婪
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| 媚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrils) : semantic 女 + phonetic 眉 (OC *mril).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mī • Middle-Chinese : mijH
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charming; attractive • to flatter; to fawn on; to curry favor • (literary) to love
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flatter • humor • flirt
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媚 (eum 미 (mi))
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charming • attractive • flatter
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Hán-Nôm : mị
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媚
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| 媛
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uān • Middle-Chinese : hjwenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Middle-Chinese : hjwon
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(literary) beauty; beautiful woman • (archaic) beautiful; fine ‖ Only used in 嬋媛／婵媛 (chányuán).
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‖ 媛(えん) • (en) ^(←ゑん (wen)?) ‖ 媛(ひめ) • (hime)
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princess • a beauty; a beautiful woman ‖ a beauty; a beautiful woman ‖ Alternative form of 姫
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媛 (eumhun 미녀 원 (minyeo won))
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hanja form of 원 (“a beauty”)
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Hán-Nôm : viện
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a beauty; a beautiful woman
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媛
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| 媳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slɯɡ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 息 (OC *slɯɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit
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daughter-in-law
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媳 (eum 식 (sik))
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Hán-Nôm : tức
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媳
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| 嫂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *suːwʔ) : semantic 女 (“woman”) + phonetic 叟 (OC *suːʔ) \ * Mandarin \ *:(Pinyin): sǎo (sao³) \ *:(Zhuyin): ㄙㄠˇ \ * Cantonese (Jyutping): sou² \ * Hakka \ *: (Sixian, PFS): só \ *: (Meixian, Guangdong): sau³ \ * Eastern Min (BUC): sō̤ \ * Southern Min \ *: (Hokkien, POJ): só / só͘ \ *: (Teochew, Peng'im): so² / sao² \ * Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵sau \ * Mandarin \ ** (Standard Chinese)⁺ \ *** Hanyu Pinyin: sǎo \ *** Zhuyin: ㄙㄠˇ \ *** Tongyong Pinyin: sǎo \ *** Wade–Giles: sao³ \ *** Yale: sǎu \ *** Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sao \ *** Palladius: сао (sao) \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /sɑʊ̯²¹⁴/ \ * Cantonese \ ** (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong) \ *** Jyutping: sou² \ *** Yale: sóu \ *** Cantonese Pinyin: sou² \ *** Guangdong Romanization: sou² \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /sou̯³⁵/ \ * Hakka \ ** (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong) \ *** Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: só \ *** Hakka Romanization System: so` \ *** Hagfa Pinyim: so³ \ *** Sinological IPA: /so³¹/ \ ** (Meixian) \ *** Guangdong: sau³ \ *** Sinological IPA: /sau³¹/ \ * Eastern Min \ ** (Fuzhou) \ *** Bàng-uâ-cê: sō̤ \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /so³³/ \ * Southern Min \ ** (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese) \ *** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: só \ *** Tâi-lô: só \ *** Phofsit Daibuun: soir \ *** IPA (Kaohsiung): /sɤ⁴¹/ \ *** IPA (Quanzhou): /so⁵⁵⁴/ \ *** IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /so⁵³/ \ ** (Hokkien: Quanzhou) \ *** Pe̍h-ōe-jī: só͘ \ *** Tâi-lô: sóo \ *** Phofsit Daibuun: sor \ *** IPA (Quanzhou): /sɔ⁵⁵⁴/ \ ** (Teochew) \ *** Peng'im: so² / sao² \ *** Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: só / sáu \ *** Sinological IPA ⁽ᵏᵉʸ⁾: /so⁵²/, /sau⁵²/ \ Note: \ *so2 - vernacular; \ *sao2 - literary. \ * Wu \ ** (Northern: Shanghai) \ *** Wugniu: ⁵sau \ *** MiniDict: sau^去 \ *** Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²sau \ *** Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sɔ³⁴/ \ ---- \ * Middle Chinese: sawX \ * Old Chinese \ *: (Zhengzhang): /*suːwʔ/ ‖
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‖
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sister-in-law (older brother's wife) • friend's wife ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, university slang) Alternative form of soc
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elder brother's wife
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嫂 (eumhun 형수 수 (hyeongsu su))
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hanja form of 수 (“sister-in-law; elder brother's wife”)
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Hán-Nôm : tẩu • Hán-Nôm : dâu
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嫂
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| 嫡
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dik¹ • Middle-Chinese : traek • Middle-Chinese : tek
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primary wife; legal wife • primary wife; legal wife · of or by the legal wife • Short for 嫡子 (dízǐ, “son of one's legal wife”). • of lineal descent; closely related • orthodox; authentic
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legitimate wife
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嫡 (eumhun 정실(正室) 적)
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hanja form of 적 (“legitimate wife”)
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Hán-Nôm : đích
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嫡
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| 嫩
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Corrupted form of 㜛. \ Unclear. Possibly as variant of 耎 (OC) ~ 輭 (OC *nonʔ); alternatively, related to Burmese နုန့် (nun., “weak, exhausted from illness”), yet this meaning barely overlaps with "soft to touch" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lūn • Middle-Chinese : nwonH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lūn
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tender; delicate • inexperienced; unskilled • (of food) tender; soft • (of colour) light • (Eastern Min) small ‖ Used in transcription. • (Protestantism) Nun (father of Joshua)
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young • weak
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嫩 (eumhun 어릴 눈 (eoril nun))
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soft, tender, delicate • young
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Hán-Nôm : non • Hán-Nôm : nộn • Hán-Nôm : nỏn • Hán-Nôm : nồn • Hán-Nôm : nõn • Hán-Nôm : nọn
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嫩
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| 孕
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Pictogram (象形) – a pregnant woman with a fetus.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : īn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : īng • Middle-Chinese : yingH
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to be pregnant • foetus • to contain
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孕 • (ing) · 孕 • (ing) (hangeul 잉, revised ing, McCune–Reischauer ing)
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Hán-Nôm : dựng • Hán-Nôm : dằng • Hán-Nôm : dửng • Hán-Nôm : rặng • Hán-Nôm : nững • Hán-Nôm : dững
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孕
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| 孩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯː) : semantic 子 + phonetic 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ). \ Smith (2011) groups this word along with these items into a word family meaning “root, germ, generative core”: \ * 荄 (OC *kɯː, “grassroot”), and its derivative 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”), \ * 核 (OC *ɡrɯːɡ, “germ, kernel”), \ * 骸 (OC *ɡrɯː, “(human) bones”), \ * 亥 (OC *ɡɯːʔ, “sprouting stage”), i.e. "the moon’s first appearance" > "twelfth earthly branch". \ He suggests a derivation from 荄 (OC *kɯː) by voicing, glossing 孩 as “to sprout”; the derivation is not explained any further. However, this sense does not seem to be attested.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haai⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâi • Middle-Chinese : hoj
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child; youngster; baby • (literary) young and small; childish • (literary) to have tender affection for • (literary) to regard as a child • (obsolete) Alternative form of 咳 (hái, “(of baby) to giggle; to laugh”) • a surname
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孩 • (hae) · 孩 • (hae) (hangeul 해, revised hae, McCune–Reischauer hae)
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Hán-Nôm : hài • Hán-Nôm : hời
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孩
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| 孰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯwɢ) : phonetic 𦎫 () + semantic 丮. In modern script 𦎫 and 丮 have corrupted into 享 and 丸 respectively. \ From *du + *-k (“distributive suffix”); cognate with 誰 (OC *djul, “who”), 疇 (OC *du, “who”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : suk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzyuwk
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Original form of 熟 (shú). • emphatic or interrogative pronoun · who; whoever; whomever • emphatic or interrogative pronoun · what; what else; whatever • emphatic or interrogative pronoun · which; which one (what among the explicitly or implicitly mentioned)
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which, how, who
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孰 (eum 숙 (suk))
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Hán-Nôm : thục
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孰
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| 孵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰuw) : semantic 卵 (“egg”) + phonetic 孚 (OC *pʰuw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pū • Middle-Chinese : phju
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to sit on eggs; to hatch; to incubate
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孵 (eumhun 알 깔 부 (al kkal bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“hatch”)
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Hán-Nôm : lộn • Hán-Nôm : phu
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孵
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| 學
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 敎 (“to teach”) + 𦥑 (“mingling hands; hands-on learning”) + 宀 (“house; roofed building”) – a child learns in a roofed place. See 敎／教 for more. \ In the modern form, 宀 has corrupted to 冖 (“cover”), and the hands 𦥑 around the 爻 have become connected with the roof 冖 on top of the child 子. Ancient forms include 斆 and 斅, which preserve more of 敎. Shuowen regards 𦥑 as the phonetic component in the character, which may be true according to some Old Chinese reconstructions such as that of Pan Wuyun's, though probably not others. \ The earliest oracle bone script forms may be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːɡ) : semantic 爻 + phonetic 六 (OC *ruɡ). \ May be an endopassive derivation of 覺 (OC *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ, “to awake, get insight”). Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruk (“to rouse; to awaken; to disturb”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : o̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍k • Middle-Chinese : haewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄝˊ
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to comprehend; to realise; to understand • (transitive) to learn; to study • to imitate; to copy; to mimic • school • learning; knowledge • theory; doctrine • subject; branch of learning; science; -ology • (Cantonese) like; as ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 斆／敩 (xiào, “to teach; to instruct; to train”) ‖ Used in 學鳩／学鸠.
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Kyūjitai form of 学 • learning, knowledge, school
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學 (eumhun 배울 학 (bae'ul hak))
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hanja form of 학 (“to learn, to study; to be taught”) [affix] • hanja form of 학 (“-logy, -ics, -graphy, study of...”) [suffix]
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canonical : 學: Hán Việt readings: học 學: Nôm readings: học • canonical : hục
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chữ Hán form of học (“to learn, to study”). • chữ Hán form of học (“(suffix) subject; branch of learning; -ology”).
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學
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| 孽
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍t • Middle-Chinese : ngjet
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son of a concubine • ghost; monster • disaster; calamity • evil; sin • treacherous; evil • (Hokkien) naughty; mischievous
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孽 (eumhun 서자(庶子) 얼)
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Alternative form of 孼 (“hanja form of 얼 (“son of a concubine”)”)
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canonical : 孽: Hán Việt readings: nghiệt 孽: Nôm readings: nghiệt • canonical : nghét • canonical : nghẹt • canonical : nghịt
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chữ Hán form of nghiệt (“harsh, cruel, stern, ruthless”).
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孽
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| 它
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Characters in the same phonetic series (它) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a snake. This is now written as the derivative 蛇 (OC *l̥ʰaːl, *ɦljaːl, *lal). \ The character was later borrowed for the then-homophonous third-person pronoun (“he/she/it”). Today 他 (tā) is used for male or gender-unspecified “he” and 她 (tā) for “she”. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (它) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a snake. This is now written as the derivative 蛇 (OC *l̥ʰaːl, *ɦljaːl, *lal). \ The character was later borrowed for the then-homophonous third-person pronoun (“he/she/it”). Today 他 (tā) is used for male or gender-unspecified “he” and 她 (tā) for “she”. ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (它) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : a snake. This is now written as the derivative 蛇 (OC *l̥ʰaːl, *ɦljaːl, *lal). \ The character was later borrowed for the then-homophonous third-person pronoun (“he/she/it”). Today 他 (tā) is used for male or gender-unspecified “he” and 她 (tā) for “she”.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tô • Middle-Chinese : tha ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ
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third-person singular pronoun for inanimate objects; it • (chiefly simplified Chinese) third-person singular pronoun for animals; it • (obsolete) general third-person singular pronoun; he; she; they (singular); it • A dummy pronoun. • crooked; evil • a surname ‖ Used in 它它藉藉／它它借借. • Alternative form of 駝／驼 (tuó) ‖ Only used in 它它.
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Hán-Nôm : dà • Hán-Nôm : đà • Hán-Nôm : tha
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它
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| 宋
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Characters in the same phonetic series (宋) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòng • Middle-Chinese : sowngH
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(～朝) Song dynasty of China (960–1279), reigning from the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms to the beginning of the Yuan • Song or Liu Song (420–479), the first of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern dynasties period • a surname, listed 118th in the Baijiaxing • (～國) Song, a state during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China • A Chinese constellation, considered a part of the Left Wall of the Heavenly Market Enclosure
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‖ 宋(そう) • (Sō)
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Song (Chinese dynasty) ‖ Song (former Chinese dynasty): · name of the state during the Zhou dynasty • Song (former Chinese dynasty): · the 劉宋 (Ryūsō), around 420-479 • Song (former Chinese dynasty): · the 北宋 (Hokusō, “Northern Song”) and 南宋 (Nansō, “Southern Song”) dynasties, spanning around 960-1279 • a surname
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宋 (eum 송 (song))
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referring to the Song Dynasty (宋朝) • A surname
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Hán-Nôm : tống
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宋
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| 宏
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‖ Compare Mandarin 嗡 (wēng).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wang⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hweang ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : wang¹
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(originally referring to houses) wide; spacious; great; vast • extensive • loud and clear; resounding • (alt. form 弘) to enlarge; to expand • (computing) macro (comparatively human-friendly abbreviation of complex input to a computer program) • a surname ‖ buzzing sound • buzzing; humming; making a humming sound
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‖ 宏(ひろし) • (Hiroshi)
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‖ a male given name
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large; great
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Hán-Nôm : hoãng • Hán-Nôm : hoành • Hán-Nôm : giang
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宏
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| 宦
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 臣 (“servant”) – slave; servant. \ Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)(j)wal (“slave; servant”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ཁོལ་པོ (khol po, “servant”), Burmese ကျွန် (kywan, “slave”), Proto-Loloish *C-kywan¹ (“slave”), 倌 (OC *koːn, *kroːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Middle-Chinese : hwaenH
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to hold public office • government official • eunuch • a surname
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宦 (eumhun 벼슬 환 (byeoseul hwan))
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hanja form of 환 (“eunuch”)
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Hán-Nôm : hoạn
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宦
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| 寇
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) - a person who holds a stick (卜) with his hand (又), about to beat the head (元) of another person, under the other persons own roof (宀). In Oracle bone script, two hands are holding the stick. In modern form, 卜 and 又 have merged into one character (攴), and is partially surrounded by 元. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-kəw ~ hu (“to steal”). Compare Tibetan རྐུ (rku, “to steal”) and Burmese ခိုး (hkui:, “to steal”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiò • Middle-Chinese : khuwH
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bandit; thief; invader • foe; enemy • to rob; to plunder • to invade • a surname
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foe, enemy, rival • resentment, enmity, grudge • harm, injury
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寇 (eumhun 도둑 구 (doduk gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“bandit; thief; invader”)
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canonical : 寇: Hán Việt readings: khấu 寇: Nôm readings: kháu • canonical : khấu
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寇
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| 寓
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Middle-Chinese : ngjuH
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(literary, or in compounds) to dwell; to reside; to house • (literary, or in compounds) residence; dwelling • (literary, or in compounds) to impute; to attribute; to ascribe in intended meaning; to imply • a surname: Yu
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temporary abode • imply • suggest
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寓 (eum 우 (u))
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Hán-Nôm : ngụ
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寓
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| 寞
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Middle-Chinese : mak
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lonely; desolate
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寞 (eumhun 쓸쓸할 막 (sseulsseulhal mak))
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hanja form of 막 (“lonely; desolate”)
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Hán-Nôm : mịch
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寞
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| 寢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰimʔ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + semantic 爿 (“bed”) + phonetic 𠬶 (“broom and hand”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-(d)z(i/u)m (“sleep”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གཟིམ (gzim, “to sleep; to fall asleep”). ‖ Compare 這馬／这马 (chit-má, chím-má, chím-á).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cam² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshím • Middle-Chinese : tshimX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshím
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to sleep; to lie down • bedroom • (literary) to stop; to halt • (historical) imperial tomb; ancestral chamber ‖ (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to approach; to draw near; to imminently occur • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) just; just now; a moment ago
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寢 • (chim) · 寢 • (chim) (hangeul 침, revised chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'im)
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Hán-Nôm : tẩm
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寢
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| 寥
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Middle-Chinese : lew • Middle-Chinese : lek
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empty; silent; deserted • few; scarce • lonesome; in solitude • vast; broad; expansive • profound and lasting • Alternative form of 憀 (liáo, “to rely; to depend on”)
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lonely
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寥 • (ryo) · 寥 • (ryo) (hangeul 료, revised ryo, McCune–Reischauer ryo)
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Hán-Nôm : liêu
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寥
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| 實
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“roof”) + 周 (“carved jade”) + 貝 (“shellfish; cowrie”). \ The two lower components of 周 and 貝 had combined to form 貫 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “string of cowries”), hence the incorrect analysis in Shuowen Jiezi of this character as 宀 + 貫.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si̍t • Middle-Chinese : zyit
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full; fulfilled; substantial; rich • (Classical) to fill; to load; to stuff • real; true • truth; fact; substance; reality • honest • solid • fruit (literal or figurative) • (Classical, arithmetic) dividend • (Cantonese) surely; undoubtedly; definitely • (Classical) in fact; truly; verily; actually • (Cantonese) tight • (Hokkien) packed; fully filled; stuffed • (Hokkien) clogged; blocked (due to being stuffed, packed, etc.) • (Hokkien) suffocated • (Classical) this
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‖ 實(みのる) • (Minoru)
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reality • truth ‖ a male given name
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實 (eumhun 열매 실 (yeolmae sil))
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hanja form of 실 (“reality; truth”) • hanja form of 실 (“(literal) fruit”)
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實
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| 寨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zraːds, *slɯːɡ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 𡨄 (, “to block; to block up; to jam; to plug”) + semantic 木 (“wood”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsēe • Middle-Chinese : dzraejH • Middle-Chinese : sok
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stockade; stronghold; fort • stockaded village • barracks • bandit den • a surname: Zhai
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‖
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fort ‖
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fort • wooden fence
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Hán-Nôm : trại
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寨
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| 寫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sjaːʔ) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 舄 (OC *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sjaːʔ) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 舄 (OC *sʰjaːɡ, *sʰaɡ, *sjaːɡ, *sjaːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siá • Middle-Chinese : sjaeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ
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to place; to displace; to relocate • to carry; to relay • to express; to pour out (one's heart, troubles, etc.); to exhaust • to write (with a pen, brush, etc.); to write down • to copy; to transcribe • to follow; to describe; to depict • to compose (a text or work); to write; to draft; to create • to write; to fill in by writing • to draw; to sketch; to portrait • to sign; to formalise • to read; to say (to consist of certain text; to indicate in written form) • to reflect; to resemble; to echo • to rent ‖ Alternative form of 卸 (xiè, “to unload; to disassemble”) • Used in 寫意／写意 (xièyì, “comfortable; easy”). • Alternative form of 瀉／泻 (xiè, “to pour out; to leak”)
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photograph, copy, replicate, reproduce, transcribe • be photographed • describe
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寫 (eumhun 베낄 사 (bekkil sa))
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hanja form of 사 (“copy”)
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Hán-Nôm : tả • Hán-Nôm : giã
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寫
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| 寬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːn) : semantic 宀 (“house”) + phonetic 萈 (OC *ɡoːn, “goat”)—a spacious house. \ See also 家.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fun¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuann • Middle-Chinese : khwan
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wide; broad • width • generous; magnanimous; lenient • to relax; to relieve • comfortably off; well-off • to take off • (Southern Min) slow
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tolerant; lenient; generous
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寬 (eumhun 너그러울 관 (neogeureoul gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“broad, wide, spacious”)
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Hán-Nôm : khoan • Hán-Nôm : khoăn
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寬
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| 寮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːw) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 尞 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Middle-Chinese : lew
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(literary or dialectal) small house; shack; hut • (Shehua) house (building for living) • (Shehua) home • small window • Original form of 僚 (liáo, “government officials”). • a surname • (chiefly Taiwan, Singapore) Short for 寮國 (“Laos”).
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‖ 寮(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←れう (reu)?)
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dormitory • hostel • villa • tea pavilion ‖ dormitory, student accommodation, barracks
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寮 • (ryo) · 寮 • (ryo) (hangeul 료, revised ryo, McCune–Reischauer ryo)
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Hán-Nôm : lều • Hán-Nôm : liêu
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寮
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| 寶
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Oracle bone script: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 𤣩 (“jade”) + 貝 (“cowry”) – treasures in a house. \ The phonetic component 缶 (OC *puʔ) was added to the character in bronze inscriptions. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pəw (“price”); cognate with Burmese အဖိုး (a.hpui:, “price”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Peiros and Starostin (1996) also compares it to Tibetan སྤུས (spus, “goods”). Sagart (1999) relates it to 富 (OC *pɯɡs, “rich”). Schuessler (2007) proposes that it could be the same word as 保 (OC *puːʔ, “to take care of; to consider something precious”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bou² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póo • Middle-Chinese : pawX
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treasure; riches; valuables; precious thing • to treasure; to cherish • to collect (treasures) • treasured; cherished • precious; valuable • (historical) jade token • term of respect, for things related to the emperor, to Buddhism, to Taoism, or to other people • (term of endearment) darling; baby; dear • (gambling) a kind of gambling device • a surname: Bao • (Sichuanese) foolish; silly; stupid
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precious objects • worldly goods • valuable possessions
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寶 (eumhun 보배 보 (bobae bo))
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hanja form of 보 (“treasure; riches; valuables; precious thing”)
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Hán-Nôm : bảo • Hán-Nôm : báu • Hán-Nôm : bửu
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寶
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| 將
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 爿 (“bed; small table”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – to offer meat as tribute by putting it on the table. \ The ⺼ component is on its side, hence resembles 夕 with an added dot; compare 祭, 然. \ Shuowen erroneously considers the phonetic component of 將 to be 醬 (OC *ʔsaŋs, “sauce”) (abbreviated). \ A conflation of two roots: “to take; to hold” and “will; be going to; near”. \ ; “to take; to hold” (Pronunciations 1, 2 and 3) \ ; “will; be going to; near” (Pronunciation 1) \ ; anteposed object introductory particle ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 爿 (“bed; small table”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – to offer meat as tribute by putting it on the table. \ The ⺼ component is on its side, hence resembles 夕 with an added dot; compare 祭, 然. \ Shuowen erroneously considers the phonetic component of 將 to be 醬 (OC *ʔsaŋs, “sauce”) (abbreviated). \ A conflation of two roots: “to take; to hold” and “will; be going to; near”. \ ; “to take; to hold” (Pronunciations 1, 2 and 3) \ ; “will; be going to; near” (Pronunciation 1) \ ; anteposed object introductory particle ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 爿 (“bed; small table”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – to offer meat as tribute by putting it on the table. \ The ⺼ component is on its side, hence resembles 夕 with an added dot; compare 祭, 然. \ Shuowen erroneously considers the phonetic component of 將 to be 醬 (OC *ʔsaŋs, “sauce”) (abbreviated). \ A conflation of two roots: “to take; to hold” and “will; be going to; near”. \ ; “to take; to hold” (Pronunciations 1, 2 and 3) \ ; “will; be going to; near” (Pronunciation 1) \ ; anteposed object introductory particle
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiang • Middle-Chinese : tsjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiàng • Middle-Chinese : tsjangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng¹
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will; going to • soon; in the near future • nearly; almost • nearly; almost · 78th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "on the verge" (𝍓) • just; just now • certainly; surely • to take; to hold; to fetch • by; by means of; with • also; half ... half ...; or • if; in the case that ... • Particle introducing the object of the verb, used in the same fashion as 把 but more formal. • to support; to assist • to advance; to go • to take orders; to follow • to see off; to send off • to take along; to bring • to use; to utilise • to handle; to deal with • to eat; to have • to lead; to guide • to submit to; to be obedient to • to provide for • to recuperate; to maintain; to take care of one's health • to express; to convey • (dialectal) to incite someone to action • (dialectal, of animals) to bear (an offspring); to give birth • (chess) to check • (obsolete or dialectal) Particle placed after the verb and before a resultative phrase (進來, 起來, 進去 etc.). • (Hong Kong) Short for 將軍澳／将军澳 (Jiāngjūn'ào, “Tseung Kwan O”). ‖ to command; to lead • (military) general • high-ranking military officer • (xiangqi) general; king (on the black side) • (figurative) dab hand (at something); capable person ‖ to ask; to request; to invite • Used in 將將／将将.
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‖ 將(まさる) • (Masaru)
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Kyūjitai form of 将 ‖ a male given name
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將 (eumhun 장수(將帥) 장 (jangsu jang)) ‖ 將 (eumhun 장차(將次) 장 (jangcha jang))
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hanja form of 장 (“general; commander”) [noun] ‖ hanja form of 장 (“take, hold; from now on, in the future”) [affix]
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canonical : 將: Hán Việt readings: tướng • canonical : tương 將: Nôm readings: tướng • canonical : tương ‖ romanization : tướng • romanization : tương ‖ romanization : tương
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‖ Chữ Hán form of tướng (“(military) general; commander”). • Chữ Hán form of tướng (“(xiangqi) a piece labeled with the character 將 in black”). ‖ Chữ Hán form of tương (“soon; in the near future”).
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將
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| 專
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjon) : phonetic 叀 (, “spindle”) + semantic 又 (“hand”) – a hand turning a spindle or spinning wheel. Originally also written 叀. \ The 又 was later replaced by related 寸.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuan • Middle-Chinese : tsywen
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to monopolize; to take sole possession • specific; special; exclusive • expert; focused; concentrated • exclusively; specially • (Teochew) deliberately; on purpose • (obsolete) spindle; spinning wheel • a surname: Zhuan
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專 • (jeon) · 專 • (jeon) (hangeul 전, revised jeon, McCune–Reischauer chŏn, Yale cen)
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canonical : 專: Hán Việt readings: chuyên 專: Nôm readings: choen • canonical : choèn • canonical : chuyến
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chữ Hán form of chuyên (“specific; expertise”).
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專
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| 對
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In the oracle bone and bronze scripts, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 丵 (“tool for digging”) + 土 (“earth”) + 又 (“hand”). The original meaning of the character is unclear, but it may be “to develop (land)”. It was later borrowed for “to reply”. Compare 封, 邦. \ In the seal script, 又 has become the related 寸. Shuowen has two seal script forms for this character: 𡭊 (main form) and 對 (alternative form). The main form, which has a 口 (“mouth”), was probably created to specialize the character to signify “to reply”, but this form was not inherited in later scripts. Shuowen interprets the latter form (shown above) as a form that Emperor Wen of Han created by replacing 口 with 士 (“soldier; warrior”) because many of the replies were untruthful (just lip service), but it is more likely that 士 is a corruption of 土. \ Exoactive of 答 (OC *tkuːb, “to reply; to answer”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deoi³⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uì • Middle-Chinese : twojH
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correct; true; right • to treat; to deal with; to take on • (introducing the recipient of the action) towards; to • to; with regard to; concerning • according to; for • opposite; opposing • to face • paired; contrasting • to suit; to fit • to match; to cause two things to match • to respond; to answer • to check by comparing; to verify by comparing • to adjust; to set • to mix; to add • to divide in half • couplet • Classifier for pairs of objects: pair • pair • (Southern Min, Taiwanese Hakka) from • a surname
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correct, right • facing, opposed
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對 (eumhun 대할 대 (daehal dae))
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hanja form of 대 (“to answer; to reply”) [affix] • hanja form of 대 (“to face; to confront”) [verbal root; prefix; affix] • hanja form of 대 (“to be about; to concern”) [verbal root; prefix; affix] • hanja form of 대 (“pair; contrasting pair”) [noun; affix] • hanja form of 대 (“versus”) [noun] • hanja form of 대 (“opponent; counterpart; opposite; contrasting”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : đỗi • Hán-Nôm : dối • Hán-Nôm : đôi • Hán-Nôm : đối • Hán-Nôm : nhói • Hán-Nôm : tối • Hán-Nôm : tụi
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對
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| 尬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːds) : semantic 尢 + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds). ‖ Borrowed from Hokkien 較／较.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Middle-Chinese : keajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄚˋ
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Used in 尷尬／尴尬 (gāngà). • (neologism, Mainland China, Taiwan, slang) Short for 尷尬／尴尬 (gāngà). ‖ (neologism) to compete
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Hán-Nôm : giới
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尬
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| 尸
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Pictogram (象形) - A man with his legs bending, and a side to the front. The picture is variously interpreted as either sitting or lying. \ When used as a radical, 尸 is usually derived from a variation of 人 or 亻, as in 尾.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : syij
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(historical) a living person who represents the dead person during a rite • dead body
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‖
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corpse; cadaver ‖
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尸 (eum 시 (si))
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Hán-Nôm : thi
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尸
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| 屁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰis) : semantic 尸 (“body”) + phonetic 比 (OC *piʔ, *pis, *bi, *bis, *biɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pja-n/t/s (“fart; shit”). Cognate with Tibetan ཕྱེན (phyen), འཕྱེན ('phyen, “flatulence”), Jingpho hpyet (“to fart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuì • Middle-Chinese : phjijH
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(colloquial) flatulence; fart (Classifier: 篤／笃 c) • (colloquial) buttocks; backside • (colloquial) to fart; to pass gas • (vulgar) rubbish; worthless; useless; insignificant; trivial • (vulgar, chiefly in the negative) a damn thing; (no)thing; damn all; jack shit; bugger all • (vulgar, negates the meaning of the sentence) like hell/like fuck; my ass; your ass; damn all/bugger all/fuck all
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‖ 屁(へ) • (he)
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flatulence, fart ‖ (mildly vulgar) flatulence, fart
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屁 • (bi) · 屁 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi)
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Hán-Nôm : thí
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屁
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| 屎
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hliʔ, *hri) : phonetic 尸 (OC *hli, “body”) + semantic 米 (“rice”). The 米 component was originally three (, representing 小, as seen in ), four (, representing 少) or five dots (as seen in ) forming a ideogrammic representation of faeces in the oracle bone script, with four dots being the most common variant, thus representing a man defecating with faeces coming out of the backside. The Shang dynasty variants saw the 尸 ("body") component interchangeable with 人 ("human"); later, by the Western Zhou dynasty, 尸 variants with four dots became the dominant and sole-surviving form, however examples from this time period also exist where the 尸 component is mistaken for 尾 ("tail"), as seen in . During the Warring States period, the 少 component became corrupted into 米. \ Shuowen Jiezi does not feature the 屎 character, however it does contain 𦳊 and 𡕝. 𦳊 is listed in Shuowen as deriving from 艸 ("grass") and 胃 ("stomach"), while 𡲴 is listed as the ancient form of 徙 (“migration”), however in reality this is not the case; 𡲴 is an erroneous form of the 屎 variant containing 尾, where the tail portion of the 尾 component is mistakenly written as 火. During the Zhou dynasty, 屎 was often used as a phonetic borrowing for 徙 (OC *selʔ); moreover, during the Warring States period, the Chu script character for 徙 consisted of 屎 with an additional 辵 (modern radical form 辶) added to represent the meaning of walking. \ Following transition to the clerical script, a variety of alternative forms emerged: \ *The 米 component was replaced with phonetic component 矢 (OC *hliʔ) thus creating the variant form 𡱁; \ *Some variants added another 米 radical to create 𥻐 and 𥺶; \ *Existing variants containing the 尾 component became 𡲔 and 𡱵; \ *The body portion of 𡲴 also became further corrupted into 夂 (zhǐ), creating 𡕝; \ *The tail portion of 尾-based variants became corrupted into 巛, creating 𡲑; \ *The 尸 component corrupted into 广, creating 𢈍; \ *Even the variant form 𢈍 became corrupted, where the 广 was simplified into 宀, creating 宩. \ All of these variant forms failed to gain widespread usage, and eventually faded into obscurity while 屎 remained the dominant character variant. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kləj (“excrement”). ‖ This is a 破讀／破读 (pòdú, “isolated instance of unusual pronunciation”) found in 詩經.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Middle-Chinese : syijX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei¹ • Middle-Chinese : xjij
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excrement; poop (Classifier: 坨 m; 篤／笃 c; 坺 c; 箍 mn) • secretion from the body; tear, earwax, snot, etc. • residue; waste; debris • (vulgar) worthless; useless; despicable • (vulgar) useless thing • (Cantonese) bad; poor; of inferior quality ‖ Only used in 殿屎 (“to groan”).
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‖ 屎(くそ) • (kuso) ‖ 屎(くそ) • (kuso) ‖ 屎(くそ) • (kuso-) ‖ 屎(くそ) • (-kuso) ‖ 屎(ばば) • (baba)
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excrement, feces, poop ‖ (colloquial) feces, excrement ‖ (swear word) shit ‖ A derogatory prefix. ‖ A derogatory emphasizing suffix. ‖ (children's word): poopoo, poop, dookie • (children's word): something unclean
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屎 (eumhun 똥 시 (ttong si)) · 屎 (eumhun 끙끙거릴 히 (kkeungkkeunggeoril hi))
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hanja form of 시 (“feces, excrement”)
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Hán-Nôm : thỉ • Hán-Nôm : xái
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屎
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| 屏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peŋ, *peŋʔ, *beːŋ) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peŋ, *peŋʔ, *beːŋ) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peŋ, *peŋʔ, *beːŋ) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peŋ, *peŋʔ, *beːŋ) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : píng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pīn • Middle-Chinese : beng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing² • Cantonese · Jyutping : beng³ • Middle-Chinese : pjiengX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥ • Middle-Chinese : pjieng
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a screen wall across the gate of a house for privacy • wall • folding screen, shield • wall scroll • to protect • to shelter • (computing) screen ‖ to remove • to dismiss • to hide • to suppress • to banish ‖ toilet ‖ Only used in 屏營／屏营 (bīngyíng).
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屏 (eumhun 병풍 병 (byeongpung byeong))
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Hán-Nôm : bình
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屏
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| 屑
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Originally written 㞕. \ Wang (1982) compares it to 細 (OC *snɯːls, “fine”), 碎 (OC *suːds, “shattered; fragmented”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : seh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : seeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sa̍p • Middle-Chinese : set ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : sut
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bits; scraps; crumbs; fragments • (literary, or in compounds) trifling; trivial • (chiefly in the negative) to be worth doing ‖ (Hakka, Southern Min) bits; scraps; crumbs; fragments
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‖ 屑(くず) or 屑(クズ) • (kuzu) ^(←くづ (kudu)?)
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rubbish, waste ‖ scrap, waste, bit • human trash, or a scumbag
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屑 • (seol) · 屑 • (seol) (hangeul 설, revised seol, McCune–Reischauer sŏl, Yale sel)
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Hán-Nôm : tiết
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屑
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| 屠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daː, *da) : semantic 尸 (“body”) + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : du ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi⁴ • Middle-Chinese : drjo
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to slaughter livestock; to butcher livestock • to massacre; to slaughter • butcher • a surname ‖ Only used in 休屠.
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slaughter • massacre
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屠 • (do, jeo) · 屠 • (do, jeo) (hangeul 도, 저, revised do, jeo, McCune–Reischauer to, chŏ)
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Hán-Nôm : đồ
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屠
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| 屢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ros) : semantic 尸 + phonetic 婁 (OC *ɡ·roː, *ɡ·ro).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lír • Middle-Chinese : ljuH
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repeatedly; frequently
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frequently • often • again & again
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屢 (eumhun 창 루 (chang ru), word-initial (South Korea) 창 누 (chang nu))
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hanja form of 루/누 (“often, frequently, again and again”) • hanja form of 루/누 (“many”)
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Hán-Nôm : lũ • Hán-Nôm : cũ • Hán-Nôm : lú • Hán-Nôm : rũ • Hán-Nôm : luã • Hán-Nôm : rủ
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屢
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| 屬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoɡ, *djoɡ) : semantic 㞑 (“tail”) + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoɡ, *djoɡ) : semantic 㞑 (“tail”) + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : suk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Middle-Chinese : dzyowk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsyowk
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category; type; class • kins folk; dependent; family members • fellows; associates • subordinate; subaltern; adjutant; aide • to belong to • to be under; to be subordinate to • to be • to be born in the year of (one of the twelve animals) • (taxonomy) genus ‖ to join; to combine • to compose; to write • to gather; to congregate • Alternative form of 囑／嘱 (zhǔ, “to entrust”) • Alternative form of 囑／嘱 (zhǔ, “to exhort; to urge”) • excuse; justification • Alternative form of 矚／瞩 (zhǔ, “to concentrate one's attention on”) • to wear; to bear • to be related with • to follow • Alternative form of 注 (zhù, “to pour”)
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‖
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Kyūjitai form of 属 ‖
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屬 (eumhun 무리 속 (muri sok)) ‖ 屬 (eumhun 이을 촉 (ieul chok))
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hanja form of 속 (“class; category; type”) • hanja form of 속 (“(biology, taxonomy) a genus”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 촉 (“to join; to combine”)
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canonical : 屬: Hán Việt readings: thuộc • canonical : chúc • canonical : chú 屬: Nôm readings: thuộc • canonical : chuộc
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chữ Hán form of thuộc (“subordinate to”). • Nôm form of chuộc (“to redeem”).
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屬
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| 屹
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gu̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : git • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gut • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gert • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kit • Middle-Chinese : ngj+t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ
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(literary) towering • (literary) firm; unyielding ‖ Only used in 屹剌剌.
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towering mountains
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屹 • (heul) · 屹 • (heul) (hangeul 흘, revised heul, McCune–Reischauer hŭl)
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Hán-Nôm : ngật
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屹
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| 岐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡe) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 支 (OC *kje)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei⁴ • Middle-Chinese : gjie
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Used in 岐山 (Qíshān). • Alternative form of 歧 (qí) • Used in compounds. • a surname
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branch off • fork in road
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岐 (eum 기 (gi))
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Hán-Nôm : kì
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岐
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| 岔
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 分 (“split; division”) + 山 (“mountain”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caa³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshee • Middle-Chinese : tsrhaeH
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to diverge; to branch • to turn • to change the topic of conversation • branch (of a river) • fork in the road; junction of a road • trouble
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岔 (eum 차 (cha))
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Hán-Nôm : xá
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岔
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| 岡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːŋ) : phonetic 网 (OC *mlaŋʔ) + semantic 山 (“mountain”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-gaŋ (“hill, ridge, mountain”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007), cognate with Tibetan སྒང (sgang, “ridge; mound”), Burmese ခင် (hkang, “ridge”), Burmese အခေါင် (a.hkaung, “summit”), Lahu qhɔ³³ (“mountain”), Sulung gɹaŋ³³ (“mountain”), Proto-Tamangic *ᴬgaŋ ("hill, mountain"). \ STEDT also proposes cognacy with 京 (OC *kraŋ, “artificial mound, capital”) and 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Middle-Chinese : kang
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ridge or crest of a mountain • mountain; hill
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hill
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岡 (eumhun 산등성이 강 (sandeungseong'i gang))
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hanja form of 강 (“hill”)
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Hán-Nôm : cương
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岡
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| 峨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngo⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo
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Short for 峨眉 (Éméi). • lofty
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峨 (eum 아 (a))
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Hán-Nôm : nga
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峨
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| 峭
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Originally Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰews) : semantic 阜 (“soil mountain”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews), later Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰews) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews). \ Cognate with Burmese စောက် (cauk, “steep, depth”). Compare also with Burmese စက် (cak, “severe, chilly”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiàu • Middle-Chinese : tshjewH
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steep; precipitous; rugged • (literary) stern; severe • cold • to make more strict
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峭 (eum 초 (cho))
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Hán-Nôm : tiếu • Hán-Nôm : tiễu
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峭
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| 峰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰoŋ) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 夆 (OC *pʰoŋ, *boŋ, *ɡaːds).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fung¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pang • Middle-Chinese : phjowng
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peak; summit • hump (of a camel) • Classifier for camels.
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‖ 峰(お) • (o) ^(←を (wo)?) ‖ 峰(ね) • (ne) ‖ 峰(みね) • (mine) ‖ 峰(みね) • (Mine)
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‖ (obsolete) a small place in the mountain • (obsolete) hill, hilltop • (obsolete) peak, ridge ‖ summit of a mountain, peak ‖ peak, ridge • (by extension) top or summit of something • back of a blade ‖ A place name • a female given name • a surname
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峰 • (bong) · 峰 • (bong) (hangeul 봉, revised bong, McCune–Reischauer pong)
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Hán-Nôm : phong • Hán-Nôm : phưng • Hán-Nôm : phơng
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峰
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| 峻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sluns) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsùn • Middle-Chinese : swinH
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(of mountains) high; steep; towering • harsh; severe
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‖ 峻(しゅん) • (Shun) · 峻(たかし) • (Takashi)
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(of a mountain) high; steep ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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峻 • (jun) · 峻 • (jun) (hangeul 준, revised jun, McCune–Reischauer chun)
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Hán-Nôm : tuấn
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a male given name
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峻
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| 崔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zluːl, *sʰluːl) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshui • Middle-Chinese : tshwoj • Middle-Chinese : dzwoj
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high, lofty, towering • height, summit • a surname,
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cliff, bluff, precipice
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崔 • (choe) · 崔 • (choe) (hangeul 최, revised choe, McCune–Reischauer ch'oe, Yale choy)
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High • A surname
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Hán-Nôm : thôi • Hán-Nôm : thoi • Hán-Nôm : thòi
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崔
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| 崛
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwat⁶ • Middle-Chinese : gjut • Middle-Chinese : ngjut
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(literary) to rise abruptly • (literary) towering; eminent
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崛 (eum 굴 (gul))
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Hán-Nôm : quật
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崛
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| 嵌
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kham • Middle-Chinese : khaem • Middle-Chinese : dzamX
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to inlay; to embed; to imbed; to fix deeply and firmly • (literary, of a valley) deep • (literary) grotto; cave • (literary) to fall into; to sink • (literary) precipitous; rugged; cratered
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嵌 (eum 감 (gam))
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Hán-Nôm : khảm
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嵌
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| 嵐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·ruːm) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + abbreviated phonetic 葻 (OC *b·uːm)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâm • Middle-Chinese : lom
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(literary) mountain mist • Used in place names.
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‖ 嵐(あらし) • (arashi) ‖ 嵐(あらし) • (Arashi) ‖ 嵐(らん) • (Ran)
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fresh energy from the mountains • storm, tempest ‖ a storm, tempest: · a windstorm • a storm, tempest: · a rainstorm • a storm, tempest: · a magnetic storm • (figurative) a difficulty, discord, strife • (archaic, obsolete) Short for 嵐の日 (arashi no hi): the first day of the seventh month in the lunar calendar ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a female given name
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嵐 (eumhun 남기(嵐氣) 람, word-initial (South Korea) 남기(嵐氣) 남)
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hanja form of 람, 남 (“mountain mist”)
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嵐
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| 嶺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reŋʔ) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 領 (OC *reŋʔ). \ Compare 陵 (OC *rɯŋ, “mound; hill”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leng⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : líng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niá • Middle-Chinese : ljengX
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mountain whose peak is accessible by road (Classifier: 道 m) • mountain range • (specifically) Nanling Mountains; Wuling • (Hakka, dialectal Cantonese) mountain; hill • a surname: Ling
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peak • summit
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嶺 (eumhun 재 령 (jae ryeong), word-initial (South Korea) 재 영 (jae yeong))
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hanja form of 령/영 (“mountain ridge”)
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Hán-Nôm : lĩnh • Hán-Nôm : lãnh
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嶺
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| 巍
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Vocalic variant of 危 (OC *ŋoi) (Schuessler 2007); see there for etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guî • Middle-Chinese : ngjw+j
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towering; lofty
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towering; high
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巍 (eumhun 넢고 클 외 (neopgo keul oe))
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hanja form of 외 (“high and large”)
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canonical : 巍: Hán Việt readings: nguy 巍: Nôm readings: nguy • canonical : ngoai
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chữ Hán form of nguy (“towering”).
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巍
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| 巖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraːm) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 嚴 (OC *ŋam).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaam⁴ • Middle-Chinese : ngaem
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(of a military position) dangerous and important
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巖 • (am, eom) · 巖 • (am, eom) (hangeul 암, 엄, revised am, eom, McCune–Reischauer am, ŏm)
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Hán-Nôm : nham
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same as nham 碞
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巖
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| 巢
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Pictogram (象形) : a baby bird (巛) in a nest (田), which is on top of a tree (木). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâu • Middle-Chinese : dzraew • Middle-Chinese : dzraewH ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : siū
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nest (for bird, ants, bees, etc.) • lair; den • (historical) name of an ancient musical instrument • (historical) name of an ancient feudal state • a surname ‖ wrinkled; wrinkly ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 岫 (siū, “nest, den or lair of animals”)
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nest • living quarter in tree
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巢 • (so) · 巢 • (so) (hangeul 소, McCune–Reischauer so)
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nest • living quarter in tree
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Hán-Nôm : sào
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巢
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| 巫
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Pictogram (象形) – originally two pieces of jade crossed over each other as used in ancient shamanistic practices. \ ; “shaman; witch” \ : Thai หมอ (mɔ̌ɔ, “doctor”) < Proto-Tai *ʰmo:ᴬ (“shaman”) is generally assumed to be a Sino-Tibetan loan (Pittayaporn, 2014). More at Wu (shaman), Magi#In Chinese sources, magus. \ ; “Malay”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bû • Middle-Chinese : mju
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shaman; witch; sorcerer; wizard • witch doctor • (chiefly Malaysia, Singapore) Malay; Melayu; relating to ethnic Malays • a surname
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‖ 巫(かんなぎ) • (kannagi) ‖ 巫(こうなぎ) • (kōnagi) ^(←かうなぎ (kaunagi)?)
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shaman • witch, sorcerer ‖ (archaic) a medium or shaman, usually female, who acts as a medium between humans and the spirits or gods, helping to communicate between the two and to calm any supernatural or spiritual upset ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) a medium or shaman, usually female, who acts as a medium between humans and the spirits or gods, helping to communicate between the two and to calm any supernatural or spiritual upset
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巫 (eumhun 무당 무 (mudang mu))
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hanja form of 무 (“shaman; something related to shamanism”)
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canonical : 巫: Hán Việt readings: vu
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巫
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| 巴
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Pictogram (象形) — a huge snake. \ ; "huge snake" \ ; "bar"
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Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa • Middle-Chinese : pae
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(ancient Chinese mythology) a huge snake that could swallow an elephant • to greatly desire; to anxiously hope; to long for • Used as a suffix for objects that are located below or behind. • Used as a suffix for objects that are clumped together due to dryness or stickiness. • to cling to; to stick to • (Jilu Mandarin, Sichuanese, dialectal Wu) to be close to; to be next to • (Beijing Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin) to open; to spread • (Sichuanese) to suit; to fit • (Sichuanese) to follow • (Sichuanese) to be intimate • (Sichuanese) to involve; to implicate • (Sichuanese) to kiss up; to curry favour • (Sichuanese) to subsidize • (Sichuanese) to infect; to contract • (dialectal Mandarin, including Beijing Mandarin, Shandong Mandarin, Xinjiang Mandarin) to sew; to stitch on • (Southwestern Mandarin; Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) dried object • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese) Classifier for the number of slaps. • (Jiaoliao Mandarin, Sichuanese) along • (historical) Ba (an ancient state in modern-day Sichuan) • eastern Sichuan and Chongqing • Short for 巴士 (bāshì, “bus”). • (physics) bar (unit of pressure) • (Cantonese) Used in transcription of bar. • Short for 巴勒斯坦 (Bālèsītǎn, “Palestine”). • Short for 巴基斯坦 (Bājīsītǎn, “Pakistan”). • Short for 巴拿馬／巴拿马 (Bānámǎ, “Panama”). • Short for 巴哈馬／巴哈马 (Bāhāmǎ, “The Bahamas”). • Short for 巴拉圭 (Bālāguī, “Paraguay”). • a surname
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‖ 巴(ともえ) • (tomoe) ^(←ともゑ (tomowe)?) ‖ 巴(ともえ) • (Tomoe) ^(←ともゑ (tomowe)?) ‖ 巴(は) • (Ha)
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‖ a circular design resembling swirling water, a comma, or an archer's bow • (architecture) a piece of wood, usually a floorboard or an eave, with a tomoe pattern • an oxcart with the wickerwork in a tomoe pattern • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various tomoe designs • Short for 巴瓦 (tomoegawara): a tile with a tomoe design • turning ‖ Short for 巴御前 (Tomoe Gozen): 12th-century female samurai • a 謡曲 (dōkyoku, “noh song”) based on a story from The Tale of the Heike • a surname • a unisex given name ‖ (historical) Ba (an ancient state in eastern Sichuan)
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巴 (eumhun 땅 이름 파 (ttang ireum pa))
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Hanja form of 파 (“used in placenames”).
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canonical : 巴: Hán Việt readings: ba • canonical : bơ 巴: Nôm readings: bơ • canonical : ba • canonical : vã • canonical : va
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Chữ Hán form of Ba (“used in placenames”). • Chữ Hán form of ba (“to adhere; to stick to”). • Nôm form of bơ (“used in compounds”).
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巴
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| 帕
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;“Phrae Province; Phrae City”
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Cantonese · Jyutping : paak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paa³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mak⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phèe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pheh • Middle-Chinese : maet
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to wrap • kerchief, handkerchief, headscarf • Short for 帕斯卡 (Pàsīkǎ, “pascal (SI unit)”). • (～府) Phrae province • (～市) Phrae city
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帕 • (mal, pa) · 帕 • (mal, pa) (hangeul 말, 파, revised mal, pa, McCune–Reischauer mal, p'a)
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Hán-Nôm : phạ
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帕
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| 帖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰeːb) : semantic 巾 (“a square item of cloth”) + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰeːb) : semantic 巾 (“a square item of cloth”) + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰeːb) : semantic 巾 (“a square item of cloth”) + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tip³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiap • Middle-Chinese : thep ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tip³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tip³⁻² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝˋ
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to be submissive; to be obedient; to be docile • stable; settled; appropriate • Same as 貼／贴 (tiē, “to paste”). • a surname ‖ note; invitation; card; identity card • ^† official document; proclamation • Classifier for doses of herbal medicine. ‖ copybook; model; rubbing (for practicing calligraphy or painting)
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帖 (eumhun 문서 첩 (munseo cheop)) ‖ 帖 (eumhun 체지 체 (cheji che))
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‖
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Hán-Nôm : thiếp
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帖
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| 帘
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lim⁴ • Middle-Chinese : dzrin • Middle-Chinese : ljem
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sign hung in front of a tavern's entrance
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帘 • (ryeom) · 帘 • (ryeom) (hangeul 렴, revised ryeom, McCune–Reischauer ryŏm)
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帘
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| 帚
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Characters in the same phonetic series (帚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a broom with bristles on top and tied handle on the bottom. \ In modern form, top now resembles 聿 (“hand”), 肀 (“brush”), 彐, and overall graphically decomposes roughly as 肀 + 冖 + 巾.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiú • Middle-Chinese : tsyuwX
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broom; broomstick
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broom
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帚 • (chu) · 帚 • (chu) (hangeul 추, revised chu, McCune–Reischauer ch'u)
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Hán-Nôm : chổi • Hán-Nôm : trửu
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帚
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| 帶
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Pictogram (象形) . \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-daːj (“waist; belt; zone; flat expanse”). Cognate with Tibetan སྡེ (sde, “part; portion; district”) and Proto-Lolo-Burmese *N-day³ (“level expanse; plain”). Also compare the phonologically similar Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-taj (“naval; abdomen; center; self”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tài • Middle-Chinese : tajH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tèr ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsah
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belt; ribbon; tape (Classifier: 條／条 c) • tyre • zone; area; belt • cassette (Classifier: 餅／饼 c) • leucorrhoea • to take; to bring along; to carry • to do something incidentally • to lead; to head • to bear; to have • to have something attached • to contain; to carry • to drive; to spur on • to look after; to bring up • (Hokkien) to worry about; to care for • (Hokkien) to involve in trouble; to implicate • (neologism, Internet slang) Pronunciation spelling of 大. ‖ (Hokkien, Hainanese) place • (Hainanese) where ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 紮／扎 (chah, “to carry; to bring along”)
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帶 (eumhun 띠 대 (tti dae))
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hanja form of 대 (“belt; ribbon; tape”)
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Hán-Nôm : đái • Hán-Nôm : đới • Hán-Nôm : đai
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帶
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| 帷
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Middle-Chinese : hwij
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tent • curtain, screen
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‖ 帷(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 帷(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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‖ a curtain or hanging that covers all sides ‖ hanging; curtain
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帷 • (yu) · 帷 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu)
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帷 (duy)
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帷
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| 幌
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hián • Middle-Chinese : hwangX
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(literary) curtain • shop sign for a liquor-selling establishment
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‖ 幌(ほろ) • (horo)
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canopy; hood ‖ canopy, hood • horo, a cloak worn by samurai
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幌 (eum 황 (hwang))
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Hán-Nôm : hoảng
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幌
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| 幢
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cong⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zong⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thōng • Middle-Chinese : draewng • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong⁴ • Middle-Chinese : draewngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cong⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zong⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thōng • Middle-Chinese : draewng • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong⁴ • Middle-Chinese : draewngH
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(obsolete) wooden support pole (particularly a wooden tentpole, flagpole, or umbrella shaft) • tent • flag; banner • umbrella • (Buddhism) stone pillar inscribed with religious writings • wavering (in the manner of a shadow) ‖ Classifier for buildings.
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幢 • (dang) · 幢 • (dang) (hangeul 당, revised dang, McCune–Reischauer tang)
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Hán-Nôm : choàng
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幢
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| 并
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing¹ • Middle-Chinese : pjieng
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(～州) (geography) Bing Province (province in ancient China) • Synonym of 太原 (Tàiyuán, “Taiyuan City”)
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并 • (byeong) · 并 • (byeong) (hangeul 병, revised byeong, McCune–Reischauer pyŏng)
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并
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| 庇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pis) : semantic 广 (“house that is built to depend on a cliff”) + phonetic 比 (OC *piʔ, *pis, *bi, *bis, *biɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pì • Middle-Chinese : pjijH
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to cover; to shield; to shelter; to protect • (Northern Min) to bury
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庇 • (bi) · 庇 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi)
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cover, shield, shelter, protect
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Hán-Nôm : tí
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庇
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| 庵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoːm, *qoːb) : semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 奄 (OC *qromʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-jim ~ k-jum (“house; pit; womb”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྱིམ (khyim, “house”) and Burmese အိမ် (im, “house”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : am • Middle-Chinese : 'om • Middle-Chinese : 'op
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dome-shaped grass house; hut • (Buddhism) monastery or nunnery • a surname
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‖ 庵(いおり) • (iori) ^(←いほり (ifori)?) ‖ 庵(いおり) • (Iori) ^(←いほり (ifori)?) ‖ 庵(いお) • (io) ^(←いほ (ifo)?) ‖ 庵(あん) • (an) ‖ 庵(あん) • (-an) ‖ 庵(あん) • (An)
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hut • hermitage • retreat (a peaceful, quiet place, esp. one meant for meditation or prayer) ‖ a coarse hut made of bamboo and reeds, especially one made by a monk or hermit • a small house • (humble) one's home • a temporary hut • a military camp (attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō) • a kind of 家紋(かもん) (kamon, “family crest”) with the design of a hut • Short for 庵形 (iori-gata): a figure in the shape of a roof • Short for 庵看板 (iori kanban): ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a temporary hut made of bamboo and reeds • a temporary residence ‖ a small house with a thatched roof • (Buddhism) a priest's quarter attached to a large Zen temple ‖ ‖ a surname
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庵 (eumhun 암자 암 (amja am))
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Hán-Nôm : am
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chữ Hán form of am (“hermitage, secluded hut, cottage, etc.”).
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庵
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| 廓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷaːɡ) : semantic 广 (“broad; wide; extensive”) + phonetic 郭 (OC *kʷaːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koh • Middle-Chinese : khwak
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broad; wide; open; empty • (literary) to expand; to widen • (literary) to clear away; to eliminate • outline; contour • 46th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "enlargement" (𝌳)
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廓 (eumhun 둘레 곽 (dulle gwak)) ‖ 廓 (eumhun 클 확 (keul hwak))
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hanja form of 곽 (“girdle, circumference, outside, enclosure, wall”) ‖ hanja form of 확 (“wide; broad; large”) • hanja form of 확 (“to widen; broaden; enlarge”)
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Hán-Nôm : quách
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廓
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| 廟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrews) : semantic 广 + phonetic 朝 (OC *ʔr'ew, *r'ew). \ Possibly related to Proto-Hmong-Mien *prəuX (“house”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biāu • Middle-Chinese : mjewH
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(architecture, religion) temple (Classifier: 座; 間／间)
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‖ 廟(びょう) • (byō)
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‖ mausoleum • shrine • palace
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廟 (eumhun 사당 묘 (sadang myo))
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hanja form of 묘 (“temple, shrine”) • hanja form of 묘 (“imperial court”)
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Hán-Nôm : miếu • Hán-Nôm : mưỡu • Hán-Nôm : méo • Hán-Nôm : miễu
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廟
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| 廢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pads) : semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 發 (OC *pad). \ During the Zhou–Qin period, 灋 (OC *pqab) and 法 (OC *pqab) were used to represent 廢. \ Related to 乏 (OC *bob, “to lack; to neglect”). Cognate with Tibetan འབབ ('bab, “to go down; to move downward; to descend; calamity”), འབེབས ('bebs, “to cause to fall; to bring down”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Thai บอบ (bɔ̀ɔp, “weak, worn out, run down”) (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huì • Middle-Chinese : pjojH
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(of house) to collapse • to abandon; to abrogate; to abolish • abandoned; deserted • to stop; to terminate • to oust; to dethrone • to decline; to decay; to ruin • disabled; handicapped; crippled • decayed; spoiled; bad • to neglect; to disregard; to overlook • useless; disused • waste; unwanted material • to fall; to drop • to kill; to slay • to lay down • to waste; to squander • Alternative form of 發／发 (“to take place; to happen”) • dejected; dispirited
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廢 (eumhun 폐할 폐 (pyehal pye)) · 廢 (eumhun 버릴 폐 (beoril pye))
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hanja form of 폐 (“to terminate”) • hanja form of 폐 (“to abandon”)
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Hán-Nôm : phế
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廢
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| 廣
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Characters in the same phonetic series (黃) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaːŋʔ) : semantic 广 + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (黃) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaːŋʔ) : semantic 广 + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (黃) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaːŋʔ) : semantic 广 + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (黃) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaːŋʔ) : semantic 广 + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuínn • Middle-Chinese : kwangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤ
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broad; wide; extensive; vast • many; numerous; multitudinous • to expand; to enlarge • common; widespread; universal; pervasive; general; ubiquitous • Short for 廣州／广州 (Guǎngzhōu, “Guangzhou”). • Short for 廣東／广东 (Guǎngdōng, “Guangdong”). • (Sichuanese) overseas; foreign; western; imported • width; breadth • a surname: Guang ‖ to measure width • distance from east to west ‖ Alternative form of 曠／旷 (kuàng) • Alternative form of 壙／圹 (kuàng) ‖ Used in 闋廣／阕广, alternative form of 騤𩧉／骙𱄾 (juéguāng) • Alternative form of 光
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broad • wide • spacious
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廣 (eumhun 넓을 광 (neolbeul gwang))
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hanja form of 광 (“broad, wide, extensive”)
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Hán-Nôm : quảng • Hán-Nôm : quẳng • Hán-Nôm : quãng • Hán-Nôm : rộng
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廣
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| 廳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeːŋ) : semantic 广 (“house”) + phonetic 聽 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, *l̥ʰeːŋs). \ According to Jiyun, from 聽／听 (tīng), short for 聽事／听事. \ : \ 廳，古者治官處謂之聽事，後語省直曰聽，故加广。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]厅，古者治官处谓之听事，后语省直曰听，故加广。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] \ From: 1039, Jiyun \ Tīng, gǔzhě zhìguān chù wèi zhī tīngshì, hòu yǔ xǐng zhí yuē tīng, gù jiā yǎn. [Pinyin] \ 廳 / 厅 (tīng ‘hearing [hall]’): The people of old called the government officials' bureaus ‘[halls for] hearing cases’; later the expression is shortened to just ‘hearing [hall]’; so the radical 广 (yǎn) would be added.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : teng¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ting¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thing • Middle-Chinese : theng
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hall; large room • government department; office • (Cantonese) living room and/or dining room
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Kyūjitai form of 庁: government office ‖
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廳 • (cheong) · 廳 • (cheong) (hangeul 청)
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administrative headquarters
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Hán-Nôm : sảnh • Hán-Nôm : thinh • Hán-Nôm : thính
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廳
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| 弁
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Ideogram (指事) : 厶 + 廾: hands (廾) placing a hat (厶) on someone’s head. \ ; “cap; to wear a cap; low-ranking military officer; to place before or above” ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bin⁶ • Middle-Chinese : bjenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun⁴
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conical cap worn during the Zhou dynasty • (of a man) to wear a cap (usually to indicate adulthood) • (historical) low-ranking military officer • to place before or above • quick; rushed • to panic; to shudder • Alternative form of 卞 (biàn, “to wrestle with bare hands”) • Alternative form of 卞 (Biàn, “a county in Shandong”) • a surname ‖ happy
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ 弁(べん) • (ben) ‖ 弁(べん) • (ben) ‖ 弁(べん) • (-ben)
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hat ‖ to distinguish ‖ petal • valve ‖ speech ‖ Extended shinjitai form of 辮 ‖ Extended shinjitai form of 辦 ‖ discrimination ‖ petal • valve ‖ dialect
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弁 • (byeon, ban) · 弁 • (byeon, ban) (hangeul 변, 반, revised byeon, ban, McCune–Reischauer pyŏn, pan, Yale pyen, pan)
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Hán-Nôm : biền • Hán-Nôm : biện
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弁
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| 弗
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Pictogram (象形) – two arrows, tied together to be straightened. \ Later borrowed phonetically to mean “no”. The derivative 拂 (OC *pʰɯd) stands for the original word. \ ; not (verb) him/her/it ‖ According to Pan (2002), a labiodentalized and checked variant of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ'). \ In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts. \ See also 勿 (veq).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hut • Middle-Chinese : pjut ‖
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(Classical) not • Used in 弗弗. • Alternative form of 祓 (fú) • ^† to straighten; to correct • Used in transcription. ‖ (Wu) Alternative form of 勿 (“not”)
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‖ 弗(ふつ) or 弗(フツ) • (futsu) ‖
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fluorine • the dollar sign ($) ‖ (chemistry, chemical elements) fluorine, fluoride ‖
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弗 (eumhun 아닐 불 (anil bul))
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Repurposed for its visual similarity to the dollar symbol $.
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Hán-Nôm : phất
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弗
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| 弛
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tî • Middle-Chinese : syeX
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(literary) to unstring a bow; to slacken a bowstring • to loosen; to slacken; to relax • to fall off; to fall out of use • (literary) to delay; to defer • (literary) to remove; to abolish • (literary) to ruin; to damage
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to loosen
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弛 • (i, chi) · 弛 • (i, chi) (hangeul 이, 치, revised i, chi, McCune–Reischauer i, ch'i, Yale i, chi)
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Hán-Nôm : thỉ
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弛
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| 彈
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Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːn, *daːns) : semantic 弓 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (單) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːn, *daːns) : semantic 弓 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuānn • Middle-Chinese : dan ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : daan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daan⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thân • Middle-Chinese : danH
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to shoot (with a slingshot); to catapult; to eject • to flick; to fluff; to strike • (music) to play (a stringed musical instrument) • to spring; to leap; to be elastic • to accuse; to criticise; to expose • (traditional Chinese medicine) to puncture • (of tear) to fall • to weigh • (Eastern Min) to shine • (Eastern Min) to look at oneself in the mirror) • (Southern Min) to blather; to speak nonsense ‖ shot; pellet • slingshot • Alternative form of 蛋 (dàn, “egg”) • bullet; shot • bomb; shell
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彈 • (tan) · 彈 • (tan) (hangeul 탄, McCune–Reischauer t'an, Yale than)
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Hán-Nôm : đạn • Hán-Nôm : đàn • Hán-Nôm : đằn • Hán-Nôm : đan • Hán-Nôm : đận • Hán-Nôm : rờn
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彈
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| 彙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢruds) : semantic 㣇 + abbreviated phonetic 胃 (OC *ɢuds). \ ;hedgehog \ :Its graph is also used to 彙／汇 (huì, “category, class”), which is perhaps a variant of 類／类 (lèi) without the latter's l- initial. Also note 彙／汇 (huì, “hedgehog”)'s Cantonese pronunciation leoi⁶.(Bodman, 1980; Schuessler, 2007) \ :Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Mizo kuh (“porcupine's quill, porcupine”) and Mizo sakuh (“porcupine”). In Tibeto-Burman cognates *k- is seemingly a prefix.(Schuessler, 2007) \ ;category, class \ :If 彙 (OC *wəs) were related to 類 (OC *rus), it may be a form whose initial *r- had been treated as a prefix and dropped.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luī • Middle-Chinese : hjw+jH
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Alternative form of 蝟／猬 (wèi, “hedgehog”) • to gather; to assemble • collection; class; category
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‖ 彙(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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hedgehog • collection, compilation ‖ to sort and collect; collection, compilation, group
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彙 (eumhun 모을 휘 (mo'eul hwi))
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hanja form of 휘 (“collection”)
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Hán-Nôm : vừng • Hán-Nôm : vị • Hán-Nôm : vựng • Hán-Nôm : hối
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彙
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| 彤
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Middle-Chinese : downg
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(literary) red; vermilion • a surname
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red • vermilion
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彤 • (dong) · 彤 • (dong) (hangeul 동, revised dong, McCune–Reischauer tong, Yale tong)
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red, vermilion • name of an ancient state
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Hán-Nôm : đồng
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彤
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| 彪
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : biu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiu • Middle-Chinese : pjiw
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^‡ tiger stripes • ^‡ Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii) • (literary, by extension) to be full of literary grace or bright colors • (literary) tiger; small tiger • (figuratively, of a person) big and tall; strong; stalwart • (literary) clear; evident; obvious • Classifier for detachment of troops. • a surname
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彪 • (pyo) · 彪 • (pyo) (hangeul 표, revised pyo, McCune–Reischauer p'yo, Yale phyo)
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Hán-Nôm : bưu
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彪
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| 彫
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carve • engrave • chisel
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彫 • (jo) · 彫 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : điêu • Hán-Nôm : đêu
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彫
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| 彬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 焚 (OC *bun) + semantic 彡. \ Alternatively may be phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯn) : abbreviated phonetic 棼 (OC *bɯn) + semantic 彡.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ban¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pin • Middle-Chinese : pin
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elegant; refined • a surname
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‖ 彬(あきら) • (Akira)
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refined ‖ a male given name
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bright
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Hán-Nôm : băn • Hán-Nôm : bận • Hán-Nôm : bân
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彬
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| 彭
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 壴 (“drum”) + 彡 (“visualization of the sound of drumming”) – sound of drumming. \ Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) where 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom) acts as the phonetic component. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 壴 (“drum”) + 彡 (“visualization of the sound of drumming”) – sound of drumming. \ Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) where 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom) acts as the phonetic component. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 壴 (“drum”) + 彡 (“visualization of the sound of drumming”) – sound of drumming. \ Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) where 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom) acts as the phonetic component.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phênn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phîng • Middle-Chinese : baeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong¹
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(onomatopoeia, obsolete) sound of drumming • Name of an ancient country. • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 旁 (“side; near”) ‖ Only used in 彭彭.
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彭 • (paeng, bang) · 彭 • (paeng, bang) (hangeul 팽, 방, revised paeng, bang, McCune–Reischauer p'aeng, pang, Yale phayng, pang)
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canonical : 彭: Hán Việt readings: bành 彭: Nôm readings: bành • canonical : phình
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Chữ Hán form of Bành (“a surname from Chinese.”). • Nôm form of bành.
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彭
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| 很
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːnʔ) : semantic 彳 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns). \ “Cruel (~ 狠); to disobey; to defy” > “very; quite” (since Yuan dynasty). Compare 蠻／蛮 (mán).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : han² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hín • Middle-Chinese : honX
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very; rather; quite • (Mandarin, especially before monosyllabic adjectives) (no meaning, see usage note) • (obsolete, original senses) · to disobey; to defy; to be querulous • (obsolete, original senses) · struggle; dispute; lawsuit • (obsolete, original senses) · to try to one's utmost • (obsolete) Alternative form of 狠 (hěn, “cruel; savage; inhumane”).
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很 (eumhun 패려궂을 흔 (paeryeogujeul heun))
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Hán-Nôm : ngận • Hán-Nôm : hẩn
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很
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| 徊
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‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 徊 – see 回 (“to turn around; to return; to go back; etc.”). \ (This character is a variant form of 回). \ Possibly a contraction of 遐的 (hia-ê / hiah-ê).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wui⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huâi • Middle-Chinese : hwoj ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : huâi
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Only used in 徘徊 (páihuái). ‖ (Hokkien) those
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wander
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徊 • (hoe) · 徊 • (hoe) (hangeul 회, revised hoe, McCune–Reischauer hoe, Yale hoy)
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Hán-Nôm : hồi • Hán-Nôm : hòi
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徊
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| 徑
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaang³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìng • Middle-Chinese : kengH
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path; road • way • directly • (geometry) diameter
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path • diameter • method
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徑 (eumhun 지름길 경 (jireumgil gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“shortcut, path”)
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Hán-Nôm : kính • Hán-Nôm : kinh
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徑
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| 徘
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâi • Middle-Chinese : bwoj
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Only used in 徘徊 (páihuái, “walk back and forth, hesitate”).
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徘 • (bae) · 徘 • (bae) (hangeul 배, revised bae, McCune–Reischauer pae, Yale pay)
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Hán-Nôm : bồi
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徘
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| 徙
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The erroneous variant form 𢓊 (left) and ancient form 𡲴 (right) in small seal script, as depicted within the Shuowen Jiezi. \ During the Zhou dynasty, 徙 was represented with the phonetic borrowing 屎 (OC *hliʔ, *hri, “excrement”), with the components 辵 and 止 later being added to differentiate the character used to represent "migration". During the Warring States period, the earlier forms of 屎 consisting of 小 or 少 components (as seen in and ) had these portions transform into 米, however 徙 continued to retain the 少 form. The Chu script form of 屎 corrupted into a form with the 尸 ("body") component becoming 尾 ("tail"), while the Qin script form of 徙 omitted the 尸 component of 屎 and left only 少 remaining. Li Shoukui (2015) however argues that the Chu script ⿸尾少 may not actually be cognate to ⿸尸少 (and ergo 屎). The clerical script form inherited the Qin script form, however had the 少 component mutate into another 止, which coincidentally resulted in the clerical form matching the same character structure as 歨 (the Shang dynasty form of 步) with an additional 彳 component. \ Shuowen Jiezi erroneously takes this mutated clerical script form of 徙 with two 止 components, and claims that it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *selʔ) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ). It also omits one of the 止 components to create an alternative form 𢓊, however no such character exists in ancient writing (although coincidentally it has a similar shape to the Shang and Zhou 延). Hu Houxuan (1981) states that the "ancient script" form of 徙 in Shuowen, 𡲴, comes from a corruption of the variant form featuring 尾 in place of 尸, but with the tail portion misrepresented as 火. For this reason, the "ancient script" forms of 徙 provided in Shuowen are extremely corrupted. \ Li Jiahao (2010) notes that the ancient form of 屎, namely ⿸尸少, may potentially suggest that 徙 is a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *selʔ) : semantic 辵 (“walk”) + abbreviated phonetic 沙 (OC *sraːl, *sraːls).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saai² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Middle-Chinese : sjeX
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to move one's abode; to shift; to migrate; to relocate • to substitute; to transplant; to swap • (Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew) to move (an object)
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徙 • (sa) · 徙 • (sa) (hangeul 사)
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Hán-Nôm : si • Hán-Nôm : tỉ
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徙
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| 從
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辵 (“walk”) + 从 (“follow”). \ Etymology not certain. Perhaps cognate with Tibetan རྫོང་བ (rdzong ba, “to dispatch; to dismiss”) (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, compare Tibetan སྟོངས་པ (stongs pa, “to accompany”), or perhaps 送 (OC *sloːŋs, “to escort; to send”). \ Pronunciation 2 is a derivation of pronunciation 1. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 辵 (“walk”) + 从 (“follow”). \ Etymology not certain. Perhaps cognate with Tibetan རྫོང་བ (rdzong ba, “to dispatch; to dismiss”) (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, compare Tibetan སྟོངས་པ (stongs pa, “to accompany”), or perhaps 送 (OC *sloːŋs, “to escort; to send”). \ Pronunciation 2 is a derivation of pronunciation 1. ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cung⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiông • Middle-Chinese : dzjowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiōng • Middle-Chinese : dzjowngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sung¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiong • Middle-Chinese : tshjowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiòng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong
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to follow; to come after • to comply with; to submit to • to follow the principle of • to join; to be engaged in • from (a place or time); since • through; via; by • from; according to • (followed by negative) never; ever • 19th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "following" (𝌘) • a surname ‖ (of relatives) paternal (with the same surname) • auxiliary; subsidiary • follower; attendant; entourage ‖ Only used in 從容／从容 (cóngróng, “calm; at ease”). ‖ Alternative form of 縱／纵 (“straight; vertical”) • Alternative form of 縱／纵 (“to give free reign to”) ‖ Alternative form of 蹤／踪 (zōng)
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從 (eumhun 좇을 종 (jocheul jong)) ‖ 從 (eum 종 (jong))
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hanja form of 종 (“to follow; to pursue”) • hanja form of 종 (“to obey; to comply”) • hanja form of 종 (“from; since”) ‖ hanja form of 종 (“prefix indicating cousinhood”)
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Hán-Nôm : tòng • Hán-Nôm : tùng • Hán-Nôm : thủng • Hán-Nôm : tuồng • Hán-Nôm : thong • Hán-Nôm : thung • Hán-Nôm : thùng • Hán-Nôm : tồng • Hán-Nôm : tụng
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從
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| 徵
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 彳 (“movement”) + 𭖒 (“knife”) + 攵 (“to strike”) – originally meaning punishment. \ Originally written as 𭖒 in oracle bone script; pictogram (象形) of a knife with tooth-shaped protrusions on the back. Variants which added 止 (“foot”) were common. In bronze inscriptions, 彳 was often added to the character as well. In bamboo slips, 止 was replaced with 攵, arriving at the modern form. \ Related to 證 (OC *tjɯŋs). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ting • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tin • Middle-Chinese : tring ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Middle-Chinese : triX
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to convene; to assemble • to collect • to solicit; to ask for • to inquire; to query • to verify; to prove • (literary) evidence • phenomenon; symptom • a surname ‖ (music) the fourth tone in the ancient Chinese pentatonic scale, comparable to sol in the Western solfège system
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徵 • (jing, chi) · 徵 • (jing, chi) (hangeul 징, 치, revised jing, chi, McCune–Reischauer ching, ch'i, Yale cing, chi)
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Hán-Nôm : trưng • Hán-Nôm : chưng • Hán-Nôm : chủy • Hán-Nôm : chuỷ • Hán-Nôm : rưng • Hán-Nôm : trâng
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徵
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| 徽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmɯl) : abbreviated phonetic 微 (OC *mɯl) + semantic 糸 (“cloth”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fai¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Middle-Chinese : xjw+j
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^† rope; cord • ^† to tie; to bind • badge; emblem; insignia • crest; logo; coat of arms • flag; banner • (literary) fine; beautiful; glorious • ^† strings on a guqin • (of the guqin) white dots made of mother-of-pearl inlaid onto the surface board, marking the harmonic positions • ^† to play the guqin • Short for 安徽 (Ānhuī). • Short for 徽州 (Huīzhōu).
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good • beautiful • badge
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徽 • (hwi) · 徽 • (hwi) (hangeul 휘, revised hwi, McCune–Reischauer hwi, Yale hwi)
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a badge, insignia
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Hán-Nôm : huy
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徽
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| 忱
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîm • Middle-Chinese : dzyim
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sincerity; honesty; sincere feeling • a surname
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忱 (eum 침 (chim))
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Hán-Nôm : thầm
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忱
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| 忿
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan² • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hùn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hún • Middle-Chinese : phjunX • Middle-Chinese : phjunH
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to be angry; to be indignant; to hate • Alternative form of 奮／奋 (fèn, “to dash ahead”)
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be angry
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忿 (eum 분 (bun))
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get angry • fury • exasperation
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Hán-Nôm : phẫn
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忿
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| 怎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ First attested in the word 怎生 [10th c.] (Yuan et al., 1996). \ Contraction of 作 (MC tsak) + some variant of 物 (MC mjut, “thing; what”), literally “to do what” (Norman, 1988). This is evidenced in forms found in the Tang and Song dynasties (Yuan et al., 1996): 作勿生 (MC tsak mjut sraeng) [8th c.], 作沒生 (MC tsak mwot sraeng) [8th c.], 作摩 (MC tsak ma) [10th c.], 作麼 (MC tsak maX) [10th c.].
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zam² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaam² • Cantonese · Jyutping : dim² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsím • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsérm
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how; why • what
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Hán-Nôm : chẩm • Hán-Nôm : chẩn • Hán-Nôm : tẩn • Hán-Nôm : trẫm
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怎
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| 怔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjeŋ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 正 (OC *tjeŋ, *tjeŋs) ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : tsyeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹
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(used in compounds) terrified; seized with terror; panic-stricken ‖ (regional) to stare blankly; to be in a daze
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怔 (eum 정 (jeong))
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Hán-Nôm : chinh
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怔
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| 怕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰraːɡs, *pʰraːɡ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ). \ Cognate with 怖 (OC *pʰaːs) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Kuki-Chin *phoo(k/ŋ) (“to startle; to alarm; to wake up”), whence Mizo phâwk (“to startle; to frighten”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Proto-Monic *phiic (“to be afraid”), whence Mon ဖေက် (“to fear”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phà • Middle-Chinese : phaeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Middle-Chinese : phaek
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to fear; to be afraid of; to dread • to worry; to be concerned • to be unable to withstand • perhaps; supposedly; fearfully; I'm afraid that • (Northern Wu) ugly • a surname ‖ (literary) Alternative form of 泊 (“indifferent to fame or gain”)
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怕 (eumhun 두려워할 파 (duryeowohal pa)) · 怕 (eumhun 담담할 백 (damdamhal baek))
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Hán-Nôm : phạ
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怕
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| 怡
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yi
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amiable and cheerful • cheerful; happy; joyous
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‖ 怡(い) • (i)
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‖ rejoice; enjoy
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怡 • (i) · 怡 • (i) (hangeul 이, revised i, McCune–Reischauer i, Yale i)
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Hán-Nôm : di
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怡
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| 怯
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hip³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiap • Middle-Chinese : khjaep
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timid; cowardly • to fear; to be afraid of • (dialectal) vulgar; tawdry • weak; feeble
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to be scared, to be frightened • timid; cowardly
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怯 (eumhun 겁(怯)낼 겁 (geomnael geop))
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fear, fright
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Hán-Nôm : khiếp • Hán-Nôm : khép
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怯
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| 恃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djɯʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 寺 (OC *ljɯs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : dzyiX
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rely on, presume on, trust to • (Classical) mother
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恃 (eum 시 (si))
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Hán-Nôm : thị
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恃
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| 恍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaːŋ, *qʰʷaːŋʔ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huánn • Middle-Chinese : kwang
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seemingly, as if (often used with 如 (rú), 若 (ruò)) • absent-minded • Used in 恍惚 (huǎnghū) and 惚恍 (hūhuǎng).
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unclear • senile • stupid • joke
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恍 • (hwang) · 恍 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)
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seemingly • absent-minded
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Hán-Nôm : hoảng • Hán-Nôm : đoảng
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恍
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| 恒
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‖ 恒(つね) • (tsune) ‖ 恒(ひさし) • (Hisashi)
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always, constant ‖ constant, always • usual, ordinary, everyday, normal ‖ a male given name
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恒 • (hang, geung) · 恒 • (hang, geung) (hangeul 항, 긍, revised hang, geung, McCune–Reischauer hang, kŭng, Yale hang, kung)
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恒
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| 恢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *km̥ʰɯː) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 灰 (OC *hmɯː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fui¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : he • Middle-Chinese : khwoj
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extensive; vast • to expand; to enlarge • to restore; to recover
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恢 (eum 회 (hoe))
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Hán-Nôm : khôi
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恢
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| 恤
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seot¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sut • Middle-Chinese : swit ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : seot¹
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to misgive • to sympathize • to compensate • (archaic) to mind; to be concerned in ‖ (Cantonese) bolt; latch • (Cantonese) to bolt; to latch
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恤 • (hyul) · 恤 • (hyul) (hangeul 휼, revised hyul, McCune–Reischauer hyul, Yale hyul)
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Hán-Nôm : tuất
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恤
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| 恬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːm) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + abbreviated phonetic 甜 (OC *l'iːm). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tim⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tim⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâm • Middle-Chinese : dem ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǎm
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quiet; calm; tranquil; peaceful • simple and contented; indifferent to fame or gain • unperturbed; indifferent; not caring of ‖ (Southern Min, Hakka) quiet; silent; calm
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nonchalant
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恬 • (nyeom>yeom) · 恬 • (nyeom>yeom) (hangeul 념>염, revised nyeom>yeom, McCune–Reischauer nyŏm>yŏm, Yale nyem>yem)
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Hán-Nôm : điềm • Hán-Nôm : đềm
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恬
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| 恰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰruːb) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khap • Middle-Chinese : kheap ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : hap¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄚˋ
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exactly; just • appropriate; suitable ‖ (Eastern Min) too; so ‖ (Cantonese) to bully ‖ (dialectal or Internet slang) Pronunciation spelling of 吃.
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恰 (eum 흡 (heup))
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Hán-Nôm : kháp
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恰
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| 悄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰewʔ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiáu • Middle-Chinese : tshjewX
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quiet; silent • (literary) sad; worried
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悄 (eum 초 (cho))
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Hán-Nôm : tiếu • Hán-Nôm : tiêu • Hán-Nôm : tẹo • Hán-Nôm : tiễu • Hán-Nôm : tịu
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悄
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| 悉
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sjej-s (“to know; to understand”) (STEDT). Compare with Tibetan ཤེས་པ (shes pa, “to understand; to know”), Burmese သိ (si., “to know”), Mizo thei (“can; to be able”), Chepang चीःसा (ciʔ‑, “to know; to understand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Middle-Chinese : sit
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to know; to learn; to be informed of • to use up; to exhaust • all; fully; entirely • detailed
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悉 • (sil) · 悉 • (sil) (hangeul 실, revised sil, McCune–Reischauer sil, Yale sil)
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Hán-Nôm : tạt • Hán-Nôm : dứt • Hán-Nôm : tất • Hán-Nôm : tắt
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悉
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| 悍
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hon⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hon⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hān • Middle-Chinese : hanH
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brave; bold • fierce; ferocious • vigorous; valiant
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‖ 悍(かん) • (kan)
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‖ ferocious; fierce
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悍 • (han) · 悍 • (han) (hangeul 한, revised han, McCune–Reischauer han, Yale han)
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Hán-Nôm : hãn
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悍
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| 悖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːds, *bɯːd) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 孛 (OC *bɯːds, *bɯːd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːds, *bɯːd) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 孛 (OC *bɯːds, *bɯːd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːds, *bɯːd) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 孛 (OC *bɯːds, *bɯːd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puē • Middle-Chinese : bwojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : but⁶ • Middle-Chinese : bwot ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˇ
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to go against, to be contrary to • perverse; erroneous • confused; puzzled • to rebel; to revolt • to screen; to cover ‖ Alternative form of 勃 (bó, “prosperous; thriving”) ‖ ^‡ stubborn; obstinate
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悖 (eumhun 거스를 패 (geoseureul pae))
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hanja form of 패 (“go against”)
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Hán-Nôm : bội
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悖
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| 悦
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‖ 悦(えつ) • (etsu) ‖ 悦(えつ) • (etsu)
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ecstasy ‖ joy; pleasure; delight ‖ (literary) rejoicing; happiness
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悦 • (yeol) · 悦 • (yeol) (hangeul 열, revised yeol, McCune–Reischauer yŏl, Yale yel)
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悦
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| 您
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 你 (“you”) + 心 (“heart”). 心 (MC sim) may also phonetically signify the original -m ending (Yuan et al., 1996). \ This character was not listed in Sui/Tang rhyme books. First attested in Jin/Yuan-era literature, when it was also written as 恁 and probably pronounced as *nim at the time (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). The pronoun was used both in the singular and the plural. \ The pronoun used in Jin/Yuan-era literature is generally thought to be a fusion of 你們／你们 (nǐmen, “you (plural)”) or 你每 (nǐměi, “you (plural)”) (Lü, 1940; Norman, 1988). Compare 怹 (tān, “he, she (polite)”) ( < 他們／他们 (tāmen, “they”)). \ The honorific usage may simply be a development of the plural usage (Norman, 1988); compare English you, French vous. However, others have argued for a different etymology for the honorific pronoun. Wang (1984) and Lü (1985) argue that it is a contraction of 你老 (“you (honorific for seniors)”): /ni lau/ → /nil/ → /nin/. Alternatively, Zhang (2001) suggests that it comes from 仁 (MC nyin), an honorific used in Buddhist texts from the Han dynasty. \ In Cantonese and Hakka, this character is simply read as 你; in Teochew, it is read as 汝.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lín
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(polite, honorific, sometimes sarcastic) you (usually singular, may be plural) • (archaic or dialectal) you (plural) • (archaic) thou; you (singular)
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You
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Hán-Nôm : nâm
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您
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| 悴
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuī • Middle-Chinese : dzwijH
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sad; distressed; despondent • haggard; pallid
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悴 (eum 췌 (chwe))
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Hán-Nôm : xót
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悴
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| 惋
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun² • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : 'wanH
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to sigh; to regret • troubled; sorrowful
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regret • be sorry • alarmed
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惋 (eum 완 (wan))
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Hán-Nôm : uyển
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惋
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| 惕
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tik¹ • Middle-Chinese : thek
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alert; watchful; cautious; careful
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惕 • (cheok) · 惕 • (cheok) (hangeul 척, revised cheok, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏk, Yale chek)
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Hán-Nôm : thích • Hán-Nôm : rẻ • Hán-Nôm : dịch
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惕
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| 惡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ) : phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (“bad”); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, “bad”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, “difficult”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Exoactive of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Cognate with 安 (OC *qaːn, “where; how”), 焉 (OC *qan, “where; how”). ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁. \ (This character is a variant traditional form of 噁). \ Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, 涴 (MC 'waH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : oh • Middle-Chinese : 'ak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ònn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : òo • Middle-Chinese : 'uH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu¹ • Middle-Chinese : 'u ‖
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evil; wicked; foul • fierce; hostile; ferocious • (Cantonese, transitive) to be hostile against (someone) • bad; poor • (Cantonese, Southern Min) difficult • (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to verbally abuse; to reprimand; to curse; to rebuke • (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow ‖ to hate; to loathe; to dislike ‖ ^† An interrogative pronoun: how • ^† Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah ‖ (Wu) excrement
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惡 (eumhun 악할 악 (akhal ak)) ‖ 惡 (eumhun 미워할 오 (miwohal o))
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hanja form of 악 (“evil; wickedness”) [noun] ‖ hanja form of 오 (“to hate”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : ác • Hán-Nôm : ố
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惡
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| 惦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 店 (OC *tiːms). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dim³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiàm ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiàm
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to keep thinking about; to miss ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 踮 (tiàm)
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Hán-Nôm : điếm
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惦
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| 惱
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nou⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : náu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ló • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóo • Middle-Chinese : nawX
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to be angered; to be irritated • unhappy; vexed • (Hakka) to dislike; to loathe; to hate
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惱 (eumhun 괴로워할 뇌 (goerowohal noe))
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hanja form of 뇌 (“angered, filled with hate”)
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Hán-Nôm : não • Hán-Nôm : náo
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惱
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| 惶
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiânn • Middle-Chinese : hwang
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fearful; afraid; anxious; nervous • confuse; confused
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be anxious • fear
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惶 • (hwang) · 惶 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)
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Hán-Nôm : hoàng
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惶
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| 惹
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Characters in the same phonetic series (若) (Zhengzhang, 2003) ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄜˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiá • Middle-Chinese : nyaeX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄛˋ • Middle-Chinese : nyak
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to cause (a problem); to court • to offend; to provoke; to irritate; to vex • to attract; to cause (a reaction) • (Cantonese) to attract (an animal) • (Cantonese) to infect • (Mandarin, Internet slang, usually women's speech) Alternative form of 了 ‖
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惹 • (ya) · 惹 • (ya) (hangeul 야, revised ya, McCune–Reischauer ya, Yale ya)
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Hán-Nôm : nhạ
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惹
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| 愕
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : go̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngia̍h • Middle-Chinese : ngak
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startled; scared; astonished • ^† Alternative form of 諤／谔 (è, “honest speech”)
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surprised • frightened
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愕 (eum 악 (ak))
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Hán-Nôm : ngạc • Hán-Nôm : ngắc
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愕
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| 愣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 心 + abbreviated phonetic 楞. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 心 + abbreviated phonetic 楞.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : līng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gāng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leng¹
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to be in a daze; to be dumbfounded • rash; hot-headed; hasty • (colloquial) wilfully; insistently; persistently ‖ Only used in 愣兒／愣儿.
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Hán-Nôm : lăng
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愣
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| 愿
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ngjwonH
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(literary) honest and prudent
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愿 • (won) · 愿 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
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愿
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| 慄
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STEDT compared this to Tibetan བྲེད་པ་ (bred pa, “to be alarmed, scared”). If the relation is to be established, then this term is derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ray-t (“fear”). \ Hong Kong Cantonese “to be scared” is borrowed from Taishanese 慄／栗 (nut⁵). ‖ STEDT compared this to Tibetan བྲེད་པ་ (bred pa, “to be alarmed, scared”). If the relation is to be established, then this term is derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-ray-t (“fear”). \ Hong Kong Cantonese “to be scared” is borrowed from Taishanese 慄／栗 (nut⁵).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lit • Middle-Chinese : lit ‖
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to shiver; to shudder; to tremble • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to be scared (of one's facial expression) • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to become weak and limp (of one's arms and legs due to fear, lack of strength, etc.) ‖ (originally Taishanese, now also Hong Kong Cantonese) to be scared
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fear • tremble, shudder, shiver
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慄 • (ryul>yul) · 慄 • (ryul>yul) (hangeul 률>율, revised ryul>yul, McCune–Reischauer ryul>yul, Yale lyul>yul)
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Hán-Nôm : lật
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translates as Lật or Rất which modifies adjectives or adverbs to mean very or extremely
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慄
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| 慘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰluːmʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 參 (OC *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshám • Middle-Chinese : tshomX
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(literary, or in compounds) cruel; vicious; malicious • (of losses, defeats, etc.) severe; crushing; heavy • miserable; pitiful; wretched • (literary, or in compounds) gloomy; dim; dismal
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Kyūjitai form of 惨: wretched
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慘 • (cham, chim) · 慘 • (cham, chim) (hangeul 참, 침, revised cham, chim, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, ch'im, Yale cham, chim)
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Hán-Nôm : thảm • Hán-Nôm : thom • Hán-Nôm : thỏm
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|
慘
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| 慷
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Originally written as 忼. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰlaːŋʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 康 (OC *kʰlaːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong² • Cantonese · Jyutping : kong² • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khóng • Middle-Chinese : khangX
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Used in compounds.
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generous; magnanimous
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慷 (eum 강 (gang))
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|
Hán-Nôm : khảng
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慷
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| 慾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loɡ) : phonetic 欲 (OC *loɡ) + semantic 心 – to lust with one’s heart.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io̍k • Middle-Chinese : yowk
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desire; lust
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desire, greed
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慾 • (yok) · 慾 • (yok) (hangeul 욕, revised yok, McCune–Reischauer yok, Yale yok)
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Hán-Nôm : dục
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慾
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| 憐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːn) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-rin (“compassion; love”). Cognate with Tibetan དྲིན (drin, “kindness; favour; grace”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liân • Middle-Chinese : len
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to pity; to sympathize • to love tenderly
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sympathy • pity • treasure • dote on
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憐 (eumhun 불쌍히 여길 련 (bulssanghi yeogil ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 불쌍히 여길 연 (bulssanghi yeogil yeon))
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hanja form of 련/연 (“pity, sympathize”)
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Hán-Nôm : lân • Hán-Nôm : liên
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憐
|
| 憔
|
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ciu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâ • Middle-Chinese : dzjew
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Only used in compounds.
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be emaciated, get thin
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憔 (eum 초 (cho))
|
|
Hán-Nôm : tiều
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憔
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| 憧
|
‖
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiong • Middle-Chinese : tsyhowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤˋ • Middle-Chinese : draewngH
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irresolute; indecisive • Used in 憧憬 (chōngjǐng). ‖ ^† foolish; ignorant
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|
longing, yearning
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憧 (eumhun 그리워할 동 (geuriwohal dong))
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hanja form of 동 (“longing, yearning”)
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Hán-Nôm : sung
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憧
|
| 憩
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 恬 (“tranquil”) + 息 (“rest”). There is also the possibility that 憩 is phono-semantic (形聲／形声, OC *kʰrads) , with 𠯑 (OC *ɡroːd) as the phonetic component. \ Possibly related to 歇 (OC *qʰad) (Wang, 1982).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tim⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khè • Middle-Chinese : khjejH
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(literary) to rest
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break • rest period • rest • leisure
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憩 (eumhun 쉴 게 (swil ge))
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hanja form of 게 (“to rest”)
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Hán-Nôm : khệ • Hán-Nôm : khị
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憩
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| 憫
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bín • Middle-Chinese : minX
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to sympathize; to pity; to feel compassion for • (literary) depressed; sorrowful
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憫 (eumhun 민망할 민 (minmanghal min))
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hanja form of 민 (“pity, sympathize with, grieve for”)
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Hán-Nôm : mẫn
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憫
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| 憬
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ging² • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwing² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Middle-Chinese : kjwaengX
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long for
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憬 • (gyeong) · 憬 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale keyng)
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rouse, awaken • become conscious
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Hán-Nôm : cảnh
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憬
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| 懂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːŋʔ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 董 (OC *toːŋʔ). \ Perhaps cognate with 黨 (OC *taːŋʔ, “to know”), an ancient Chu dialect word (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : táng • Middle-Chinese : tuwngX
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to understand; to comprehend • (Singapore, Hong Kong) to know • Used in 懵懂 (měngdǒng, “confused”). • a surname: Dong
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懂 (eumhun 심란할 동 (simnanhal dong))
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Hán-Nôm : đổng • Hán-Nôm : đỏng
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懂
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| 懈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːs) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hāi • Middle-Chinese : keaH
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(literary, or in compounds) lazy; slack; idle
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laziness
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懈 (eum 해 (hae))
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Hán-Nôm : giải
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懈
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| 應
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯŋ, *qɯŋs) : phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ) + semantic 心 (“heart”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯŋ, *qɯŋs) : phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ) + semantic 心 (“heart”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯŋ, *qɯŋs) : phonetic 䧹 (OC *qɯŋ) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : èng • Middle-Chinese : 'ing ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ìn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : eng • Middle-Chinese : 'ingH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing³
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should; ought to • to consent to; to agree • (literary) perhaps; maybe ‖ to answer; to reply • to permit; to promise • to agree; to echo; to go along with • to handle; to deal with • (of words, etc.) to come true; to be confirmed • to suit; to fit • to accept • (Cantonese) impactful • (Cantonese) exact • 41st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "response" (𝌮) • (～縣) Ying County (a county of Shuozhou, Shanxi, China) ‖ a surname
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‖
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Kyūjitai form of 応 ‖
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應 (eumhun 응할 응 (eunghal eung)) ‖ 應 (eumhun 응당(應當) 응)
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hanja form of 응 (“to answer; to respond”) ‖ hanja form of 응 (“should; ought to”)
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Hán-Nôm : ứng • Hán-Nôm : ưng • Hán-Nôm : ừng
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應
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| 懊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quːʔ, *quːɡs, *quɡ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quːʔ, *quːɡs, *quɡ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quːʔ, *quːɡs, *quɡ) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : àu • Middle-Chinese : 'awX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : àu • Middle-Chinese : 'awH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Middle-Chinese : 'juwk
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^⁜ vexed; worried; nervous ‖ ^⁜ regret ‖ ^‡ to covet
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in distress • provoking • irritating • impatient • vexed
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懊 • (o) · 懊 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)
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Hán-Nôm : áo • Hán-Nôm : ảo • Hán-Nôm : úc
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懊
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| 懦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *noːls, *njo) : semantic 忄 (“heart”) + phonetic 需 (OC *sno).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nōo • Middle-Chinese : nyu
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^⁜ cowardly; weak • soft
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懦 • (na, yu) · 懦 • (na, yu) (hangeul 나, 유, revised na, yu, McCune–Reischauer na, yu, Yale na, yu)
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Hán-Nôm : nhụa
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懦
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| 懷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːl) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl, “bosom”). \ Originally written 褱, see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuī • Middle-Chinese : hweaj
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breast; bosom • (figurative) heart; mind; affection • to carry in one's bosom or on one's body • to harbor in one's mind; to keep in mind; to entertain • to think of; to cherish; to tend to; to remember; to reminisce • (literary) to miss; to long for • (literary or dialectal Mandarin) to be pregnant • (Magong Hokkien) pocket (bag sewn into clothing) • a surname: Huai
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懷 • (hoe) · 懷 • (hoe) (hangeul 회, revised hoe, McCune–Reischauer hoe, Yale hoy)
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Hán-Nôm : hoài
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懷
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| 懼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷas) : semantic 忄 + phonetic 瞿 (OC *kʷas, *ɡʷa).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khū • Middle-Chinese : gjuH
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to fear; to be afraid • to scare; to frighten
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fear • overawed
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懼 (eumhun 두려워할 구 (duryeowohal gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“fear, be afraid of, dread”)
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Hán-Nôm : cụ
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懼
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| 戀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *b·rons) : phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luân • Middle-Chinese : ljwenH
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(literary, or in compounds) to love • (literary, or in compounds) to long for; to yearn for; to feel attached to
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Kyūjitai form of 恋: attract, love
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戀 (eumhun 사모할 련 (samohal ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 사모할 연 (samohal yeon))
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hanja form of 련/연 (“love”) • hanja form of 련/연 (“long for, yearn for”)
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canonical : 戀: Hán Việt readings: luyến 戀: Nôm readings: luyến • canonical : luýnh
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chữ Hán form of luyến (“love, fondness (compounds)”).
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戀
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| 戈
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Pictogram (象形) ― a tool or weapon on a pole, the pole having developed into the long upper-left to lower-right diagonal stroke.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwo¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Middle-Chinese : kwa
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(historical) dagger-axe (an ancient Chinese weapon similar to a halberd) • a surname
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‖
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pike (weapon) ‖
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戈 (eumhun 창 과 (chang gwa))
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Hán-Nôm : qua • Hán-Nôm : quơ • Hán-Nôm : quờ
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戈
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| 戎
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 盾 (“shield”) + 戈 (“halberd; weapons”) – weaponry, arms. \ ; “you” \ ; “bellicose, warlike”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiông • Middle-Chinese : nyuwng
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(literary) arms; armaments • (literary) army; military affairs • (obsolete) you • Used in 戎戎 (róngróng). • Used in 蒙戎. • (historical) a general term for ethnic groups in the west of China • a surname
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‖ 戎(えびす) • (Ebisu)
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warrior • arms • barbarian • Ainu ‖ a surname • alternative spelling of 恵比須 (Ebisu), a Shinto god
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戎 • (yung) · 戎 • (yung) (hangeul 융, revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)
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arms • armaments • military affair
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Hán-Nôm : nhung • Hán-Nôm : nhỏng • Hán-Nôm : nhong • Hán-Nôm : xong • Hán-Nôm : nhùng
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戎
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| 截
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zeːd) : phonetic 雀 (OC *ʔsewɢ) + semantic 戈.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsue̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse̍h
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to cut off; to sever; to slice • to bar; to stop; to obstruct; to block • to close; to end • section • Classifier for sections or lengths of objects. • neat; well-ordered; orderly • Alternative form of 接 (jiē, “to pick up”) • a surname: Jie
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‖ 截(せつ) • (setsu) ‖ 截(さい) • (sai)
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to cut, to sever ‖ section • cut • sever ‖ section • cut • sever
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截 (eumhun 끊을 절 (kkeuneul jeol))
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hanja form of 절 (“sever”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiệt • Hán-Nôm : sịt • Hán-Nôm : tét • Hán-Nôm : tĩu
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截
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| 戰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjans) : phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans) + semantic 戈 (“halberd”) – battling with a halberd. \ Benedict (1972) thinks it a cognate to Tibetan རལ་གྲི (ral gri, “sword”), Mizo râl (“enemy”), both from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-raːl ~ *g-ran ~ *ray (“enemy, quarrel, strife, fight, war, sword”), yet Schuessler (2007) thinks it unlikely that Old Chinese *t- corresponds to Tibeto-Burman *r-. \ Instead he proposes that "war, battle" is semantically extended from "tremble, fear" and so 戰 (OC *tjans) is cognate with 憚 (OC *daːns) (ibid.); STEDT in turn derives them both from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dar ~ d(u/i)r (“tremble, shiver”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiàn • Middle-Chinese : tsyenH
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to fight a battle; to go to war • war; battle; fight • to tremble; to shiver • a surname: Zhan
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fighting, battle
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戰 (eumhun 싸울 전 (ssaul jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“fight”)
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canonical : 戰: Hán Việt readings: chiến 戰: Nôm readings: chiến • canonical : chén • canonical : chuyến
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chữ Hán form of chiến (“war, conflict”).
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戰
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| 戲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː) : phonetic 䖒 () + semantic 戈 (“halberd”), originally referring to the wing or flank of an army. \ Cognate with 嘕 (OC *qʰran, “to laugh”), Tibetan ཀྱལ་ཀ (kyal ka, “joke; jest; trick”), Mizo khâl (“to play with”), Mizo inkhêl (“to gamble; to play”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː) : phonetic 䖒 () + semantic 戈 (“halberd”), originally referring to the wing or flank of an army. \ Cognate with 嘕 (OC *qʰran, “to laugh”), Tibetan ཀྱལ་ཀ (kyal ka, “joke; jest; trick”), Mizo khâl (“to play with”), Mizo inkhêl (“to gamble; to play”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː) : phonetic 䖒 () + semantic 戈 (“halberd”), originally referring to the wing or flank of an army. \ Cognate with 嘕 (OC *qʰran, “to laugh”), Tibetan ཀྱལ་ཀ (kyal ka, “joke; jest; trick”), Mizo khâl (“to play with”), Mizo inkhêl (“to gamble; to play”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰral, *qʰrals, *qʰaː) : phonetic 䖒 () + semantic 戈 (“halberd”), originally referring to the wing or flank of an army. \ Cognate with 嘕 (OC *qʰran, “to laugh”), Tibetan ཀྱལ་ཀ (kyal ka, “joke; jest; trick”), Mizo khâl (“to play with”), Mizo inkhêl (“to gamble; to play”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hì • Middle-Chinese : xjeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Middle-Chinese : xu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Middle-Chinese : xje ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ
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to play; to amuse; to have fun • to tease; to chaff • theatrical play; show; theater; opera (Classifier: 齣／出; 部 m) • (dialectal) movie; film (Classifier: 齣／出 c; 套 c) • (Cantonese) scene (Classifier: 場／场 c) • (figurative) interesting part; hope ‖ Alternative form of 呼 (“to shout”), only used in 於戲／於戏 (wūhū). ‖ ^† slanting ‖ Only used in 戲氏阪／戏氏阪.
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戲 (eumhun 놀이 희 (nori hui)) · 戲 (eumhun 희롱할 희 (huironghal hui)) ‖ 戲 (eumhun 서러울 호 (seoreoul ho)) · 戲 (eumhun 탄식할 호 (tansikhal ho)) ‖ 戲 (eumhun 기 휘 (gi hwi))
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hanja form of 희 (“play”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 呼 (“hanja form of 호 (“shout; sigh”)”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 麾 (“hanja form of 휘 (“banner”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : hí • Hán-Nôm : hé • Hán-Nôm : hi • Hán-Nôm : hô
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戲
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| 戳
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coek³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshok
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to thrust; to poke • stamp; seal • (dialectal) to fuck; to have sex with
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戳 • (chak) · 戳 • (chak) (hangeul 착, revised chak, McCune–Reischauer ch'ak, Yale chak)
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Hán-Nôm : chạc • Hán-Nôm : trộ
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戳
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| 扁
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戶 (“door”) + 冊 (“bamboo tablets”) – to inscribe on the door. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pyar (“flat, thin”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 戶 (“door”) + 冊 (“bamboo tablets”) – to inscribe on the door. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pyar (“flat, thin”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bin² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pún • Middle-Chinese : penX • Middle-Chinese : bjienX • Middle-Chinese : benX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phian • Middle-Chinese : phjien
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flat and thin (like a pancake) • to inscribe on the door • to curl one's lips • to underestimate; to underrate • (dialectal) to beat; to give someone a good beating • (dialectal) to hide in the waist • Original form of 匾 (biǎn, “horizontal inscribed board; tablet; signboard”). • a surname ‖ small; little; narrow • Alternative form of 偏 (piān, “out-of-the-way; remote; one-sided”)
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flat (adjective)
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扁 (eumhun 작을 편 (jageul pyeon))
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hanja form of 편 (“small; flat”)
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canonical : 扁: Hán Việt readings: biển • canonical : thiên • canonical : biên 扁: Nôm readings: biển • canonical : bên • canonical : bẽn
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chữ Hán form of biển (“flat, thin”).
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扁
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| 扉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯl) : semantic 戶 + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Middle-Chinese : pj+j
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door panel; door leaf • door-like thing
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‖ 扉(とびら) • (tobira)
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‖ a door (moving part of a hinged door that swings out or in, as opposed to a sliding door or the doorway as a whole) • (by extension) a title page • (figuratively) an entrance to something
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扉 • (bi) · 扉 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi, Yale pi)
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canonical : 扉: Hán Việt readings: phi 扉: Nôm readings: phi
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chữ Hán form of phi (“entry gate”). • Nôm form of phi (“preface”).
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扉
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| 扎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqriːd) : semantic 手 + phonetic 乙 (OC *qriɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaat³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaap³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsat • Middle-Chinese : tsreat
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Alternative form of 札 • Alternative form of 札 · (Classical) to pull • to stab; to prick; to puncture • to tie; to fasten; to bundle • to be stationed; to be quartered (of troops) • (loanword) Classifier for jars.
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扎 (eum 찰 (chal))
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Hán-Nôm : trát
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扎
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| 扒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *preːds, *preːd, *pred) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 八 (OC *preːd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *preːds, *preːd, *pred) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 八 (OC *preːd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *preːds, *preːd, *pred) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 八 (OC *preːd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *preːds, *preːd, *pred) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 八 (OC *preːd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *preːds, *preːd, *pred) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 八 (OC *preːd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : peh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pá • Middle-Chinese : peajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paa⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pha • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paa¹ • Middle-Chinese : pjet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˋ • Middle-Chinese : peat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paa⁴⁻²
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to hold on to; to cling to • to dig up; to tear down • to push aside • to strip off; to take off ‖ to gather up; to rake up • to pickpocket • to braise • to climb • to lie prone; to crouch down • (regional) to scratch ‖ to divide ‖ to pull up • to rescue ‖ (chiefly Cantonese) steak; slab of meat
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scratch • dig up • crawl, crouch
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扒 • (bae) · 扒 • (bae) (hangeul 배)
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Hán-Nôm : bắt • Hán-Nôm : bái • Hán-Nôm : bát • Hán-Nôm : bớt • Hán-Nôm : bít • Hán-Nôm : vát • Hán-Nôm : xẹp
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扒
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| 扔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯŋ, *njɯŋs) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯŋ, *njɯŋs) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 乃 (OC *nɯːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jîng • Middle-Chinese : nying ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄥˋ • Middle-Chinese : nyingH
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to throw • to throw away • a surname ‖ to pull; to draw • to destroy
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throw • hurl • throw away • cast
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Hán-Nôm : nẫy • Hán-Nôm : nhưng • Hán-Nôm : nảy • Hán-Nôm : nẩy • Hán-Nôm : nới
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扔
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| 扛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gong¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kng • Middle-Chinese : kaewng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gong¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kng
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to lift using both hands • to lift by at least two people ‖ to shoulder; to carry on shoulders • to contradict
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扛 (eum 강 (gang))
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Hán-Nôm : giăng • Hán-Nôm : giang • Hán-Nôm : căng • Hán-Nôm : dăng • Hán-Nôm : giằng • Hán-Nôm : dàng • Hán-Nôm : giương • Hán-Nôm : gồng • Hán-Nôm : khiêng
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扛
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| 扣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːʔ, *kʰoːs) : semantic 手 + phonetic 口 (OC *kʰoːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄡˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khau • Middle-Chinese : khuwX • Middle-Chinese : khuwH
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to hold; to restrain; to grab (a horse) • to rap; to strike; to pound • to detain; to arrest • to button; to fasten a button; to buckle; to clasp • button (knob or small disc serving as a fastener) • knot • to subtract; to deduct (money, points, etc.) • to accord with; to tally with; to conform to • Classifier for discount. • Alternative form of 叩 (kòu, “to knock; to strike”) • a surname: Kou
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扣 (eumhun 두드릴 구 (dudeuril gu)) ‖ 扣 (eumhun 두드릴 고 (dudeuril go))
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‖
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Hán-Nôm : khấu • Hán-Nôm : khẩu • Hán-Nôm : khâu • Hán-Nôm : kháu
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扣
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| 扭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nuʔ, *tnuʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 丑 (OC *n̥ʰuʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : nau⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : niú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : láu • Middle-Chinese : nrjuwX • Middle-Chinese : trjuwX
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to turn around • to twist; to wrench • to sprain • to swing (one's body) • to seize; to grapple with • crooked; not straight
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turn • twist • wrench • seize • grasp
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Hán-Nôm : nữu • Hán-Nôm : níu • Hán-Nôm : nửu
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扭
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| 扮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯːns, *hmroːlʔ, *pɯn, *pɯnʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯːns, *hmroːlʔ, *pɯn, *pɯnʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯːns, *hmroːlʔ, *pɯn, *pɯnʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯːns, *hmroːlʔ, *pɯn, *pɯnʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pān • Middle-Chinese : peanH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˇ • Middle-Chinese : pjunX • Middle-Chinese : bjunX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣ • Middle-Chinese : pjun ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˇ • Middle-Chinese : xweaX
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to dress up; to disguise oneself • to act; to play • to put on an expression; to make faces • (Cantonese) to pretend; to feign ‖ (literary) to hold • (literary) to merge • (literary) to agitate ‖ ^‡ to dig ‖ ^‡ messy
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‖
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dress-up, disguise ‖ to dress up in a disguise, to disguise oneself • to put on a costume, to play a role
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扮 • (bun, ban) · 扮 • (bun, ban) (hangeul 분, 반, revised bun, ban, McCune–Reischauer pun, pan, Yale pun, pan)
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Hán-Nôm : phẫn
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扮
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| 扯
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Originally written as 撦. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjaːʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiá • Middle-Chinese : tsyhaeX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ce²
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to pull; to tug (usually something that is flexible) • to tear • to talk casually; to chat • ridiculous; crazy • (dialectal, of weather) to fall; to have • (dialectal) to play (a stringed instrument) • (Cantonese) to raise by pulling; to hoist • (Cantonese) to breathe; to puff; to suck in • (Cantonese) Short for 扯旗 (“to have an erection”). ‖ (Cantonese) to leave • (Cantonese) away
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扯 • (cha) · 扯 • (cha) (hangeul 차, revised cha, McCune–Reischauer ch'a, Yale cha)
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Hán-Nôm : chải • Hán-Nôm : xả • Hán-Nôm : chẻ • Hán-Nôm : giẫy • Hán-Nôm : xới • Hán-Nôm : chỉ • Hán-Nôm : xé • Hán-Nôm : xẻ • Hán-Nôm : xởi
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扯
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| 扳
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baan² • Cantonese · Jyutping : baan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pán • Middle-Chinese : paen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paan¹ • Middle-Chinese : phaen
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to pull; to turn • to win back • (literary, or in compounds) to debate; to dispute • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to grip something tightly ‖ Alternative form of 攀 (pān, “to climb; to pull”)
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扳 • (ban) · 扳 • (ban) (hangeul 반, revised ban, McCune–Reischauer pan, Yale pan)
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Hán-Nôm : bẳn • Hán-Nôm : ban • Hán-Nôm : bản • Hán-Nôm : bắn
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扳
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| 扼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːɡ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 厄 (OC *qreːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ak¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aak¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ik
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to grasp; to clutch • to guard; to control • to choke; to strangle • Alternative form of 軛／轭 (è, “yoke”)
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command • dominate • prevent • obstruct
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扼 • (aek) · 扼 • (aek) (hangeul 액, revised aek, McCune–Reischauer aek, Yale ayk)
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Hán-Nôm : ách
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扼
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| 找
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsruːʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 戈 (OC *koːl). \ Originally a variant form of 划. Borrowed to mean a similar action. \ The popular interpretation as a hand (扌) looking for a halberd (戈) is a mnemonic and not the origin of the character. \ Both “to seek” and “to give change” senses are attested since the Ming dynasty. The etymology is uncertain and it is unclear whether both senses are of the same origin. Compare 爪 (zhuǎ) and 抓 (zhuā).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáu
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to look for; to seek • to ask for somebody; to call on somebody • to give change • to make up (a deficiency) • (Northern Wu, specifically) to look for; to search for (a job, a partner, etc
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to look for • to seek • to make change
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找 (eumhun 채울 조 (chae'ul jo)) · 找 (eumhun 삿대질할 화 (satdaejilhal hwa))
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Hán-Nôm : trảo • Hán-Nôm : hoa • Hán-Nôm : quơ • Hán-Nôm : chết • Hán-Nôm : triễu
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找
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| 抒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaʔ, *hlja, *ɦljaʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thí • Middle-Chinese : zjoX • Middle-Chinese : zyoX
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to express; to convey • to eliminate; to relieve
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抒 • (seo, jeo) · 抒 • (seo, jeo) (hangeul 서, 저, revised seo, jeo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, chŏ, Yale se, ce)
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Hán-Nôm : trữ
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抒
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| 抓
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsua • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liàu • Middle-Chinese : tsraew • Middle-Chinese : tsraewX • Middle-Chinese : tsraewH
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to grab • to scratch (with nails, claws, etc.) • to be responsible for; to be in charge of • to attract (the attention of someone or something); to entice; to allure; to draw; to fascinate; to appeal to • to catch; to capture • to arrest
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抓 • (jo) · 抓 • (jo) (hangeul 조)
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Hán-Nôm : co • Hán-Nôm : trảo
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抓
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| 抖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : tuwX
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to shake; to tremble • to shake; to fling one's arm; to lash; to swing • to expose; to reveal • to stir up; to enliven
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shake • jiggle
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抖 • (du) · 抖 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)
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tremble, shake, rouse • give shake
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Hán-Nôm : đẩu • Hán-Nôm : kéo
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抖
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| 抬
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Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯː) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 台 (OC *l̥ʰɯː, *l'ɯː, *l'ɯː, *lɯ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : toi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thai • Middle-Chinese : doj
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to lift; to heave • (of many people) to carry • (figurative, colloquial) to argue for the sake of arguing or for no reason; to bicker • Classifier for things carried by several people.
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抬 (eum 태 (tae))
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Hán-Nôm : đài
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抬
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| 拄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duːŋ (“post; column”). Cognate with 柱 (OC *toʔ, *doʔ, “post; column”); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tú • Middle-Chinese : trjuX
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to prop; to support • to lean on; to be propped up (with a stick, etc.) • (archaic) to open (one's eyes) • (literary or Hokkien, Eastern Min) to ridicule; to retort; to talk back • (archaic or Eastern Min) to prod; to poke • (literary) to block; to plug • (Hokkien) to equal; to be able to exchange one for another • (Hokkien) to cancel out • (Hokkien) to meet; to encounter • (Hokkien) just; just now; a moment ago • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to give change
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拄 • (ju) · 拄 • (ju) (hangeul 주, revised ju, McCune–Reischauer chu, Yale cwu)
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Hán-Nôm : chủ • Hán-Nôm : trụ • Hán-Nôm : chỏ • Hán-Nôm : chõ
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拄
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| 拆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tŋ̊ʰraːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 斥 (OC *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡs, *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tŋ̊ʰraːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 斥 (OC *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡs, *ŋ̊ʰjaːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄞ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄚ
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to take apart; to dismantle • to demolish; to destroy • (Cantonese) to solve (a problem) • (Cantonese, of one's voice) hoarse • (Hokkien) to purchase; to buy (tickets, medicine, etc.) • (Hokkien) to tear ‖ (dialectal) to excrete
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拆 (eum 탁 (tak))
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Hán-Nôm : sách
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拆
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| 拇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 母 (OC *mɯʔ). \ Sino-Tibetan; compare Proto-Loloish *C-ma³ (“thumb”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Possibly related to 母 (OC *mɯʔ, “mother”); compare Proto-Loloish *C-ma³ (“female suffix”), *ʔəC-ma³ (“mother”), Zhuang mehfwngz (“thumb”), derived from meh (“mother”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bú • Middle-Chinese : muwX
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(anatomy) thumb • (anatomy) big toe
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thumb
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拇 (eum 무 (mu))
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thumb • big toe
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Hán-Nôm : mẫu
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拇
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| 拌
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bun⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puǎnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puān • Middle-Chinese : phan • Middle-Chinese : banX
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to mix; to stir; to blend • to argue; to quarrel • (Hakka) to cast; to throw; to fling; to cause to fall and break; to break
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拌 • (ban) · 拌 • (ban) (hangeul 반, revised ban, McCune–Reischauer pan, Yale pan)
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Hán-Nôm : bắn • Hán-Nôm : phan • Hán-Nôm : bạn
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拌
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| 拖
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Variant form of 拕／拖 (tuō), phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːl, *l̥ʰaːls) : semantic 手 + phonetic 它 (OC *l̥ʰaːl).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : to¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thua • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thoo • Middle-Chinese : thaH
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to drag; to tow; to haul • to mop • to droop; to dangle; to hang down; to sag • to hold hands • to delay; to put off; to procrastinate; to adjourn; to defer; to prolong • to sustain (a sound) • to pin down; to tie up; to check (e.g. the enemy forces); to encumber • Short for 拖鞋 (tuōxié, “flip-flops; slippers”). • (Cantonese, slang) fight • a surname: Tuo
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拖 (eumhun 끌 타 (kkeul ta))
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hanja form of 타 (“to drag”)
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Hán-Nôm : đà • Hán-Nôm : đớ • Hán-Nôm : đợ • Hán-Nôm : đỡ • Hán-Nôm : tha • Hán-Nôm : đoa • Hán-Nôm : đòa • Hán-Nôm : đoà
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拖
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| 拗
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ Unclear. Zhang (1993) suggests that it might ultimately be derived from a contraction of 勿 + 要. Compare also 勿要, 𧟰.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aau³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : áu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : auh • Middle-Chinese : 'aewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄡˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : aau³ ‖
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to defy; to disobey • hard to read ‖ (dialectal) to bend; twist as to break • (Hakka) to pluck; to pick (flowers, fruits, leaves, etc.) • (Hokkien) to fold ‖ stubborn; obstinate ‖ to suppress; to repress ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 詏／𬣦 (“to argue; to dispute”) ‖ do not • do not want • do not need to • To indicate an undesirably or unexpectedly large degree or amount. • To indicate that an action or circumstance is undesirable to the speaker.
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拗 • (yo) · 拗 • (yo) (hangeul 요, revised yo, McCune–Reischauer yo, Yale yo)
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Hán-Nôm : húc • Hán-Nôm : ao • Hán-Nôm : áo • Hán-Nôm : ảo • Hán-Nôm : nữu
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拗
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| 拯
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kljɯŋʔ) : semantic 手 + phonetic 丞 (OC *ɡljɯŋ, *ɡljɯŋs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-tjaŋ (“upper part; to rise; to raise”). Related to 承 (OC *ɡljɯŋ, “to receive”), 烝 (OC *kljɯŋ, “to offer (gifts, sacrifices, etc.)”), 登 (OC *tɯːŋ, “to mount; to rise”), 升 (OC *hljɯŋ, “to rise”) (Schuessler, 2007; Sagart and Baxter, 2012).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsíng • Middle-Chinese : tsyingX
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to rescue; to save; to aid • (literary) to lift; to raise
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help
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拯 • (jeung) · 拯 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
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help, save, aid • lift, raise
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Hán-Nôm : chửng 拯: Nôm readings: chẳng • Hán-Nôm : chăng • Hán-Nôm : chuộng ‖
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‖ No, not, negative particle.
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拯
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| 拱
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloŋʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 共 (OC *kloŋ, *ɡloŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Middle-Chinese : kjowngX
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to fold the hands in front of the breast • to bow; to salute • to surround; to encircle • (archaic) area enclosed by the arms • to push upwards or outwards • to sprout • to arch • arched
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arch • fold arms
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拱 • (gong) · 拱 • (gong) (hangeul 공, revised gong, McCune–Reischauer kong, Yale kong)
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fold hands on breast • bow, salute
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Hán-Nôm : cõng
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拱
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| 拴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sroːn, *sʰlon) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 全 (OC *zlon).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : saan¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suinn • Middle-Chinese : tshjwen
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to tie; to bind; to fasten (especially with rope) • Alternative form of 栓 (shuān, “bolt”)
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Hán-Nôm : thuyên
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拴
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| 拼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *preːŋ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ping • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piànn • Middle-Chinese : peang
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to order; to command • to accompany; to follow • to join together; to put together • to spell (in writing) • to be ready to risk one's life; to go all out; to disregard • to enjoy together; to share • (Hokkien) to fight; to quarrel; to compete
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to order; to command • to accompany; to follow • to join together; to put together • to spell • to be ready to risk one's life; to go all out; to disregard
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拼 • (byeong) · 拼 • (byeong) (hangeul 병)
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Hán-Nôm : phanh • Hán-Nôm : bính
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拼
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| 拽
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ Possibly a contraction of 遮的 (chia-ê / chiâ-ê / chiah-ê).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jai⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄞˋ • Middle-Chinese : dzrweaj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄞ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄞˇ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuai
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Alternative form of 曳 (yè, “to drag; to tow”) ‖ to drag ‖ (dialectal Mandarin) to throw ‖ to act pretentiously; to show off; to be arrogant, cocky, self-confident, cool, stylish, etc. • (Myanmar) viss (Burmese unit of weight) ‖ (Hokkien) these
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拽 • (ye) · 拽 • (ye) (hangeul 예, revised ye, McCune–Reischauer ye, Yale yey)
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Hán-Nôm : dìa • Hán-Nôm : duệ • Hán-Nôm : dấy
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拽
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| 拿
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Compound of 合手. \ A later alternative glyph of 拏／拿 (ná) and 挐 for senses related to “to take with hand”. Originally regarded as unorthodox by Zhengzitong and Zihui.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : naa⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ná • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nâ
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to take; to hold; to grasp • to seize; to capture • to have a firm grasp of • to deliberately make things difficult for; to coerce • to get; to receive • to act; to pretend • by means of; with; by • used to introduce the target of a following verb phrase • (Cantonese) Alternative form of 嗱 • (Northern Wu, Northern Min) particle introducing the object of the verb
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拿 (eumhun 잡을 나 (jabeul na))
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hanja form of 나 (“to take”)
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Hán-Nôm : nã • Hán-Nôm : nạ • Hán-Nôm : nả • Hán-Nôm : nà
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拿
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| 按
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːns) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 安 (OC *qaːn). \ Exoactive of 安 (OC *qaːn, “be calm”), lit. "cause to be settled, calmed".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : on³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : àn • Middle-Chinese : 'anH
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to push (with hands); to press • to put aside • to restrain • to check against something, chiefly a text • to make comments; to write notes • according to; referring to; following • (Malaysia, Singapore) to withdraw (money) • (Cantonese) to mortgage • (Hokkien) to estimate; to evaluate; to assess; to figure; to suppose; to reckon; to plan • (Hokkien) to pawn; to borrow money while depositing an item as collateral from a pawnshop or someone for later payment • (Hokkien) from (place or time); by; since
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‖ 按(あん) • (an)
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‖ push (with hands); press • examine; investigate
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按 • (an, al) · 按 • (an, al) (hangeul 안, 알, revised an, al, McCune–Reischauer an, al, Yale an, al)
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Hán-Nôm : án • Hán-Nôm : ấn • Hán-Nôm : ướn
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按
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| 挖
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‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : waat³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waa¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ueh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ua ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : óo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ué ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : iah
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to dig; to dig out; to gouge out; to scoop • (figurative) to explore; to discover; to go deep into • (Hokkien) to uncover; to unveil; to expose; to reveal ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 摀／𰓆 (“to dig”) ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 搤 (iah, “to dig”)
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Hán-Nôm : oạt
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挖
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| 挪
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : noo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nôo • Middle-Chinese : na
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to move; to shift on one side
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挪 • (na) · 挪 • (na) (hangeul 나, revised na, McCune–Reischauer na, Yale na)
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Hán-Nôm : ná • Hán-Nôm : na
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挪
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| 挺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 廷 (OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)ljaŋ (“straight; straighten”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2003, 2007). \ The intensifier usage “quite; very” is most likely a grammaticalized usage from “outstanding; prominent” (Liu, 2008; Yang, 2021). Alternatively, it may be from Manchu ᡨᡝᠨ (ten, “extreme”) (Aixinjueluo, 1993). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thíng • Middle-Chinese : deng • Middle-Chinese : dengX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ting⁴⁻²
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straight; erect • to stick out; to straighten up • to endure; to stand • to support • outstanding; prominent • (chiefly Mandarin, Jin, colloquial) quite; rather; pretty; very • Classifier for machine guns. ‖ (Cantonese) kind; sort; type
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‖ 挺(ちょう) • (-chō)
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‖ long and narrow things such as guns, scissors, candles, inksticks
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挺 • (jeong) · 挺 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
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Hán-Nôm : đĩnh
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挺
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| 挽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *monʔ) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bán • Middle-Chinese : mjonX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : waan²
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to pull • to pull back; to draw back • (alt. form 輓／挽) to grieve; to mourn; to lament (a person's death) • to save (damages, reputation, lost fortune, etc.); to recover; to reverse • (alt. form 綰／绾) to roll up; to coil • (Southern Min) to pluck; to pick ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, leetspeak) Alternative form of 玩 (waan4-2)
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挽 • (man) · 挽 • (man) (hangeul 만)
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Hán-Nôm : vãn
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挽
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| 捂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːs) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : onn • Middle-Chinese : nguH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ
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to cover ‖ Only used in 枝捂.
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捂 • (o) · 捂 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)
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Hán-Nôm : ô
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捂
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| 捆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːnʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 困 (OC *kʰuːns).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kwan² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khún
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to tie up; to bind; to truss • bundle; bunch • Classifier for bundled items.
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tie up • bind • truss up • bundle
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捆 • (gon) · 捆 • (gon) (hangeul 곤)
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tie up • bind • truss up • bundle
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Hán-Nôm : khổn
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捆
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| 捎
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‖ ‖ Cognate to 消 (OC *sew, “to disappear”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sa • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sau • Middle-Chinese : sraew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu¹ • Middle-Chinese : sjew
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to take something to somebody; to bring; to give; to deliver • (Eastern Min, Hokkien) to take; to grab; to seize; to grope; to snatch • (Eastern Min) to search • (Eastern Min) to dredge or scoop out of water indiscriminately • (Eastern Min, of words) harsh, unforgiving • (Matsu Eastern Eastern Min) to stir thoroughly • (literary) to brush; to stroke; to touch lightly • (literary) to lift up; to raise up • (literary) to cut off; to excise ‖ (colloquial, chiefly of livestock, vehicles, etc.) to move backwards • (colloquial, of colour) to fade ‖ to eliminate
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捎 • (so) · 捎 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
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Hán-Nôm : sao
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捎
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| 捏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *niːɡ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + abbreviated phonetic 涅 (OC *niːɡ). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ni̍h • Middle-Chinese : net ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tēnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tenn ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liap
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to pick with fingers; to pinch • to clench; to hold in the hand; to grip • to knead • to mold; to bring together • ^† to fabricate; to concoct; to make up • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to press down with one's fingers ‖ (Southern Min) to grasp tightly; to squeeze • (Hokkien, Teochew) to pinch • (Hainanese) to hold (a pen, chopsticks, etc.) • (Malaysian and Singapore Hokkien) to press ‖ (Hokkien) to mold; to knead; to press with one's fingers into certain shapes (of soft objects) • (Hokkien, by extension) to bring up with great pains; to rear with difficulty (a child) • (Hokkien, figurative) to fabricate; to concoct; to make up (something false) • (Mainland China Hokkien, by extension) to do; to be engaged in (especially something negative) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to fiddle with one's fingers • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to pick with fingers; to pinch • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to make it together • (Hokkien) a surname
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knead; mix
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捏 (eumhun 꾸밀 날 (kkumil nal))
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hanja form of 날 (“knead”)
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Hán-Nôm : nát • Hán-Nôm : nạt • Hán-Nôm : nhét • Hán-Nôm : niết
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捏
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| 捐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷen) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 肙 (OC *qʷeːns). \ The pronunciations in many varieties with velar plosive or palatal affricate initial are from 蠲 (MC kwen) (Li, 1988). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iân • Middle-Chinese : ywen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun¹
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to contribute • to give up; to renounce • to remove • to donate • to spend • tax • to dissipate ‖ Only used in 捐毒 (Yuándú). ‖ (Cantonese) to burrow; to writhe through
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捐 • (yeon) · 捐 • (yeon) (hangeul 연, revised yeon, McCune–Reischauer yŏn, Yale yen)
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Hán-Nôm : quyên • Hán-Nôm : quen • Hán-Nôm : quên
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捐
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| 捧
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pung² • Cantonese · Jyutping : bung² • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâng • Middle-Chinese : phjowngX
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to hold up in two hands • to compliment; to exalt; to flatter • Classifier for double handfuls of something.
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‖ 捧(ささげ) • (Sasage)
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to give, dedicate ‖ a surname
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捧 • (bong) · 捧 • (bong) (hangeul 봉)
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Hán-Nôm : bổng • Hán-Nôm : bồng • Hán-Nôm : phủng
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捧
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| 捶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjolʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 垂 (OC *djol).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuî • Middle-Chinese : tsyweX
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to strike (with a stick); to beat (with the fists); to lash • to pound
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捶 • (chu) · 捶 • (chu) (hangeul 추, revised chu, McCune–Reischauer ch'u, Yale chwu)
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Hán-Nôm : chúi • Hán-Nôm : chúy • Hán-Nôm : chuý • Hán-Nôm : chùy • Hán-Nôm : chuỳ • Hán-Nôm : dồi • Hán-Nôm : thùy • Hán-Nôm : thuỳ • Hán-Nôm : trùy • Hán-Nôm : truỳ
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捶
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| 捷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zeb) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 疌 (OC *zeb). \ Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ចាប់ (cap, “to catch, capture, seize, grasp, get”), Chong [script needed] (chap) & Pear [script needed] (chap, “catch”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Related to 妾 (OC *sʰeb, “slave woman, concubine”) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zeb) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 疌 (OC *zeb). \ Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ចាប់ (cap, “to catch, capture, seize, grasp, get”), Chong [script needed] (chap) & Pear [script needed] (chap, “catch”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Related to 妾 (OC *sʰeb, “slave woman, concubine”) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zeb) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 疌 (OC *zeb). \ Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ចាប់ (cap, “to catch, capture, seize, grasp, get”), Chong [script needed] (chap) & Pear [script needed] (chap, “catch”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Related to 妾 (OC *sʰeb, “slave woman, concubine”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍t • Middle-Chinese : dzjep ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚ
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to win; to be victorious; to succeed • quick; fast; rapid; swift; nimble; agile • (Hokkien) frequent • spoils of war • to reach ‖ Only used in 捷捷 (qièqiè). ‖ Alternative form of 插 (chā, “to insert; to stick into”)
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Quick, fast, rapid (はや-い) • Victory, conquest, success (しょうり)
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捷 • (cheop) · 捷 • (cheop) (hangeul 첩, revised cheop, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏp, Yale chep)
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To be quick; to win.
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Hán-Nôm : tiệp • Hán-Nôm : tẹp
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捷
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| 掀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰan) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 欣 (OC *qʰɯn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hin¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hin³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hian • Middle-Chinese : xjon
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to raise; to lift (a cover, curtain, etc.) • to rock; to flip over; to topple • to expose; to reveal
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掀 • (heun) · 掀 • (heun) (hangeul 흔, revised heun, McCune–Reischauer hŭn, Yale hun)
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Hán-Nôm : hiên
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掀
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| 掉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deːwʔ, *deːwɢs, *rneːwɢ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 卓 (OC *rteːwɢ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : diu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaau⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiō • Middle-Chinese : dewX • Middle-Chinese : dewH • Middle-Chinese : nraewk
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to drop; to fall • to lose; to part • to shake; to wag; to swing • to turn; to move • (dialectal, intransitive) to be missing; to be lost • (Cantonese, Teochew) to throw; to toss • (Cantonese, Teochew) to toss out; to dispose of; to discard • Used along with a verb to indicate completion, usually together with 了 (le); or to indicate imperative mood. • (Mainland China Hokkien) to shake; to shiver
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掉 (eum 도 (do))
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Hán-Nôm : trao • Hán-Nôm : chèo • Hán-Nôm : điệu • Hán-Nôm : sạo • Hán-Nôm : trạo • Hán-Nôm : tráo
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掉
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| 掏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰuː, *l'uː) : phonetic 匋 (OC *bl'uː) + semantic 扌 (“hand”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho • Middle-Chinese : daw
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to take out • to fish out (from a bag or pocket) • to dig • (Eastern Min) to take
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掏 (eum 도 (do))
|
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Hán-Nôm : đào
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掏
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| 掩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qromʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 奄 (OC *qromʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : am • Hokkien · Tai-lo : om • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iám • Middle-Chinese : 'jemX
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to cover • to hide; to conceal; to cover up • to close; to shut • (Cantonese) to close partially • (colloquial) to get pinched; to get caught • (literary, or in compounds) to ambush
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cover • conceal
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掩 • (eom) · 掩 • (eom) (hangeul 엄, revised eom, McCune–Reischauer ŏm, Yale em)
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Hán-Nôm : ém
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掩
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| 揉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mju) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 柔 (OC *mlju).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiû • Middle-Chinese : nyuw
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to knead; to rub; to massage • to crush by hand
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揉 • (yu) · 揉 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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Hán-Nôm : nhu
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揉
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| 揍
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsòo
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to hit; to beat; to strike • (colloquial) to break; to smash to break by falling
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Hán-Nôm : tẩu • Hán-Nôm : tấu
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揍
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| 插
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caap³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshap • Middle-Chinese : tsrheap
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to stick into; to insert; to poke; to pierce • to interpose; to insert; to cut in • to participate; to take part in; to mix; to mingle • (literary) to plant • (Cantonese) to scold; to criticize • (Eastern Min, Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to take notice of; to pay attention to; to heed • (Southern Min) to support someone by the armpit • (Hokkien) to interfere; to intervene; to meddle • (Mainland China Hokkien) to pin something to one's waist, etc. • (Mainland China Hokkien) to mix up; to jumble up • (Mainland China Hokkien, card games) to shuffle • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to bet; to wager • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to kidnap (for ransom) • Alternative form of 鍤／锸 (chā, “spade; shovel”)
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插 • (sap) · 插 • (sap) (hangeul 삽, revised sap, McCune–Reischauer sap, Yale sap)
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Hán-Nôm : sáp
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插
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| 揣
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Characters in the same phonetic series (耑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːlʔ, *sʰrolʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 耑 (OC *toːn). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄞˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi² • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshué • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjweX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshěr ‖ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˇ • Middle-Chinese : twaX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄞˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄞ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄞˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄟ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄢˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tyun⁴
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to speculate; to guess • to measure; to estimate; to assess • to try; to attempt • to hold; to grab • a surname ‖ (Southern Min, Puxian Min, dialectal Eastern Min) to look for; to seek ‖ (Hakka) to guess ‖ to measure, to estimate • to shake, to rock ‖ Only used in 囊揣 (nāngchuài) and 掙揣／挣揣 (zhèngchuài). ‖ to hide or carry something in clothes • to be pregnant • to impose onto someone ‖ to strike ‖ to measure ‖ Alternative form of 團／团 (tuán, “assembled; gathered”)
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揣 • (chwi, ta) · 揣 • (chwi, ta) (hangeul 취, 타)
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Hán-Nôm : súy • Hán-Nôm : suý • Hán-Nôm : sủy • Hán-Nôm : suỷ
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揣
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| 揩
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khai • Middle-Chinese : kheaj • Middle-Chinese : kheajH
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to wipe; to clean • (Cantonese) to brush; to come into slight contact with
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|
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揩 • (gae) · 揩 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
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Hán-Nôm : day • Hán-Nôm : khải
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揩
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| 揪
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiû
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to grasp with one's hand; to pinch
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|
|
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Hán-Nôm : thu • Hán-Nôm : tù
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|
揪
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| 揭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰrads, *ked, *kʰrad, *ɡrad, *kad, *ɡad) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiat • Middle-Chinese : kjot • Middle-Chinese : gjot • Middle-Chinese : gjet • Middle-Chinese : khjet • Middle-Chinese : kjet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gai⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei³ • Middle-Chinese : khjejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ
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to raise; to lift up • to uncover; to unveil; to expose; to reveal • to tear off; to take off • a surname ‖ Used in place names. ‖ to lift up one's clothes ‖ ^‡ to block up
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|
to raise • to lift up
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揭 (eumhun 높이 들 게 (nopi deul ge))
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hanja form of 게 (“to lift; to raise”)
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Hán-Nôm : yết
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揭
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| 搏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paɡs, *paːɡ, *pʰaːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pok • Middle-Chinese : pjuH • Middle-Chinese : phak • Middle-Chinese : pak
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to come to blows • to beat; to pulsate; to throb • to struggle; to wrestle; to work hard; to strive • to suddenly attack; to give a surprise attack; to pounce • to pillage; to plunder; to take away by force; to snatch; to wrest; to seize • to arrest; to apprehend
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|
seize • spring upon • strike
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‖
|
‖
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Hán-Nôm : vác • Hán-Nôm : bác
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|
搏
|
| 搓
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‖ From 搋 (caai1).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : co¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : so • Middle-Chinese : tsha ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : caai¹
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to rub between hands • (Shanghainese) to flirt with; to pick up ‖ (Cantonese) to knead with hands; to mix with hands; to rub • (Cantonese, ball games) to pass the ball back and forth
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搓 (eum 차 (cha))
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Hán-Nôm : sai • Hán-Nôm : tha • Hán-Nôm : xaay • Hán-Nôm : xay • Hán-Nôm : xoay • Hán-Nôm : thoa • Hán-Nôm : xây
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搓
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| 搔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *suː) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 蚤 (OC *ʔsuːʔ, “flea, louse”). \ Schuessler (2007) considers 掃 (OC *suːʔ, *suːs, “to brush”) to be cognate and suggests a Sino-Tibetan etymology, relating it to Chepang साव्सा (saw-, “to itch”), सोस्सा (sos‑, “to itch”), Bodo (India) [script needed] (su-, “to itch”). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) relates it to 爪 (OC *ʔsruːʔ, “claw”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : so • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sau • Middle-Chinese : saw
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to scratch
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‖
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to scratch • to make noise ‖
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搔 • (so) · 搔 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
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|
Hán-Nôm : trao • Hán-Nôm : tao • Hán-Nôm : trau
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搔
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| 搖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iô • Middle-Chinese : yew
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to wag; to swing; to wave • to shake • to scull
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|
|
搖 • (yo) · 搖 • (yo) (hangeul 요)
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|
Hán-Nôm : gieo • Hán-Nôm : dao • Hán-Nôm : diêu • Hán-Nôm : vêu
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搖
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| 搞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruːʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 高.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káu
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to do (usually bad things) • to work in; to be engaged in • to make; to produce • to manage; to take care of • to get; to get hold of • to set up; to organize • (slang) to have sex; to fuck
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|
|
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Hán-Nôm : cào • Hán-Nôm : cạo • Hán-Nôm : cảo • Hán-Nôm : xao • Hán-Nôm : quào
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搞
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| 携
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|
|
|
|
portable
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携 (eumhun 멜 휴 (mel hyu))
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|
|
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携
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| 搾
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|
|
|
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squeeze
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搾 • (chak) · 搾 • (chak) (hangeul 착, revised chak, McCune–Reischauer ch'ak, Yale chak)
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Hán-Nôm : trá
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搾
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| 摔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 率. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seot¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sut • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suai ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàng
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to stumble; to lose one's balance; to fall • to plunge; to fall • to cause to fall and break • to fling; to cast; to throw • to beat; to knock; to thresh (to remove anything attached) • (Hokkien) to eat quickly • (Hokkien) to whip; to flog (with a whip, rod, etc.) • (Hokkien) whip; whisk • (Mainland China Hokkien) to glance quickly • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to quickly shoot ‖ (Taiwanese Hokkien) to throw down forcefully on the ground
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|
|
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Hán-Nôm : suất • Hán-Nôm : suốt
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摔
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| 摧
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : juê • Middle-Chinese : dzwoj
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to break; to smash; to destroy
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|
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摧 (eum 최 (choe))
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Hán-Nôm : chuôi • Hán-Nôm : tòi • Hán-Nôm : tồi • Hán-Nôm : choi • Hán-Nôm : thuy • Hán-Nôm : toi • Hán-Nôm : thuôi
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摧
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| 摯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjibs) : phonetic 執 (OC *tjib) + semantic 手 (“hand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsì • Middle-Chinese : tsyijH
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sincere; earnest • Emperor Zhi, legendary ruler of ancient China • a surname • Zhi, a state of Shang-era China, connected with the Ren clan • Alternative form of 鷙／鸷 (zhì, “fierce, ferocious”)
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sincere; seriousness • to hold in the hand • gift (present typically carried by the visitor for ceremonious occasions) • to reach; to be full of • Alternative spelling of 鷙: bird of prey
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摯 • (ji) · 摯 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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Hán-Nôm : chí
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摯
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| 摸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maː, *maːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maː, *maːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : boo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : moo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mong • Middle-Chinese : mak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴ • Middle-Chinese : mu
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to touch; to feel (with the hand); to caress • to fish for; to fumble; to grope for • to feel out; to sound out • to feel one's way; to grope • to be sluggish ‖ Alternative form of 摹 (mó) • Used in 摸棱.
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|
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摸 (eum 모 (mo))
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Hán-Nôm : mò • Hán-Nôm : mó • Hán-Nôm : mọ • Hán-Nôm : mô • Hán-Nôm : mạc
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摸
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| 摹
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mou⁴
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|
|
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摹 • (mo) · 摹 • (mo) (hangeul 모, revised mo, McCune–Reischauer mo, Yale mo)
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Hán-Nôm : mò
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摹
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| 撇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰeːd) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 敝 (OC *beds, *bed). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄝˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiap ‖ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : phih
|
to discard; to abandon; to throw away • to skim; to clear (a liquid) from the substance (oil, foam, etc.) floating on it • to move the corners of one's mouth downward (to express disdain, disgust, distrust or unhappiness) • (Chinese calligraphy) stroke that falls downwards towards the left (㇒) • (Cantonese, of rain) to move in a slanted direction • (Cantonese) to leave (without concern) • (Hakka) to flog the buttocks; to spank; to smack lightly with palm • (Hokkien) skill; ability • (Mainland China Hokkien) to drift with the wind • (Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) charming; fashionable; good-looking; smart • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to write a left falling stroke • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to write unseriously • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to turn one's head away ‖ (Hakka) Used after a verb to indicate perfective aspect (action completion). • (Hakka) Normally followed by 了 to mark a state change. ‖ (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to lightly scoop from the surface of something (oil, etc.) • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to cut meat with a knife
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|
|
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Hán-Nôm : phét • Hán-Nôm : phết • Hán-Nôm : phệt • Hán-Nôm : phiết
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撇
|
| 撒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːd) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 散 (OC *saːnʔ, *saːns) – to scatter with the hand.‘ \ Cognate with 散 (OC *saːnʔ, *saːns, “to disperse; scattered”). See there for more. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːd) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 散 (OC *saːnʔ, *saːns) – to scatter with the hand.‘ \ Cognate with 散 (OC *saːnʔ, *saːns, “to disperse; scattered”). See there for more. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *saːd) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 散 (OC *saːnʔ, *saːns) – to scatter with the hand.‘ \ Cognate with 散 (OC *saːnʔ, *saːns, “to disperse; scattered”). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄚˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄚ
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to cast away; to let go • (colloquial) to excrete (urine); to piss • (derogatory) to throw off one's constraint • (Singapore Hokkien) nevermind; forget it; to let a matter drop ‖ to scatter; to sprinkle; to disperse • to spill • (Hokkien) to add into food (of seasoning, liquid, powder, etc.) ‖ a surname
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|
scatter, sprinkle, strew
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撒 (eumhun 뿌릴 살 (ppuril sal))
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hanja form of 살 (“scatter, sprinkle, strew”)
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Hán-Nôm : tát • Hán-Nôm : tản • Hán-Nôm : rát
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|
撒
|
| 撕
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First usage replaced 斯 (sī, “to tear”). Cognate with 廝／厮 (sī, “to split; woodcutter”), also spelled 㒋 (sī). ‖ First usage replaced 斯 (sī, “to tear”). Cognate with 廝／厮 (sī, “to split; woodcutter”), also spelled 㒋 (sī).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Cantonese · Jyutping : si¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sai¹ • Middle-Chinese : sej
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to shred; to tear; to rip • (neologism) to fight; to attack; to assault ‖ Only used in 提撕.
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|
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撕 (eum 서 (seo))
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|
Hán-Nôm : tê • Hán-Nôm : ti
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撕
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| 撞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rdoːŋ, *rdoːŋs) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 童 (OC *doːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshīng • Middle-Chinese : draewng • Middle-Chinese : draewngH
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to hit; to bump against; to strike; to run into; to collide • to rush • to meet by chance; to bump into; to come across; to encounter • (of events) to clash; to coincide • to coincide • (Cantonese) to guess
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|
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撞 • (dang) · 撞 • (dang) (hangeul 당, revised dang, McCune–Reischauer tang, Yale tang)
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|
Hán-Nôm : chàng • Hán-Nôm : tràng
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撞
|
| 撩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːw, *reːwʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 尞 (). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːw, *reːwʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 尞 (). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːw, *reːwʔ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 尞 (). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liô • Middle-Chinese : lew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu² • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu¹ • Middle-Chinese : lewX
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to arrange • Used in 撩亂／撩乱 (“chaotic”). • to wind around; to pester • to take; to pluck • to tease; to incite; to provoke • (originally dialectal, slang) to flirt with; to pick up ‖ to raise • to sprinkle ‖ Alternative form of 撂 (liào) • to glance • Used in 撩峭. ‖ (literary or Cantonese) to pick at; to dig at
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|
to raise; to lift • to make orderly
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撩 • (ryo>yo) · 撩 • (ryo>yo) (hangeul 료>요, revised ryo>yo, McCune–Reischauer ryo>yo, Yale lyo>yo)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : lêu • Hán-Nôm : bêu • Hán-Nôm : leo • Hán-Nôm : liệu • Hán-Nôm : liêu • Hán-Nôm : treo • Hán-Nôm : trêu • Hán-Nôm : cheo • Hán-Nôm : đeo • Hán-Nôm : gieo
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撩
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| 撬
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‖
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : giu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hiu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiau ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiauh
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to pry open • (alt. form 翹／翘) to lift; to raise ‖ (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to pry open
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|
|
|
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Hán-Nôm : khiêu
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撬
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| 撰
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuān • Middle-Chinese : dzrwaenX • Middle-Chinese : dzrjwenX
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to write; to compose; to compile
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composing • choosing
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撰 (eumhun 지을 찬 (jieul chan)) ‖ 撰 (eumhun 가릴 천 (garil cheon))
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‖
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Hán-Nôm : soạn • Hán-Nôm : chọn • Hán-Nôm : chộn • Hán-Nôm : dọn • Hán-Nôm : dốn • Hán-Nôm : rộn • Hán-Nôm : soảng • Hán-Nôm : soạng
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撰
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| 撲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *broːɡ, *pʰoːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 菐 (OC *boːɡ, *puɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : puk¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phok • Middle-Chinese : phuwk
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to beat; to strike • to pat; to slap • to dab; to smear; to apply • to rest one's upper body on a surface; to bend over a surface • (American (1980–)) to pull over • a surname: Pu
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to beat, to strike
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撲 • (bak, bok) · 撲 • (bak, bok) (hangeul 박, 복)
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Hán-Nôm : vục • Hán-Nôm : buộc • Hán-Nôm : phác • Hán-Nôm : phốc • Hán-Nôm : vọc
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撲
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| 撼
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hám • Middle-Chinese : homX
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to shake; to rock
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move
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撼 • (gam) · 撼 • (gam) (hangeul 감, revised gam, McCune–Reischauer kam, Yale kam)
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Hán-Nôm : cắn • Hán-Nôm : hám
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撼
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| 擂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruːl, *ruːls) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 雷 (OC *ruːl). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luî ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luî
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to grind • to beat • (Hakka) to wipe hard/ roughly ‖ Only used in 擂臺／擂台 (lèitái).
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grind • mash • grate
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Hán-Nôm : lôi • Hán-Nôm : soi
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擂
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| 擅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djans) : semantic 手 (“hands”) + phonetic 亶 (OC *taːnʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siān • Middle-Chinese : dzyenH
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to hold all in one's hands; to monopolize • to own; to possess • to be good at • to do on one's own initiative; to do according to one's wishes
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|
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擅 • (cheon) · 擅 • (cheon) (hangeul 천, revised cheon, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏn, Yale chen)
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Hán-Nôm : chen • Hán-Nôm : thiện
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擅
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| 擇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rlaːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to̍h • Middle-Chinese : draek
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to select; to choose; to pick out
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|
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擇 (eumhun 가릴 택 (garil taek))
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hanja form of 택 (“to select; selection”)
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Hán-Nôm : trạch
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擇
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| 擊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːɡ) : semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 毄 () – to strike with the hand.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kit • Middle-Chinese : kek
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to strike; to hit; to beat • to stab; to pierce • to attack; to fight • to come into contact with
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|
strike
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擊 (eumhun 칠 격 (chil gyeok))
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hanja form of 격 (“strike”)
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Hán-Nôm : kếch • Hán-Nôm : ghếch • Hán-Nôm : kích
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擊
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| 擎
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : king⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìn • Middle-Chinese : gjaeng
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to prop up; to hold up; to lift up • (Hakka) to raise one's hand or arm
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lift up • hold up • support
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擎 • (gyeong) · 擎 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale kyeng)
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lift up • to support • to hold
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Hán-Nôm : kình
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|
擎
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| 擒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡrɯm) : semantic 扌 + phonetic 禽 (OC *ɡrɯm).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khîm • Middle-Chinese : gim
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to catch; to capture; to seize; to arrest • to hold; to grasp • (Cantonese) to climb
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‖ 擒(とりこ) • (toriko)
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‖ a prisoner, captive, slave
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擒 • (geum) · 擒 • (geum) (hangeul 금, revised geum, McCune–Reischauer kŭm, Yale kum)
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catch, capture, seize, arrest
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canonical : 擒: Hán Việt readings: cầm 擒: Nôm readings: cầm
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chữ Hán form of cầm (“to hold, keep, capture, seize, arrest”).
|
擒
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| 擔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːm, *taːms) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 詹 (OC *tjam) – to carry by hand. \ According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tam (“to carry on shoulder”), whence Burmese ထမ်း (htam:, “to carry on the shoulder”). Schuessler (2007), on the other hand, notes 擔 (OC *taːm) is an area word whose source is probably Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *klam ~ *kləm (“to carry on shoulder”), whence Khmu klam (“to carry on shoulder”). An alternative form with initial *t which agrees with later Old Chinese is widespread; compare also Khmer ទាំ (tŏəm, “to tire of; to bear”), Khmer ទ្រាំ (trŏəm, “to bear; to endure”), Proto-Hmong-Mien *ntam (“to carry on shoulder”), whence Iu Mien daːm¹, and Proto-Tai *trwaːmᴬ (“to carry on the back”), whence Thai หาม (hǎam, “to carry”). \ The softened initial in Northern Min points to OC pre-nasalization which is supported by Iu Mien daːm¹ (Schuessler, 2007), an early Chinese loan into Hmong-Mien (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). \ 擔 (OC *taːms) is 擔 (OC *taːm) with the passive s/h-suffix, literally "what is carried". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːm, *taːms) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 詹 (OC *tjam) – to carry by hand. \ According to STEDT, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tam (“to carry on shoulder”), whence Burmese ထမ်း (htam:, “to carry on the shoulder”). Schuessler (2007), on the other hand, notes 擔 (OC *taːm) is an area word whose source is probably Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *klam ~ *kləm (“to carry on shoulder”), whence Khmu klam (“to carry on shoulder”). An alternative form with initial *t which agrees with later Old Chinese is widespread; compare also Khmer ទាំ (tŏəm, “to tire of; to bear”), Khmer ទ្រាំ (trŏəm, “to bear; to endure”), Proto-Hmong-Mien *ntam (“to carry on shoulder”), whence Iu Mien daːm¹, and Proto-Tai *trwaːmᴬ (“to carry on the back”), whence Thai หาม (hǎam, “to carry”). \ The softened initial in Northern Min points to OC pre-nasalization which is supported by Iu Mien daːm¹ (Schuessler, 2007), an early Chinese loan into Hmong-Mien (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). \ 擔 (OC *taːms) is 擔 (OC *taːm) with the passive s/h-suffix, literally "what is carried".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tam • Middle-Chinese : tam ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daam³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàm • Middle-Chinese : tamH
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to carry on a shoulder pole • to bear; to shoulder; to undertake • (Cantonese) to hold in one's mouth ‖ carrying pole with loads on both ends • burden; load; responsibilities • picul, a traditional Chinese unit of weight equal to 100 catties · (Mainland China) picul; equal to 50 kilograms • picul, a traditional Chinese unit of weight equal to 100 catties · (Hong Kong) picul; equal to 60.478982 kilograms • Classifier for things carried on a shoulder pole: load
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A traditional unit of measurement equivalent to 60kg or approximately 132.3lb • shouldering • carry • raise • bear
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擔 (eumhun 멜 담 (mel dam))
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hanja form of 담 (“shouldering”) • hanja form of 담 (“carry”) • hanja form of 담 (“raise”) • hanja form of 담 (“bear”)
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Hán-Nôm : đâm • Hán-Nôm : đảm • Hán-Nôm : tạ
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擔
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| 據
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kas) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 豦 (OC *kas, *ɡa). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kas) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 豦 (OC *kas, *ɡa).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kì • Middle-Chinese : kjoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˇ
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to depend on; to rely on • according to; based on • to occupy; to take possession of; to seize • (literary, or in compounds) evidence; base; proof • (literary) to cite; to quote • a surname: Ju ‖ to catch; to seize
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|
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據 • (geo) · 據 • (geo) (hangeul 거, revised geo, McCune–Reischauer kŏ, Yale ke)
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Hán-Nôm : cớ • Hán-Nôm : cứ
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據
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| 擬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɯʔ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gí • Middle-Chinese : ngiX
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to compare • to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic • to plan; to propose • to draft; to devise; to draw up • to presuppose; to hypothesise; to assert
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mimic, imitate • guess, suspect • pseudo-, mock-
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擬 (eumhun 비길 의 (bigil ui))
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hanja form of 의 (“to compare”) • hanja form of 의 (“to imitate; to emulate”)
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Hán-Nôm : nghĩ • Hán-Nôm : nghỉ
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擬
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| 擴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷlaːŋs, *kʰʷaːɡ) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 廣 (OC *kʷaːŋʔ) – to stretch or enlarge with hands.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwong³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kong³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khok • Middle-Chinese : hwangH
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to expand; to enlarge; to stretch
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broaden
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擴 • (hwak, gwang) · 擴 • (hwak, gwang) (hangeul 확, 광, revised hwak, gwang, McCune–Reischauer hwak, kwang, Yale hwak, kwang)
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Hán-Nôm : quẳng • Hán-Nôm : huếch • Hán-Nôm : khoác • Hán-Nôm : khoách • Hán-Nôm : khuếch
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擴
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| 攀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰraːn) : phonetic 樊 (OC *ban) + semantic 手 (“hand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phan • Middle-Chinese : phaen
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to climb upwards; to clamber • to pull; to cling to • to seek connections in high places • to implicate; to involve • a surname: Pan
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|
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攀 • (ban) · 攀 • (ban) (hangeul 반)
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|
Hán-Nôm : phan • Hán-Nôm : phàn
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攀
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| 攝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *neːb, *ʔnjeb) : semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 聶 (OC *neb). ‖ ‖ Compare Wuming Zhuang saeb (“to insert into a gap”), Hlai nyiep (/ȵiːp⁷/, “to insert into a gap”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liap • Middle-Chinese : syep ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nip⁶ • Middle-Chinese : nep ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sip³
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to take in; to absorb; to extract • to take a photograph • (literary) to hold; to grasp; to drag • (literary) to manage; to command; to administer • (literary) to act as an agent; to be a representative; to act as a proxy • (literary) to arrest; to apprehend • (literary) to draw; to attract • (literary) to assist • (literary) to be squeezed in between • (literary) to maintain one's health; to keep fit • (Chinese phonetics) rhyme group; rhyme class (one of 16 sets of 韻 in Middle Chinese) ‖ Only used in 攝然／摄然. ‖ to squeeze into; to wedge in • to raise something by putting another thing underneath
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|
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攝 • (seop, yeop) · 攝 • (seop, yeop) (hangeul 섭, 엽, revised seop, yeop, McCune–Reischauer sŏp, yŏp, Yale sep, yep)
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Hán-Nôm : nhép • Hán-Nôm : nếp • Hán-Nôm : nhiếp • Hán-Nôm : xếp • Hán-Nôm : nhẹp • Hán-Nôm : nhíp • Hán-Nôm : triếp
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攝
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| 敞
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Compare Tibetan ཐང (thang, “plain; flatland”) (Coblin, 1986).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiáng • Middle-Chinese : tsyhangX
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spacious; open; broad; roomy • to be open; to leave (something) wide open
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|
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敞 (eum 창 (chang))
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|
Hán-Nôm : sưởng
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敞
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| 敲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰraːw, *kʰraːws) : phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw) + semantic 攴 (“to hit lightly; to tap”). ‖ From 休 (MC xjuw, “to rest; to stop”) (Kwok and Kataoka, 2006). Compare Guangzhou 嘵／哓 (hiu1), which has become obsolete.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : haau¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khàu • Middle-Chinese : khaew • Middle-Chinese : khaewH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : hau¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haau¹
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to hit; to strike; to tap; to rap; to knock • (colloquial) to rip off; to overcharge; to blackmail • (colloquial) to criticize; to warn • (Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to call someone (by phone); to telephone • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to knock down; to remove; to demolish • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to alter (clothes) • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to compete (among businesses) ‖ (Macau and Dongguan Cantonese) Used after a verb to indicate perfective aspect (action completion).
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to knock, to strike, to hit
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敲 (eumhun 두드릴 고 (dudeuril go)) · 敲 (eumhun 두드릴 교 (dudeuril gyo)) · 敲 (eumhun 두드릴 학 (dudeuril hak))
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hanja form of 고 (“knock”) • hanja form of 교 (“knock”) • hanja form of 학 (“knock”)
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Hán-Nôm : xao • Hán-Nôm : xào • Hán-Nôm : sao
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敲
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| 數
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sroʔ, *sros, *sroːɡ) : phonetic 婁 (OC *ɡ·roː, *ɡ·ro) + semantic 攴. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tsjəj (“to count”); cognate to Tibetan རྩི (rtsi, “to count; to calculate”), Burmese ရေ (re, “to count”), Jingpho hti, Ersu htɛ⁵⁵ (STEDT). \ Schuessler (2007) connects this word with Austroasiatic; compare Mon ရိုဟ် (rɜ̀h), from Middle Mon ruih (“to count”), from Proto-Mon-Khmer *rʔis (“to count”). ‖ Exopassive derivation of Etymology 1 with suffix *-s, meaning "what is counted" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Derivation of Etymology 1, perhaps with distributive suffix *-k (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : srjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàu • Middle-Chinese : srjuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Middle-Chinese : sraewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiok
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to count; to enumerate • to be reckoned as • to criticize; to find fault; to blame ‖ number; figure; amount (Classifier: 個／个; 粒 c) • (mathematics) number • (grammar) number • several; few • mathematics; reckoning (one of the Six Arts) • Short for 數學／数学 (shùxué, “mathematics”). • divination • skill • law; rule; regular pattern • legal system • fate; destiny • (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) account (Classifier: 條／条 c; 盤／盘 c) • (Cantonese) debt (Classifier: 筆／笔 c; 條／条 c) • (Cantonese) sum of money (Classifier: 筆／笔 c; 嚿 c) • (Cantonese) mathematical problem (Classifier: 條／条 c) ‖ frequently; repeatedly ‖ fine and closely woven
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count • number
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數 (eumhun 셀 수 (sel su)) · 數 (eumhun 셈 수 (sem su)) ‖ 數 (eumhun 자주 삭 (jaju sak)) ‖ 數 (eumhun 촘촘할 촉 (chomchomhal chok))
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Hanja form of 수 (“number; fixed quantity; figure”). • Hanja form of 수 (“to count; to calculate”). • Hanja form of 수 (“a little; a bit; a few; several”). • Hanja form of 수 (“manners”). • Hanja form of 수 (“grade”). • Hanja form of 수 (“obligation; duty”). • Hanja form of 수 (“fate; destiny”). • Hanja form of 수 (“skill; technique”). • Hanja form of 수 (“trick; scheme”). • Hanja form of 수 (“means; method”). ‖ (literary) hanja form of 삭 (“often; frequently”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 촉 (“dense; thick”)
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canonical : 數: Hán Việt readings: sác • canonical : số • canonical : sổ • canonical : xúc 數: Nôm readings: số • canonical : sỗ • canonical : sộ • canonical : xọ
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chữ Hán form of số (“number”).
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數
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| 斟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kljum) : phonetic 甚 (OC *ɡljumʔ, *ɡljums) + semantic 斗 (“dipper; cup”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-(t/d)jam (“to fill, flat”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsim • Middle-Chinese : tsyim ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîn
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to pour (a drink) into drinkware • ^† (figurative) to consider; to deliberate • (Cantonese) to negotiate ‖ (Hokkien) to pour (a drink) into drinkware • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to drink alcohol
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|
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斟 (eum 짐 (jim))
|
|
Hán-Nôm : châm
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斟
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| 斧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *paʔ) : phonetic 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ) + semantic 斤 (“axe”) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-pʷa (“axe”) (STEDT). Cognate with Garo rua (“axe”), Jingpho nwa, ningwa (“axe”), Tangut 𘟬 (*wjị¹, “axe”), Japhug tɯrpa (“axe”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : pjuX
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axe; hatchet
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‖ 斧(おの) or 斧(オノ) • (ono) ^(←をの (wono) or ヲノ (wono)?) ‖ 斧(よき) • (yoki)
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‖ axe, hatchet ‖ (obsolete or dialectal) a hatchet · (Ibaraki, Nagoya, Hyōgo, Shikoku, Kyūshū) a small hatchet • (obsolete or dialectal) a hatchet · (Yamanashi) a big hatchet • (obsolete or dialectal) a hatchet · (southern Tohoku, Kantō, Chūbu, Kansai, Shikoku, Kyūshū) an axe, a hatchet (in general)
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斧 • (bu) · 斧 • (bu) (hangeul 부)
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canonical : 斧: Hán Việt readings: phủ 斧: Nôm readings: búa
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斧
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| 斬
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsánn • Middle-Chinese : tsreamX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǎm
|
to cut; to hack; to chop (with a large blade, forcefully) • to behead (as punishment); to chop the waist • a surname: Zhan ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 鏨／錾
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|
beheading • kill, murder • cut • slay, slaying
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斬 • (cham) · 斬 • (cham) (hangeul 참, revised cham, McCune–Reischauer ch'am, Yale cham)
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Hán-Nôm : trảm • Hán-Nôm : chém
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|
斬
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| 斷
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𢇍 (“to cut”) + 斤 (“axe”). \ Before the Qin dynasty, this character was written as 𠸿 or 𠜷. According to Shuowen, the left component is an old form of 叀. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dan (“cut”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𢇍 (“to cut”) + 斤 (“axe”). \ Before the Qin dynasty, this character was written as 𠸿 or 𠜷. According to Shuowen, the left component is an old form of 叀. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dan (“cut”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tyun⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuǎn • Middle-Chinese : dwanX • Middle-Chinese : twanX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dyun³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dyun⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuǎn • Middle-Chinese : twanH
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to break; to snap; to cut • to cut off; to sever; to interrupt • to give up; to abstain from; to quit • (Hokkien) to not have; to be without; there is not ‖ to judge; to decide; to determine; to settle • (chiefly in the negative) absolutely; definitely; decidedly • (Cantonese) to count in a certain unit • 29th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "decisiveness" (𝌢)
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|
sever • cut off • interrupt
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斷 (eumhun 끊을 단 (kkeuneul dan))
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hanja form of 단 (“sever”) • hanja form of 단 (“cut off”) • hanja form of 단 (“interrupt”)
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Hán-Nôm : đoán • Hán-Nôm : đoạn
|
chữ Hán form of đoán (“to guess; to predict; to surmise; to divine”). • chữ Hán form of đoạn (“painful; broken off; to corner”).
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斷
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| 於
|
From an ancient variant form of 烏. Not related to 方 or 㫃. \ Note the other uses of 于 (yú), the simplified and variant traditional form of the preposition senses. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔaj (“to go; directional particle”) (Schuessler, 2007). It has slowly merged with and replaced the older 于 (OC *ɢʷa) (ibid.). ‖ ‖ Variant of 阿 (*qaːl, prefix in kinship terms and personal names) (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : 'jo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : u • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i • Middle-Chinese : 'jo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : oo • Middle-Chinese : 'u
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(indicates time or place) in; at; on • (used before a noun to indicate the object of an action) with; on • (used before a noun, verb or adjective to indicate the target of action) to • (indicates beginning or source) from • (indicates the agent of action) by • (indicates comparison) than • (used after a verb or adjective) with regard to ‖ a surname ‖ Alternative form of 烏／乌 (“crow; raven”) • Alternative form of 嗚／呜 (wū, “alas!; oh!”) • Used in 於菟／於檡／於兔／於䖘 (wūtú, “tiger”).
|
‖ 於
|
in (defines a place, a moment, a concept in order to describe its relationship with the surroundings) ‖ at; sometimes appears on signage to designate the location or time of an event, preposed as in classical Chinese (but in contravention to Japanese word order).
|
於 (eumhun 어조사 어 (eojosa eo)) ‖ 於 (eumhun 감탄사 오 (gamtansa o))
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‖
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canonical : 於: Hán Việt readings: ư 於: Nôm readings: ơ • canonical : ở • canonical : ưa • canonical : ờ • canonical : ư • canonical : ớ • canonical : ô • canonical : ứ • canonical : thờ
|
Nôm form of ở (“to be; to live; to stay; to remain”).
|
於
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| 旁
|
Probably phono-semantic (形聲／形声) following the pronunciation of 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). The upper component has evolved significantly in time, including 冖 (Shang), 凡 (Western Zhou), or forms resembling 辛 (Spring and Autumn bronze of Wu) or 用 (Warring States bronze inscription of Wei and proto-clerical script of Qin). In the Chu Silk Manuscript the form was much simplified. The modern form was a descendant from the clerical script. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *paŋ ~ *pak (“side”). ‖ Probably phono-semantic (形聲／形声) following the pronunciation of 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). The upper component has evolved significantly in time, including 冖 (Shang), 凡 (Western Zhou), or forms resembling 辛 (Spring and Autumn bronze of Wu) or 用 (Warring States bronze inscription of Wei and proto-clerical script of Qin). In the Chu Silk Manuscript the form was much simplified. The modern form was a descendant from the clerical script. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *paŋ ~ *pak (“side”). ‖ Probably phono-semantic (形聲／形声) following the pronunciation of 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). The upper component has evolved significantly in time, including 冖 (Shang), 凡 (Western Zhou), or forms resembling 辛 (Spring and Autumn bronze of Wu) or 用 (Warring States bronze inscription of Wei and proto-clerical script of Qin). In the Chu Silk Manuscript the form was much simplified. The modern form was a descendant from the clerical script. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *paŋ ~ *pak (“side”). ‖ Probably phono-semantic (形聲／形声) following the pronunciation of 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). The upper component has evolved significantly in time, including 冖 (Shang), 凡 (Western Zhou), or forms resembling 辛 (Spring and Autumn bronze of Wu) or 用 (Warring States bronze inscription of Wei and proto-clerical script of Qin). In the Chu Silk Manuscript the form was much simplified. The modern form was a descendant from the clerical script. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *paŋ ~ *pak (“side”).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pông • Middle-Chinese : bang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄥ
|
side; beside; close by • other; else • (linguistics) radical (of a character) • widespread • to assist • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 傍 (“to be near to; to approach; to depend on; to rely on”) ‖ Only used in 旁勃. ‖ Only used in 旁旁 (bēngbēng).
|
‖ 旁(つくり) • (tsukuri)
|
‖ the right-hand component of a kanji
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旁 • (bang, paeng) · 旁 • (bang, paeng) (hangeul 방, 팽, revised bang, paeng, McCune–Reischauer pang, p'aeng, Yale pang, phayng)
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Hán-Nôm : bàng • Hán-Nôm : bừng • Hán-Nôm : bầng • Hán-Nôm : bường • Hán-Nôm : phàng
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|
旁
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| 旭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰʷoɡ) : phonetic 九 (OC *kuʔ) + semantic 日 (“sun”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiok • Middle-Chinese : xjowk
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rising sun • brilliant; radiant
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‖ 旭(あさひ) • (asahi) ‖ 旭(あさひ) • (Asahi) ‖ 旭(あきら) • (Akira)
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rising sun ‖ ‖ Asahi (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan) • a surname ‖ a male given name
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旭 • (uk) · 旭 • (uk) (hangeul 욱, revised uk, McCune–Reischauer uk, Yale wuk)
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rising sun • brilliance • radiant
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Hán-Nôm : húc
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|
旭
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| 昂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːŋ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 卬 (OC *ŋaːŋ, *ŋaŋʔ, “man standing and man kneeling”). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ngong⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngong⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : không • Middle-Chinese : ngang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˋ ‖
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to raise; to lift • to rise • high spirited; upright • a surname ‖ ^‡ Only used in 昂昂 (yàngyàng, “virtuous; respectable (of a ruler)”). ‖ Alternative form of 仰 (“to raise one's head; to have one's face and belly face upward”)
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|
high spirited • to raise the head
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昂 • (ang) · 昂 • (ang) (hangeul 앙, revised ang, McCune–Reischauer ang, Yale ang)
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|
Hán-Nôm : ngang • Hán-Nôm : ngáng • Hán-Nôm : ngàng • Hán-Nôm : ngãng • Hán-Nôm : ngâng
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|
昂
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| 昇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯŋ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 升 (OC *hljɯŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing¹ • Middle-Chinese : sying
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(obsolete) rising of the sun • Alternative form of 升 (shēng, “to rise; to ascend”) • Alternative form of 升 (shēng, “to promote”) • Used in 昇平／升平 (“peaceful”). • a surname • Used in personal names.
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‖ 昇(のぼる) • (Noboru)
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to rise up ‖ a male given name
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昇 • (seung) · 昇 • (seung) (hangeul 승, revised seung, McCune–Reischauer sŭng, Yale sung)
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|
Hán-Nôm : thăng
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to rise, ascending, or a person's first name "Thăng"
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昇
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| 晃
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Middle-Chinese : hwangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong²
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(literary) shining; shiny • to glitter; to shine; to dazzle • to flash past ‖ to sway; to shake
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‖ 晃(あきら) • (Akira)
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clear ‖ a male given name
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晃 • (hwang) · 晃 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)
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Hán-Nôm : quáng • Hán-Nôm : hoảng • Hán-Nôm : quàng
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|
晃
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| 晌
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hoeng² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siáng
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noon; midday • daytime; half a day • moment; short period of time • A unit of land measurement.
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|
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晌 (eum 상 (sang))
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Hán-Nôm : thưởng
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|
晌
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| 晚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *monʔ) : semantic 日 + phonetic 免 (OC *mronʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : mjonX
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evening; night • late (near the end of a period of time) • late (in relation to the expected or proper time) • succeeding • old age; later years • Classifier for the number of nights.
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|
evening • night • late
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晚 (eumhun 늦을 만 (neujeul man))
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hanja form of 만 (“evening; night”) • (only used in compounds) hanja form of 만 (“late”)
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Hán-Nôm : vãn • Hán-Nôm : muộn
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|
晚
|
| 晝
|
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 聿 + 日 (“sun”). Used to mean “daytime” in ancient texts. \ The significance and meaning of the 聿 component, as present in the oracle bone inscriptions, is not clear. Various theories exist, including that it serves as a phonetic component, in which case the character would be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tus) : phonetic 聿 (OC *b·lud) + semantic 日 (“sun”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-duk (“daytime; noon”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan གདུགས (gdugs, “midday; umbrella”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiù • Middle-Chinese : trjuwH
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daytime; day; daylight • (Hakka, Min) lunch • An ancient placename in modern-day Zibo, Shandong province, China. • a surname
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‖
|
Kyūjitai form of 昼 ‖
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晝 (eumhun 낮 주 (nat ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“daytime”) [affix]
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Hán-Nôm : chú • Hán-Nôm : trú
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|
晝
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| 晦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmɯːs) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ). \ STEDT compares 晦 (OC *hmɯːs) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fui³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huè • Middle-Chinese : xwojH
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last day of a lunar month • dark, unclear, obscure • night • 67th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "darkening" (𝍈)
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‖ 晦(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?) ‖ 晦(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 晦(つごもり) • (tsugomori) ‖ 晦(つもごり) • (tsumogori)
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‖ end of the month • dark, darkened • obscure, unknown • conceal, hide ‖ a darkening of the sky • something unclear or obscure • the last day of a (lunar) month ‖ (archaic) the darkening of moonlight • (by extension) the last day of a (lunar) month ‖ (rare, archaic) the darkening of moonlight • (rare, by extension) the last day of a (lunar) month
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晦 (eumhun 그믐 회 (geumeum hoe))
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hanja form of 회 (“last day of a lunar month”)
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Hán-Nôm : hổi • Hán-Nôm : hối • Hán-Nôm : hói • Hán-Nôm : hòi • Hán-Nôm : hỗi • Hán-Nôm : họi
|
|
晦
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| 晰
|
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik
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clear; distinct
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|
clear; limpid
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晰 (eum 석 (seok))
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|
Hán-Nôm : tích
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|
晰
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| 暢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaŋs) : semantic 申 + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshióng • Middle-Chinese : trhjangH
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unimpeded; smooth • comfortable • uninhibited; unrestrained • (Teochew) whole • (Teochew) to lead to; to go through • (Teochew) to know • a surname
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‖ 暢(とおる) • (Tōru)
|
‖ a male given name
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暢 • (chang) · 暢 • (chang) (hangeul 창, revised chang, McCune–Reischauer ch'ang, Yale chang)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : sướng
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chữ Hán form of sướng (“happy; elated”).
|
暢
|
| 曆
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːɡ) : phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 日 (“sun; day”). \ Derivative, meaning "calendar" < "calendrical calculations" (Shu), of 歷 (OC *rêk) "to calculate". See there for more.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : lik⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Middle-Chinese : lek
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calendar
|
|
calendar • era
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曆 (eumhun 책력 력 (chaengnyeok ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 책력 역 (chaengnyeok yeok))
|
hanja form of 력/역 (“calendar”)
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canonical : 曆: Hán Việt readings: lịch 曆: Nôm readings: rếch • canonical : rích • canonical : rịch
|
|
曆
|
| 曉
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hŋeːwʔ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hiu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiáu • Middle-Chinese : xewX
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dawn; daybreak • to know; to understand; to get • (Hakka, including Huiyang Hakka, Huicheng dialect) will; would • a surname
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‖
|
Kyūjitai form of 暁 ‖
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曉 (eumhun 새벽 효 (saebyeok hyo))
|
hanja form of 효 (“dawn”)
|
Hán-Nôm : hẻo • Hán-Nôm : hểu • Hán-Nôm : hiểu
|
|
曉
|
| 曖
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯːds, *qaːds) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 愛 (OC *qɯːds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : oi² • Cantonese · Jyutping : oi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ài • Middle-Chinese : 'ajH • Middle-Chinese : 'ojH
|
(literary, of daylight) dim; hazy • ^† obscure; hidden
|
|
dark, not clear
|
曖 (eumhun 희미할 애 (huimihal ae))
|
hanja form of 애 (“dim”)
|
Hán-Nôm : áy
|
|
曖
|
| 曙
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djas) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 暑 (OC *hjaʔ).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyu⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Middle-Chinese : dzyoH
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daybreak; dawn
|
‖ 曙(あけぼの) • (akebono)
|
dawn • daybreak ‖ dawn (the time when night fades and the morning faintly brightens)
|
曙 (eumhun 새벽 서 (saebyeok seo))
|
hanja form of 서 (“dawn”)
|
Hán-Nôm : thự
|
|
曙
|
| 曝
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ) : semantic 日 (“sun”) + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pha̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pho̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Middle-Chinese : bawH • Middle-Chinese : buwk
|
to sun; to air in the sun; to expose or dry in the sun • to expose; to reveal
|
|
bleach • refine • expose • air
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曝 • (po, pok) · 曝 • (po, pok) (hangeul 포, 폭, revised po, pok, McCune–Reischauer p'o, p'ok, Yale pho, phok)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : bộc
|
|
曝
|
| 曼
|
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buān • Middle-Chinese : man • Middle-Chinese : mjonH
|
long; extended; drawn-out • handsome; beautiful; refined • a surname
|
|
|
曼 • (man) · 曼 • (man) (hangeul 만, revised man, McCune–Reischauer man, Yale man)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : man • Hán-Nôm : mạn
|
|
曼
|
| 會
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Characters in the same phonetic series (會) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a lid on top of a container, with content in. \ Most of the pronunciations are ultimately cognate, derived from a root meaning "to join, to come together ~ to meet, to gather ~ to match, to fit ~ to understand". Perhaps related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to match”) ~ 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “lid”). \ However, Min Nan ē instead derives from 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs, “to understand”) (Yang, 2001). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (會) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a lid on top of a container, with content in. \ Most of the pronunciations are ultimately cognate, derived from a root meaning "to join, to come together ~ to meet, to gather ~ to match, to fit ~ to understand". Perhaps related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to match”) ~ 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “lid”). \ However, Min Nan ē instead derives from 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs, “to understand”) (Yang, 2001). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (會) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a lid on top of a container, with content in. \ Most of the pronunciations are ultimately cognate, derived from a root meaning "to join, to come together ~ to meet, to gather ~ to match, to fit ~ to understand". Perhaps related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to match”) ~ 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “lid”). \ However, Min Nan ē instead derives from 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs, “to understand”) (Yang, 2001). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (會) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a lid on top of a container, with content in. \ Most of the pronunciations are ultimately cognate, derived from a root meaning "to join, to come together ~ to meet, to gather ~ to match, to fit ~ to understand". Perhaps related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to match”) ~ 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “lid”). \ However, Min Nan ē instead derives from 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs, “to understand”) (Yang, 2001). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (會) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a lid on top of a container, with content in. \ Most of the pronunciations are ultimately cognate, derived from a root meaning "to join, to come together ~ to meet, to gather ~ to match, to fit ~ to understand". Perhaps related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to match”) ~ 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “lid”). \ However, Min Nan ē instead derives from 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs, “to understand”) (Yang, 2001). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (會) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a lid on top of a container, with content in. \ Most of the pronunciations are ultimately cognate, derived from a root meaning "to join, to come together ~ to meet, to gather ~ to match, to fit ~ to understand". Perhaps related to 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to match”) ~ 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “lid”). \ However, Min Nan ē instead derives from 解 (OC *kreːʔ, *kreːs, *ɡreːʔ, *ɡreːs, “to understand”) (Yang, 2001).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hēr • Middle-Chinese : hwajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : erē • Middle-Chinese : hwajH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : wui⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˇㄦ • Middle-Chinese : hwajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huē • Middle-Chinese : kwajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kui² • Cantonese · Jyutping : kui³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuè • Middle-Chinese : kwajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄛˋ
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union; group; association (Classifier: 個／个) • union; group; association (Classifier: 個／个) · (Cantonese) mutual aid association that raises fund • economic or political centre; major city • occasion; opportunity; chance • lid; cover • to match; to conform • to marry • to copulate • to gather; to assemble • to meet; to rendezvous • meeting; gathering (Classifier: 場／场; 次) • meeting; gathering (Classifier: 場／场; 次) · Especially, meetings of deputies of their sovereigns in ancient China to form alliances. • temple fair • to understand; to grasp • rhythm; cadence • (literary) by chance; as it happens • (literary) ought to; should • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to clarify; to clear up • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to express appreciation verbally • (Taoism) epoch, a lunar or grand cycle of 10,800 years ‖ to know how to perform a task; can; to be able to • to be good at; to be skillful in • will; to be likely to; to be sure to • would; to be willing to ‖ moment ‖ to compute; to calculate; to sum; to do accounting • a surname ‖ Only used in 會稽／会稽 (Kuàijī, “Guiji Commandery”). ‖ Only used in 會撮／会撮.
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‖ 會(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?) ‖ 會(かい) • (-kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?)
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Kyūjitai form of 会 ‖ Kyūjitai form of 会 ‖ Kyūjitai form of 会
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會 (eumhun 모일 회 (moil hoe))
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hanja form of 회 (“to gather, assemble”)
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canonical : 會: Hán Việt readings: cối • canonical : hội 會: Nôm readings: cuối • canonical : hội • canonical : hụi
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chữ Hán form of hội (“to meet, meeting, festival”).
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會
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| 朔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋraːɡ) : phonetic 屰 (OC *ŋraɡ) + semantic 月 (“moon”) \ From 逆 (OC *ŋraɡ) plus s-prefix. Schuessler (2007) interprets it as literally "turn again toward to meet"; while Baxter & Sagart (2014) interprets it as "when the moon changes from waning to waxing", with s- being a circumstantial prefix for place, time, & instrument.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Middle-Chinese : sraewk
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new moon • the first day of the lunar month • (literary) north • early morning • beginning
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朔 (eumhun 초하루 삭 (choharu sak))
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hanja form of 삭 (“the first day of the lunar month”)
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Hán-Nôm : sóc • Hán-Nôm : xóc • Hán-Nôm : xộc
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朔
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| 朕
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Characters in the same phonetic series (朕) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Simplified from 𦩎 (舟 → 月 and 灷 → 关), corruption of an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 舟 (“boat”) + 丨 (“item”) + 廾 (“two hands”), seen in the oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions, originally meaning “to mend a boat”. It was later borrowed to be used as a first-person pronoun.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zam⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīm • Middle-Chinese : drimX
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(imperial) I; my (similar to the royal we; reserved for use by the emperor since the Qin Dynasty) • (literary) omen; sign • (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𠹻 (zam6, “classifier for smells”)
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‖ 朕(ちん) • (chin)
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(imperial) I (similar to the royal we) ‖ (imperial) I, me (similar to the royal we)
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朕 (eumhun 나 짐 (na jim))
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(imperial) hanja form of 짐 (“I; me”) (similar to the royal we)
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canonical : 朕: Hán Việt readings: trẫm 朕: Nôm readings: trũm • canonical : chũm
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(imperial) chữ Hán form of trẫm (“I; me”). (similar to the royal we)
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朕
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| 朦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moːŋ, *moːŋʔ) : semantic 月 (“moon”) + phonetic 蒙 (OC *moːŋ). \ Unlike most other characters with a 月 (yuè)-like component on the left, this character's 月 (yuè) is not a simplification of 肉; 朦朧／朦胧 (ménglóng) was originally used in reference to the moon.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Middle-Chinese : muwng • Middle-Chinese : muwngX
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(of moonlight) hazy; dim • ^† to cover
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dim, obscure (of moonlight)
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朦 (eumhun 흐릴 몽 (heuril mong))
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hanja form of 몽 (“Used in 몽롱(朦朧) (mongnong)”)
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Hán-Nôm : mông • Hán-Nôm : mồng
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朦
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| 札
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; “to die prematurely; pestilence; to die from pestilence” \ : Sagart (2008) doubts this etymology, pointing out that this word has been attested in classical texts that are not necessarily connected to Yue or the South. He instead proposes that this word may be a Chinese loan in Yue or the regular word for “to die” in the variety of Chinese spoken in the Yue region.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsat • Middle-Chinese : tsreat
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letter; note • correspondence • to die prematurely • pestilence • to die from pestilence • small wooden strip for writing
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‖ 札(さつ) • (satsu) ‖ 札(ふだ) or 札(ふみだ) or 札(ふんだ) • (fuda or fumida or funda)
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bill • card ‖ paper money, a bill, a (bank) note ‖ a card, a plate, a tag • playing card
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札 • (chal) · 札 • (chal) (hangeul 찰, revised chal, McCune–Reischauer ch'al, Yale chal)
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letter
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Hán-Nôm : trát • Hán-Nôm : trớt
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札
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| 朵
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Originally a Ideogram (指事) depicting a stalk of a plant 禾 with something drooping. The bottom part of 禾 corrupted into 木, while the extra stroke corrupted into 乃, later simplified into 几. \ “Hanging from a tree” > “flower” > classifier for flowers. \ Probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/n)waj (“to hang from; to cling to; creeper”), whence Burmese တွယ် (twai, “to cling”). May be related to 垂 (OC *djol, “to hang down”), 橢 (OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, “oblong; oval”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). \ Also compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *kt₂uur (“ear”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˇㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : twaX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tô ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : do²
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(of branches, leaves, flowers, fruits) hanging from a tree • flower or calyx of a plant • Classifier for flowers, clouds, etc. • ear • to move • a surname: Duo ‖ (Southern Min) Classifier for clusters of fruits. ‖ (Cantonese) name; nickname; title (Classifier: 個／个 c)
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朵 • (ta) · 朵 • (ta) (hangeul 타, revised ta, McCune–Reischauer t'a, Yale tha)
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Hán-Nôm : đóa • Hán-Nôm : đoá • Hán-Nôm : tạp • Hán-Nôm : đỏa • Hán-Nôm : đoả
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朵
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| 杏
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“wood”) + 口 (“mouth”) – perhaps referring to the tastiness of its fruit. \ Shuowen considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːŋʔ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + abbreviated phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ), but this is unlikely.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǐng • Middle-Chinese : haengX
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apricot (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 棵 c)
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‖ 杏(きょう) • (kyō) ^(←きやう (kyau)?)
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‖ apricot
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杏 (eumhun 살구 행 (salgu haeng))
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hanja form of 행 (“apricot”)
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Hán-Nôm : hạnh
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杏
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| 杖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daŋʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 丈 (OC *daŋʔ). \ Thought to be the same word as 丈 (OC *daŋʔ) "gentleman, older man, husband", i.e. "someone who walks with, or leans on, a staff"; though unlikely. \ According to Schuessler (2007), this is an areal word. Compare Mizo tiang (“staff, stick, crutch”), Old Khmer toŋ (“shaft, stock, shank”), -toṅa (“stock, stem, stick”), and Khmer ដង (dɑɑng, “pole, shaft, handle, yoke, body, trunk”). Benedict (1976) also compares this to Proto-Tai *de:ŋ ~ *tʰe:ŋ (“stick, bar”), Malay tiang (“pillar, post, pole”), Fijian ndia (“stick, handle”), and to reconstructed Proto-Austro-Tai *(n)ti(j)aŋ. \ A derivative, attested in Zuozhuan as 杖 (zhàng), is the verb 仗 (OC *daŋs) "to lean on", with suffix *-s → *-h → 去聲／去声 (qùshēng).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thňg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǒng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāng • Middle-Chinese : drjangX
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walking stick • staff; rod; cane; wand • (historical) flogging with a stick • to flog (a prisoner) • to support; to prop • to hold; to grasp • Alternative form of 仗 (zhàng, “to rely on; to depend on”) • (Eastern Min) Classifier for segments of sugarcane.
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‖ 杖(つえ) • (tsue) ^(←つゑ (twe)?) ‖ 杖(じょう) • (jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?)
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‖ staff, stick, walking stick, cane, stave, strove, rod, wand • something one leans on, a support • a cane used for corporal punishment • a particularly shaped stirring stick used to make New Year's porridge • the stem of a pear • (historical) a traditional unit of length · (historical) approximately 3 meters • (historical) a traditional unit of length · (historical) seven 尺 (shaku, traditional Japanese foot) and five 寸 (sun, traditional Japanese inch), or approximately 2.3 meters • (historical) a traditional unit of area • (historical) a traditional unit of area · (historical) one-fifth of a 段 (tan, traditional Japanese paddy size, roughly half of an English acre), or around 237m² ‖ a jo: a fighting staff, a little over 4 尺 (shaku, “a traditional unit of measure, about 30 cm or a foot”) long, shorter than a 棒 (bō, “quarterstaff”) • (historical) under the ancient Ritsuryō system, caning as a form of corporal punishment • (historical) a traditional unit of area: one-fifth of a 段 (tan, traditional Japanese paddy size, roughly half of an English acre), or around 237m²
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杖 • (jang) · 杖 • (jang) (hangeul 장, revised jang, McCune–Reischauer chang, Yale cang)
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Hán-Nôm : trượng • Hán-Nôm : rường
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杖
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| 杜
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‖ Possibly be a Kra-Dai substrate word; compare Zhuang duz (“classifier for animals”), which is a prefix found in the vocabulary for many animals like duzgip (“centipede”), duzgyau (“spider”) and duzlingz (“monkey”) (Zhao, 1991; Tu, 2018).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒo • Middle-Chinese : duX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo
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birch-leaved pear (Pyrus betulifolia) • to stop; to prevent; to block • to reject • (obsolete) to pound; to strike • (obsolete, dialectal) astringent • (obsolete, dialectal) root • Asarum forbesii • Pollia japonica • name of an ancient pre-Qin state located in present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi • a surname ‖ (Eastern Min, Southern Min) Prefix found in the names of certain animals.
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‖ 杜(もり) • (mori) ‖ 杜(やまなし) • (yamanashi) ‖ 杜(と) • (To)
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careless • woods; grove • Chinese family name "Du" ‖ a shrine grove • a forest ‖ wild Japanese pear or mountain pear ‖ Du Fu, Chinese poet
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杜 • (du) · 杜 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)
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canonical : 杜: Hán Việt readings: đỗ • canonical : đổ 杜: Nôm readings: đỗ • canonical : đậu • canonical : đổ • canonical : dỏ • canonical : đũa • canonical : đỏ • canonical : dỗ • canonical : đủ • canonical : giỗ • canonical : rổ • canonical : trỗ
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chữ Hán form of Đỗ (“a surname”).
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杜
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| 杭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs). \ Originally a variant of 抗 (OC *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, “to fight against”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs). \ Originally a variant of 抗 (OC *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, “to fight against”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs). \ Originally a variant of 抗 (OC *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, “to fight against”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 亢 (OC *kaːŋ, *kʰaːŋs). \ Originally a variant of 抗 (OC *kʰaːŋs, *ɡaːŋ, “to fight against”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄤ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄤˋ ‖
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Alternative form of 航 (háng, “boat; ship”) • Alternative form of 航 (háng, “to cross a stream; to ferry”) • Alternative form of 航 (háng, “to sail; to navigate”) • (dialectal) suddenly; all of a sudden • Short for 杭州 (Hángzhōu, “Hangzhou”). • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 康 (kāng, “broad road”) ‖ Alternative form of 抗 (kàng, “to resist; to fight”) • Alternative form of 抗 (kàng, “to raise; to lift up”) • Alternative form of 抗 (kàng, “high”) ‖ (Northern Wu) Alternative form of 行 (“to endure; to bear; to shoulder”)
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stake, picket • stump
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杭 • (hang) · 杭 • (hang) (hangeul 항, revised hang, McCune–Reischauer hang, Yale hang)
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Hán-Nôm : cáng • Hán-Nôm : hàng • Hán-Nôm : khiêng
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杭
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| 杰
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For pronunciation and definitions of 杰 – see 傑 (“outstanding; remarkable; hero; etc.”). \ (This character is the simplified and variant form of 傑). \ Notes: \ Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia, and Singapore. \ Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan. ‖ Probably a Kra-Dai substrate. Compare Zhuang gwd (“viscous”), Bouyei geg (“viscous”), Lingao kɔt⁸ (“viscous”). Cognate with Fuzhou Eastern Min 𬇴 (gṳ̆k, “viscous”) and Teochew 𫀸 (geg8, “viscous”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : git⁶ ‖
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Used in personal names. ‖ (Cantonese) thick; viscous • (Cantonese) serious
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杰 • (geol) · 杰 • (geol) (hangeul 걸, revised geol, McCune–Reischauer kŏl, Yale kel)
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Hán-Nôm : kiệt
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杰
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| 枉
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Related to 紆 (OC) ~ 迂 (OC *qʷa), 匡 (OC *kʰʷaŋ), 腕 (OC *qoːns), 冤 (OC *qon) (Schuessler, 2007). See 迂 (yū) for further etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : óng • Middle-Chinese : 'jwangX
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bent; crooked • depraved; indecent; perverse • to distort; to twist; to bend • unjust; wrong • injustice • (literary) to condescend; to deign • in vain; to no avail; for naught • (Hong Kong Cantonese, triad slang) three
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枉 • (wang) · 枉 • (wang) (hangeul 왕, revised wang, McCune–Reischauer wang, Yale wang)
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Hán-Nôm : uổng
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枉
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| 枚
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Generally thought to be an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 木 (“tree; wood”) + 攴 (“hand holding a stick”). \ However, Zhengzhang (2003) considers it to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯːl) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn), where 文 was later corrupted to 攴. \ From Austroasiatic; compare Old Khmer mek (“branch; bough”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From Lingao mɔʔ⁸ (classifier for objects) (Fu, 2008).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buê • Middle-Chinese : mwoj ‖
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(archaic) stalk of shrub; trunk of tree • (historical) wooden peg (a gag for marching soldiers to prevent talking) • (obsolete) small wooden rod; counting rod • (dated) Classifier for generic countable objects. • (dated) Classifier for generic countable objects. · one by one; each • Classifier for certain small, flat objects, such as coins, stamps, badges, pearls, sporting medals. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for rockets, satellites and certain weapons (especially bombs). • (neologism) Classifier for people. • (neologism) Classifier for flat thin objects (especially followed by 入 mimicking Japanese usage to give an exotic flair or exaggerated quality perception of a product) • a surname: Mei ‖ (Hainanese) Classifier for generic countable objects.
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‖ 枚(ひら) • (hira) ‖ 枚(まい) • (-mai)
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‖ an object that is thin and flat ‖ counter for flat thin objects or sheets
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枚 (eum 매 (mae))
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Hán-Nôm : mai
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枚
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| 柏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːɡ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baak³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : peh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : peeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Middle-Chinese : paek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paak³
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cypress • Alternative form of 伯 • Alternative form of 迫 • (～國) Bai, Bo (an ancient state in modern Henan) • (～市) Kashiwa City, a city in Japan • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 檗, used in 黃柏／黄柏 (huángbò).
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‖ 柏(かしわ) or 柏(カシワ) • (kashiwa) ‖ 柏(かしわ) • (Kashiwa)
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oak • (rare) Japanese nutmeg yew, kaya, Torreya nucifera ‖ oak ‖ Kashiwa (a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan) • a female given name
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柏 • (baek) · 柏 • (baek) (hangeul 백)
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Used in the names of certain trees
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Hán-Nôm : bách • Hán-Nôm : bá
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柏
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| 柑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːm) : semantic 木 (“wood; tree”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm). \ Either the same etymon as 甘 (OC *kaːm, “sweet”) (Wang, 1982), or, in light of the citrus fruit's southern origin, possibly connected with Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Austroasiatic *ŋaːm (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kam • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kann • Middle-Chinese : kam
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mandarin orange • tangerine • (dialectal Hakka, Mingxi Min, Waxiang) pomelo
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‖ 柑(かん) • (kan)
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‖ citrus fruit
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柑 • (gam, geom) · 柑 • (gam, geom) (hangeul 감, 검, revised gam, geom, McCune–Reischauer kam, kŏm, Yale kam, kem)
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Hán-Nôm : cam • Hán-Nôm : cùm
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柑
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| 查
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caa⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsee • Middle-Chinese : dzrae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caa⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsee ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caai⁴ • Middle-Chinese : dzrea
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(alt. form 槎) Original form of 楂 (chá, “wooden raft”). • to investigate; to examine; to look into; to probe • to look up something in; to search in; to consult ‖ Alternative form of 楂 (zhā, “hawthorn”) • a surname • (dialectal) I; me ‖ (colloquial) government official
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investigate, inspect
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查 (eumhun 사실할 사 (sasilhal sa))
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Alternative form of 査
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Hán-Nôm : tra • Hán-Nôm : già
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查
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| 柬
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 束 (“tie”) + 八 (“individually”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kán • Middle-Chinese : keanX
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Alternative form of 揀／拣 (jiǎn, “to pick; to select”) • letter; note; invitation • Short for 柬埔寨 (Jiǎnpǔzhài, “Cambodia”). • Alternative form of 簡／简 (jiǎn)
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select, pick out
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柬 • (gan) · 柬 • (gan) (hangeul 간)
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Hán-Nôm : giản
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柬
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| 柴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zreː) : phonetic 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) + semantic 木. \ Perhaps related to 槎 (OC *zraːl, *zraːlʔ, “to cut trees”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Khmer ឈើ (chəə, “wood”) (ibid.). \ On the other hand, the Min forms (e.g. Jian'ou châu, Fuzhou chà, Xiamen chhâ) are from 樵 (OC *zew). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zreː) : phonetic 此 (OC *sʰeʔ) + semantic 木. \ Perhaps related to 槎 (OC *zraːl, *zraːlʔ, “to cut trees”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare also Khmer ឈើ (chəə, “wood”) (ibid.). \ On the other hand, the Min forms (e.g. Jian'ou châu, Fuzhou chà, Xiamen chhâ) are from 樵 (OC *zew). ‖ From English chevron (Leung, 2018).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshâi • Middle-Chinese : dzrea ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaai⁶ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : caai⁴
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faggot; bundle of sticks bound together (as fuel) • firewood; brushwood; wood • (obsolete) to burn firewood and worship heaven • (dialectal) bony; skinny • (dialectal, of food) tough; stringy; hard to chew • (dialectal) no good; poor; inferior • (Min) slow and inarticulate; dull • a surname ‖ to fence; to surround and protect with fence (made of wood) • to cover; to place something over • to stop; to block; to obstruct • Alternative form of 寨 (zhài, “defending fence”) • Alternative form of 寨 (zhài, “villa”) ‖ (Hong Kong) chevron (insignia); stripe (Classifier: 條／条 c)
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‖ 柴(しば) • (shiba) ‖ 柴(しば) • (Shiba)
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brushwood • firewood ‖ brushwood, firewood ‖ a surname
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柴 • (si, chae) · 柴 • (si, chae) (hangeul 시, 채, revised si, chae, McCune–Reischauer si, ch'ae, Yale si, chay)
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Hán-Nôm : sài • Hán-Nôm : thầy • Hán-Nôm : thài • Hán-Nôm : thày • Hán-Nôm : sầy • Hán-Nôm : xầy
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柴
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| 柵
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄕ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaap³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : san • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsheh • Middle-Chinese : sraenH • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjaek • Middle-Chinese : tsrheak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saan¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caak³
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fence; railing; palisade ‖ Only used in 柵極／栅极 and 光柵／光栅 (guāngshān). ‖ Only used in 上柵／上栅 and 下柵／下栅, place names in Zhongshan, Guangdong.
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‖ 柵(さく) • (saku) ‖ 柵(さく) • (Saku) ‖ 柵(しがらみ) • (shigarami) ‖ 柵(しがらみ) • (Shigarami) ‖ 柵(き) • (ki) ‖ 柵(くえ) • (kue) ^(←くへ (kufe)?)
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fence, stockade • fort • weir ‖ a fence • (by extension) a wooden fort • a weir ‖ a surname ‖ a weir • (by extension) an obstacle ‖ a surname ‖ a fortress ‖ (obsolete) a fence • the exit and entrance of a port
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柵 (eumhun 울타리 책 (ultari chaek))
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hanja form of 책 (“fence”)
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Hán-Nôm : sách
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柵
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| 框
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hong¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaak¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤˋㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khing • Middle-Chinese : khjwang
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frame • framework • door frame • to restrain; to restrict
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‖ 框(かまち) • (kamachi)
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frame • (narrowly) door frame ‖ window frame or door frame
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框 • (gwang) · 框 • (gwang) (hangeul 광, revised gwang, McCune–Reischauer kwang, Yale kwang)
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Hán-Nôm : chuồng • Hán-Nôm : khuông
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框
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| 桌
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rteːwɢ) : phonetic 卓 (OC *rteːwɢ, “high”) + semantic 木 (“tree; wood”) – table. The bottom 十 of 卓 has merged with or been replaced by 木. \ From 卓 (OC *rteːwɢ, “high”), as tables are relatively tall (compared to other pieces of furniture like 几). \ Similar descriptive derivations for pieces of furniture include: 登 (“to climb”) > 凳 (“stool”); 倚 (“to lean”) > 椅 (“chair”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : toh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tok • Middle-Chinese : traewk
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table; desk; stand • Classifier for tablefuls of dishes or people: table • (Hokkien) feast; banquet
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Hán-Nôm : trác • Hán-Nôm : trướp
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(obsolete) a table
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桌
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| 桐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːŋ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 同 (OC *doːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâng • Middle-Chinese : duwng
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various trees related to the tung tree (now distinguished as oil-tung 油桐), particularly paulownia • a surname
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‖ 桐(きり) or 桐(キリ) • (kiri) ‖ 桐(きり) • (Kiri)
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paulownia ‖ the paulownia tree, Paulownia tomentosa • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with various designs of paulownia flowers and leaves • (card games) the paulownia suit in a hanafuda deck, representing the month of December • (colloquial) a koto (Japanese zither) • (colloquial) money, especially gold coins such as the 大判 (ōban) and the 小判 (koban) ‖ a female given name • a surname
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桐 (eumhun 오동나무 동 (odongnamu dong))
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Hán-Nôm : đồng
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桐
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| 桔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiːd) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 吉 (OC *klid). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : git³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gat¹ • Middle-Chinese : ket ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³
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Used in 桔梗 (jiégěng). • Used in 桔槔 (jiégāo, “well sweep”); also used as its short form. • to suspend with a well sweep ‖ Alternative form of 橘 (jú) ‖ Only used in 桔柣.
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(used in plant names)
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桔 • (gil) · 桔 • (gil) (hangeul 길, revised gil, McCune–Reischauer kil, Yale kil)
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Hán-Nôm : cát • Hán-Nôm : quất • Hán-Nôm : kết
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桔
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| 桶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoːŋʔ, *l'oːŋʔ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 甬 (OC *loŋʔ). \ Compare Khmer ថាំង (thang), Thai ถัง (tǎng).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tung² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tháng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóng • Middle-Chinese : thuwngX • Middle-Chinese : duwngX
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pail; bucket; tub • cask; keg • barrel (unit) • (Philippine Hokkien) million
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‖ 桶(おけ) • (oke) ^(←をけ (woke)?) ‖ 桶(こが) • (koga)
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a tub, a bucket ‖ a tube-shaped container for holding split flax or hemp, usually made of thin cypress wood bent to shape • by extension, a pail, bucket, tub, or basin similar to a barrel in construction, made of long thin pieces of cedar or cypress extending up from a base and held in place with hoops; may be small enough to carry in one hand, or large enough to bathe in • (Noh theater) a stool on stage, on which an actor sits ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) an oke (tub, bucket, basin) or taru (樽, “barrel”)
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桶 • (tong, yong) · 桶 • (tong, yong) (hangeul 통, 용, revised tong, yong, McCune–Reischauer t'ong, yong, Yale thong, yong)
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(통 통, tong-): barrel, bucket, can, cask, pail, tub, vat, compare ton, Dut. ton ("vat")
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Hán-Nôm : thùng
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桶
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| 梆
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pang • Middle-Chinese : paewng
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watchman's rattle • (onomatopoeia) rat-tat; rat-a-tat
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梆 (eum 방 (bang))
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Hán-Nôm : bương • Hán-Nôm : bang
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梆
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| 條
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːw) : phonetic 攸 (OC *lɯw) + semantic 木. \ Related to 悠 (OC *lɯw, “remote; distant”), 修 (OC *slɯw, “long and thin”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄠˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Middle-Chinese : dew
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strip; slip • twig; branch • long and thin objects • (of law or treaty) item; article; section; clause; condition • informal note • order • Classifier for long and thin objects or animals. • Classifier for something that can be listed item by item, such as reasons, (pieces of) news, messages, advices, etc. • Classifier for lives or minds. • (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) Classifier for songs. • (Cantonese) Classifier for villages. • (Cantonese, often derogatory) Classifier for people. • (Cantonese) Classifier for consecutive digits.
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條 (eum 조 (jo))
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Hán-Nôm : điều
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條
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| 梢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreːw) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siau • Middle-Chinese : sraew
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pointed tip of something long like a branch • rudder
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‖ 梢(こずえ) • (kozue) ^(←こずゑ (kozwe)?) ‖ 梢(こずえ) • (Kozue) ^(←こずゑ (kozwe)?) ‖ 梢(しょう) • (Shō) ^(←せう (seu)?)
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treetop ‖ a treetop ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a female given name
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梢 • (cho) · 梢 • (cho) (hangeul 초, revised cho, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, Yale cho)
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Hán-Nôm : sao
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梢
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| 梧
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gôo • Middle-Chinese : ngu
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Chinese parasol tree (Firmiana platanifolia), also known as Sterculia platanifolia
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梧 • (o) · 梧 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)
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Hán-Nôm : ngô
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梧
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| 梭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːl) : semantic 木 + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːl) : semantic 木 + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : so¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : so • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Middle-Chinese : swa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˋ
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weaver's shuttle • go to and fro • Classifier for shuttles of threads. ‖ Populus euphratica • lush
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‖ 梭(ひ) • (hi) ‖ 梭(さ) • (sa)
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‖ (weaving) shuttle ‖ (weaving) shuttle
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梭 (eum 사 (sa))
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Hán-Nôm : thoi
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梭
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| 梯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰiːl) : semantic 木 (“wood, tree”) + phonetic 弟 (OC *diːlʔ, *diːls) – a wooden ladder.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tai¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : the • Middle-Chinese : thej
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ladder; steps; stairs (Classifier: 條／条 c; 堂 c) • ladder-shaped object • to climb • to lean against • (Hong Kong, in compounds) escalator
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梯 • (je) · 梯 • (je) (hangeul 제)
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Hán-Nôm : thê
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梯
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| 梳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋra) : semantic 木 + abbreviated phonetic 疏 (OC *sŋra, *sŋras). \ Traditionally thought to be related to 疏 (OC *sŋra, “distant; sparse”), as compared to 篦 (OC *piː, *bis, “fine-tooth comb”) (Shiming; Wang, 1982). \ However, Schuessler (2007) considers this to be folk etymology and instead proposes that this is related to Tibetan གཤོད (gshod, “to comb”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *hriat (“to comb; to brush”). STEDT provisionally reconstructs Proto-Tibeto-Burman *g-s-j(w)at (“to comb; to brush”) and also notes possible connection to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m-si-t (“comb; rake”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se • Middle-Chinese : srjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ
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comb; brush (Classifier: 把 c) • to comb; to brush (hair, etc.) • (Cantonese) Classifier for bunches of fruit, especially bananas. ‖ (chiefly Cantonese) Used in transcription.
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梳 • (so) · 梳 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
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comb, brush
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Hán-Nôm : sơ
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梳
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| 棉
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Variant of 綿 by replacing 糸 with 木 (裘錫圭：《文字學概要（修訂本）》, p222). \ Attested late, in Tang dynasty; unless Shijing’s 綿蠻 (OC *men mroːn, “tiny, delicate”) (according to Mao Commentary) is derived from "cotton" (Schuessler, 2007). \ Etymology unclear, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan (Schuessler, 2007)? Tibetan བལ། (bal) is cognate to either this or 蟠 (OC *baːn, *ban, “to coil, to curl”) (ibid.).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : min⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mî • Middle-Chinese : mjien
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kapok (tree, fiber) • cotton (tree, fiber) • cotton-like material • a surname: Mian
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cotton • batting, stuffing
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棉 (eum 면 (myeon))
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Hán-Nôm : miên
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棉
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| 棍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kuːns, *ɡuːnʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 昆 (OC *kuːn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwan³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kùn • Middle-Chinese : hwonX
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stick; cudgel (Classifier: 轆／辘 c) • scoundrel • (Cantonese, euphemistic) penis
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棍 • (gon, hon) · 棍 • (gon, hon) (hangeul 곤, 혼)
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Hán-Nôm : côn • Hán-Nôm : gon • Hán-Nôm : gòn
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棍
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| 棕
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Originally written as 椶, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsoːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 㚇. The phonetic component was later replaced by 宗 (zōng). \ Wang (1982) relates it to 總 (OC *ʔsloːŋʔ, “to collect”), 稯 (OC *ʔsoːŋ, “sheaf; bundle”), 鬃 (OC *ʔsoːŋ, “mane”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsong • Middle-Chinese : tsuwng
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palm tree • palm fiber • brown (color, similar to that of fibers made from a palm's leaf sheath)
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棕 (eumhun 종려나무 종 (jongnyeonamu jong))
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hanja form of 종 (“palm tree”)
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Hán-Nôm : sồng • Hán-Nôm : tông
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棕
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| 棘
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kik • Middle-Chinese : kik ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kik¹
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jujube tree • thorny bush; bramble • thorns • thorny • to prick • Synonym of 戟 (jǐ, “halberd”) ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 撠 (kik1, “to be stuck”)
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‖ 棘(とげ) • (toge) ‖ 棘(いばら) or 棘(イバラ) • (ibara)
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‖ thorn ‖ a shrub with thorns: a bramble, a briar • thorn • a thorny flower of the genus Rosa: a rose
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棘 • (geuk) · 棘 • (geuk) (hangeul 극, revised geuk, McCune–Reischauer kŭk, Yale kuk)
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Hán-Nôm : gấc • Hán-Nôm : cức
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棘
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| 棟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːŋs) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dung³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dung⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiòng • Middle-Chinese : tuwngH
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main beam supporting a house; ridgepole • (literary) house; building • Classifier for buildings. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (figurative) important person; pillars of the state • (Sichuanese) mountain ridge; mountain peak • a surname: Dong
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‖ 棟(とう) or 棟(むね) • (-tō or -mune) ‖ 棟(とう) • (tō) · 棟(むね) • (mune) ‖ 棟(とう) • (-tō)
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‖ buildings ‖ large building • ridge of a roof ‖ building
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棟 • (dong) · 棟 • (dong) (hangeul 동, revised dong, McCune–Reischauer tong, Yale tong)
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Hán-Nôm : đống
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棟
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| 棠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːŋ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 木 (“tree, wood”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Middle-Chinese : dang
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crabapple tree • wild plum
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棠 • (dang) · 棠 • (dang) (hangeul 당, revised dang, McCune–Reischauer tang, Yale tang)
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Hán-Nôm : đường
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棠
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| 棵
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‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 棵 – see 樖. \ (This character is a variant form of 樖).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fo² • Cantonese · Jyutping : fo¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kher ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˇ
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Classifier for plants. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier ‖ a kind of chopping board
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Classifier for counting plants. • Cut tree. • Piece of wood. • Bunch of firewood.
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Hán-Nôm : quả • Hán-Nôm : khỏa • Hán-Nôm : khoả
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棵
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| 椒
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsio • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiau • Middle-Chinese : tsjew
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(originally) Sichuan pepper • any similar plants and spices, such as pepper and chili • summit • a surname
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Hán-Nôm : tiêu
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any spices or plants, usually peppers
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椒
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| 椰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 耶 (OC *laː). \ Attested as early as the Jin dynasty (晉朝). Compare earlier form 楈枒 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ ŋraː/ŋraːs), 胥邪 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ ljaː/laː), 胥餘 (OC *sŋa/sŋaʔ la) (attested since Han dynasty).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâ • Middle-Chinese : yae
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^⁜ coconut palm • (now in compounds or dialectal) coconut (Classifier: 個／个 c)
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palm tree
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椰 • (ya) · 椰 • (ya) (hangeul 야, revised ya, McCune–Reischauer ya, Yale ya)
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Hán-Nôm : da • Hán-Nôm : dà • Hán-Nôm : dừa • Hán-Nôm : gia
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椰
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| 楊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laŋ) : semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ) – a kind of tree. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *glaŋ (“poplar, willow”). Cognate with Tibetan ལྕང་མ (lcang ma, “willow”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâng • Middle-Chinese : yang
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poplar; aspen; willow • Used in 楊桃／杨桃 (yángtáo). • Used in 楊梅／杨梅 (yángméi). • a surname, listed sixteenth in the Baijiaxing • Young (English given name)
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‖ 楊(よう) • (yō)
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‖ willow; poplar; aspen
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楊 • (yang) · 楊 • (yang) (hangeul 양, revised yang, McCune–Reischauer yang, Yale yang)
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(버들): willow
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Hán-Nôm : dương
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chữ Hán form of Dương (“a surname”).
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楊
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| 楚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋ̊ʰraʔ, *sŋ̊ʰras) : semantic 林 (“forest; grove; woods”) + phonetic 疋 (OC *ŋraːʔ, *sŋra, *sŋraʔ). \ Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Proto-Austroasiatic *ɟrla(ː)ʔ (“thorn”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshó • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjoX • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjoH
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(obsolete) Vitex; Chinese chaste tree (Vitex negundo) • (obsolete) thick growth of weeds or trees • (historical) punishment cane • (historical) to beat with a punishment cane • painful; suffering • neat; clear; orderly; arranged • bright; gorgeous • (obsolete) vulgar; unrefined • (～國) (historical) Chu (an ancient Chinese viscounty and kingdom along the Yangtze River during the Zhou dynasty) • modern-day Hubei and Hunan (where the state of Chu was located) • (specifically) Hubei • a surname
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whip • cane
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楚 • (cho) · 楚 • (cho) (hangeul 초, revised cho, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, Yale cho)
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name of feudal state • clear
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Hán-Nôm : sở • Hán-Nôm : sỡ
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楚
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| 榆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lo) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jû • Middle-Chinese : yu
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elm tree
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elm tree
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榆 • (yu) · 榆 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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Hán-Nôm : du
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榆
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| 榔
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : long⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nn̂g • Middle-Chinese : lang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˇ • Middle-Chinese : langX
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Used in compounds. ‖
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betel palm
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榔 • (rang>nang) · 榔 • (rang>nang) (hangeul 랑>낭, revised rang>nang, McCune–Reischauer rang>nang, Yale lang>nang)
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Hán-Nôm : lang • Hán-Nôm : trang
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betel nut tree
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榔
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| 榕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loŋ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 容 (OC *loŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông
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banyan tree • Short for 榕城 (Róngchéng, “Fuzhou”).
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榕 (eum 용 (yong))
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Hán-Nôm : dung
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榕
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| 榜
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póng • Middle-Chinese : pangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong³ • Middle-Chinese : paengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pang⁴ • Middle-Chinese : baeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˇ
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placard; inscribed board • notice; announcement • list of successful candidates ‖ boat oar; boat • to row • to beat up a person • Alternative form of 傍 ‖ Only used in 榜檠. • to beat up a person (type of punishment in ancient times) ‖ ^‡ type of wood • Alternative form of 旁 ‖ (dialectal) to loosen soil
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榜 • (bang, byeong) · 榜 • (bang, byeong) (hangeul 방, 병, revised bang, byeong, McCune–Reischauer pang, pyŏng, Yale pang, pyeng)
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Hán-Nôm : bàng • Hán-Nôm : báng • Hán-Nôm : bảng • Hán-Nôm : bửng • Hán-Nôm : vảng • Hán-Nôm : bứng • Hán-Nôm : phẳng
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榜
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| 榨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraːɡs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 窄 (OC *ʔsraːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsèe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsà • Middle-Chinese : tsraeH
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to press or extract juices; to squeeze • press to extract juices • (figurative) to exploit; to force; to oppress; to repress • a surname: Zha
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榨 • (ja) · 榨 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha, Yale ca)
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Hán-Nôm : trá
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榨
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| 榮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷreŋ) : abbreviated phonetic 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) + semantic 木 \ Same word as 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wing⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îng • Middle-Chinese : hjwaeng
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glory; honour • to flourish; to prosper • (～縣) Rong County (a county of Zigong, Sichuan, China) • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 栄 ‖
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榮 (eumhun 꽃 영 (kkot yeong))
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hanja form of 영 (“glory, honour”) • hanja form of 영 (“flourish, prosper”)
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Hán-Nôm : vinh • Hán-Nôm : vang • Hán-Nôm : vành • Hán-Nôm : vểnh • Hán-Nôm : vênh • Hán-Nôm : vanh • Hán-Nôm : văng
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glory, honour • Vinh, the capital of Nghệ An Province
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榮
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| 榴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·ru) : semantic 木 + phonetic 留 (OC *m·ru, *m·rus). \ The botanist Li Shizhen suggests that 榴 is the same as 瘤 (OC *m·ru, *m·rus, “lump, tumour”), as the pomegranate fruit resembles cancerous outgrowths on the body.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Middle-Chinese : ljuw
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Short for 石榴 (shíliú, “pomegranate”). • a surname
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pomegranate
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榴 • (ryu>yu) · 榴 • (ryu>yu) (hangeul 류>유, revised ryu>yu, McCune–Reischauer ryu>yu, Yale lyu>yu)
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Hán-Nôm : lựu
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榴
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| 槐
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huâi • Middle-Chinese : hweaj • Middle-Chinese : hwoj
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Chinese scholar tree (Styphnolobium japonicum); Japanese pagoda tree; locust tree • (alt. form 褱) Dipsacus asper • (Chinese mythology) Huai of Xia (eighth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty) • a surname
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‖ 槐(えんじゅ) or 槐(エンジュ) • (enju)
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‖ pagoda tree (Styphnolobium japonicum)
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槐 (eum 괴 (goe))
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Hán-Nôm : hòe • Hán-Nôm : hoè • Hán-Nôm : hoe
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槐
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| 樂
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 (“string”) + 木 (“wood”) – strings on a piece of wood, i.e. a wooden musical instrument. \ The oracle bone form shows two strings connected to the wood. In the bronze inscriptions, a 白 (OC *braːɡ) component was added in between the two strings, which may either represent the thumb (fiddling) or a phonetic part. \ ; “music; joyful” \ : Also comparable is Middle Khmer leṅa (“to play”) and bhleṅa (“(playing) music”), whence Thai เล่น (lên, “to play”) and เพลง (pleeng, “music”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 (“string”) + 木 (“wood”) – strings on a piece of wood, i.e. a wooden musical instrument. \ The oracle bone form shows two strings connected to the wood. In the bronze inscriptions, a 白 (OC *braːɡ) component was added in between the two strings, which may either represent the thumb (fiddling) or a phonetic part. \ ; “music; joyful” \ : Also comparable is Middle Khmer leṅa (“to play”) and bhleṅa (“(playing) music”), whence Thai เล่น (lên, “to play”) and เพลง (pleeng, “music”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 (“string”) + 木 (“wood”) – strings on a piece of wood, i.e. a wooden musical instrument. \ The oracle bone form shows two strings connected to the wood. In the bronze inscriptions, a 白 (OC *braːɡ) component was added in between the two strings, which may either represent the thumb (fiddling) or a phonetic part. \ ; “music; joyful” \ : Also comparable is Middle Khmer leṅa (“to play”) and bhleṅa (“(playing) music”), whence Thai เล่น (lên, “to play”) and เพลง (pleeng, “music”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 (“string”) + 木 (“wood”) – strings on a piece of wood, i.e. a wooden musical instrument. \ The oracle bone form shows two strings connected to the wood. In the bronze inscriptions, a 白 (OC *braːɡ) component was added in between the two strings, which may either represent the thumb (fiddling) or a phonetic part. \ ; “music; joyful” \ : Also comparable is Middle Khmer leṅa (“to play”) and bhleṅa (“(playing) music”), whence Thai เล่น (lên, “to play”) and เพลง (pleeng, “music”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 (“string”) + 木 (“wood”) – strings on a piece of wood, i.e. a wooden musical instrument. \ The oracle bone form shows two strings connected to the wood. In the bronze inscriptions, a 白 (OC *braːɡ) component was added in between the two strings, which may either represent the thumb (fiddling) or a phonetic part. \ ; “music; joyful” \ : Also comparable is Middle Khmer leṅa (“to play”) and bhleṅa (“(playing) music”), whence Thai เล่น (lên, “to play”) and เพลง (pleeng, “music”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ga̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngaewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Middle-Chinese : lak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngāu • Middle-Chinese : ngaewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok⁶
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music; tune; melody; song • (obsolete) to play music; to sing • (obsolete) musician • (obsolete) musical instrument • Short for 樂經／乐经 (Yuèjīng, “Classic of Music”). • a surname ‖ joyful; happy; glad • happiness; joy; pleasure • (obsolete) lasciviousness; lechery; decadence • to laugh; to smile • to enjoy; to love • (Cantonese) Short for 可樂／可乐 (kělè, “cola”). • 24th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "joy" (𝌝) • a surname ‖ (obsolete) to be fond of; to enjoy; to appreciate ‖ Used in place names. ‖ Used in compounds.
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Kyūjitai form of 楽
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樂 (eumhun 노래 악 (norae ak)) ‖ 樂 (eumhun 즐길 락 (jeulgil rak), word-initial (South Korea) 즐길 낙 (jeulgil nak)) ‖ 樂 (eumhun 좋아할 요 (joahal yo))
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hanja form of 악 (“music; tune; melody; song”) ‖ hanja form of 락/낙 (“to enjoy; happiness; pleasure”) ‖ (literary) hanja form of 요 (“to be fond of; to like”)
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Hán-Nôm : lạc • Hán-Nôm : nhạc
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樂
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| 樓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·roː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 婁 (OC *ɡ·roː, *ɡ·ro).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liô • Middle-Chinese : luw
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building (of two or more stories) (Classifier: 棟／栋 m c; 幢 m; 躉／趸 c; 間／间 c) • floor; level (Classifier: 層／层) • (Hong Kong) flat; apartment (Classifier: 層／层 c) • superstructure • Used in the name of some businesses • (Internet slang) comment; post • a surname
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tower • turret
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樓 (eumhun 다락 루 (darak ru), word-initial (South Korea) 다락 누 (darak nu))
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hanja form of 루/누 (“building of two or more stories”)
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Hán-Nôm : lâu • Hán-Nôm : lầu
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(literary) a multi-story building • floor (of a multi-level building)
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樓
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| 樟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjaŋ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsionn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiang • Middle-Chinese : tsyang
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camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora)
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樟 (eumhun 녹나무 장 (nongnamu jang))
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Hán-Nôm : chương
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樟
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| 樣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laŋs) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 羕 (OC *laŋs). \ ; “appearance; etc.” \ ; “(ACG slang) -sama”
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Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iōnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iāng • Middle-Chinese : yangH
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appearance; form; shape • look; expression; air • type; kind; sort; variety; class; category • sample; specimen; example • (printing) proof • manner; style; way; fashion • Classifier for kinds or types of things. • (rare) An honorific. • (ACG, Internet, slang) -sama
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‖
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Kyūjitai form of 様: certain form or way; condition, state; design, pattern; indicates humbleness or politeness ‖
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Hán-Nôm : dạng • Hán-Nôm : dáng • Hán-Nôm : nhàng
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樣
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| 橄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːmʔ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 敢 (OC *klaːmʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaam³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gam² • Cantonese · Jyutping : gam³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kán • Middle-Chinese : kamX
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Only used in 橄欖／橄榄.
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橄 • (gam) · 橄 • (gam) (hangeul 감, revised gam, McCune–Reischauer kam, Yale kam)
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Hán-Nôm : cạm • Hán-Nôm : cảm
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橄
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| 橘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷid) : semantic 木 + phonetic 矞 (OC *ɢʷid). \ Unknown. Schuessler (2007) connected 橘 (OC kwit) to Khmer ឃ្វិច (khvɨc, “tangerine”) and also deemed as "less likely" connections to ក្រូច (krouc, “citrus”) and Proto-Hre-Sedang *kruč (Bodman, 1980). However, Alves (2018) considered this Old Chinese word's Austroasiatic origin likely, and compared it to Proto-Mon-Khmer *kruuc ~ kruəc.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kit • Middle-Chinese : kjwit
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mandarin orange, Citrus reticulata, tangerine, orange
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‖ 橘(たちばな) or 橘(タチバナ) • (tachibana) ‖ 橘(たちばな) • (Tachibana) ‖ 橘(きつ) • (kitsu) ‖ 橘(きつ) • (Kitsu)
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‖ Citrus tachibana, a species of wild, green, inedible citrus fruit native to Japan • Synonym of 唐橘 (kara-tachibana): the trifoliate orange, Citrus trifoliata, syn. Poncirus trifoliata • Synonym of 花橘 (hanatachibana): tachibana flowers; Ardesia crenata; Ardesia japonica; a kind of 襲の色目 (kasane no irome, “color combination by layering of garments”) • (archaic) generic name for citrus fruits that can be eaten raw • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with designs of tachibana flowers, fruits, and leaves ‖ short for 橘氏 (Tachibana-uji): an ancient clan who often held high-ranking positions in the medieval Japanese court, descended from Agata no Inukai no Michiyo and later Tachibana no Moroe • (historical) a Sakura-class destroyer of the Imperial Japanese Navy (see Japanese destroyer Tachibana (1912) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia) • (historical) a destroyer subclass of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, modified from the Matsu-class destroyers • (historical) the lead ship of the Tachibana-subclass destroyers (see Japanese destroyer Tachibana (1944) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia) • a placename, especially in Takaichi District, Nara Prefecture where the titular 菩提寺 (bodaiji) is located • a surname ‖ Citrus tachibana • the Tachibana clan ‖ a female given name • a surname
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橘 (eumhun 귤나무 귤 (gyullamu gyul))
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hanja form of 귤 (“tangerine”)
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Hán-Nôm : quất • Hán-Nôm : quít • Hán-Nôm : quầng • Hán-Nôm : quắt
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橘
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| 橙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːŋs, *rdɯːŋ) : semantic 木 (“tree; wood”) + phonetic 登 (OC *tɯːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâm • Middle-Chinese : dreang
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orange (the tree) • orange (the fruit) (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 楷 c) • orange (the color)
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‖ 橙(だいだい) or 橙(ダイダイ) • (daidai)
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bitter orange ‖ the bitter orange (Citrus × aurantium) • (by extension) Short for 橙色 (daidai-iro): the color orange
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橙 • (deung, jeung) · 橙 • (deung, jeung) (hangeul 등, 증)
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Hán-Nôm : chanh • Hán-Nôm : tranh
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橙
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| 橡
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoeng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǒng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiǔnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiūnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiōnn • Middle-Chinese : zjangX
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Acorn (the fruit of the oak tree). • A tree in the genus Quercus.
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橡 • (sang) · 橡 • (sang) (hangeul 상, revised sang, McCune–Reischauer sang, Yale sang)
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Hán-Nôm : tượng
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橡
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| 橫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs, *kʷaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). \ ; “crosswise > door rail; side; cross-grained; unrestrained” \ * Related to 衡 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “crossbar”), 桁 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡraːŋ, “purlin”), 珩 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “top horizontal gem of a girdle-pendant”) and 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “jade pendant”) (Wang, 1982), and possibly 樑 (OC *raŋ, “roof beam”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ * Schuessler (2007) connects these with Khmer ខ្វែង (khvaeng, “to cross; to intersect; to crisscross; diagonal; etc.”) < Old Khmer khveṅ (“to go far around; to encircle; to enclose”). Compare Thai ขวาง (kwǎang, “to lie across; to bar; to obstruct; to thwart”) and the Khmer derivatives កំពែង (kɑmpɛɛng, “enclosing wall; rampart”), កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “crossing-place; ford; port; shore”) (cf. Malay kampung). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs, *kʷaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). \ ; “crosswise > door rail; side; cross-grained; unrestrained” \ * Related to 衡 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “crossbar”), 桁 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡraːŋ, “purlin”), 珩 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “top horizontal gem of a girdle-pendant”) and 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “jade pendant”) (Wang, 1982), and possibly 樑 (OC *raŋ, “roof beam”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ * Schuessler (2007) connects these with Khmer ខ្វែង (khvaeng, “to cross; to intersect; to crisscross; diagonal; etc.”) < Old Khmer khveṅ (“to go far around; to encircle; to enclose”). Compare Thai ขวาง (kwǎang, “to lie across; to bar; to obstruct; to thwart”) and the Khmer derivatives កំពែង (kɑmpɛɛng, “enclosing wall; rampart”), កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “crossing-place; ford; port; shore”) (cf. Malay kampung). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs, *kʷaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). \ ; “crosswise > door rail; side; cross-grained; unrestrained” \ * Related to 衡 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “crossbar”), 桁 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡraːŋ, “purlin”), 珩 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “top horizontal gem of a girdle-pendant”) and 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “jade pendant”) (Wang, 1982), and possibly 樑 (OC *raŋ, “roof beam”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ * Schuessler (2007) connects these with Khmer ខ្វែង (khvaeng, “to cross; to intersect; to crisscross; diagonal; etc.”) < Old Khmer khveṅ (“to go far around; to encircle; to enclose”). Compare Thai ขวาง (kwǎang, “to lie across; to bar; to obstruct; to thwart”) and the Khmer derivatives កំពែង (kɑmpɛɛng, “enclosing wall; rampart”), កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “crossing-place; ford; port; shore”) (cf. Malay kampung). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs, *kʷaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). \ ; “crosswise > door rail; side; cross-grained; unrestrained” \ * Related to 衡 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “crossbar”), 桁 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡraːŋ, “purlin”), 珩 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “top horizontal gem of a girdle-pendant”) and 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “jade pendant”) (Wang, 1982), and possibly 樑 (OC *raŋ, “roof beam”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ * Schuessler (2007) connects these with Khmer ខ្វែង (khvaeng, “to cross; to intersect; to crisscross; diagonal; etc.”) < Old Khmer khveṅ (“to go far around; to encircle; to enclose”). Compare Thai ขวาง (kwǎang, “to lie across; to bar; to obstruct; to thwart”) and the Khmer derivatives កំពែង (kɑmpɛɛng, “enclosing wall; rampart”), កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “crossing-place; ford; port; shore”) (cf. Malay kampung). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs, *kʷaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). \ ; “crosswise > door rail; side; cross-grained; unrestrained” \ * Related to 衡 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “crossbar”), 桁 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡraːŋ, “purlin”), 珩 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “top horizontal gem of a girdle-pendant”) and 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “jade pendant”) (Wang, 1982), and possibly 樑 (OC *raŋ, “roof beam”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ * Schuessler (2007) connects these with Khmer ខ្វែង (khvaeng, “to cross; to intersect; to crisscross; diagonal; etc.”) < Old Khmer khveṅ (“to go far around; to encircle; to enclose”). Compare Thai ขวาง (kwǎang, “to lie across; to bar; to obstruct; to thwart”) and the Khmer derivatives កំពែង (kɑmpɛɛng, “enclosing wall; rampart”), កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “crossing-place; ford; port; shore”) (cf. Malay kampung). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs, *kʷaːŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 黃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). \ ; “crosswise > door rail; side; cross-grained; unrestrained” \ * Related to 衡 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “crossbar”), 桁 (OC *ɡaːŋ, *ɡraːŋ, “purlin”), 珩 (OC *ɡraːŋ, “top horizontal gem of a girdle-pendant”) and 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “jade pendant”) (Wang, 1982), and possibly 樑 (OC *raŋ, “roof beam”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ * Schuessler (2007) connects these with Khmer ខ្វែង (khvaeng, “to cross; to intersect; to crisscross; diagonal; etc.”) < Old Khmer khveṅ (“to go far around; to encircle; to enclose”). Compare Thai ขวาง (kwǎang, “to lie across; to bar; to obstruct; to thwart”) and the Khmer derivatives កំពែង (kɑmpɛɛng, “enclosing wall; rampart”), កំពង់ (kɑmpŭəng, “crossing-place; ford; port; shore”) (cf. Malay kampung).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : waang⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huâinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huênn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hn̂g • Middle-Chinese : hwaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waang⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waang⁴ • Middle-Chinese : hwaengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwong¹ • Middle-Chinese : kwang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˋ
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middle rail of a wooden door; crosspiece • to lie crossways; to be situated crosswise; to be horizontal • to move crosswise; to cross; to traverse; to stretch across • to cut crosswise; to intercept transversely • to hold crosswise; to put something horizontally; to wear across • crosswise; horizontal; transverse; across; east-west • (historical) Horizontal Alliance, i.e. states during the Warring States period in Chinese history which ally with Qin to participate in its ascendancy • side; nearby; something situated sideways • to cast a sidelong glance at; to look sideways • to brim with; to be brimming with; to fill; to be found all over • to place over; to cover • broad; vast; wide; extensive • to crisscross; to interlock; to intersect; to be mixed together • not listening to reason; unreasonable; unrestrained; outrageous • (Chinese calligraphy) horizontal stroke (㇐) • (historical) Alternative form of 衡 (héng, “supervisor; picket”) • (historical) Alternative form of 黌／黉 (hóng, “school”) • ancient placename in modern-day Shangqiu city in Henan province of China • (Beijing and Jilu Mandarin) probably; presumably; perhaps; maybe • (Beijing Mandarin, dialectal Wu) anyway; anyhow; in any case • a surname ‖ perverse and violent; unrestrained and aggressive; brutal and unreasonable; cross-grained • unrestrainedly; turbulently; intrusively and violently • in vain; wastefully • sudden (and catastrophic); unexpected; unpredicted • additional; supplementary; extra; extraneous • contingency; mishap; misfortune; accident ‖ Alternative form of 光 (“light”) • (～門) (historical) a gate of Chang'an City ‖ Alternative form of 桄 (“reel thread on a revolving frame”) ‖ Alternative form of 撗 (guàng, “a kind of grass”) ‖ Alternative form of 櫎／𰗓 (“a kind of tool”)
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Kyūjitai form of 横
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橫 • (hoeng) · 橫 • (hoeng) (hangeul 횡)
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across • horizontal, lateral
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Hán-Nôm : hoành • Hán-Nôm : hoàng
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橫
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| 檢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kramʔ) : semantic 木 + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gim² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiám • Middle-Chinese : kjemX
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^† measure; standard • to restrain (especially oneself); to keep oneself in check • to check; to examine; to inspect • Alternative form of 撿／捡 • ^† book label • a surname
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檢 (eumhun 검사할 검 (geomsahal geom))
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hanja form of 검 (“check; examination; inspection”)
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Hán-Nôm : ghém • Hán-Nôm : kiểm
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檢
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| 檬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moːŋ) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 蒙 (OC *moːŋ). ‖ ‖ From Vietnamese bún.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mung⁴ • Middle-Chinese : muwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mung⁴⁻¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mung⁴⁻¹
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A type of locust-like tree. ‖ Used in 檸檬／柠檬 (níngméng, “lemon”). ‖ bún (Vietnamese rice vermicelli)
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檬 (eumhun 레몬 (lemon) 몽 (remon ( lemon ) mong))
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hanja form of 몽 (“lemon”)
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Hán-Nôm : muồng • Hán-Nôm : môm • Hán-Nôm : mông • Hán-Nôm : muỗm
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檬
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| 權
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡron) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns) – a type of tree named 黃華 (Shuowen); phonetically borrowed for "standard weight". \ From 拳 (OC *ɡron, “fist”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuân • Middle-Chinese : gjwen
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power; authority • right; entitlement • ^† steelyard weight • ^† scales • to weigh; to measure; to judge • expediency; adaptability • tentatively; for the time being • (statistics) weight • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 権
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權 (eumhun 권세 권 (gwonse gwon))
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hanja form of 권 (“power; right”)
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Hán-Nôm : quyền • Hán-Nôm : quàn
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權
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| 欣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰɯn) : phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) + semantic 欠. \ Probably from the same word family as 喜 (OC *qʰlɯʔ) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : him • Hokkien · Tai-lo : herm • Middle-Chinese : xj+n
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happy; joyous; delighted • to submit willingly; to submit happily • Used in 欣欣 (xīnxīn, “lush”). • a surname
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欣 • (heun) · 欣 • (heun) (hangeul 흔, revised heun, McCune–Reischauer hŭn, Yale hun)
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Hán-Nôm : hân • Hán-Nôm : hơn • Hán-Nôm : hoen • Hán-Nôm : hớn • Hán-Nôm : hăng
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欣
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| 歇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰad) : phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd) + semantic 欠. \ Related to 愒 (OC *kʰrad) (Sagart, 2007) and 憩 (OC *kʰrads) (Wang, 1982).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hioh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hennh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : heh • Middle-Chinese : xjot
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to rest; to relax • to take a break; to stop; to cease • to decline; to decay; to fade • to dissipate; to diffuse • a short moment • (Teochew) to stop • (dialectal) to sleep • (Northern Wu, dated in Shanghainese) Used to indicate that a verb has been experienced by the speaker. • (Ningbonese) to lack; to be absent
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歇 • (heol) · 歇 • (heol) (hangeul 헐, revised heol, McCune–Reischauer hŏl, Yale hel)
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Hán-Nôm : hết • Hán-Nôm : hít • Hán-Nôm : yết • Hán-Nôm : hét • Hán-Nôm : hiết • Hán-Nôm : hớt
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歇
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| 歉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms) : phonetic 兼 (OC *keːm, *keːms) + semantic 欠 (“person with mouth open”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hip³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : him³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiàm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiam • Middle-Chinese : khemX • Middle-Chinese : kheamX • Middle-Chinese : kheamH
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deficient; lacking; insufficient • to apologize • to regret; to be dissatisfied • crop failure; poor harvest • (obsolete) to not eat enough food
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insufficiency • lack • shortage
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歉 • (gyeom) · 歉 • (gyeom) (hangeul 겸, revised gyeom, McCune–Reischauer kyŏm, Yale kyem)
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Hán-Nôm : gồm • Hán-Nôm : khiểm • Hán-Nôm : khiễm • Hán-Nôm : khiệm
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歉
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| 歡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰoːn) : phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns) + semantic 欠.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fun¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huan • Middle-Chinese : xwan
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happy; pleased; glad; joyous • (literary) friendly; amicable • (literary) liking; friendly feelings • lover; beloved; sweetheart • (dialectal) lively; energetic
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Kyūjitai form of 歓 (joy, delight)
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歡 • (hwan) · 歡 • (hwan) (hangeul 환, revised hwan, McCune–Reischauer hwan, Yale hwan)
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Hán-Nôm : hoan • Hán-Nôm : hoen
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歡
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| 歧
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gjie
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forked road • fork; divide • forked; divergent; different
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歧 (eum 기 (gi))
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Hán-Nôm : kì
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歧
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| 歪
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 不 (“not”) + 正 (“straight; proper”). ‖ ‖ Mai (2017) considers 佊 (MC pjeX) to be a possible etymon, noting other (rare) instances in Cantonese where /m/ is a reflex of the historical 幫 (MC pang) initial, and where /ɛ/ is a reflex of the 支 (MC tsye) final. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uai ‖ ‖ ‖
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slanted; inclined; askew; awry; crooked; lopsided • crooked; perverse; improper; evil • (Central Plains and Lanyin Mandarin, Sichuanese) fierce; malicious; overbearing • (Hakka) stingy; miserly ‖ (Shanxi, Sichuanese, dialectal Hakka) inferior; bad; fake • (Sichuanese) unreliable; deceiving ‖ (Cantonese) slanted; inclined; askew; awry; crooked; lopsided; distorted ‖ (Teochew, Leizhou Min, Hainanese) slanted; inclined; askew; awry; crooked; lopsided
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bend; warp; distort; deform
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歪 • (a, wae, oe) · 歪 • (a, wae, oe) (hangeul 아, 왜, 외, revised a, wae, oe, McCune–Reischauer a, wae, oe, Yale , oy)
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Hán-Nôm : quay • Hán-Nôm : oa • Hán-Nôm : oai
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歪
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| 歲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰʷads, *sqʰʷad) : semantic 步 + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad). In addition to 戉, various components such as 月 (“moon; month”) used to be present, sometimes as simple as two dots. The current form derives from the Qin-style handwriting of the late Warring States (with a full-width 止 on the top and a bottom-left 撇 stroke extending outward as in 戊 or 戌 instead of bending inward as in 戉), which was also inherited by the clerical script. \ A derivative of 越 (OC *ɢʷad, “to pass over”) (Mei, 1979, 1992). Ultimately probably from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”); compare Tibetan སྐྱོད (skyod, “to go”) (Mei, 1979, 1992; Gong Hwang-cherng, 2002; STEDT). \ The functions of the *s- prefix and the *-s suffix are not clear. Possible explanations include: \ * *s- as a directive prefix and *-s as a nominalizer (Mei, 1992); \ * *s- is an iterative prefix, literally "to pass on again" (Schuessler, 2007); \ * *s- (possibly with *-s) as a nominalizer (Smith, 2012). \ Alternatively, it may be derived from a word like 圓 (OC *ɢon, “round; circle”) (< Proto-Sino-Tibetan *wal (“round; circular”)), literally "to start the circle/cycle again" (Schuessler, 2007). \ Outside of Sino-Tibetan, this word has been compared to Thai ขวบ (kùuap, “year”), which Bodman (1980) considers to be a loan from Chinese, as well as Proto-Austronesian *kawaS (“year; season; sky”) (Sagart, 2005). \ Also see Schuessler (2007) and Smith (2012) for a discussion on the semantic development of this word, especially the connection between "Jupiter" and "year".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suè • Middle-Chinese : sjwejH
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(literary) Jupiter (planet) • year • Tai Sui, the god representing each of these years • (literary) age • (literary) time; period • (literary) crop harvests of the year • Classifier for time: year • Classifier for age (of a person or animal): year old
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Alternative form of - 歳(さい) (sai, “year (age counter)”) • Alternative form of - 才(さい) (sai, “year (age counter)”)
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歲 (eumhun 해 세 (hae se))
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hanja form of 세 (“age (counter); year (about age)”)
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Hán-Nôm : tuế • Hán-Nôm : tuổi
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歲
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| 歷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːɡ) : phonetic 厤 (OC *reːɡ) + semantic 止. \ Schuessler (2007) considered this word to be of Sino-Tibetan origin and a cognate to Burmese ရေ (re, “to count”), Kinnauri ri (“to count”), Tibetan རྩི (rtsi, “to count; to calculate”), and རྩིས་པ (rtsis pa, “astronomer”); however, STEDT derives Burmese ရေ (re) & Tibetan རྩི (rtsi) from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-tsjəj (“to count”) and does not compare them to Chinese 歷. \ :One derivative is 曆 (OC *rêk), meaning "calendrical calculations" (Shu) → "calendar"; \ :Another derivative is exopassive 麗 (OC *rê(k)h), meaning "what is calculated → number" (Shi), whose possible allofam is 麗 (OC *rêh).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Middle-Chinese : lek
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to experience; to go through; to undergo • experience; history; record • to surpass; to exceed; to overstep • to offend; to go against; to undermine • to travel through; to go travelling • extensively; all over; completely • many times; repeatedly • one by one; one at a time • all of the previous (occurrences); all past • to take charge of; to assume (a role) • to choose; to select (a date) • to examine; to scrutinise; to observe; to calculate • clear; distinct; lucid • few and far between; sporadic • a surname
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take place, past, history
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歷 (eumhun 지낼 력 (jinael ryeok), word-initial (South Korea) 지낼 역 (jinael yeok))
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hanja form of 력/역 (“go through”) • hanja form of 력/역 (“experience”) • hanja form of 력/역 (“undergo”) • hanja form of 력/역 (“use up”) • hanja form of 력/역 (“exhaust”)
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Hán-Nôm : lịch • Hán-Nôm : lếch • Hán-Nôm : lệch • Hán-Nôm : rếch
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歷
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| 歸
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Characters in the same phonetic series (追) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𠂤 (“ancient form of 師 (“troops”)”) + 帚 (“broom; sweep”) – to eradicate the enemy and return. \ Some analyse the 帚 component in the oracle bone script as a ligature of 止 (“to stop, to cease”) and 方 (“peripheral tribes”), i.e. “(of tribes in the periphery) to cease enmity and submit”. \ A 止 (“foot”) or 辵 (“walking”) component was further added in the bronze inscriptions. \ Shuowen deems 𠂤 to be the phonetic component of this character. \ Starostin and Schuessler (2007) consider this a possible derivative of 回 (OC *ɡuːl, “to revolve; to return”). Compared with Tibetan འཁོར ('khor, “circle; turn; to turn round; to return”) by Xue (2001) and Wang (2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kui • Middle-Chinese : kjw+j
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to return (to a place); to come back to • to return to (a person, a status); to revert to • to submit to; to seek patronage • to tend towards; to converge • to belong to • (between identical verbs) despite; notwithstanding
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to return; to come back to
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歸 (eumhun 돌아갈 귀 (doragal gwi))
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hanja form of 귀 (“to return, to go back”)
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Hán-Nôm : qui • Hán-Nôm : quy
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歸
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| 歹
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Pictogram (象形) - human remains. ‖ ‖ Disputed: \ * From Tibetan letter ཏ (徐復《歹字源出藏文說》) \ * Abbreviated from 殆 (楊琳《古漢語外來詞研究中存在的問題》) ‖ Unclear. It has been suggested that it could be related to 否 (pǐ, “evil”) or 痞 (pǐ, “rascal; evil”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aat³ • Middle-Chinese : ngat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : daai² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tái ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : pháinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phái ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˇ
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bone remnants ‖ bone remains ‖ bad; wicked; evil • misdeed; something evil ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew) bad; wicked; evil • (Hokkien) to become bad; to break down • (Hokkien) to be fierce • (Hokkien) to cause something to be harmed or damaged • (Hokkien) difficult; hard (to do something) ‖ Alternative form of 待 (“to stay”) ‖ (used by Miao people) I, you
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歹 • (al, dae) · 歹 • (al, dae) (hangeul 알, 대, revised al, dae, McCune–Reischauer al, tae, Yale al, tay)
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Hán-Nôm : ngạt • Hán-Nôm : đãi • Hán-Nôm : ngặt
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歹
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| 殆
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : toi⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : doi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎi • Middle-Chinese : dojX
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(literary, or in compounds) in peril; at stake • (literary, or in compounds) weary; tired • (literary, or in compounds) perhaps; probably • (literary, or in compounds) nearly; almost
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almost, nearly • extremely dangerous, nearly deadly
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殆 (eum 태 (tae))
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Hán-Nôm : đãi
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殆
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| 殘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlaːn, *zaːns) : semantic 歹 (“vicious, bones”) + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn) – to viciously harm, injure. \ Semantic was originally 歺, but was simplified to 歹.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsân • Middle-Chinese : dzan
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to damage; to destroy • to kill; to injure • to be left; to remain • severe; cruel; brutal • incomplete; fragmentary • remaining; leftover • (Southern Min) trace of saliva (on an object) • (Cantonese) old-looking; dilapidated • (Southern Sixian Hakka) naughty; mischievous
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殘 • (jan) · 殘 • (jan) (hangeul 잔, revised jan, McCune–Reischauer chan, Yale can)
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Hán-Nôm : tàn
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殘疾 tàn tật • 殘杯 tàn bôi
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殘
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| 殷
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a person with swollen abdomen (身, now written 㐆) + a hand grabbing an ornamental weapon or drum (now written 殳), sometimes also interpreted as a needle for acupuncture. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a person with swollen abdomen (身, now written 㐆) + a hand grabbing an ornamental weapon or drum (now written 殳), sometimes also interpreted as a needle for acupuncture. ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : a person with swollen abdomen (身, now written 㐆) + a hand grabbing an ornamental weapon or drum (now written 殳), sometimes also interpreted as a needle for acupuncture.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : un • Hokkien · Tai-lo : in • Middle-Chinese : 'j+n ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aan¹ • Middle-Chinese : 'ean ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan²
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(～朝) Late Shang Dynasty • (by extension) (～朝) Alternative name for 商 (shāng, “Shang Dynasty”). • abundant; rich • (literary) large; flourishing • (literary) many; numerous • (of emotions) deep • a surname ‖ blood red; deep red ‖ sound of thunder • to shake; to tremble
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‖ 殷(いん) • (In) ‖ 殷(いん) • (in)
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‖ (historical) Shang dynasty ‖ (historical) Shang dynasty • prosperous; flourishing • rumbling
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殷 (eum 은, 안 (eun, an))
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hanja form of 은, 안 (“great, many, magnificent, flourishing”)
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Hán-Nôm : ân
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殷
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| 毀
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* Sears interprets it as Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 臼 (“cracked skull”) + 工 (“tool”) + 殳 (“hand action”), a man being hit in the head. \ * Liu Zhao interprets it as Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmralʔ, *hmrals) : phonetic 𬛸 () + semantic 殳 (“hand holding staff; strike”) \ * Shuowen Jiezi interprets it as Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmralʔ, *hmrals) : abbreviated phonetic 毇 (OC *hmralʔ) + semantic 土
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huí • Middle-Chinese : xjweX
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to destroy; to ruin • to slander • a surname: Hui
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break, destroy, demolish
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毀 • (hwe) · 毀 • (hwe) (hangeul 훼)
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Hán-Nôm : hủy • Hán-Nôm : huỷ
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毀
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| 毅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɯds) : phonetic 豙 (OC *ŋɯs, *ŋɯds) + semantic 殳 (“an ancient Chinese weapon”) \ Semantically extended from 豙 (yì, “enraged pig”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gī • Middle-Chinese : ngj+jH
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resolute; decisive; firm; staunch • (literary) ruthless; cruel; unrelenting • 30th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "bold resolution" (𝌣)
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‖ 毅(たけし) • (Takeshi) · 毅(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi)
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strong ‖ a male given name • a male given name
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毅 • (ui) · 毅 • (ui) (hangeul 의, revised ui, McCune–Reischauer ŭi, Yale uy)
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Hán-Nôm : nghị
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毅
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| 毯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːmʔ) : semantic 毛 + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : taan² • Cantonese · Jyutping : taam² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thán • Middle-Chinese : thamX
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rug; carpet; blanket
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毯 • (dam) · 毯 • (dam) (hangeul 담, revised dam, McCune–Reischauer tam, Yale tam)
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Hán-Nôm : xồm • Hán-Nôm : thảm
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carpet, rug
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毯
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| 氓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːŋ) : phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ) + semantic 民 (“people”). ‖ Cognate with Tibetan དམངས (dmangs, “ordinary people; populace”), Tibetan འབངས ('bangs, “subjects”) (Benedict, 1976). Unrelated to 民 (OC *min, “people”); probably unrelated to etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîn ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mang⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁴ • Middle-Chinese : meang
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ruffian, hooligan ‖ (literary) people; folk • nomad; wanderer (used to refer to migrants in ancient China)
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‖ 氓(ぼう) • (bō)
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people, subjects ‖ people; subjects
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氓 • (maeng) · 氓 • (maeng) (hangeul 맹, revised maeng, McCune–Reischauer maeng, Yale mayng)
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Hán-Nôm : manh
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氓
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| 氛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯn, *bɯn) : semantic 气 + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hun • Middle-Chinese : bjun • Middle-Chinese : phjun
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^† atmosphere; miasma; vapor
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atmosphere • miasma • misfortune
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氛 (eum 분 (bun))
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Hán-Nôm : phân
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氛
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| 氣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds) : phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds) + semantic 米 (“rice”) – to give rice as a gift. \ Later borrowed meanings of “air, flow” from 气 (OC *kʰɯds). The derivative 餼 (OC *qʰɯds) refers to the original word. Compare 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰɯds, *qʰɯds) : phonetic 气 (OC *kʰɯds) + semantic 米 (“rice”) – to give rice as a gift. \ Later borrowed meanings of “air, flow” from 气 (OC *kʰɯds). The derivative 餼 (OC *qʰɯds) refers to the original word. Compare 乞 (OC *kʰɯds, *kʰɯd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuì • Middle-Chinese : khj+jH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : xj+jH
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gas (matter in an intermediate state between liquid and plasma) • (meteorology) air • breath (Classifier: 口 m; 股 m; 啖 c) • (Chinese philosophy, traditional Chinese medicine) qi; vital energy; life force • weather • smell; odour • anger (Classifier: 條／条 c; 啖 c; 度 c) • to be angry • to make angry; to annoy; to anger; to enrage • quality; character; spirit; mettle • vitality; vigor; morale; spirit • bad habit; bad practice • a surname: Qi ‖ Original form of 餼／饩 (xì, “to give food as a gift”).
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氣 (eumhun 기운 기 (giun gi))
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hanja form of 기 (“energy, aura, vitality, vigour”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : khí
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chữ Hán form of khí (“gas; air; spirit”).
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氣
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| 氧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 气 (“gas”) + abbreviated phonetic 養 (yǎng, “to nourish”). \ From 養／养 (yǎng, “to nourish”) in 養氣／养气 [19th c.], referring to oxygen's role in sustaining life. Derivative: 𨦡／𰽽 (yáng, “oxonium”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iáng
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(chemistry) oxygen • oxygen gas
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Synonym of 酸素 (sanso, “oxygen”)
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氧 • (yang) · 氧 • (yang) (hangeul 양)
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Hán-Nôm : dưỡng
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氧
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| 氨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 安 (ān). \ Borrowed from English ammonia. Related to 銨／铵 (ǎn, “ammonium”) and 胺 (àn, “amine”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : on¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngon¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : an
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(inorganic chemistry) ammonia
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Synonym of アンモニア (anmonia, “ammonia”)
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Hán-Nôm : an
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氨
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| 氮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 气 (“gas”) + abbreviated phonetic 淡 (dàn, “dilute”). \ From 淡 (dàn, “dilute”) in 淡氣／淡气 [19th c.], referring to nitrogen diluting oxygen in the air.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daam⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tām
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(chemistry) nitrogen • nitrogen gas
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nitrogen
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氮 • (dam) · 氮 • (dam) (hangeul 담, revised dam, McCune–Reischauer tam, Yale tam)
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nitrogen
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Hán-Nôm : đạm
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nitrogen
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氮
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| 氯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 气 (“gas”) + phonetic 彔. 彔 is also a reduced form of 綠 (“green”), serving as a semantic component. \ From 綠氣／绿气 (“green gas”) in the 19th century, which is a calque of English chlorine, referring to the colour of chlorine gas.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : luk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k
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(chemistry) chlorine • chlorine gas
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氯 (eum 록 (rok))
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Hán-Nôm : lục
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氯
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| 氾
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ
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a place in modern Henan • a surname
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spread out • wide
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氾 • (beom) · 氾 • (beom) (hangeul 범, revised beom, McCune–Reischauer pŏm, Yale pem)
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Hán-Nôm : phiếm
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氾
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| 汞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋʔ) : phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ) + semantic 水 (“water”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòng • Middle-Chinese : huwngX
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(chemistry) mercury (Hg) • a surname: Gong
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‖ 汞(こう) • (kō)
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mercury, quicksilver (the metal) ‖ (chemistry) mercury, quicksilver
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汞 (eum 홍 (hong))
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Hán-Nôm : hống
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汞
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| 汪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʷaːŋ, *qʷaːŋs, *qʷaŋʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 㞷 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ong • Middle-Chinese : 'wang • Middle-Chinese : 'jwangX • Middle-Chinese : 'wangH
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(of bodies of water) vast and deep • Classifier for masses of liquid. • (onomatopoeia) woof; bark (the cry of a dog) • a surname, listed 104th in the Hundred Family Surnames
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flowing full • expanse of water • wide • deep
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汪 • (wang) · 汪 • (wang) (hangeul 왕, revised wang, McCune–Reischauer wang, Yale wang)
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Hán-Nôm : uông
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Chữ Hán form of Uông (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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汪
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| 沁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlɯms) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 心 (OC *slɯm).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sam³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sim • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìm • Middle-Chinese : tshimH
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to soak into water; to seep in water
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沁 (eum 심 (sim))
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Hán-Nôm : tắm • Hán-Nôm : tăm • Hán-Nôm : tấm • Hán-Nôm : thấm
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沁
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| 沐
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : muk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bok • Middle-Chinese : muwk
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to bathe; to shower • to cleanse • to receive • to be given • a surname • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to sink into; to fall into • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to put in; to invest (money, etc.) • (Xiamen Hokkien) to swallow a big gulp (of liquid) • (Xiamen Hokkien) Classifier for phlegm, blood, water.
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to wash
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沐 • (mok) · 沐 • (mok) (hangeul 목, revised mok, McCune–Reischauer mok, Yale mok)
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Hán-Nôm : múc • Hán-Nôm : móc • Hán-Nôm : mốc • Hán-Nôm : mộc
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沐
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| 沒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯːd) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 𠬛 (). \ Possibly a colloquial variant of 勿 (MC mjut) or 未 (MC mj+jH), which fused with or was influenced by 有 (MC hjuwX); not derived from 沒 (OC *mɯːd, “to dive; to drown”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ According to Schuessler (2007), formed from the convergence of two etyma: \ * Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mit (“to extinguish”). The i ~ u alternation is a common phenomenon in Sino-Tibetan. \ * An etymon meaning "to dive", whence Burmese မြုပ် (mrup, “to sink; to be submerged”), which is a loan from Proto-Mon-Khmer *(b)ləp (“to immerse”) according to Shorto (1972). \ Unrelated to etymology 1.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mut⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bu̍t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mut⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bu̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi̍t • Middle-Chinese : mwot
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not have; there is not; to be without • to be not so ... as (when comparing) • less than; no more than • Negative prefix for verb 有 (yǒu, “to have”). • have not or did not (negative prefix for verbs, translated into other languages with verbs in the past tense) • (euphemistic, colloquial) to pass away ‖ to drown; to sink; to submerge; to inundate • to rise beyond; to cover; to overflow • to end; to finish • to disappear; to vanish • to confiscate • (literary) Alternative form of 歿／殁 (mò, “to die; to pass away”)
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discard, reject • death • lacking, without
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沒 (eumhun 가라앉을 몰 (garaanjeul mol))
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hanja form of 몰 (“drown, sink”) • hanja form of 몰 (“not, have not, none”)
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canonical : 沒: Hán Việt readings: một 沒: Nôm readings: mốt • canonical : một ‖ romanization : một ‖ romanization : mốt
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‖ Nôm form of một (“one”). ‖ Nôm form of mốt (“(only in compounds or fixed expressions) one; -one”).
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沒
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| 沖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *duŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâng • Middle-Chinese : drjuwng
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to pour water on; to rinse; to flush; to wash • to pour (boiling) water in • to soar; to rise; to shoot up • to develop (a film) • to offset • (dialectal) flatland in a mountainous area (Classifier: 個／个) • Alternative form of 涌 (chōng, “small river”) • a surname: Chong
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沖 • (chung) · 沖 • (chung) (hangeul 충, revised chung, McCune–Reischauer ch'ung, Yale chwung)
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Hán-Nôm : trong • Hán-Nôm : trùng • Hán-Nôm : xung
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沖
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| 沛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *poːbs, *pʰoːbs) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 巿 (OC *pub).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phài • Middle-Chinese : pajH • Middle-Chinese : phajH
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(literary) abundant; full; copious • (literary) swift; sudden • a surname
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沛 (eum 패 (pae))
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Hán-Nôm : phải
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沛
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| 沫
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Etymology is from the combination of water (left radical) and end (末). Ie the last form of water is foam as it crashes on the ocean's beach. ‖ Probably from a Mon-Khmer substrate; compare Vietnamese bọt (“foam; froth”) (Norman and Mei, 1976). Also compare Mizo phûl (“scum; froth; foam”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍t • Middle-Chinese : mat ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : phe̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phe̍rh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phue̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phe ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : buah
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froth; foam; bubbles; suds • saliva • (literary) to stop ‖ (Min) scum; froth ‖ (Zhangzhou Hokkien) full to the brim (of liquid in a container)
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splash • suds
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沫 (eum 말 (mal))
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Hán-Nôm : mượt • Hán-Nôm : mát • Hán-Nôm : mạt • Hán-Nôm : mướt
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沫
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| 沮
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‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Middle-Chinese : dzjoX • Middle-Chinese : tshjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Middle-Chinese : tsjo • Middle-Chinese : tsrjo • Middle-Chinese : tshjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìr • Middle-Chinese : tsjoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsian ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨˇ
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to stop; to prevent • to end; to terminate • to ruin; to corrupt • gloomy; glum; disheartened • to threaten; to intimidate ‖ Used in names of bodies of water. • a surname ‖ moist; damp ‖ Only used in 涓沮. ‖ Only used in 沮陽／沮阳.
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沮 • (jeo) · 沮 • (jeo) (hangeul 저, revised jeo, McCune–Reischauer chŏ, Yale ce)
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Hán-Nôm : tử • Hán-Nôm : tự
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沮
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| 沽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ). \ Cognate with 酤 (OC *kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ, “to buy alcoholic drink”)，賈 (OC *kraːʔ, *kraːs, *klaːʔ, “to buy or sell”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gu² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Middle-Chinese : ku • Middle-Chinese : kuX • Middle-Chinese : kuH
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to buy • to sell • Short for 天津 (Tiānjīn).
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沽 (eum 고 (go))
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Hán-Nôm : cô
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沽
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| 沾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tem, *teːms, *tʰeːm) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems). \ Ganlu Zishu considers this glyph to be an unorthodox variant of 霑 (zhān). \ Austroasiatic; compare Khmer ត្រាំ (tram, “to soak”), តំរាំ (tɑmrŏəm, “soaking; immersion; something which has been soaked”), ជ្រាំ (crŏəm, “muddy water”), Proto-Bahnaric *tram (“to soak”), *kram (“to sink”), Proto-Katuic *tram (“to soak”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zim¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiam • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiam • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsam • Middle-Chinese : trjem ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zim¹ • Middle-Chinese : trjem ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢ • Middle-Chinese : them ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : temH
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abundant; overflowing; brimming • to soak; to moisten • to share in (a benefit); to benefit through association • to influence; to edify • to be stained with; to be contaminated by • to touch; to come into contact with • (dialectal) to be good; to be okay ‖ (～水) an ancient river that flows from Huguan County, Shanxi into the Qi (淇) River in Henan, China ‖ Alternative form of 添 (tiān, “to increase”) • thin ‖ (～水) an ancient river flowing from Xiyang County, Shanxi into Ye (冶) River in Hebei • (～縣) (historical) a county in the Han dynasty southwest of Xiyang County
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沾 (eumhun 시다 첨 (sida cheom)) ‖ 沾 (eumhun 더할 첨 (deohal cheom)) ‖ 沾 (eumhun 경망할 첩 (gyeongmanghal cheop))
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hanja form of 첨 (“to soak; to moisten”) ‖ Alternative form of 添 (“hanja form of 첨 (“to append; to increase”)”) ‖ hanja form of 첩 (“frivolous; discourteous; smug”)
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Hán-Nôm : chăm • Hán-Nôm : trèm • Hán-Nôm : triêm • Hán-Nôm : chem • Hán-Nôm : thêm
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沾
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| 泄
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siat • Middle-Chinese : sjet ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jai⁶ • Middle-Chinese : yejH
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to let out (a fluid or gas); to discharge • to let out or leak (a secret, news, etc.) • to vent • (Chinese mythology) Xie of Xia (tenth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty) • Alternative form of 洩 • (obsolete) Alternative form of 媟 (xiè) • (obsolete, dialectal) to stop ‖ Used in 泄沓. • Used in 泄泄.
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to leak; to escape • to excrete
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泄 • (seol, ye) · 泄 • (seol, ye) (hangeul 설, 예, revised seol, ye, McCune–Reischauer sŏl, ye, Yale sel, yey)
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Hán-Nôm : tướt • Hán-Nôm : dịa • Hán-Nôm : duệ • Hán-Nôm : tiết • Hán-Nôm : thực
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泄
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| 泛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰoms, *bob) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 乏 (OC *bob). \ Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan འབྱམ ('byam, “to flow over; to diffuse”) (Bodman, 1980). ‖ From 覂 (OC *poŋʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hàm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Middle-Chinese : phjomH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung² • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˊ • Middle-Chinese : bjop
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to float on water; to drift • to spread out; to be suffused with • to flood; to overflow • superficial; non-specific • extensive; general; pan- • careless; reckless ‖ to turn over; to topple over • to be destroyed; to be defeated; to fall ‖ ^‡ The sound of water.
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泛 • (beom, bong) · 泛 • (beom, bong) (hangeul 범, 봉, revised beom, bong, McCune–Reischauer pŏm, pong, Yale pem, pong)
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Hán-Nôm : phiếm • Hán-Nôm : phím • Hán-Nôm : mẹp • Hán-Nôm : phám
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泛
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| 洛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : lok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍h • Middle-Chinese : lak
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(～水, ～河) Luo River, a tributary of the Yellow River. • (～河) Luo River, a tributary of the Wei River. • Luoyang • a surname • (Mainland China) Used in the phonetic transcription of /lɒ/, /lɔː/, and /loʊ/ into Chinese characters
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‖ 洛(らく) • (raku) ^(←らく (raku)?)
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‖ (literary) capital city • (especially) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
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洛 • (rak>nak) · 洛 • (rak>nak) (hangeul 락>낙, revised rak>nak, McCune–Reischauer rak>nak, Yale lak>nak)
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Hán-Nôm : rặc • Hán-Nôm : chua • Hán-Nôm : lạc • Hán-Nôm : lặng
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洛
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| 洽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːb) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb). \ Causative of 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to be together”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, it may be related to Tibetan འགྲུབ ('grub, “to be accomplished”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːb) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb). \ Causative of 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to be together”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, it may be related to Tibetan འགྲུབ ('grub, “to be accomplished”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːb) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb). \ Causative of 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to be together”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, it may be related to Tibetan འགྲུབ ('grub, “to be accomplished”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːb) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb). \ Causative of 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to be together”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, it may be related to Tibetan འགྲུབ ('grub, “to be accomplished”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hap⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hap¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haap⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ap¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hia̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍p • Middle-Chinese : heap ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka̍p ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ ‖
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to moisten • to be in accord; to be harmonious; to agree • to consult • extensive; wide ‖ (of liquids) thick; viscous • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taiwanese and Philippine Hokkien) mediocre; stupid; clumsy ‖ (historical) Alternative form of 郃 (hé), the name of a river in Shaanxi now known as 金水河. ‖ (Eastern Min) to stick to, adhere • (Eastern Min) to be at
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洽 • (heup) · 洽 • (heup) (hangeul 흡, revised heup, McCune–Reischauer hŭp, Yale hup)
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Hán-Nôm : hiệp
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洽
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| 浙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔljed) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 折 (OC *l'eːl, *ʔljed, *ɦljed).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiat • Middle-Chinese : tsyet
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(～江) (historical) Zhe River (former name of the Qiantang River in Zhejiang, China) • Short for 浙江 (Zhèjiāng, “Zhejiang Province”).
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浙 (eumhun 강 절 (gang jeol))
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Hán-Nôm : chiết
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浙
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| 涕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰiːlʔ, *tʰiːls) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 弟 (OC *diːlʔ, *diːls). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water”). Cognate with 洟 (OC *l̥ʰiːls, *lil).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thè • Middle-Chinese : thejX • Middle-Chinese : thejH
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tear (from the eyes) • (alt. form 洟) nasal mucus; snot; snivel
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涕 (eum 체 (che))
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Hán-Nôm : thế • Hán-Nôm : thía
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涕
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| 涮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sroːns) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 刷 (OC *sroːd, *srod). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saan³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suàn • Middle-Chinese : srwaenH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : sannh
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to rinse clean; to swill • to scald thin slices of meat in boiling water (then immediately taken out) ‖ (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to scald thin slices of meat in boiling water (then immediately taken out)
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Hán-Nôm : loát
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涮
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| 涵
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : âm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâm • Middle-Chinese : hom • Middle-Chinese : homX
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to soak; to wet • to tolerate; to forgive; to be lenient • to immerse • a culvert • Alternative form of 含 (“to contain, to bear”)
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涵 (eum 함 (ham))
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Hán-Nôm : hàm
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涵
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| 淆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢraːw) : semantic 水 + phonetic 肴 (OC *ɢraːw). \ An endopassive derivative of 交 (OC *kreːw), with initial voicing (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâu • Middle-Chinese : haew
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confused; in disarray; mixed up • (Cantonese) Short for 淆底.
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淆 (eum 효 (hyo))
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Hán-Nôm : hào
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淆
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| 淋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm). \ Related to 霖 (OC *ɡ·rɯm, “long rain”). Wang (1982) considers this cognate with 淫 (OC *lɯm, “to soak; to drench”). Also compare Hokkien 啉 (lim, “to drink”) and Teochew 啉 (lim¹, “to drink”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm). \ Related to 霖 (OC *ɡ·rɯm, “long rain”). Wang (1982) considers this cognate with 淫 (OC *lɯm, “to soak; to drench”). Also compare Hokkien 啉 (lim, “to drink”) and Teochew 啉 (lim¹, “to drink”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : lam⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîm • Middle-Chinese : lim ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lam⁴
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to pour; to drip; to dribble (liquid flowing down) • to flow (down) at great speed; to gush into • to drench; to soak; to wet through • to water; to sprinkle ‖ to filter; to strain • to make wine; to brew liquor • (traditional Chinese medicine) strangury; urinary urgency and pain on urination • (pathology) gonorrhoea (i.e. “dripping”)
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drip • desolation • lonely
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淋 • (rim>im) · 淋 • (rim>im) (hangeul 림>임, revised rim>im, McCune–Reischauer rim>im, Yale lim>im)
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Hán-Nôm : lấm • Hán-Nôm : lâm • Hán-Nôm : lầm • Hán-Nôm : lem • Hán-Nôm : rấm • Hán-Nôm : rướm
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淋
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| 淌
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤˇ
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to drip; to trickle; to flow down • to shed (tears) • Alternative form of 蹚 (tāng, “to ford; to wade”) • (dialectal) Classifier for blood over a surface. ‖ ^‡ large wave ‖ Only used in 淌游 (chǎngyóu, “(of water) wavy”).
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Hán-Nôm : thảng
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淌
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| 淘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uː) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 匋 (OC *bl'uː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo
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to wash in a container in order to remove impurities; to pan • (dialectal) to search for goods in an old market • to dredge; to clean out • to expend; to consume; to use up; to spend • (dialectal) naughty; mischievous • a surname
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淘 • (do) · 淘 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to, Yale to)
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Hán-Nôm : đào • Hán-Nôm : rào
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淘
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| 淚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ruds) : semantic 水 + phonetic 戾 (OC *rɯːds, *rɯːd). \ Often thought to be related to 泣 (OC *k-r̥əp, “to weep”) (Mei, 1980b; Baxter and Sagart, 2014). \ However, Schuessler (2007, 2015) finds this phonologically problematic. He instead proposes that 淚 (OC *r(i)uts) derives from 流 (OC *r(i)u, “to flow”) + *-t (suffix in nouns for naturally occurring things), literally "the things that are flowing". ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luī • Middle-Chinese : lwijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ
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tear; teardrop • (literary) to weep; to cry ‖
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tears
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淚 (eumhun 눈물 루 (nunmul ru), word-initial (South Korea) 눈물 누 (nunmul nu))
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hanja form of 루/누 (“tear”) • hanja form of 루/누 (“weep, cry”)
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Hán-Nôm : lệ • Hán-Nôm : lụy • Hán-Nôm : luỵ
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淚
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| 淤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qa, *qas) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 於 (OC *qaː, *qa).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu² • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : u • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i • Middle-Chinese : 'jo • Middle-Chinese : 'joH
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silt
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淤 (eum 어 (eo))
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Hán-Nôm : ứa
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淤
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| 淨
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‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 淨 – see 埩 (“moat around the gate of the capital of ancient state of Lu”). \ (This character is a variant form of 埩).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīnn • Middle-Chinese : dzjengH ‖
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clean; unspoilt • (Cantonese) pure; with nothing else • to clean; to cleanse • finished; with nothing left • (of an amount) net • only; merely; nothing but • (Cantonese) Alternative form of 剩 (“to be left; to remain”) • all; all the time • (opera) painted-face role ‖ to chase • to drive away; to chase away
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淨 • (jeong) · 淨 • (jeong) (hangeul 정)
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Hán-Nôm : gianh • Hán-Nôm : tạnh • Hán-Nôm : tĩnh • Hán-Nôm : tịnh
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淨
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| 淮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷriːl) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul) \ Yang (1999) suggests a derivation from the bird (隹) totem worship of the Huaiyi that inhabited the Huai river basin.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huâi • Middle-Chinese : hweaj
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(～河) Huai River • a surname
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淮 (eum 회 (hoe))
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Hán-Nôm : hoài • Hán-Nôm : choài
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淮
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| 淳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djun) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 𦎧 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sûn • Middle-Chinese : dzywin
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(of taste) thick • honest • a surname
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‖ 淳(あつし) or 淳(じゅん) or 淳(きよし) • (Atsushi or Jun or Kiyoshi)
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pure ‖ a male given name
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淳 • (sun, jun) · 淳 • (sun, jun) (hangeul 순, 준, revised sun, jun, McCune–Reischauer sun, chun, Yale swun, cwun)
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Hán-Nôm : thuần
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淳
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| 淹
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jim¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : im • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iam • Middle-Chinese : 'jem • Middle-Chinese : 'jaemH
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to soak; to flood; to drown; to submerge • (of skin) to be tingling from sweat • (literary) wide; deep; thorough • (literary) to stay; to stop over; to be detained • (literary) to delay; to take a long time • (literary) slow; sluggish
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dip • soak • immerse • stop • linger
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淹 • (eom) · 淹 • (eom) (hangeul 엄, revised eom, McCune–Reischauer ŏm, Yale em)
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Hán-Nôm : yêm • Hán-Nôm : êm • Hán-Nôm : im • Hán-Nôm : ươm
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淹
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| 淺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlenʔ, *ʔsleːn) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlenʔ, *ʔsleːn) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cin² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshián • Middle-Chinese : tshjenX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zin¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsen
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shallow; not deep • superficial; surface; minimal; insignificant • simple; easy-to-understand • not intimate; distant • (of colours) light; pale • (of time) short; not long • (of level) slight; light ‖ Only used in 淺淺／浅浅 (qiǎnqiǎn, “gurgle; babble of running water”).
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淺 • (cheon) · 淺 • (cheon) (hangeul 천, revised cheon, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏn, Yale chen)
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Hán-Nôm : thiển • Hán-Nôm : sẻn • Hán-Nôm : tiên
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淺
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| 渝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lo) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yu
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to change • to go against; to be contrary to • to overflow • to take off; to remove • Short for 重慶／重庆 (Chóngqìng, “Chongqing”). • a surname
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渝 (eum 투 (tu))
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Hán-Nôm : du
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渝
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| 渠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡa) : semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 榘 (OC *kʷaʔ). \ ; “ditch; canal; drain” ‖ Attested since 4th to 5th century CE, preserved in many central and southern dialects (Schuessler, 2007). See 佢 and 伊.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gjo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : gjo
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ditch; canal; drain; man-made channel (Classifier: 條／条 m c) • (literary) big; huge • a surname ‖ (literary or dialectal) third-person pronoun; he; she; it
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渠 (eum 거 (geo))
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Hán-Nôm : cừ • Hán-Nôm : gừa • Hán-Nôm : khờ • Hán-Nôm : cự
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渠
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| 渣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraː) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 查 (OC *ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsee • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa • Middle-Chinese : tsrae
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dregs; lees; sediment • fragment; particle; piece; scrap; crumb • Alternative form of 喳 • Used in transcription of foreign names in Cantonese. • a surname: Zha
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dregs
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渣 (eum 사 (sa))
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Hán-Nôm : tra
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渣
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| 渤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːd) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 勃 (OC *bɯːd)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : but⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pu̍t • Middle-Chinese : bwot
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(～海) Bohai Sea • (literary) surging; swelling
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渤 • (bal) · 渤 • (bal) (hangeul 발, revised bal, McCune–Reischauer pal, Yale pal)
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Hán-Nôm : bọt • Hán-Nôm : bột
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渤
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| 渦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloːl, *qloːl) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wo¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : o • Hokkien · Tai-lo : oo • Middle-Chinese : 'wa ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwo¹ • Middle-Chinese : kwa
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whirlpool; eddy; vortex • something shaped like a whirlpool; indentation; concavity ‖ Guo River (a river in Henan and Anhui, China) • a surname
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‖ 渦(か) • (ka) ^(←くわ (kwa)?) ‖ 渦(うず) • (uzu) ^(←うづ (udu)?)
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‖ eddy, swirl, whirlpool, vortex ‖ eddy, swirl, whirlpool, vortex
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渦 (eumhun 소용돌이 와 (soyongdori wa)) ‖ 渦 (eumhun 강 이름 과 (gang ireum gwa))
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hanja form of 와 (“whirlpool; eddy; vortex”) ‖ hanja form of 과 (“name of a river”)
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Hán-Nôm : oa
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渦
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| 温
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An unorthodox variant simplified from 溫 (𥁕 → 昷) which can be found in various historical dictionaries. \ Eventually adopted as an official form by the People's Republic of China in 1965 based on the Xin Zixing (新字形) standardized form of characters.
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‖ 温(おん) • (on) ^(←をん (won)?) ‖ 温(おん) • (On) ^(←をん (won)?)
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warm ‖ warm ‖ a male given name
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Hán-Nôm : ồn • Hán-Nôm : ổn • Hán-Nôm : ôn
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Variant of 溫 • lukewarm
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温
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| 渲
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hyun¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : syun³ • Middle-Chinese : sjwenH
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渲 (eum 선 (seon))
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Hán-Nôm : huyên • Hán-Nôm : huyến • Hán-Nôm : tuyễn
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渲
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| 游
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lu) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 斿 (OC *lu). \ From Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with Tibetan རྒྱུ་བ (rgyu ba, “to walk; to wander”), Lepcha ᰚᰪᰌᰦ (yŭ-da, “to flow”), Rawang yø (“to flow”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Same word as 遊 (OC *lu, “to roam; to travel”). Cognate with 流 (OC *ru, “to flow”), 泅 (OC *lju). Probably unrelated to 油 (OC *lɯw, “abundant”), 滺 (“flowing”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄡˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iû • Middle-Chinese : yuw
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to swim • reach; part of a river • a surname
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to float • to swim
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游 • (yu) · 游 • (yu) (hangeul 유)
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Hán-Nôm : du
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游
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| 渺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mewʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 眇 (OC *mewʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : miu⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biáu • Middle-Chinese : mjiewX
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(of water) vast; boundless; endlessly long; expansive • (alt. form 眇) tiny; insignificant • vague; indistinct; uncertain • the number 10⁻¹¹
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渺 • (myo) · 渺 • (myo) (hangeul 묘, revised myo, McCune–Reischauer myo, Yale myo)
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Hán-Nôm : miểu • Hán-Nôm : diễu • Hán-Nôm : diệu • Hán-Nôm : giẻo
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渺
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| 湃
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pài • Middle-Chinese : pheajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˊ
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Used in 澎湃 and 湃湃, etc. ‖ (Mandarin) to soak something in cold water to cool • (obsolete) to bury something in ice to cool
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sound of waves
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湃 (eum 배 (bae))
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sound of waves • turbulent
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Hán-Nôm : phái
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湃
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| 湘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slaŋ) : semantic 水 + phonetic 相 (OC *slaŋ, *slaŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Siong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Siang • Middle-Chinese : sjang
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(～江, ～水) Xiang River, an affluent of Dongting Lake • Short for 湖南 (Húnán, “Hunan, a province of China.”). • Xiang; Xiang Chinese
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湘 (eumhun 강 이름 상 (gang ireum sang))
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Hán-Nôm : tương
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湘
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| 湧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 勇 (OC *loŋʔ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung² • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : íng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ióng • Middle-Chinese : yowngX
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(of water) to spring up from below • to rush out like water; to gush • (Southern Min) wave
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(of water) to spring up from below
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湧 (eum 용 (yong))
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Hán-Nôm : rụng • Hán-Nôm : dộng • Hán-Nôm : dũng
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湧
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| 溉
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : koi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : goi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khài • Middle-Chinese : kj+jH • Middle-Chinese : kojH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˋ
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to water, irrigate, flood • to wash • (Sichuanese) river-front road/path ‖ Only used in 沆溉.
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溉 • (gae) · 溉 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
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Hán-Nôm : ngấy
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溉
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| 溜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·rus) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 留 (OC *m·ru, *m·rus) – name of a river. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·rus) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 留 (OC *m·ru, *m·rus) – name of a river.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liū • Middle-Chinese : ljuwH
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to slide; to glide; to slip • to sneak off; to sneak away; to escape • to pilfer; to steal; to snatch • to fawn on; to curry favour with; to flatter • to heat up slightly • (alt. form 熘) (cooking) to add starch and quickly fry under high heat • expressive suffix appended to adjectives, often used in the reduplicated form 溜溜 • (literary, or in compounds) slippery ‖ (～水) archaic name for the Liu River in modern-day Guangxi Province • (of water or other liquids) to flow downwards; to drip; to dribble • water drop or water stream • Alternative form of 霤 (liù, “eavesdrop; part of the eaves where rainwater drips down; eaves gutter”) • swift current; rapids • (of water) rapid; swift and violent • (of an action) quick; swift; speedy; prompt • to shoot a glance at; to cast a sidelong glance at • Alternative form of 遛 (“to stroll; to saunter”) • to summon; to call for; to send for • Classifier for objects arranged in lines, rows or strings. • surroundings; neighborhood • (dialectal) to daub; to plaster
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collect • gather
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溜 • (ryu>yu) · 溜 • (ryu>yu) (hangeul 류>유, revised ryu>yu, McCune–Reischauer ryu>yu, Yale lyu>yu)
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Hán-Nôm : lưu • Hán-Nôm : lựu • Hán-Nôm : rượu
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溜
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| 溝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koː) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 冓 (OC *koː, *koːs). \ Possibly the k-prefix noun of 漏 (OC *roːs, “to leak”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kio • Middle-Chinese : kuw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄡˋ ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kau¹
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ditch; trench; channel (artificial or natural) (Classifier: 條／条 m; 道 m) • trench (military) • gully; valley • groove; rut; furrow (Classifier: 道 m) • a numeral that refers to 10³² or others ‖ Only used in 溝瞀／沟瞀 (kòumào, “ignorant”). ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 摳／抠 (“to mix”) ‖ (chiefly Cantonese) to pick up; to hit on
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‖ 溝(こう) • (kō) ‖ 溝(こう) • (kō) ‖ 溝(うなて) • (unate) ‖ 溝(せせなぎ) • (sesenagi) ^(←せせなき (sesenaki)?) ‖ 溝(せせなげ) • (sesenage) ‖ 溝(みぞ) • (mizo) ‖ 溝(みぞ) • (Mizo) ‖ 溝(みぞさき) • (Mizosaki)
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‖ ditch, channel • groove, furrow ‖ [from 17th c.] a hundred nonillion, equivalent to 10³² ‖ (agriculture) irrigation ditch ‖ channel with rainwater, sewage or other dirty water • Synonym of せせらぎ (seseragi) ‖ Synonym of 溝 (sesenagi) ‖ ditch • groove, furrow • gap between different opinions or emotions; disagreement ‖ a surname ‖ a surname
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溝 • (gu) · 溝 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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Hán-Nôm : câu
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溝
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| 溢
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *liɡ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 益 (OC *qleɡ, “to increase”) – overflowing liquid.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ioh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍t • Middle-Chinese : yit
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to overflow; to brim over • to flood • to be full of; to be brimming with • excessive; excessively • to exceed • vigorous • An ancient unit of capacity. • Alternative form of 鎰／镒 (yì, “An ancient unit of weight.”) • Alternative form of 佾 (yì, “row of dancers”) • (Hokkien) to surge; to gush; to rise • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to vomit due to overeating, sickness, etc. • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to rock; to sway; to shake • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to lightly sway • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) to be shaken, shocked, jolted (similar to lakewater)
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‖ 溢(いつ) • (itsu)
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to overflow ‖ overflow • excessive
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flood
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canonical : 溢: Hán Việt readings: dật 溢: Nôm readings: dật • canonical : ải
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溢
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| 溯
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : suH
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to go upstream; to go against a current • to trace back; to recall
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溯 • (so, sak) · 溯 • (so, sak) (hangeul 소, 삭, revised so, sak, McCune–Reischauer so, sak, Yale so, sak)
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Hán-Nôm : tố
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溯
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| 滇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tiːn, *tʰiːns, *diːn) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : din¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Tian • Middle-Chinese : ten ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tin⁴ • Middle-Chinese : den • Middle-Chinese : thenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǐnn
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(～池) Lake Dian (lake near Kunming, Yunnan, China) • (～國) (historical) Dian Kingdom • Short for 雲南／云南 (Yúnnán). • a surname ‖ Only used in 滇滇 and 滇㴐. ‖ A river in Henan ‖ (Min) full • (Southern Min, of water) to rise
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‖ 滇(てん) • (Ten)
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Lake Dian ‖ (historical) Dian Kingdom
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滇 (eumhun 성할 전 (seonghal jeon)) ‖ 滇 (eumhun 고을 이름 진 (go'eul ireum jin))
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Hán-Nôm : điền • Hán-Nôm : chan • Hán-Nôm : tràn • Hán-Nôm : dàn • Hán-Nôm : giàn
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滇
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| 滔
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho • Middle-Chinese : thaw
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to flood; to inundate; to overflow • to surge; to swell • rushing water; torrent • (literary) arrogant; prideful
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滔 (eum 도 (do))
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Hán-Nôm : thao • Hán-Nôm : thào
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滔
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| 滯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dads) : semantic 水 + phonetic 帶 (OC *taːds). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thì • Middle-Chinese : drjejH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tù ‖
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stagnant; sluggish • to hold back; to stay (to hinder); to encumber; to impede • to lag; to be held back; to stagnate · to accumulate; to be unable to circulate; to cease flowing • to lag; to be held back; to stagnate · to be late in payments; to be in arrears; to be overdue • to lag; to be held back; to stagnate • (Cantonese, of the stomach) bloated; uncomfortably full; stuffed ‖ (Taiwanese Hokkien) to be stopped up; to be blocked ‖
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滯 (eum 체 (che))
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Hán-Nôm : sệ • Hán-Nôm : chề • Hán-Nôm : trẹ • Hán-Nôm : trệ • Hán-Nôm : trễ • Hán-Nôm : dải • Hán-Nôm : đái • Hán-Nôm : đáy • Hán-Nôm : trề • Hán-Nôm : xễ
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滯
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| 滿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moːnʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 㒼 (). \ ; “Manchu” \ ; “Classifier for occurrences of events”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buán • Middle-Chinese : manX
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full; filled; packed • full; complete • whole; entire • fully; completely • to fill; to cause to be full • to reach the limit; to expire • to satisfy; satisfied; contented • arrogant; conceited • quite; so; very • (～族) Manchu people • a surname: Man • (Hakka) Classifier for occurrences of events.
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full • fullness • enough • satisfy
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滿 (eumhun 찰 만 (chal man))
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hanja form of 만 (“full”)
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Hán-Nôm : mãn • Hán-Nôm : mởn • Hán-Nôm : mớn
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滿
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| 漓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rel) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 离 (OC *rel, *r̥ʰel).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Middle-Chinese : lje
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(literary) unkind; shallow • Used in 淋漓 (línlí). • Alternative form of 醨 (lí, “dilute wine”) • Alternative form of 離／离 (“to depart from; to deviate from”)
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漓 • (ri>i) · 漓 • (ri>i) (hangeul 리>이, revised ri>i, McCune–Reischauer ri>i, Yale li>i)
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Hán-Nôm : lầy
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漓
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| 漬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zeɡs) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ). This character's phonetic itself has a phonetic, 朿 (MC tshjeH).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsù • Middle-Chinese : dzjeH
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to steep; to soak • to be soiled; to be stained • stain
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soaking, steeping, pickling, pickle
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漬 • (ji) · 漬 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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Hán-Nôm : tí • Hán-Nôm : tứ
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漬
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| 漱
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‖ Compare Hokkien 摖 (chhòe, chhè).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Middle-Chinese : srjuwH • Middle-Chinese : suwH ‖
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to gargle; to rinse • to wash; to scour ‖ (Teochew) to brush • (Teochew) brush (tool)
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gargle; wash; rinse
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漱 • (su) · 漱 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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漱
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| 漾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laŋs) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 羕 (OC *laŋs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iāng • Middle-Chinese : yangH
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(of water) to ripple; to undulate • (of liquids) to overflow • (literary) to sway; to float; to be tossed by waves • (literary, of water) vast and long • name of a river
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漾 (eum 양 (yang))
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Hán-Nôm : dạng
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漾
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| 潘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːn) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːn) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːn) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 番 (OC *paːl, *paːls, *pʰaːn, *pʰan, *ban).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuan • Middle-Chinese : phan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢ
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(obsolete or Min) water in which rice has been rinsed • a surname • Used in place names. • (Greek mythology) Pan ‖ (obsolete) whirlpool ‖ (obsolete, of water) to overflow
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water in which rice has been washed
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潘 • (ban, beon) · 潘 • (ban, beon) (hangeul 반, 번, revised ban, beon, McCune–Reischauer pan, pŏn, Yale pan, pen)
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Hán-Nôm : phan • Hán-Nôm : Phan
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chữ Hán form of Phan (“a surname”).
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潘
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| 潛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlom, *zloms) : semantic 水 + phonetic 朁 (OC *sʰlɯːmʔ, *zlam).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cim⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiâm • Middle-Chinese : dzjem • Middle-Chinese : dzjemH
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to go under water; to move under water • to hide; to conceal • to live in seclusion • to make a concentrated effort • hidden; secret • latent • secretly; stealthily • a surname
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潛 • (jam) · 潛 • (jam) (hangeul 잠, revised jam, McCune–Reischauer cham, Yale cam)
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Hán-Nôm : tiềm • Hán-Nôm : tèm • Hán-Nôm : tỉm
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潛
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| 潭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːm, *lɯmʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 覃 (OC *l'ɯːm). \ A late Old Chinese southern word attested in Chuci. Probably a foreign loan; compare Proto-Kam-Sui *tʰlam¹ (“well; pond; pool”) (Thurgood, 1988). 塘 (OC *l'aːŋ, “embankment; pond”) is perhaps a variant of this word (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, possibly related to 深 (OC *hljum, *hljums, “deep”). Burmese ထုံး (htum:, “large; pool”) differs in initial and vowel. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːm, *lɯmʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 覃 (OC *l'ɯːm). \ A late Old Chinese southern word attested in Chuci. Probably a foreign loan; compare Proto-Kam-Sui *tʰlam¹ (“well; pond; pool”) (Thurgood, 1988). 塘 (OC *l'aːŋ, “embankment; pond”) is perhaps a variant of this word (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, possibly related to 深 (OC *hljum, *hljums, “deep”). Burmese ထုံး (htum:, “large; pool”) differs in initial and vowel. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːm, *lɯmʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 覃 (OC *l'ɯːm). \ A late Old Chinese southern word attested in Chuci. Probably a foreign loan; compare Proto-Kam-Sui *tʰlam¹ (“well; pond; pool”) (Thurgood, 1988). 塘 (OC *l'aːŋ, “embankment; pond”) is perhaps a variant of this word (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, possibly related to 深 (OC *hljum, *hljums, “deep”). Burmese ထုံး (htum:, “large; pool”) differs in initial and vowel. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːm, *lɯmʔ) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 覃 (OC *l'ɯːm). \ A late Old Chinese southern word attested in Chuci. Probably a foreign loan; compare Proto-Kam-Sui *tʰlam¹ (“well; pond; pool”) (Thurgood, 1988). 塘 (OC *l'aːŋ, “embankment; pond”) is perhaps a variant of this word (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, possibly related to 深 (OC *hljum, *hljums, “deep”). Burmese ထုံး (htum:, “large; pool”) differs in initial and vowel.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâm • Middle-Chinese : dom ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˇ • Middle-Chinese : yimX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ
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deep pool; lake • (dialectal) pit • (literary) deep; profound • (～州) Tan Prefecture • (～水) Liu River • a surname ‖ Only used in 潭濼／潭泺. ‖ (alt. form 潯／浔) waterside ‖ sound of hitting water
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潭 • (dam) · 潭 • (dam) (hangeul 담, revised dam, McCune–Reischauer tam, Yale tam)
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Hán-Nôm : đàm
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潭
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| 潰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡluːls) : semantic 氵 + phonetic 貴 (OC *kluds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kui² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huē • Middle-Chinese : hwojH
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(of a dike or dam) to break; to burst; to overflow • to break through an encirclement • to be utterly defeated; to be routed • to decompose; to be destroyed • to fester; to ulcerate
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‖ 潰(かい) • (kai) ^(←くわい (kwai)?)
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burst • break • break down ‖ to crush; to smash
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潰 • (gwe) · 潰 • (gwe) (hangeul 궤, revised gwe, McCune–Reischauer kwe, Yale kwey)
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Hán-Nôm : hói • Hán-Nôm : hòi • Hán-Nôm : hội • Hán-Nôm : khùy • Hán-Nôm : khuỳ • Hán-Nôm : khụy • Hán-Nôm : khuỵ • Hán-Nôm : khủy • Hán-Nôm : khuỷ • Hán-Nôm : khũy • Hán-Nôm : khuỹ
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潰
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| 澈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ded) : semantic 水 (“water”) + abbreviated phonetic 徹 (OC *tʰed)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : theh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍t • Middle-Chinese : drjet
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(of liquid) clear; limpid • Alternative form of 徹／彻 (chè, “thorough”) • (Eastern Min, Leizhou Min, Hainanese, Hokkien) clean
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澈 (eumhun 물 맑을 철 (mul malgeul cheol))
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Hán-Nôm : triệt
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澈
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| 澎
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Middle-Chinese : phjaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Middle-Chinese : baeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥ
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Only used in 澎湃 (pēngpài) and 澎濞 (pēngpì). ‖ Alternative form of 膨 (“expand”) ‖ to splatter
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澎 • (paeng) · 澎 • (paeng) (hangeul 팽, revised paeng, McCune–Reischauer p'aeng, Yale phayng)
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Hán-Nôm : bành
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澎
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| 澡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslaːwʔ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 喿 (OC *saːws). \ Compare Mizo su, sûk (“to wash”), though the vowel in these forms do not correspond well with the Old Chinese form (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáu • Middle-Chinese : tsawX
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(literary) to wash one's hands • to bathe; to wash
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bathe; wash
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澡 • (jo) · 澡 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : tảo
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澡
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| 澤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rlaːɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Middle-Chinese : draek
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pool; pond • moist; damp • brilliance; luster; shine • beneficence; grace; favor • a surname
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swamp
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澤 (eumhun 못 택 (mot taek))
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hanja form of 택 (“marsh”)
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Hán-Nôm : rạch • Hán-Nôm : trạch • Hán-Nôm : chích
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澤
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| 澳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quːɡs, *quɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quːɡs, *quɡ) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 奧 (OC *quːɡs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : àu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ò • Middle-Chinese : 'awH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk¹ • Middle-Chinese : 'juwk
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inlet of the sea where ships can anchor; bay • Short for 澳大利亞／澳大利亚 (Àodàlìyà).: Australia (A country in Oceania comprising the islands of Australia, Tasmania and other smaller islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as its precursor colony in the British Empire) • Short for 澳門／澳门 (Àomén, “Macau”). ‖ (alt. form 隩) riverbank where the river bends
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curving shoreline • bend in river
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澳 • (o, uk) · 澳 • (o, uk) (hangeul 오, 욱, McCune–Reischauer o, uk, Yale o, wuk)
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Hán-Nôm : áo • Hán-Nôm : úc
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澳
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| 濃
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *noŋ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 農 (OC *nuːŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-naːŋ (“heavy; thick, viscous”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Middle-Chinese : nrjowng
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thick; concentrated • (of colors) deep • (of beverage) strong; concentrated
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‖ 濃(のう) • (nō) ‖ 濃(こ) • (ko-)
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dark • thick ‖ dark color ‖ dark color
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Hán-Nôm : nùng • Hán-Nôm : nống • Hán-Nôm : nồng • Hán-Nôm : nông
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濃
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| 濟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsliːlʔ, *ʔsliːls) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 齊 (OC *zliːl, *zliːls). \ Austroasiatic. Base form, without nominal n-infix, of 西 (OC *snə̂i) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for etymology. \ 津 (OC *ʔslin) is its n-nominalized derivative (ibid.). ‖ ‖ Yue-Hashimoto (1976) relates it to Proto-Tai *ʰlaːjᴬ (“many; much”), whence Zhuang lai. This Tai word is probably related to 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Middle-Chinese : tsejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zai² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsè • Middle-Chinese : tsejX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tserē
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to cross a river; to ferry • to help; to aid; to relieve • to be of help; useful ‖ (～水) Ji River • Used in 濟濟／济济 (jǐjǐ, “horde of people; multitude”). ‖ (Min) many; much
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Kyūjitai form of 済
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濟 (eumhun 건널 제 (geonneol je))
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hanja form of 제 (“to help; to aid; to relieve”) • (literary) hanja form of 제 (“to cross a river”) • (literary) hanja form of 제 (“many”)
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canonical : 濟: Hán Việt readings: tế 濟: Nôm readings: tế
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chữ Hán form of tế (“to help; to aid; to relieve”).
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濟
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| 瀑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 暴 (OC *boːwɢs, *boːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : buk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pho̍k • Middle-Chinese : buwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pō • Middle-Chinese : bawH
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waterfall ‖ heavy rain • (～河) (river in Henan province)
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waterfall, cascade
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瀑 • (pok, po) · 瀑 • (pok, po) (hangeul 폭, 포, revised pok, po, McCune–Reischauer p'ok, p'o, Yale phok, pho)
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waterfall, cascade • heavy rain
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Hán-Nôm : bộc
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瀑
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| 灌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːns) : semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Middle-Chinese : kwanH
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to fill (with liquid); to pour • to irrigate; to water • to record (music) • (Taiwan) to install (software)
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to pour
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灌 • (gwan) · 灌 • (gwan) (hangeul 관)
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pour • water • irrigate, flood
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Hán-Nôm : quán
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灌
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| 灶
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 火 (“fire”) + 土 (“soil”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsòo • Middle-Chinese : tsawH
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kitchen range • kitchen • (Chinese folk religion) kitchen god
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Hán-Nôm : táo • Hán-Nôm : bếp
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灶
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| 灸
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiù • Middle-Chinese : kjuwX • Middle-Chinese : kjuwH
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cauterize with moxa or mugwort • moxibustion
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‖ 灸(きゅう) • (kyū) ^(←きう (kiu)?) ‖ 灸(やいと) • (yaito) ^(←やいと (yaito)?)
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‖ moxibustion ‖ Same as above.
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灸 • (gu) · 灸 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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(뜸) moxibustion
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Hán-Nôm : cứu
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灸
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| 灼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pljewɢ) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zoek³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsioh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Middle-Chinese : tsyak
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to burn; to scorch • to broil; to roast • to cauterize • bright; shining; luminous • Used in 灼然 (zhuórán, “obvious; clear”).
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灼 • (jak, sa) · 灼 • (jak, sa) (hangeul 작, 사, revised jak, sa, McCune–Reischauer chak, sa, Yale cak, sa)
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Hán-Nôm : chước
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灼
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| 炒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰroːʔ) : semantic 火 + phonetic 少 (OC *hmjewʔ, *hmjews).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : caau² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsháu • Middle-Chinese : tsrhaewX
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to stir fry; to sauté • (slang) to sack; to fire (short for 炒魷魚／炒鱿鱼 (chǎo yóuyú)) • (originally Cantonese) to speculate in • (Hong Kong Cantonese, of machines) to crash • (Hong Kong Cantonese) to perform badly (in a test or exam) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, transitive, in matches or competitions) to win (someone)
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炒 • (cho) · 炒 • (cho) (hangeul 초, revised cho, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, Yale cho)
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Hán-Nôm : sao • Hán-Nôm : xào • Hán-Nôm : xáo
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炒
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| 炕
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Compare Burmese ကင် (kang, “to roast, toast”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kong³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòng • Middle-Chinese : khangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤ • Middle-Chinese : xang
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kang; heatable brick bed • (dialectal) to bake or dry by the heat of a fire; to toast • Alternative form of 抗 (kàng, “to raise; to lift”) ‖ (obsolete) to open
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the brick-bed in northern China
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炕 • (hang) · 炕 • (hang) (hangeul 항, revised hang, McCune–Reischauer hang, Yale hang)
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hypocaust • hypocaust floor
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canonical : 炕: Hán Việt readings: kháng
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炕
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| 炫
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Related to 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiān • Middle-Chinese : hwenH
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to show off; to boast • to shine; to dazzle • to puzzle • bravery
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shine • glitter • show off • flaunt
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炫 (eum 현 (hyeon))
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shine • glitter • show off • flaunt
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canonical : 炫: Hán Việt readings: huyễn
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炫
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| 炬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaʔ) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 巨 (OC *ɡaʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kîr • Middle-Chinese : gjoX
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torch • candle
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‖
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‖
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炬 • (geo) · 炬 • (geo) (hangeul 거, revised geo, McCune–Reischauer kŏ, Yale ke)
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canonical : 炬: Hán Việt readings: cự
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炬
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| 炮
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Characters in the same phonetic series (勹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰruːs, *bruː) : semantic 火 + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : paau³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phauh • Middle-Chinese : phaewH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paau⁴ • Middle-Chinese : baew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baau¹
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large gun; cannon; artillery • firecracker • (Cantonese, colloquial) gun (Classifier: 支 c; 條／条 c) • (xiangqi) cannon • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to talk big ‖ (historical) to wrap hirsute meat with mud and roast it on fire • (by extension) to roast; to burn • (traditional Chinese medicine) to prepare herbal medicine by roasting or parching • Alternative form of 庖 (páo, “chef”) ‖ (cooking) to quick-fry (meat); to sauté • to dry by heat
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sear • roast, burn
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炮 • (po) · 炮 • (po) (hangeul 포)
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Hán-Nôm : pháo • Hán-Nôm : than • Hán-Nôm : bác • Hán-Nôm : bào
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炮
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| 炸
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‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsèe ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshia
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to explode; to burst • to blow up; to bomb • (colloquial) to fly into a rage ‖ to fry in oil; to deep-fry
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炸 • (jak) · 炸 • (jak) (hangeul 작)
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Hán-Nôm : tạc
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炸
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| 為
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Characters in the same phonetic series (爲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Simplified from 爲. \ In the oracle bone script, it is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 (“hand”) + 象 (“elephant”) — a hand holding an elephant. The 又 later became 爪 (“hand; claw”). \ Shuowen Jiezi interprets the character as a representation of the female macaque. \ The two pronunciations below (“to make; to do; to be”, “for; to; because”) are cognate; the latter is the *–s derivative of the former. Words meaning “to make, to do” often have secondary meanings of “for, as” – compare 作. \ Etymology not certain. Starostin compared this word with Tibetan བགྱིད (bgyid, “to make, to manufacture”), བགྱི་བ (bgyi ba, “action, deed”), ཡིན (yin, “is, be”) and Burmese ဝေ (we, “to distribute, to share”). Schuessler (2007) listed *ʔaajh (“to give”) (> Khmer ឲ្យ (ʼaoy, “to give, to donate”)) and Khmer ធ្វើ (thvəə, “to do, to make”), although the vowels do not match. \ The graphic representation using a monkey or an elephant probably stems from a homophonic or near-homophonic etymon which was rarely attested; compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/g-woj-n > Jingpho woi (“monkey”) and possibly 猿 (OC *ɢʷan, “ape”). STEDT considers this word to be a possible descendant of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-gwi(j) (“elephant”). Outside Sino-Tibetan, compare Proto-Vietic *-vɔːj (“elephant”) > Vietnamese voi (“elephant”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (爲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Simplified from 爲. \ In the oracle bone script, it is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 又 (“hand”) + 象 (“elephant”) — a hand holding an elephant. The 又 later became 爪 (“hand; claw”). \ Shuowen Jiezi interprets the character as a representation of the female macaque. \ The two pronunciations below (“to make; to do; to be”, “for; to; because”) are cognate; the latter is the *–s derivative of the former. Words meaning “to make, to do” often have secondary meanings of “for, as” – compare 作. \ Etymology not certain. Starostin compared this word with Tibetan བགྱིད (bgyid, “to make, to manufacture”), བགྱི་བ (bgyi ba, “action, deed”), ཡིན (yin, “is, be”) and Burmese ဝေ (we, “to distribute, to share”). Schuessler (2007) listed *ʔaajh (“to give”) (> Khmer ឲ្យ (ʼaoy, “to give, to donate”)) and Khmer ធ្វើ (thvəə, “to do, to make”), although the vowels do not match. \ The graphic representation using a monkey or an elephant probably stems from a homophonic or near-homophonic etymon which was rarely attested; compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/g-woj-n > Jingpho woi (“monkey”) and possibly 猿 (OC *ɢʷan, “ape”). STEDT considers this word to be a possible descendant of Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-gwi(j) (“elephant”). Outside Sino-Tibetan, compare Proto-Vietic *-vɔːj (“elephant”) > Vietnamese voi (“elephant”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uî • Middle-Chinese : hjwe ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Middle-Chinese : hjweH
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to do; to make • to administer; to govern • to construct; to make • to become; to turn into • to be (equivalent to, equal to) • to take something as • to act as; to serve as; to behave as • by • Suffix used after a single-character adjective to form an adverb • Suffix used after a single-character adverb for emphasis ‖ for • because of • for the sake of • (literary) to
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‖ 為(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?) ‖ 為(い) • (i) ^(←ゐ (wi)?)
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‖ the twelfth string on a 箏 (koto, “Japanese zither”) • a fingering method for playing the 尺八 (shakuhachi, “Japanese endblown flute”) ‖ do, perform, carry out
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為 (eumhun 할 위 (hal wi))
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Alternative form of 爲 (“to do; act”)
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Hán-Nôm : vi • Hán-Nôm : vị • Hán-Nôm : vĩ
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為
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| 烏
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Pictogram (象形) – a bird. Compare 鳥 (“bird”), of similar development. \ ; “crow; black; dark” \ : Schuessler (2007) considers it to be onomatopoeic, and compares it with Proto-Loloish *akᴸ (“crow”). \ : “Black; dark” is a semantic extension of “crow” – “black as a crow”. Compare 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ, “black”), which is cognate with 墨 (OC *mlɯːɡ, “ink”). \ ; “sun” \ ; interrogative pronoun
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : oo • Middle-Chinese : 'u
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crow; raven; rook • (obsolete, metonymically) sun • (literary or in compounds or Hakka, Min) black; dark • (literary) to dye black • (literary) An interrogative pronoun with a variety of meanings, including "how", "why", "where", etc. • Short for 烏克蘭／乌克兰 (Wūkèlán, “Ukraine”). • a surname
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‖ 烏(う) • (u)
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‖ crow; raven • black; dark • (figuratively) sun • A Chinese interrogative for rhetorical questions.
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烏 • (o) · 烏 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o) ‖ ‖ 烏(がらすぃ) (garasï)
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hanja form of 오 (“crow”) ‖ 烏 \ • 烏 \ ‖ crow, raven
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Hán-Nôm : ô
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烏
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| 烘
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Middle-Chinese : huwng • Middle-Chinese : xuwng • Middle-Chinese : huwngH • Middle-Chinese : xuwngH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung³
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(literal) to bake; to roast • (literal) to dry by fire or heat • (figurative) to set off; to play up; to showcase; to highlight ‖ (Cantonese) mark of different colour, especially one that is due to contact with other objects
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烘 • (hong) · 烘 • (hong) (hangeul 홍, revised hong, McCune–Reischauer hong, Yale hong)
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Hán-Nôm : hồng
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烘
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| 烙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ). \ Compare Thai คลอก (klɔ̂ɔk, “to burn”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From Hokkien 落 (làu).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Middle-Chinese : lak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˋ
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to brand; to mark on livestock with hot metallic object • to iron • to pan-fry • to burn; to cauterize ‖ (Taiwanese Mandarin) to show off (one's abilities in a language)
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烙 • (rak>nak) · 烙 • (rak>nak) (hangeul 락>낙)
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to burn • to brand
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Hán-Nôm : lạc
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烙
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| 烤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰluːʔ) : semantic 火 + phonetic 考 (OC *kʰluːʔ). \ Originally 熇.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haau¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khó
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to roast; to bake; to toast • to dry using fire • to heat oneself up
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Hán-Nôm : khảo • Hán-Nôm : khão
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烤
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| 烹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pqʰraːŋ) : phonetic 亨 (OC *qʰaŋʔ, *pqʰraːŋ, *qʰraːŋ) + semantic 灬.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phng
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to boil; to cook • (historical) to boil somebody alive (a punishment in imperial China) • to forge; to smelt • (cooking) to fry quickly in hot oil and stir in sauce • to brew; to infuse
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boil, simmer
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烹 • (paeng) · 烹 • (paeng) (hangeul 팽, revised paeng, McCune–Reischauer p'aeng, Yale phayng)
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烹 (phanh, phừng)
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烹
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| 焊
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hon⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hon² • Cantonese · Jyutping : hon⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hān • Middle-Chinese : xanX
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to weld; to solder
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Hán-Nôm : hàn • Hán-Nôm : hãn
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焊
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| 焚
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 火 (“fire”) + 林 (“trees”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hûn • Middle-Chinese : bjun
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to burn
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焚 (eumhun 불사를 분 (bulsareul bun))
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hanja form of 분 (“burn”)
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Hán-Nôm : phàn • Hán-Nôm : phần • Hán-Nôm : phừng
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焚
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| 焰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loms) : phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms) + semantic 火 (“fire”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iānn • Middle-Chinese : yemH
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flame
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flame • blaze • glowing • blazing
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焰 (eumhun 불꽃 염 (bulkkot yeom))
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hanja form of 염 (“flame; blaze; glowing”)
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Hán-Nôm : diệm • Hán-Nôm : diễm • Hán-Nôm : diêm • Hán-Nôm : dim
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焰
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| 煌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ). \ Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လွင် (lwang, “vivid”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “royal”) may be the same word (ibid.). \ It may be related to 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs, “light; bright”) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007). Wang (1982) additionally relates it to 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “bright; sunlight”), 鏡 (OC *kraŋs, “mirror”), 晃 (OC *ɡʷaːŋʔ, “bright”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hwang
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bright; brilliant
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bright • glittering • gleaming
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煌 • (hwang) · 煌 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)
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canonical : 煌: Hán Việt readings: hoàng
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煌
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| 煞
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Alternative form of 殺／杀. \ From 殺／杀 (shā). ‖ Alternative form of 殺／杀. \ From 殺／杀 (shā).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sat • Middle-Chinese : sreat ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saat³
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Alternative form of 殺／杀 (“to kill”) • to stop; to halt • to weaken; to reduce • to tighten • (Northern Wu) to satisfy; to quench (esp. a desire) • (Hokkien) to end; to conclude; to terminate; to finish • (Hokkien) to stop and give up; to abandon; to leave it be; to leave it at that • (Hokkien) to prevent; to restrain; to suppress; to hold back • (Hokkien) unexpectedly; surprisingly; instead • (Hokkien) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions) • (Mainland China Hokkien) at once; immediately • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to be wounded by evil spirits • (Taiwanese Hokkien) demon; fiend; devil ‖ evil spirit; demon • very • (literary) what • (obsolete) although
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煞 • (sal) · 煞 • (sal) (hangeul 살, revised sal, McCune–Reischauer sal, Yale sal)
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canonical : 煞: Hán Việt readings: sát
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煞
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| 煤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯː) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 某 (OC *mɯʔ). \ Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) proposes two possibilities: \ * Cognate with Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔ-mu² (“soot; acrid (smoke)”). If related, a merger of Minimal Old Chinese *ə with *o must have occurred. \ * Cognate with Mizo mang (maŋᴿ), man (manᴸ, “sooty”), Mizo mang (maŋᴴ, “partially burnt wood”). \ 文 (OC *mɯn) may be a derivation with -n nominal suffix. 黑 (OC *hmlɯːɡ, “black”) may be an allofam. Unrelated to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”) according to Schuessler (2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buê • Middle-Chinese : mwoj
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coal (Classifier: 塊／块 m c; 嚿 c) • ^† dust of smoke; soot • ^† ink
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‖ 煤(すす) • (susu) ‖ 煤(ばい) • (bai)
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‖ soot (fine particles of amorphous carbon and tar) • sooted dirt or dust accumulated in ceilings, walls, etc. • Short for 煤色 (susuiro): a shade of black as in the color of soot ‖ soot • coal
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煤 (eumhun 그을음 매 (geueureum mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“soot”)
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Hán-Nôm : môi • Hán-Nôm : muồi • Hán-Nôm : mai
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煤
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| 煽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljen, *hljens) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 扇 (OC *hljen, *hljens).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siàn • Middle-Chinese : syen • Middle-Chinese : syenH
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to fan; to invigorate fire • to incite; to instigate; to provoke
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(literal) to fan; to flap • (figurative) to agitate; to stir up • to incite; to provoke; to instigate • to flatter
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煽 (eumhun 부칠 선 (buchil seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“to fan”)
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canonical : 煽: Hán Việt readings: phiến 煽: Nôm readings: phiến
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chữ Hán form of phiến (“fanning flames”).
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煽
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| 熄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *slɯɡ) : semantic 火 + phonetic 息 (OC *slɯɡ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Middle-Chinese : sik
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to extinguish (light or fire); to go out • (Cantonese) to turn off; to switch off
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cessation, disappearance, extinction
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熄 • (sik) · 熄 • (sik) (hangeul 식, revised sik, McCune–Reischauer sik, Yale sik)
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put out, extinguish • quash
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Hán-Nôm : tức • Hán-Nôm : tắt
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熄
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| 熔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *loŋ) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 容 (OC *loŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iônn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâunn
|
to melt by heat; to turn solid into liquid by heat
|
|
melt, fuse
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熔 • (yong) · 熔 • (yong) (hangeul 용, revised yong, McCune–Reischauer yong, Yale yong)
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|
Hán-Nôm : dong • Hán-Nôm : dung • Hán-Nôm : nung
|
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熔
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| 熙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰlɯ) : phonetic 巸 (OC *lɯ) + semantic 灬 (“fire”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰlɯ) : phonetic 巸 (OC *lɯ) + semantic 灬 (“fire”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi • Middle-Chinese : xi ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ
|
bright; splendid; glorious ‖ a surname.
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|
bright; prosperous; merry
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熙 • (hui) · 熙 • (hui) (hangeul 희, revised hui, McCune–Reischauer hŭi, Yale huy)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : hây • Hán-Nôm : hy • Hán-Nôm : hi
|
|
熙
|
| 熬
|
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ŋaw (“to fry; to roast”); cognate with Tibetan རྔོ (rngo, “to fry”), Chepang ङाव्सा (ŋaw, “to fry; to parch; to roast”), Tangut 𗲔 (*ŋur¹, “pancake”) (STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Jacques, 2014). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngou⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gôo • Middle-Chinese : ngaw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˊ
|
to cook something on slow fire; to extract something using heat • (figurative) to endure • a surname: Ao ‖ to stew (vegetables, etc.) in water; to boil; to simmer
|
|
parch • roast
|
熬 (eum 오 (o))
|
|
Hán-Nôm : ngao
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|
熬
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| 燈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːŋ) : semantic 火 (“candlelight”) + phonetic 登 (OC *tɯːŋ). \ ; to jinx
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ting • Middle-Chinese : tong
|
lamp; light; lantern (for illumination) (Classifier: 盞／盏 m c h; 眼 c; 支 mn) • lamp (for heating) • (Hong Kong Cantonese) traffic lights (Classifier: 支 c) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism) to jinx; to make incorrect predictions • (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism) tending to jinx
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|
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燈 (eumhun 등 등 (deung deung))
|
hanja form of 등 (“lamp, lantern, light”)
|
Hán-Nôm : đăng
|
|
燈
|
| 燒
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hŋjew, *hŋjaws) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 堯 (OC *ŋeːw). \ From 蕘 (OC *ŋjew, “firewood; fuel”) with causative devoicing (Schuessler, 2007).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siau • Middle-Chinese : syew • Middle-Chinese : syewH
|
to burn • to heat up; to make warm • to burn; to corrode • to roast; to grill; to braise • to stew after frying, or to fry after stewing • to cook (food) • (of a fuse) to blow • (medicine) to have a fever; to run a temperature • (medicine) fever; temperature • (colloquial) bigheaded; conceited and forgetting oneself due to having too many resources (money etc.) • (dialectal Mandarin, Gan, Hakka, Jin) boiling hot; scalding hot • (Hakka, Northern Min, Southern Min, Malaysian and Singapore Mandarin) hot; having a high temperature (distinguished from 熱／热, which describes weather) • (Cantonese) to set off (firecrackers, fireworks, etc.) • (Cantonese, electronics) to burn out • (Sichuanese) to smoke • (Sichuanese) to trick; to deceive • (Sichuanese) to ridicule; to roast • (Internet slang) to cause flaming; to cause controversy • (Mainland China, Internet slang) Alternative form of 騷／骚 (sāo, “flirty; provocative”)
|
|
burn • grill
|
燒 (eumhun 불사를 소 (bulsareul so))
|
hanja form of 소 (“burn; fire”)
|
Hán-Nôm : thiêu • Hán-Nôm : thiếu • Hán-Nôm : thiu • Hán-Nôm : sao
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燒
|
| 營
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢʷeŋ) : abbreviated phonetic 熒 (OC *ɡʷeːŋ) + abbreviated semantic 宮 (“palace”), depicting a person working all night with a light on his house.
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îng • Middle-Chinese : yweng
|
encampment; barracks • (military) battalion • camp; activity; event • to encamp • to build; to construct • to operate; to run • to manage; to handle • to seek for; to seek • to measure
|
|
Kyūjitai form of 営
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營 (eumhun 경영할 영 (gyeong'yeonghal yeong))
|
hanja form of 영 (“encampment; barracks”) • hanja form of 영 (“to manage; to operate”) • hanja form of 영 (“to build; to construct”)
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Hán-Nôm : dinh • Hán-Nôm : doanh
|
|
營
|
| 燭
|
Compare Tibetan དུགས་པ (dugs pa, “to make warm, to warm, to light”) and Burmese တောက် (tauk, “to shine, to illuminate, to make fire”) (Hill, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Middle-Chinese : tsyowk
|
candle; taper • to shine; to illuminate • (Taiwanese Hokkien) candlepower (unit)
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‖ 燭(しょく) • (shoku) ‖ 燭(しょく) • (-shoku)
|
‖ a light (source of illumination) • a candlepower ‖ a candlepower
|
燭 • (chok) · 燭 • (chok) (hangeul 촉)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : chúc • Hán-Nôm : đuốc
|
|
燭
|
| 爐
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raː) : semantic 火 (“fire”) + phonetic 盧 (OC *b·raː). Originally written 盧, see there for more.
|
Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lôo • Middle-Chinese : lu
|
fireplace, stove, oven, furnace
|
|
|
爐 (eumhun 화로 로 (hwaro ro), word-initial (South Korea) 화로 노 (hwaro no))
|
hanja form of 로/노 (“fireplace, stove, oven, furnace”)
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Hán-Nôm : lô
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|
爐
|
| 爬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *braː) : semantic 爪 + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː). \ Cognate with 匍 (OC *baː).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : paa⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâ • Middle-Chinese : bae
|
to crawl; to creep • to climb; to ascend; to get up • to scramble • (Sichuanese or Internet slang, dismissal, derogatory or self-deprecatory) to leave; to get out
|
|
to scratch • to crawl; to creep
|
爬 • (pa) · 爬 • (pa) (hangeul 파)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : ba • Hán-Nôm : bò • Hán-Nôm : bà
|
|
爬
|
| 爭
|
Pictogram (象形) – two hands on a plowshare. \ ; "to dispute; to fight; to contend; to strive" \ ; "to lack; to owe" ‖ Pictogram (象形) – two hands on a plowshare. \ ; "to dispute; to fight; to contend; to strive" \ ; "to lack; to owe"
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsng • Middle-Chinese : tsreang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaang³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zang³
|
to dispute; to fight • to contend • to strive • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, Jin, dialectal Min, Southern Wu) to lack; to be missing; still have; remaining • (Cantonese) to have a difference (expressed in conjunction with terms of physical distance) • (Ürümqi Mandarin) argumentative • (Ürümqi Mandarin) to open up • (dialectal) to owe • (Wanrong Mandarin) because; due to; so that • (Wanrong Mandarin) capable • (Suzhounese, Dongguan Cantonese) to argue for the sake of arguing • (Wenzhounese) different • (Jinhua Wu) to have reservations • 25th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "contention" (𝌞) • why, how ‖ ^† Original form of 諍／诤 (zhèng, “to admonish”).
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|
Kyūjitai form of 争
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爭 (eumhun 다툴 쟁 (datul jaeng))
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hanja form of 쟁 (“dispute; fight”)
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Hán-Nôm : tranh • Hán-Nôm : tránh • Hán-Nôm : giành
|
|
爭
|
| 爸
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːs, *baʔ) : semantic 父 (“father”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː). \ Colloquial form of 父 (OC *baʔ, “father”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p/ba (“male; father”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pēe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǎ • Middle-Chinese : baX
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(colloquial) father; dad
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|
|
爸 • (pa) · 爸 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)
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|
canonical : 爸: Hán Việt readings: bả • canonical : ba 爸: Nôm readings: ba
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chữ Hán form of ba (“father”).
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爸
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| 爹
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *daːʔ, *tjaː) : semantic 父 (“father”) + phonetic 多 (OC *ʔl'aːl). \ Possibly from Proto-Turkic *ata (“father”) and cognate with Old Turkic 𐱃𐰀 (t¹a /ata/) (Vovin and McCraw, 2011)
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Cantonese · Jyutping : de¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia • Middle-Chinese : trjae • Middle-Chinese : daX
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(colloquial) father; dad • (regional, honorific) old man; grandpa; granddad
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|
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爹 (eum 다 (da))
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|
Hán-Nôm : đa • Hán-Nôm : đà • Hán-Nôm : ta
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|
爹
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| 牌
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *breː, *breː) : semantic 片 + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâi • Middle-Chinese : bea • Middle-Chinese : beaj
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board; plate • census plate • signboard; placard; sign; tablet • brand; trademark • nameplate • Name of a type of historical documents delivered to the lower levels. • (card games, mahjong, dominoes) playing cards; cards; dominoes; mahjong; etc. (Classifier: 張／张 m c; 飛／飞 c) • (figurative) card (a resource or an argument, used to achieve a purpose) • (Hong Kong) licence (Classifier: 個／个 c) • list (of prices) • shield • memorial (gateway or building) • pitch (style) of ancient Chinese poetry (ci) or music (qu) • manner; air; shape • (Cantonese) medal • (Southern Min) plaque; memorial tablet • (Jilu Mandarin) Classifier for card games: round • a surname: Pai
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|
a small, written slip of paper: ticket, receipt, label, etc. • sign, placard • playing card, mahjong tile • shield, buckler
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牌 (eumhun 패 패 (pae pae))
|
hanja form of 패 (“tablet”)
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Hán-Nôm : bài • Hán-Nôm : bìa • Hán-Nôm : bời
|
|
牌
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| 牡
|
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 牛 (“cattle”) + 丄. Various explanations exist, some propose 丄 (here unrelated to 上) depicts a penis to represent “male”. Later 丄 came to be written 土. See also the etymology of this character. \ Austroasiatic (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɟm(oo)l (“male”) (whence Khmer ឈ្មោល (chmool, “to be male”)), Old Mon jmūr ~ jmur (“male (elephant)”), Proto-Waic *(k)mɔj (“(wild) ox; buffalo”), Proto-Vietic *mɔːlʔ (“person; human being”) (whence Vietnamese mọi (“savage; barbarian”), Muong mõl (“human being”)). \ An oracle bone graph for this word shows a vertical stick on a horizontal ground, possibly because it had been intended for an obsolete homophone cognate with Proto-Vietic *c-mɔːlʔ (“digging stick”), which alongside "male" may derive from a stem represented in Old Khmer cval (“to enter; to penetrate; (of animals) to copulate”), Khmu [script needed] (cmɔɔl, “to plant (rice) with a digging stick”), [script needed] (crmɔɔl, “digging stick”) (ibid.; Ferlus, 1987). Schuessler (2007) further proposes a relationship with 畝 (OC *mɯʔ, “cropland; mu (a Chinese measuring unit for area)”) (ibid.); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maau⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mau⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóo • Middle-Chinese : muwX
|
(obsolete) male of animals • (obsolete) male genitals • (obsolete) bolt of door • (obsolete) hill; hump • Used in 牡蠣／牡蛎 (mǔlì, “oyster”).
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|
male • oyster
|
牡 • (mo) · 牡 • (mo) (hangeul 모, revised mo, McCune–Reischauer mo, Yale mo)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : mẫu
|
|
牡
|
| 牢
|
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“pen; animal yard”) + 牛 (“cow”)
|
Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : láu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lôo • Middle-Chinese : law
|
pen; enclosure • prison; jail • firm; fast; durable • dependable; reliable • animal used for sacrificing • with grievance and toil • (Shanghainese) indicates continuous aspect • a surname: Lao
|
‖ 牢(ろう) • (rō) ^(←らう (rau)?)
|
prison • stable, pen • secure ‖ prison
|
牢 • (roe, noe, ro, no) · 牢 • (roe, noe, ro, no) (hangeul 뢰, 뇌, 로, 노, revised roe, noe, ro, no, McCune–Reischauer roe, noe, ro, no, Yale loy, noy, lo, no)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : lao • Hán-Nôm : lào • Hán-Nôm : sao • Hán-Nôm : sau
|
chữ Hán form of lao (“prison”). • Nôm form of lao (“javelin, harpoon”). • Nôm form of Lào (“Laos”). • Nôm form of rao (“to announce”). • Nôm form of sao (“why, how”). • Nôm form of sao (“star”). • Nôm form of sau (“after”). • Nôm form of trau (“to polish”).
|
牢
|
| 牽
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰiːn, *kʰiːns) : phonetic 玄 (OC *ɡʷeːn) + semantic 牛 (“cow, ox”) — leading an ox by hand. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰiːn, *kʰiːns) : phonetic 玄 (OC *ɡʷeːn) + semantic 牛 (“cow, ox”) — leading an ox by hand. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰiːn, *kʰiːns) : phonetic 玄 (OC *ɡʷeːn) + semantic 牛 (“cow, ox”) — leading an ox by hand.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khen • Middle-Chinese : khen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : khenH ‖
|
to drag; to pull; to lead by hand • to involve; to drag in • to think about (someone); to be concerned about • to hold up; to hinder; to drag (someone) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 縴／纤 (“tow rope”) ‖ (Eastern Min) to clutch
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|
|
牽 (eumhun 당길 견 (danggil gyeon))
|
hanja form of 견 (“draw, pull, attract”)
|
Hán-Nôm : khiên • Hán-Nôm : khin
|
|
牽
|
| 犀
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sliːl) : phonetic 尾 (OC *mɯlʔ) + semantic 牛 (“ox”). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-sej (“rhinoceros”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sai • Hokkien · Tai-lo : se • Middle-Chinese : sej
|
rhinoceros • sharp; hard; well-tempered (as metal)
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‖ 犀(さい) or 犀(サイ) • (sai)
|
‖ a rhinoceros
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犀 (eumhun 무소 서 (muso seo))
|
hanja form of 서 (“rhinoceros”)
|
Hán-Nôm : tê • Hán-Nôm : tây
|
a rhinoceros
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犀
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| 犁
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːl, *ril) : phonetic 利 (OC *rids) + semantic 牛 (“cow”)
|
Cantonese · Jyutping : lai⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lerê • Middle-Chinese : lej
|
plough • to plough • (literary) to destroy • a surname: Li
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|
|
犁 • (ri>i) · 犁 • (ri>i) (hangeul 리>이, revised ri>i, McCune–Reischauer ri>i, Yale li>i)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : lê
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|
犁
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| 狀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zraŋs) : phonetic 爿 (OC *braːn, *zaŋ) + semantic 犬.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zong⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̄g • Middle-Chinese : dzrjangH
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^⁜ form; appearance; state • ^⁜ shape • ^⁜ certificate • ^⁜ to describe
|
|
things stand
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狀 (eumhun 형상(形狀) 상) ‖ 狀 (eumhun 문서 장 (munseo jang))
|
hanja form of 상 (“form; appearance; state”) • hanja form of 상 (“shape”) ‖ hanja form of 장 (“document; certificate”)
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Hán-Nôm : trạng
|
|
狀
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| 狐
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaː) : semantic 犭 (“dog”) + phonetic 瓜 (OC *kʷraː). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gwa (“fox”). Cognate with Tibetan ཝ (wa, “fox”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Middle-Chinese : hu
|
fox • a surname
|
‖ 狐(きつね) or 狐(キツネ) • (kitsune)
|
‖ a fox
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狐 (eumhun 여우 호 (yeou ho))
|
hanja form of 호 (“fox”) [affix]
|
Hán-Nôm : hồ
|
|
狐
|
| 狙
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰa, *sʰas) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi • Middle-Chinese : tshjo
|
ape, monkey, gibbon
|
|
an ape, (in particular) a gibbon • aiming at • aiming for; in pursuit of something • waiting for an opening; awaiting one's chance
|
狙 (eumhun 원숭이 저 (wonsung'i jeo)) · 狙 (eumhun 엿볼 저 (yeotbol jeo))
|
hanja form of 저 (“monkey”) • hanja form of 저 (“to peek”)
|
Hán-Nôm : thư
|
|
狙
|
| 狠
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : han² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hīn
|
vicious; cruel • severely; extreme • (Wu) fierce; ferocious; threatening; unreasonable • (Wu) impressive; skilled; wise; deft; capable
|
|
|
|
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Hán-Nôm : ngận
|
|
狠
|
| 狡
|
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káu • Middle-Chinese : kaewX
|
sly; cunning; treacherous
|
‖ 狡(ずる) • (zuru)
|
sly, cunning, sneaky ‖ slyness, sly act, sly person
|
狡 • (gyo) · 狡 • (gyo) (hangeul 교, revised gyo, McCune–Reischauer kyo, Yale kyo)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : giảo • Hán-Nôm : sinh • Hán-Nôm : xảo
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|
狡
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| 狩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰljus) : semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 守 (OC *qʰljuʔ, *qʰljus). \ 獸 (OC *qʰljus, “beast”) is the exopassive of 狩 (OC *qʰljus, “to hunt”), literally "what is hunted" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau³ • Middle-Chinese : syuwH
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(literary) to hunt • (literary, of an emperor) to embark an inspection tour of the realm
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‖ 狩(かり) • (kari)
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‖ hunting (game, deer, ducks, etc.), hunt • gathering (mushrooms, etc.), picking (strawberries, peaches, etc.)
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狩 (eum 수 (su))
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|
Hán-Nôm : thú
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|
狩
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| 狸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯ) : semantic 犬 (“dog”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ). Originally an unorthodox variant (俗字) of the character 貍 (lí). \ Uncertain. Here some proposals: \ *Fangyan https://ctext.org/dictionary.pl?if=en&id=45515 and Guo Pu consider it to be one among many dialectal words for 貔 (OC *bi), which however is a different word (Schuessler, 2007) (see there). \ *Zhao & Huang (1998) (apud Schuessler, 2007) connects it to Hmong pli ~ ple "cat". \ *Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs 貍 (OC *rə) from *pʰrə ~ *pʰə-rə and proposes possible Sino-Tibetan etymology and compares it to Mru pri (“a kind of leopard”) (see also Löffler, 1966); he also sees potential cognacy with Tibetan ཞི་མི (zhi mi), ཞིམ་བུ (zhim bu), ཞུམ་བུ (zhum bu) - all meaning "cat" - if those were from *ryi-mi; additionally, པི་ཤི (pi shi, “cat”) (< *zhi?) is possibly equivalent to Old Chinese dialectal forms with initial *pʰ- (e.g. 𧳏 (pī) < *pʰiə < *pʰrə) (though པི་ཤི (pi shi)'s pi and བྱི་ལ (byi la)'s byi might be from Indic). \ *STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-(l/r)e(y/ŋ) (“squirrel, weasel”) and proposes cognacy with 鼪 (OC *sreŋ, *sreŋs), Tibetan སྲེ་མོང (sre mong, “weasel”), Burmese [script needed] (hrañ, “squirrel”), etc.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lî • Middle-Chinese : li
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leopard cat • raccoon dog • (obsolete) cat
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‖ 狸(たぬき) or 狸(タヌキ) • (tanuki) ‖ 狸(たたけ) or 狸(たたげ) • (tatake or tatage) ‖ 狸(たのき) • (tanoki)
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raccoon dog • wild cat ‖ a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides • (figurative) a person who pretends to be good but in fact is cunning (compare English sly fox) • Short for 狸饂飩 (tanuki-udon) and 狸蕎麦 (tanuki-soba): styles of various noodle dishes • (rare) Short for 狸寝入り (tanuki neiri): pretending to be asleep • (rare, obsolete) Short for 狸汁 (tanuki-jiru): a soup made from tanuki meat mixed with daikon, burdock root, etc. ‖ (archaic, obsolete) a raccoon dog • (archaic, obsolete) the hair of a raccoon dog, used for making brushes ‖ (dated, dialectal, Western Japan, chiefly Kansai) a raccoon dog • (dated, dialectal, Kansai) Short for 狸饂飩 (tanoki-udon) and 狸蕎麦 (tanoki-soba): styles of various noodle dishes
|
狸 • (ri>i) · 狸 • (ri>i) (hangeul 리>이, revised ri>i, McCune–Reischauer ri>i, Yale li>i)
|
(너구리 리, neoguri-): raccoon dog
|
Hán-Nôm : li
|
|
狸
|
| 狼
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Characters in the same phonetic series (良) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋ) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 良 (OC *raŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâng • Middle-Chinese : lang
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wolf (Classifier: 匹 m; 隻／只 m c; 條／条 m; 頭／头 m) • (figurative) dirty guy; pervert • (Cantonese) cruel; ruthless
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‖ 狼(おおかみ) or 狼(オオカミ) • (ōkami) ^(←おほかみ (ofokami)?) (counter 匹) ‖ 狼(おおかめ) • (ōkame) ^(←おほかめ (ofokame)?)
|
wolf ‖ a wolf (animal) • Short for 日本狼 (Nihon-ōkami, “Japanese wolf”). ‖ (possibly obsolete) a wolf (animal)
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狼 (eumhun 이리 랑 (iri rang), word-initial (South Korea) 이리 낭 (iri nang))
|
hanja form of 랑/낭 (“wolf”)
|
canonical : 狼: Hán Việt readings: lang 狼: Nôm readings: lang
|
chữ Hán form of lang (“wolf”).
|
狼
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| 猖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjaŋ) : semantic 犭 (“dog”) + phonetic 昌 (OC *tʰjaŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : coeng¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsyhang
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|
|
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猖 • (chang) · 猖 • (chang) (hangeul 창, revised chang, McCune–Reischauer ch'ang, Yale chang)
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Hán-Nôm : xương
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猖
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| 猜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlɯː) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshai • Middle-Chinese : tshoj ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ioh
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to guess; to suppose; to conjecture • to suspect; to have a suspicion; to doubt • ^† suspicion; jealousy • ^† to envy; to hate; to resent • to play (a hand game) ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 臆 (ioh, “to guess”)
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|
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猜 (eumhun 시기할 시 (sigihal si))
|
hanja form of 시 (“jealousy”)
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Hán-Nôm : sai • Hán-Nôm : xai
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|
猜
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| 猩
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‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *priŋ ~ *b-riŋ (“to bark”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Middle-Chinese : sraeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing¹ • Middle-Chinese : seng
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Used in 猩猩 (xīngxing); also used as its short form. • Synonym of 猩紅／猩红 (xīnghóng, “scarlet; bright red”) ‖ (obsolete, rare) to bark
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|
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猩 (eum 성 (seong))
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Hán-Nôm : tinh
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|
猩
|
| 猴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoː) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 侯 (OC *ɡoː). \ The first syllable in 母猴 (OC *mɯʔ ɡoː, “macaque”) and 沐猴 (OC *moːɡ ɡoː, “macaque”) may perhaps be an old pre-initial (Unger, 1985). \ Compare Proto-Lolo-Burmese *myukᴸ (“monkey”), which derives from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *m(j/r)uk (“monkey”) (Pinault et al., 1997, STEDT).
|
Cantonese · Jyutping : hau⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄡˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kâu • Middle-Chinese : huw
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monkey; ape • naughty child • (Southern Min) male paramour • (dialectal) to lean on someone; to pester someone • (dialectal) to squat like a monkey • (dialectal) naughty; clever • (Southern Min) skinny and dark-skinned; ugly as a monkey • a surname
|
|
monkey
|
猴 (eum 후 (hu))
|
monkey, macaque
|
Hán-Nôm : hầu
|
|
猴
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| 猾
|
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : hweat
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Crafty, cunning, sly
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|
crafty
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猾 • (hwal) · 猾 • (hwal) (hangeul 활, revised hwal, McCune–Reischauer hwal, Yale hwal)
|
crafty, cunning, shrewd • deceitful
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Hán-Nôm : hoạt
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|
猾
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| 獨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːɡ) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : duk⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ta̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to̍k • Middle-Chinese : duwk
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alone; single; solitary • the old and childless • only • (literary) Indicates a rhetorical question: is it possible that... • (in compounds) separatism
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|
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獨 (eumhun 홀로 독 (hollo dok)) ‖ 獨 • (Dok) (hangeul 독)
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hanja form of 독 (“alone”) [affix] ‖ (in news headlines) Short for 獨(독)逸(일) (Dogil, “(South Korea) Germany”).
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Hán-Nôm : độc • Hán-Nôm : dọc
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獨
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| 獵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rab) : semantic 犭 + phonetic 巤 (OC *rab). \ ;to hunt \ :See 臘 for etymology. \ ;turtle, tortoise
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lip⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍p • Middle-Chinese : ljep
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to hunt (animals) • to hunt for; to pursue; to search for • Used in 獵獵／猎猎. • (obsolete) tortoise; turtle • Alternative form of 躐 (liè, “to trample”)
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‖ 獵(りょう) • (ryō) ^(←れふ (refu)?)
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‖ Alternative spelling of 猟
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獵 (eumhun 사냥 렵 (sanyang ryeop), word-initial (South Korea) 사냥 엽 (sanyang yeop))
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hanja form of 렵/엽 (“to hunt”)
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Hán-Nôm : liệp
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獵
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| 獸
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Characters in the same phonetic series (嘼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 單 (“hunting weapon”) + 犬 (“dog”) – "hunting". 口 was added later (see 嘼). \ Exopassive of 狩 (OC *qʰljus, “to hunt”), literally "what is hunted" (Schuessler, 2007). Speculatively, 獸 (OC *qʰljus) can be compared with Tibetan འཆོར་བ ('chor ba, “to hunt”) (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siù • Middle-Chinese : syuwH
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beast; animal • bestial • furry (subculture)
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|
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獸 • (su) · 獸 • (su) (hangeul 수, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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Hán-Nôm : thú
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|
獸
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| 獻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋaːl, *hŋans, *ŋrad) : phonetic 鬳 (OC *ŋans) + semantic 犬 (“dog”). \ Same word as 憲 (OC *hŋans) (Schuessler, 2007), its basic meaning being seemingly "elevate > to be elavated". \ Inside the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, it's related to 甗 (OC *ŋan, *ŋranʔ, *ŋrans, “a cooking vessel consisting of a steamer 'elevated' on a three-legged boiler”). Furthermore, it's possibly cognate to Tibetan སྔར་མ (sngar ma, “sharp-witted, quick-witted, intelligent”) (ibid., Gong, 2000). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋaːl, *hŋans, *ŋrad) : phonetic 鬳 (OC *ŋans) + semantic 犬 (“dog”). \ Same word as 憲 (OC *hŋans) (Schuessler, 2007), its basic meaning being seemingly "elevate > to be elavated". \ Inside the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, it's related to 甗 (OC *ŋan, *ŋranʔ, *ŋrans, “a cooking vessel consisting of a steamer 'elevated' on a three-legged boiler”). Furthermore, it's possibly cognate to Tibetan སྔར་མ (sngar ma, “sharp-witted, quick-witted, intelligent”) (ibid., Gong, 2000).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hin³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiàn • Middle-Chinese : xjonH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄛ • Middle-Chinese : sa
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to offer; to present; to donate • to show; to display • (archaic) virtuous person • a surname • (neologism, slang) to commit a mass murder ‖ (historical) a method of filtering wine • (historical) sacrificial wine vessel
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|
to revere, to contribute, to present
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獻 • (heon, sa) · 獻 • (heon, sa) (hangeul 헌, 사, revised heon, sa, McCune–Reischauer hŏn, sa, Yale hen, sa)
|
|
canonical : 獻: Hán Việt readings: hiến • canonical : ta 獻: Nôm readings: hiến
|
|
獻
|
| 玖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷlɯʔ) : semantic 玉 + phonetic 久 (OC *kʷlɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káu • Middle-Chinese : kjuwX
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black gemstone that is poorer than jade • (financial) Alternative form of 九 (“nine”) (used normally in official documents or checks to avoid forgery)
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|
(financial, archaic) nine • black jewel
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玖 • (gu) · 玖 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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|
Hán-Nôm : cửu
|
|
玖
|
| 玫
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯːl) : semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn)
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muê • Middle-Chinese : mwoj
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type of gemstone • Used in 玫瑰 (méigui, “rose”).
|
|
|
|
|
canonical : 玫: Hán Việt readings: mai • canonical : mân • canonical : môi 玫: Nôm readings: môi
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|
玫
|
| 玲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːŋ) : semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lin • Middle-Chinese : leng
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(onomatopoeia) jade-hitting sound
|
|
tinkling; sound of jade • exquisite • clever
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玲 (eumhun 옥소리 령 (oksori ryeong), word-initial (South Korea) 옥소리 영 (oksori yeong))
|
hanja form of 령/영 (“mainly used in personal names”)
|
Hán-Nôm : lính • Hán-Nôm : linh
|
|
玲
|
| 玷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːmʔ, *teːms) : semantic 𤣩 + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dim³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiàm • Middle-Chinese : temX
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flaw in gem; defect in jade • (figuratively, of a person) flaw in character • to blemish; to stain
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|
|
玷 • (jeom) · 玷 • (jeom) (hangeul 점, revised jeom, McCune–Reischauer chŏm, Yale cem)
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|
Hán-Nôm : điếm
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|
玷
|
| 玻
|
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bo¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po • Middle-Chinese : pha
|
Used in 玻璃 (bōli, “glass”); also used as its short form. • Used in transliterations. • Short for 玻利維亞／玻利维亚 (Bōlìwéiyà, “Bolivia”).
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|
glass
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玻 • (pa) · 玻 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)
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Hán-Nôm : pha
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|
玻
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| 琅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːŋ) : semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 良 (OC *raŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : long⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Middle-Chinese : lang
|
a variety of white carnelian • pure white • a surname
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|
pure jewel
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琅 • (rang>nang) · 琅 • (rang>nang) (hangeul 랑>낭, revised rang>nang, McCune–Reischauer rang>nang, Yale lang>nang)
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|
Hán-Nôm : lang
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|
琅
|
| 琉
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ru) : semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 㐬 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Middle-Chinese : ljuw
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Used in compounds.
|
|
precious stone • gem • lapis lazuli
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琉 (eumhun 유리 류 (yuri ryu), word-initial (South Korea) 유리 유 (yuri yu))
|
hanja form of 류/유 (“glass”)
|
canonical : 琉: Hán Việt readings: lưu 琉: Nôm readings: lưu
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|
琉
|
| 琢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rtoːɡ) : semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rtoːɡ) : semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 豖 (OC *tʰoɡ).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : doek³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tok • Middle-Chinese : traewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˊ
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to carve or cut jade or gemstone • (by extension) to cultivate (one's character, one's skills) ‖ Only used in 琢磨 (zuómo, “to think over; to ponder”).
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|
to polish • to cultivate one's skill • to select
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琢 (eumhun 다듬을 탁 (dadeumeul tak))
|
|
canonical : 琢: Hán Việt readings: chác • canonical : trác 琢: Nôm readings: trác • canonical : trát
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|
琢
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| 琳
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lam⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîm • Middle-Chinese : lim
|
beautiful jade
|
|
jewel • tinkling of a string of jewels
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琳 • (rim>im) · 琳 • (rim>im) (hangeul 림>임, revised rim>im, McCune–Reischauer rim>im, Yale lim>im)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : lâm • Hán-Nôm : lam
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|
琳
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| 瑙
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|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nou⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ló
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Used in 瑪瑙／玛瑙 (mǎnǎo). • Used in 多瑙 (Duōnǎo). • Used in 錦瑙／锦瑙.
|
|
agate • onyx
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瑙 • (no) · 瑙 • (no) (hangeul 노, revised no, McCune–Reischauer no, Yale no)
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Hán-Nôm : não
|
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瑙
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| 瑞
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Characters in the same phonetic series (耑) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djols) : semantic 玉 (“jade”) + phonetic 耑 (OC *toːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suī • Middle-Chinese : dzyweH
|
token made of jade • auspicious omen • auspicious • a surname
|
|
congratulations
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瑞 (eumhun 상서로울 서 (sangseoroul seo))
|
hanja form of 서 (“auspicious; lucky”)
|
Hán-Nôm : thụy • Hán-Nôm : thuỵ
|
|
瑞
|
| 瑟
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smriɡ, *smriɡ) : semantic 珡 (“musical instrument”) + phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ). 珡 has been simplified into the unrelated 玨.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sit • Middle-Chinese : srit
|
(music) the se, an ancient Chinese bridge zither, usually with 25 strings • ^† solemn; dignified; alone; bleak • Used in 瑟瑟 (sèsè). • Used in 瑟縮／瑟缩 (sèsuō) and 瑟索.
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|
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瑟 • (seul) · 瑟 • (seul) (hangeul 슬, revised seul, McCune–Reischauer sŭl, Yale sul)
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|
Hán-Nôm : sắt
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瑟
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| 瑰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kuːl, *ɡuːl) : semantic 𤣩 (“jade”) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwai¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kui • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuì • Middle-Chinese : hwoj • Middle-Chinese : kwoj
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semi-precious stone that is less precious than jade • extraordinary, fabulous
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strange
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瑰 • (goe) · 瑰 • (goe) (hangeul 괴, revised goe, McCune–Reischauer koe, Yale koy)
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extraordinary, fabulous • rose
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Hán-Nôm : côi • Hán-Nôm : khôi
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瑰
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| 璽
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From 壐／𱖚. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *smlelʔ) : phonetic 爾 (OC *njelʔ) + semantic 玉 (“jade”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saai² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Middle-Chinese : sjeX
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(historical) imperial seal; royal seal
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‖ 璽(じ) • (ji) ‖ 璽(しるし) • (shirushi) ‖ 璽(みしるし) • (mishirushi)
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the imperial seal or sigil • a symbol of imperial status ‖ a seal or sigil carved into a jewel • more specifically, such a seal belonging to the Chinese emperor of the Qin Dynasty or later, or belonging to the Japanese emperor • 八尺瓊曲玉 (Yasakani no Magatama), the jewel that is one of the three sacred treasures comprising the Imperial Regalia of Japan ‖ the emperor's personal seal or sigil or the national seal or sigil used for state business • the mark made by such a seal or sigil • 八尺瓊勾玉 (Yasakani no Magatama), one of the sacred treasures comprising the Imperial Regalia of Japan • all three of the sacred treasures ‖ a mark or seal indicating imperial status • a sacred item indicating imperial status • the emperor's personal seal or sigil
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璽 (eumhun 도장 새 (dojang sae))
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hanja form of 새 (“royal seal”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : tỉ • Hán-Nôm : tỷ
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璽
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| 瓜
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Pictogram (象形) - a pictograph of a melon suspended by its vines. \ Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007). \ Possibly a borrowing from Proto-Hmong-Mien *klˠa (“cucumber”) (Ostapirat, 2016). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kua • Middle-Chinese : kwae ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaa¹
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melon; gourd; squash • (Mainland China, slang, neologism) storyful news • (Singapore, colloquial) fellow; dude • a surname ‖ (Wuhan Mandarin, Cantonese, Xiang, humorous) to die
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‖ 瓜(うり) or 瓜(ウリ) • (uri)
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gourd, squash, melon ‖ gourd, squash, melon
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cucumber
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canonical : 瓜: Hán Việt readings: qua 瓜: Nôm readings: qua • canonical : dưa • canonical : co
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chữ Hán form of qua (“melon”). • Nôm form of dưa (“melon”).
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瓜
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| 瓢
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Cantonese · Jyutping : piu⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiô • Middle-Chinese : bjiew
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ladle made from dried gourd
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gourd
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瓢 • (pyo) · 瓢 • (pyo) (hangeul 표)
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Wooden ladle. They cut a dried gourd in half, and use each as a ladle.
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Hán-Nôm : biều • Hán-Nôm : bầu • Hán-Nôm : vào • Hán-Nôm : bèo • Hán-Nôm : bịn • Hán-Nôm : bìu • Hán-Nôm : vèo
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瓢
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| 瓣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *breːns) : phonetic 辡 (OC *prenʔ, *brenʔ) + semantic 瓜 (“melon”). \ ;"segment, section, piece" \ ;"petal"
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Cantonese · Jyutping : baan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baan⁶⁻² • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁶⁻² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bān • Middle-Chinese : beanH
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melon seeds • petal • segment; section; piece; clove (of garlic) • (medicine) Short for 瓣膜 (bànmó, “valve”). • Classifier for pieces and segments, such as those of (cut-up) fruits or petals. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • (Cantonese) Classifier for domains of activity.; field
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‖ 瓣(べん) • (ben) ‖ 瓣(べん) • (-ben)
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flower petal • valve ‖ (anatomy) valve (membranous partition, flap, or fold, which allows flow in only one direction, e.g. a heart valve) • valve (device that controls the flow of a fluid through a pipe) ‖ flower petals
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瓣 (eum 판 (pan))
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Hán-Nôm : bẹ • Hán-Nôm : biện
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瓣
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| 瓷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zli) : phonetic 次 (OC *sn̥ʰis) + semantic 瓦 (“earthenware”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huî • Middle-Chinese : dzij
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porcelain; china; chinaware • (of a thing) firm; solid; sturdy
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瓷 • (ja) · 瓷 • (ja) (hangeul 자)
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Hán-Nôm : từ • Hán-Nôm : sứ • Hán-Nôm : tư
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瓷
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| 甜
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Characters in the same phonetic series (甜) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 舌 (“tongue”) + 甘 (“sweet”). Rearrangement of 甛. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ljam (“sweet; fragrant”) (STEDT). Compare Tibetan ཞིམ (zhim, “tasty”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâm • Middle-Chinese : dem
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sweet • (figurative) pleasant; comfortable; happy • (figurative, of sleep) sound • (dialectal) bland; tasteless; not salty • (dialectal) delicious; tasty • (neologism, of a price) cheap; inexpensive • (figurative) romantic • (Hong Kong Cantonese) Euphemistic form of 鹹／咸 (haam⁴, “erotic”).
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甜 (eumhun 달 첨 (dal cheom))
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hanja form of 첨 (“sweet”)
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Hán-Nôm : điềm
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甜
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| 產
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋreːnʔ) : abbreviated phonetic 彥 (OC *ŋrans) + semantic 生 (“to be born”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *srjal (“to breed; to bring up”), whence Tibetan སྲེལ (srel, “to bring up; to rear”). \ Schuessler (2007) notes that this word is equally likely to have been Austroasiatic in origin. Compare Khmer សំរាល (sɑmraal, “to give birth”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suánn • Middle-Chinese : sreanX
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to give birth; to bring forth • to produce (naturally) • to make; to manufacture • produced or manufactured item; product; produce • property; wealth; premises • a surname: Chan
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產 (eumhun 낳을 산 (na'eul san))
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Alternative form of 産 (“hanja form of 산 (“born”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : sản
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產
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| 甥
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ (“sister”), related by Coblin (1986) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). \ Cognate with Tibetan སྲིང་མོ (sring mo), Kinnauri riŋz, Jangshung śiŋ, Chinese 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “life, birth”) and 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Middle-Chinese : sraeng
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sororal niece or sororal nephew • (obsolete) son-in-law
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‖ 甥(おい) • (oi) ^(←をひ (wofi)?)
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‖ nephew
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甥 (eumhun 생질 생 (saengjil saeng))
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甥
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| 甩
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This is a late character, and the divergent readings in various topolects may or may not be cognate. \ The Mandarin reading came from 摔 (shuāi, “to fling, to throw, to fall down”), which can be traced to *srut in Old Chinese. It can be compared with Tibetan རུད (rud, “slip, that which has slipped down, falling mass, landslides”), རུད་རུད་པོ (rud rud po, “loosened, disintegrated, rough”). \ The Cantonese reading is probably unrelated, though it may reflect a descendant of the archaic pronunciation *rut and hence be cognate with Mandarin. Either way, it is evidently from the same source as Min Nan 甪 (lut, “to come off, to slip loose”), Zhuang lot (“to come loose and drop off (due to loose tying)”), and Vietnamese lột (“to peel, to strip off”). May be compared with Tibetan ལོད་པོ (lod po, “relaxed, careless”), ལྷོད་པོ (lhod po, “relaxed, loose, lax”), and the Chinese word family of 兌 (*lot, > 脫 (“to come off”), 蛻 (“exuviae”)). Unlikely to be related to 落 (luò, “to fall, to drop off”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sut ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : lak¹
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(Mandarin, Hokkien, Wu) to toss; to throw; to fling • (Mandarin) to throw away; to discard • (Mandarin) to brush off; to abandon • (Mandarin) to swing • (dialectal Mandarin) to take off; to remove • (dialectal Mandarin) to heed; to take notice of • (dialectal Mandarin, of insects, zoology, etc.) to lay (eggs) • (Beijing Mandarin) to play (cards) • (Beijing Mandarin) Short for 甩賣／甩卖 (shuǎimài, “to sell at cheap prices”). • (Beijing Mandarin) to scold • (Sichuanese) perturbed; uneasy • (Cantonese) to come loose; to come off • (Cantonese) to escape from • (Cantonese) to fail to follow • (Cantonese) to sense by touch • (dialectal Cantonese) to fall down • (Wu) to strike; to box (about the ears) • (Wu) to shake off; to escape • (Wu) to wave; to rock • (Hokkien) to sprinkle; to spray • (Hokkien, vulgar) to heed; to pay attention to ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 㪐 (lak¹) (Used in 甩咳.)
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Hán-Nôm : soải • Hán-Nôm : súy • Hán-Nôm : suý
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甩
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| 甫
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In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 屮 (“vegetation”) + 田 (“field”) – garden, original form of 圃. \ In bronze inscriptions, the components 屮 and 田 corrupted into 父 and 用 respectively. 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ) became a sound component, \ making the character phono-semantic (形聲／形声, OC *paʔ) . \ In the modern form the components have merged into a single shape. \ Probably cognate with 父 (OC *paʔ, “father”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with 方 (OC *paŋ, “just now”) (Pulleybank, 1962). Also compare Tibeto-Burman words for “to begin”: Proto-Kuki-Chin *pran, Jingpho hpang, Phom baŋ⁵⁵, Bahing preŋ. ‖ Sino-Tibetan. Endoactive of a root *PA(ʔ) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 佈 (OC *paːs, “to spread; to display; to announce”), 博 (OC *paːɡ, “wide”), 溥 (OC *pʰaːʔ, “vast; wide”), 敷 (OC *pʰa, “to lay out; to apply”), 鋪 (OC *pʰa, *pʰaː, “to spread”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also compare Proto-Kuki-Chin *phaʔ (“to spread; to stretch”). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : pjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : pjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : pjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄨˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou² ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pou³ ‖
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(literary, honorific) A term of address for a man, usually as a suffix placed after a man's courtesy name. • (honorific) courtesy name of a man • a surname ‖ to begin • (literary or Hong Kong) just; just now ‖ great ‖ Alternative form of 圃 (pǔ) ‖ Used in place names. ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 鋪／铺 (“ten Chinese miles”) ‖ (Teochew) to fuck; to have sexual intercourse with
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‖ 甫(はじめ) • (Hajime)
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for the first time; not until ‖ a male given name
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甫 • (bo) · 甫 • (bo) (hangeul 보, revised bo, McCune–Reischauer po, Yale po)
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Hán-Nôm : phủ • Hán-Nôm : bo • Hán-Nôm : bô • Hán-Nôm : bố
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甫
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| 甸
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Characters in the same phonetic series (田) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'iːŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 田 (OC *l'iːŋ, “field”). \ Exopassive of 田 (OC *l'iːŋ, “field”), literally "what is being/has been cultivated" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (田) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'iːŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 田 (OC *l'iːŋ, “field”). \ Exopassive of 田 (OC *l'iːŋ, “field”), literally "what is being/has been cultivated" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (田) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'iːŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 田 (OC *l'iːŋ, “field”). \ Exopassive of 田 (OC *l'iːŋ, “field”), literally "what is being/has been cultivated" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (田) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'iːŋs) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 田 (OC *l'iːŋ, “field”). \ Exopassive of 田 (OC *l'iːŋ, “field”), literally "what is being/has been cultivated" (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : din⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tián • Middle-Chinese : denH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : din¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tin⁴
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(literary) suburbs of the capital • (literary) field; open country; used in place names, chiefly in Yunnan and North-Eastern China • (obsolete) to govern • (obsolete) crops ‖ (chiefly Cantonese) Used in transcription. ‖ Only used in 沉甸甸 (chéndiàndiàn). ‖ to hunt (wild animals)
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甸 • (jeon, seung) · 甸 • (jeon, seung) (hangeul 전, 승)
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Hán-Nôm : điện • Hán-Nôm : điền
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甸
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| 畝
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Originally written as 畮, a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯʔ) : semantic 田 (“field”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ). The phonetic component 每 was later replaced with 又, now written as the new phonetic component 久 (OC *kʷlɯʔ). The component 十 was added above 田 in the Warring States period and was later corrupted into 亠 in clerical script. \ Possibly Sino-Tibetan. Compare Tibetan རྨོ (rmo), རྨོས (rmos, “to plow”), རྨོད (rmod, “plowing”), རྨོན་པ (rmon pa, “plow-ox”), Karbi [Term?] (-mò, “classifier for strips of fields”) (Bodman, 1980; Baxter, 1992; Schuessler, 2007). \ Schuessler (2007) also suggests a connection to an Austroasiatic root, whence Old Khmer cval (“to enter; to penetrate; (of animals) to copulate”), Khmu [script needed] (cmɔɔl, “to plant (rice) with a digging stick”), [script needed] (crmɔɔl, “digging stick”) (cf. Ferlus, 1987). The semantic development would be “digging stick” > “plowing” > “mu”. He also connects this to 牡 (OC *mɯwʔ, “male animal”); see there for more.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mau⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóo • Middle-Chinese : muwX
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mu (a Chinese measuring unit currently equivalent to 666 and 2/3 meters squared in Mainland China) • (Classical) cropland
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‖ 畝(ほ) • (ho)
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‖ mu (Chinese unit of surface area)
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畝 (eumhun 이랑 무 (irang mu)) · 畝 (eumhun 이랑 묘 (irang myo))
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hanja form of 무/묘 (“mu (Chinese unit of surface area)”)
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Hán-Nôm : mẩu • Hán-Nôm : mẫu
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畝
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| 畢
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 田 (“field”) + 𠦒 (“net”) – a net used for hunting in the field. Compare with 單
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bat¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pit • Middle-Chinese : pjit
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(obsolete) a long-handled small net for catching birds or rabbits • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Net (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions) • (obsolete) to catch (birds or rabbits) using such a net • (literary) the whole of; all; together • to end; to finish • a surname
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畢 • (pil) · 畢 • (pil) (hangeul 필, revised pil, McCune–Reischauer p'il, Yale phil)
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Hán-Nôm : tất
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畢
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| 畫
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 聿 (“pen brush”) + 画 (“a field (田) enclosed on four sides”). Meaning of "field boundaries recorded with a brush". ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 聿 (“pen brush”) + 画 (“a field (田) enclosed on four sides”). Meaning of "field boundaries recorded with a brush".
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ue̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uāi • Middle-Chinese : hweak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄚˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huā • Middle-Chinese : hweaH
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to write; to draw; to paint • to divide by a line • Alternative form of 劃／划 (“to devise”) • stroke of Chinese character ‖ drawing; painting; picture (Classifier: 幅 m c mn; 張／张 m) • decorated with paintings
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‖
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Kyūjitai form of 画 (picture) ‖
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畫 (eumhun 그림 화 (geurim hwa)) ‖ 畫 (eumhun 그을 획 (geueul hoek))
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hanja form of 화 (“picture; drawing; painting”) ‖ Alternative form of 劃 (“hanja form of 획 (“to draw a line; to mark”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : họa • Hán-Nôm : hoạ • Hán-Nôm : hoạch • Hán-Nôm : vạch • Hán-Nôm : vệt • Hán-Nôm : dạch • Hán-Nôm : vệch
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畫
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| 當
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Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːŋ, *taːŋs) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 田 (“field”) – fields facing each other. \ 當 (OC *taːŋs, “right; suitable; ought to”) (pronunciation 2) is the exopassive derivation of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to have the value of; to be equal of; to face; vis-à-vis”) (pronunciation 1), literally "what is being matched". \ 黨 (OC *taːŋʔ, “class; party”) is the endoactive derivation of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to be equal of”), literally "that which is equal in rank" (Schuessler, 2007). \ Perhaps cognate with Tibetan དང (dang, “(together) with; and”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (尚) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːŋ, *taːŋs) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 田 (“field”) – fields facing each other. \ 當 (OC *taːŋs, “right; suitable; ought to”) (pronunciation 2) is the exopassive derivation of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to have the value of; to be equal of; to face; vis-à-vis”) (pronunciation 1), literally "what is being matched". \ 黨 (OC *taːŋʔ, “class; party”) is the endoactive derivation of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to be equal of”), literally "that which is equal in rank" (Schuessler, 2007). \ Perhaps cognate with Tibetan དང (dang, “(together) with; and”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ 擋 (OC *taːŋʔ, *taːŋs, “to block; to obstruct”) is a derivative and was originally also written as 當 (Wang, 1982). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : dong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tong • Middle-Chinese : tang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dong³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tòng • Middle-Chinese : tangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dong¹ • Middle-Chinese : tangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤˇ • Middle-Chinese : tangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄉㄤ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tong
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to face; to turn towards • to bear; to withstand; to resist • to undertake; to manage; to take charge of • to work as; to serve as • to match equally; to equal; to be equal to • just at the time of; just happen (to be at a certain moment) • just at (a place); at or in the very same • to meet; to happen to • (literary) still; to be • to regard something/someone as; to think; to treat something/someone as • (literary) to make a judgement; to sentence • ought; should • gap; space; break • a surname ‖ to match; to be equal to • (obsolete) to lead; to manage • proper; suitable; adequate; fitting; appropriate • to regard as; to consider as; to treat as • to think • to pawn; to put in pawn • pawn; something pawned • pawnshop (often used in names of pawnshops) • trick; fraud; deception • (Taiwan, slang, of teachers or professors) to fail someone ‖ Alternative form of 擋／挡 (“to block; to obstruct”) ‖ the same (day etc.) ‖ to take sides ‖ Alternative form of 噹／当 (“clang; clank; ding-dong”) ‖ A meaningless suffix. ‖ (Southern Min) at the time; right now; just happen
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Kyūjitai form of 当
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當 (eumhun 마땅할 당 (mattanghal dang))
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hanja form of 당 (“appropriate”)
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Hán-Nôm : đương • Hán-Nôm : đáng • Hán-Nôm : đang
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chữ Hán form of đang (“currently; just; now”).
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當
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| 畸
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kî • Middle-Chinese : kje
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畸 • (gi) · 畸 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki, Yale ki)
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畸
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| 疆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaŋ) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ). \ Variant or allofam of 境 (OC *kraŋʔ, “boundary”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : goeng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiang • Middle-Chinese : kjang
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boundary; border; frontier • territory • limit; bound • (Hsinchu and Magong Hokkien) very big bowl • Short for 新疆 (Xīnjiāng). • a surname
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boundary
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疆 • (gang) · 疆 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang, Yale kang)
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Hán-Nôm : cưng • Hán-Nôm : câng • Hán-Nôm : cương
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疆
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| 疙
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : ngj+t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ
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^‡ dull-minded ‖ Used in compounds.
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疙 • (heul) · 疙 • (heul) (hangeul 흘, revised heul, McCune–Reischauer hŭl, Yale hul)
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Hán-Nôm : ngật • Hán-Nôm : ngất
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疙
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| 疚
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiù • Middle-Chinese : kjuwH ‖
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chronic disease; chronic illness • guilt; sorrow ‖ (Cantonese, dated in Standard Cantonese) tired
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疚 • (gu) · 疚 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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疚
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| 疤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praː) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa
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scar; cicatrix (Classifier: 道 m; 條／条 m c) • mark (on a tool or implement) (Classifier: 道 m; 條／条 m c)
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疤 • (pa) · 疤 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)
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Hán-Nôm : ba
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疤
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| 疹
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : can² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hm̂ • Middle-Chinese : tsyinX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˋ
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measles; rash ‖ Alternative form of 疢 (chèn, “fever; sickness; disease”)
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疹 • (jin) · 疹 • (jin) (hangeul 진, revised jin, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)
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Hán-Nôm : chẩn
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疹
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| 疼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dɯːŋ, *duːŋ) : semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + phonetic 冬 (OC *tuːŋ). \ Wang (1982) suggests that it is cognate with 痛 (OC *l̥ʰoːŋs, “painful”). \ Coblin (1986) derives it from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gdəngw (“pain; hurt”), comparing it to Tibetan གདུང་བ (gdung ba, “to feel pain”) and keeping it separate from the word family with 痛. Schuessler (2007) notes that this is a post-classical word. ‖ Unclear. Possibly from 聽 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋs, “to allow > to love”) (Li and Chen, 1991). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tang⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tung⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Middle-Chinese : downg ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiànn ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : tung³
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painful; aching; sore • to be fond of; to love ‖ (Eastern Min, Southern Min) painful; aching; sore • (Eastern Min, Southern Min) to love; to cherish ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 痛 (“painful; aching; sore; to be fond of; to love”)
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疼 • (dong) · 疼 • (dong) (hangeul 동, revised dong, McCune–Reischauer tong, Yale tong)
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Hán-Nôm : đông • Hán-Nôm : đầng • Hán-Nôm : thấng • Hán-Nôm : thầng • Hán-Nôm : thậng • Hán-Nôm : đậng
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疼
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| 痊
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun⁴ • Middle-Chinese : tshjwen
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to recover (from illness)
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痊 • (jeon) · 痊 • (jeon) (hangeul 전, revised jeon, McCune–Reischauer chŏn, Yale cen)
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痊
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| 痰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːm) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 炎 (OC *ɦlam).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâm • Middle-Chinese : dam
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phlegm; sputum (Classifier: 口 m; 篤／笃 c; 啖 c)
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‖ 痰(たん) • (tan)
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phlegm; sputum ‖ phlegm
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痰 • (dam) · 痰 • (dam) (hangeul 담, revised dam, McCune–Reischauer tam, Yale tam)
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痰
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| 瘍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laŋ) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 昜 (OC *laŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : joeng⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iûnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Middle-Chinese : yang
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sore; ulcer; carbuncle • to ulcerate; to fester
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swelling • boil • tumor
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瘍 • (yang) · 瘍 • (yang) (hangeul 양, revised yang, McCune–Reischauer yang, Yale yang)
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瘍
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| 瘟
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : un
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epidemic; plague; pestilence
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contagious disease
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瘟 • (on) · 瘟 • (on) (hangeul 온, revised on, McCune–Reischauer on, Yale on)
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Hán-Nôm : ôn
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瘟
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| 瘤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·ru, *m·rus) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 留 (OC *m·ru, *m·rus).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁴⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liû • Middle-Chinese : ljuw • Middle-Chinese : ljuwH
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tumor (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (regional) bump; swelling; bruise (Classifier: 個／个 c)
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bump • swelling or tumor
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瘤 • (ryu>yu) · 瘤 • (ryu>yu) (hangeul 류>유, revised ryu>yu, McCune–Reischauer ryu>yu, Yale lyu>yu)
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Hán-Nôm : lựu
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瘤
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| 瘦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *srus) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 叟 (OC *suːʔ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : só • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sóo • Middle-Chinese : srjuwH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : sán
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(of a person or animal) thin; slender; skinny • (of meat) lean • to lose weight; to become thin ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 㾪
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Kyūjitai form of 痩 (to become thin; to lose weight)
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瘦 • (su) · 瘦 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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thin • emaciated • lean • meager
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Hán-Nôm : sấu • Hán-Nôm : xấu
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瘦
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| 瘩
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Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 荅 (dá). ‖ Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 疒 (“illness”) + phonetic 荅 (dá).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄉㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daap³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tah ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄚˊ
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Only used in 疙瘩 (gēda), etc. ‖ Only used in 瘩背.
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Hán-Nôm : đáp
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瘩
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| 瘸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷal) : semantic 疒 (“sickness”) + phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ke⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : koe⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khêr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiô • Middle-Chinese : gjwa
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lame; crippled
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Hán-Nôm : qua • Hán-Nôm : cài
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瘸
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| 療
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rews) : semantic 疒 (“disease”) + phonetic 尞 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : liu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Middle-Chinese : ljewH
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to treat; to cure; to heal • therapy; treatment
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heal • cure
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療 (eumhun 고칠 료 (gochil ryo), word-initial (South Korea) 고칠 요 (gochil yo))
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hanja form of 료/요 (“heal; cure”)
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Hán-Nôm : liệu
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療
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| 癌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 嵒 (OC *ŋrɯːm, *ŋjab); 嵒／岩 (yán) is a variant of 岩 (yán). \ From 岩 (yán, “cliff; rock, stone”), since some cancers present as lumps or outgrowths on the body. \ In Mandarin, this character used to be pronounced identically as 岩 (yán). Its pronunciation was changed to ái in December 1962 to avoid the homophony between 癌 (yán, “cancer”) and 炎 (yán, “inflammation”) (compare 肺炎 (fèiyán, “pneumonia”) and 肺癌 (fèi'ái, “lung cancer”)). The new pronunciation ái stems from dialectal pronunciations of 岩 (“rock; cliff”) /ŋai/, influenced by 崖 (yá, yái, “cliff”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâm
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cancer; carcinoma
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‖ 癌(がん) or 癌(ガン) • (gan)
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cancer ‖ (medicine, oncology, pathology) cancer • (figurative) cancer
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癌 (eumhun 암 암 (am am))
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hanja form of 암 (“cancer”)
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canonical : 癌: Hán Việt readings: nham 癌: Nôm readings: nham
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chữ Hán form of nham (“cancer, mainly in compounds”).
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癌
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| 癖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰeɡ, *pʰeːɡ) : semantic 疒 + phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Middle-Chinese : phjiek • Middle-Chinese : phek ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : phia̍h
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craving; disposition; addiction; habit; weakness for • (Hokkien) temperament; attitude; disposition • (traditional Chinese medicine) Alternative form of 痞 (pǐ, “lump in the abdomen; splenomegaly; indigestion”) ‖ (Hokkien) measles • (Mainland China Hokkien) rash (in general)
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‖ 癖(くせ) • (kuse) ^(←くせ (kuse)?) ‖ 癖(へき) • (heki) ^(←へき (feki)?)
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habit; tendency ‖ habit; tendency • unusual trait; peculiarity • a bend or distortion that cannot be easily straightened or flattened · kink; curl (in hair) • a bend or distortion that cannot be easily straightened or flattened · crease (in clothing) ‖ habit; tendency
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癖 (eumhun 버릇 벽 (beoreut byeok))
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hanja form of 벽 (“habit”)
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|
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癖
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| 發
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pad) : semantic 弓 (“bow”) + phonetic 癹 (OC *pʰaːd, *baːd). \ STEDT compares 發 (OC *pad) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-p(r)ats (“to vomit”), whence Proto-Lolo-Burmese *C-pat (“to vomit”) (> Burmese ပစ် (pac, “to shoot, to throw, to eject”)) and Jingpho ǹ-phàt (“to vomit”). \ According to Schuessler (2007), this is an area word; compare Proto-Vietic *ɓah (“to vomit”), Mon ပန် (“to shoot”). \ A derivation is probably 廢 (OC *pads, “to cast aside”). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : pjot ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : but³ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : faak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faak⁶
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to shoot; to launch • to issue · to distribute • to issue · to ship; to send for delivery • to issue · to post; to send message • to issue · to publish • to issue · to emit • to issue · to escape • to issue · (chiefly of plants or plant parts) to grow out; (of flowers) to blossom • to issue · (Hokkien) to grow out (teeth, etc.) • to issue • to depart; to leave • to dispatch • to expand; to extend; to spread · to rise; to emerge • to expand; to extend; to spread · (colloquial) to gain wealth; to become rich; to make a fortune • to expand; to extend; to spread · (of food) to rise, expand, or become porous, especially as a result of leavening • to expand; to extend; to spread · (of food) to rise, expand, or become porous, especially as a result of leavening · (Mainland China Hokkien) to become fluffy and large or bloom like a flower due to leavening • to expand; to extend; to spread • to initiate; to give start to • to generate; to produce • to become; to get into a certain state • ^⁜ to open; to remove what seals, blocks, or shuts • to make manifest; to express; to act out • (figurative, of the mind) to make clear; to enlighten; to open up; to stimulate • Classifier for ammunition. • (slang) Classifier for ejaculation. • (Hokkien) to show effect; to break out • (Mainland China Hokkien) to go bad; to deteriorate; to become rotten • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to have quicklime react by mixing with water • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) stirred with water and squeezed repeatedly becoming dense and flexible (of flour, earth, etc.) ‖ bent; crooked • Used in 發發／发发 (bōbō, “numerous; sound of strong wind or fish jumping”). ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𢪎 (“to whip; to whisk”)
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|
Kyūjitai form of 発
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發 (eumhun 필 발 (pil bal))
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hanja form of 발 (“to shoot; to emit; to discharge”) [affix] • hanja form of 발 (“departing from; originating from”) [suffix]
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Hán-Nôm : phát • Hán-Nôm : phắt • Hán-Nôm : phết
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|
發
|
| 皂
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Variant form of 皁／皂 (zào), in turn a variant form of 早 retaining its original sense (see there for more).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsô
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black • Short for 皂斗 (“acorn”). • Short for 皂莢／皂荚 (zàojiá, “Chinese honey locust (Gleditsia sinensis)”). • soap • yamen runner
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|
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canonical : 皂: Hán Việt readings: tạo • canonical : sàu • canonical : sạu • canonical : tạu • canonical : sạo
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|
皂
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| 皓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuːʔ) : semantic 白 (“white”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ). \ Compare Proto-Tai *xaːwᴬ (“white”) (whence Zhuang hau and Thai ขาว (kǎao)) and Proto-Hlai *kʰaːw (“white”) (Matisoff, 1988).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hō • Middle-Chinese : hawX
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bright white; luminous white; shimmering white (e.g. of the moon, or of a beautiful woman) • white-haired; hoary • (～日) (telegraphy) the nineteenth day of a month • a surname • Alternative form of 昊 (hào, “vast (of the sky)”)
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|
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皓 • (ho) · 皓 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho, Yale ho)
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|
|
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皓
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| 皖
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This term (Wǎn) is used to refer to the Anhui province of eastern China because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan River in the province. ‖ This term (Wǎn) is used to refer to the Anhui province of eastern China because there were historically a State of Wan, a Mount Wan, and a Wan River in the province.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : hwaenX
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Alternative name for 安徽 (Ānhuī, “Anhui province”). ‖ bright; bright star
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Venus (Astronomy)
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皖 • (hwan) · 皖 • (hwan) (hangeul 환, revised hwan, McCune–Reischauer hwan, Yale hwan)
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Hán-Nôm : hoản
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皖
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| 盈
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 夃 (“exceed/augment”) + 皿 (“vessel”) – to add too much (liquid) to a vessel. \ Compare Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(p/b)liŋ (“full; fill”), whence Chepang ब्लीङ्सा (bliŋ‑, “to be full; fill”), Burmese ပြည့် (prany., “to be full”), Burmese ဖြည့် (hprany., “to add”) (Schuessler, 2007, STEDT). An allofam is perhaps 孕 (OC *lɯŋs, “pregnant”), as well as 填 (OC *diːn, *diːns, *tin, *tins, “to fill up”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jing⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iânn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : innh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îng • Middle-Chinese : yeng
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to fill; to be full of; to be filled with • to have a surplus; to have excess • (of a person's body, or handwriting) well-developed; full-grown; shapely; curvaceous; plump • (obsolete) vigorous; exuberant • (literary) to reach • (literary) to increase • (obsolete) proud; arrogant • a surname
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‖ 盈(えい) • (ei)
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fill • surplus ‖ to be full; to be filled; (of moon) to wax
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盈 • (yeong) · 盈 • (yeong) (hangeul 영, revised yeong, McCune–Reischauer yŏng, Yale yeng)
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Hán-Nôm : dềnh • Hán-Nôm : doanh • Hán-Nôm : giềng • Hán-Nôm : diềng • Hán-Nôm : riêng
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盈
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| 盒
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From 合 (OC *ɡuːb, “to be together; to close”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍p • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a̍p • Middle-Chinese : hop
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box; case (generally small, with a lid) (Classifier: 個／个 c) • Classifier for boxes or cases.
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盒 • (hap) · 盒 • (hap) (hangeul 합, revised hap, McCune–Reischauer hap, Yale hap)
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canonical : 盒: Hán Việt readings: hạp 盒: Nôm readings: hạp • canonical : hộp • canonical : ộp • canonical : thạp
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chữ Hán form of hạp (“box, container”). • Nôm form of hộp (“box”).
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盒
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| 盔
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwai¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khue • Middle-Chinese : khwoj
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helmet • bowl; basin
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helmet • bowl; basin
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盔 • (hoe) · 盔 • (hoe) (hangeul 회, revised hoe, McCune–Reischauer hoe, Yale hoy)
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Hán-Nôm : khôi
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盔
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| 盜
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㳄 (“spitting man”) + 皿 (“dish”) – a man spitting into a dish, an oath among thieves.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Middle-Chinese : dawH
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(transitive) to steal • ^⁜ illegally • ^⁜ thief; robber
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盜 (eumhun 도둑 도 (doduk do))
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hanja form of 도 (“thief”)
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Hán-Nôm : đạo
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盜
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| 盡
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 聿 (“hand holding a brush”) + 灬 (“bristles”) + 皿 (“dish”) – cleaning a dish with a brush – empty. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzin (“to exhaust; to come to an end”). Cognate with Tibetan ཟིན (zin, “to be finished; to draw near an end”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǐn • Middle-Chinese : dzinX
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to end; to finish; to be exhausted • to reach the end • to exhaust; to use to the fullest extent • to die • all; completely; entirely
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exhaust, use up
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盡 • (jin) · 盡 • (jin) (hangeul 진)
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exhaust, use up • deplete
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Hán-Nôm : tận • Hán-Nôm : hết
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盡
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| 盯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rteŋʔ, *rdeŋ) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 丁 (OC *rteːŋ, *teːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ding¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deng¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ting • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàn • Middle-Chinese : draeng • Middle-Chinese : traengX
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to gaze upon; to keep eyes on; to stare at
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to stare, to fix one's eyes on
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Hán-Nôm : đinh
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盯
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| 盹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːnʔ, *tjuns) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːnʔ, *tjuns) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 屯 (OC *duːn, *tun)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deon⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tùn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuh • Middle-Chinese : tsywinH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄣ
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doze; nap; nod ‖ Alternative form of 𥇜
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盹 • (sun) · 盹 • (sun) (hangeul 순, revised sun, McCune–Reischauer sun, Yale swun)
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盹
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| 盼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰrɯːns) : semantic 目 + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : paan³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phàn • Middle-Chinese : pheanH
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(archaic, of the eyes) with pupils and whites clearly separated; clear and bright • to look; to see • to hope for; to long for; to expect; to look forward to
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look • gaze • expect • hope for
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盼 • (ban) · 盼 • (ban) (hangeul 반)
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look • gaze • expect • hope for
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Hán-Nôm : phán
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盼
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| 眨
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaam² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaap³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsha̍p • Middle-Chinese : tsreap
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to blink; to wink • (Hakka) to close one's eyes
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wink
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眨 • (jap) · 眨 • (jap) (hangeul 잡, revised jap, McCune–Reischauer chap, Yale cap)
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wink
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眨
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| 眶
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong¹ • Middle-Chinese : khjwang
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eye socket, cranial orbit • rim of the eye; skin around the eyes
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眶
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| 眷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *krons) : phonetic 龹 () + semantic 目 (“eye”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gyun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Middle-Chinese : kjwenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄢˋ
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relatives ‖ (literary) take interest in; care for
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眷 (eum 권 (gwon))
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Hán-Nôm : quyến • Hán-Nôm : quấn • Hán-Nôm : cuốn • Hán-Nôm : quẹn
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眷
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| 眺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeːws) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 兆 (OC *l'ewʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tiu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiàu • Middle-Chinese : thewH
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to cast sidelong glances • (alt. form 覜／眺) to gaze afar; to look from a distance See also: 眺望 • to look at; to gaze • (archaic, Buddhism) to examine; to investigate • ^‡ to avoid
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to look at; to gaze
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眺 (eumhun 바라볼 조 (barabol jo))
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hanja form of 조 (“to look at; to gaze”)
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Hán-Nôm : thiếu
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眺
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| 睛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ) : semantic 目 + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ) : semantic 目 + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ) : semantic 目 + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zing¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsing • Middle-Chinese : tsjeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshíng • Middle-Chinese : tshjengX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshíng
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eyeball • pupil of eye ‖ (literary) Only used in 眳睛. ‖ (Hokkien) Only used in 覷睛／觑睛.
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睛 (eumhun 눈동자 정 (nundongja jeong))
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hanja form of 정 (“pupil”)
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睛
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| 睫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔseb) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 疌 (OC *zeb)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zip³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tseeh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tseh • Middle-Chinese : tsjep
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eyelash
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eyelashes
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睫 • (cheop) · 睫 • (cheop) (hangeul 첩, revised cheop, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏp, Yale chep)
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Hán-Nôm : tiệp
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睫
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| 睬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰɯːʔ) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 采 (OC *sʰɯːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshái
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to notice, to pay attention to; to heed
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睬 • (chae) · 睬 • (chae) (hangeul 채)
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Hán-Nôm : thải • Hán-Nôm : thái
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睬
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| 睹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːʔ) : semantic 目 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ). \ Proposed to be cognate with Tibetan ལྟ (lta, “to look at, to see”) (LaPolla, 1994), which is derived from Proto-Bodic *l-ta-s/t (“to see, to look”) (STEDT). It has also been connected with Proto-Tai *p.taːᴬ (“eye”) (Unger, 1990).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : tuX
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to see; to look at • to observe; to witness • a surname
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睹 • (do) · 睹 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to, Yale to)
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Hán-Nôm : đổ • Hán-Nôm : đủ
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睹
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| 瞄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 苗
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : miu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biô
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to aim; to take aim at • to set sight on • to peek at; to glance at • (Cantonese) to target at
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Hán-Nôm : miểu • Hán-Nôm : miêu
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瞄
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| 瞎
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hat⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khueh • Middle-Chinese : xaet
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to be blind • at random; aimlessly • (colloquial) to fail • (dialectal) to become tangled • (dialectal Mandarin, including Dungan) bad • (Wu) very; extremely
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瞎 (eumhun 애꾸눈 할 (aekkunun hal))
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Hán-Nôm : hạt • Hán-Nôm : hắt • Hán-Nôm : hặt • Hán-Nôm : hát
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瞎
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| 瞧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 焦.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiâu
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(colloquial) to look; to see; to take a glance at • (colloquial) to diagnose and treat • (colloquial) to visit; to see
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Hán-Nôm : tiều
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瞧
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| 瞪
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dang⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : caang⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tènn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thînn • Middle-Chinese : dreang • Middle-Chinese : dring • Middle-Chinese : dringH
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to open one's eyes wide • to give a hard look; to glare at
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瞪 • (jing) · 瞪 • (jing) (hangeul 징, revised jing, McCune–Reischauer ching, Yale cing)
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Hán-Nôm : trừng • Hán-Nôm : trưng
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瞪
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| 瞻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjam) : semantic 目 (“eye”) + phonetic 詹 (OC *tjam)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zim¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiam • Middle-Chinese : tsyem
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to look up or forward • to look with reverence; to look up to • to observe
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瞻 • (cheom) · 瞻 • (cheom) (hangeul 첨, revised cheom, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏm, Yale chem)
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romanization : chiêm
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瞻
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| 矗
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Triplication of 直 (“straight”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cuk¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshak • Middle-Chinese : tsrhjuwk • Middle-Chinese : trhjuwk
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upright; erect; lofty
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to stand towering over the surroundings
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矗 • (chok) · 矗 • (chok) (hangeul 촉, revised chok, McCune–Reischauer ch'ok, Yale chok)
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矗
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| 矩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʷaʔ) : semantic 矢 + phonetic 巨 (OC *ɡaʔ). \ ; “(physics) moment”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : geoi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kí • Middle-Chinese : kjuX
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^† carpenter's square • square (shape) • rule; law • (physics) moment • (～州) (historical) Old name for 貴州／贵州 (Guìzhōu, “Guizhou”) during the Yuan dynasty.
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‖ 矩(く) • (ku) ‖ 矩(く) • (ku)
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carpenter's square ‖ carpenter's square • square (shape) • rule; law ‖ (astronomy) quadrature
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矩 • (gu) · 矩 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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Hán-Nôm : củ
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矩
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| 矮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qraːlʔ) : semantic 矢 + phonetic 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ai² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : é • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ái • Middle-Chinese : 'eaX
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(of stature) short • low (of less than normal height) • (Mainland China Hokkien) to fall short (compared to someone else)
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small, little, dwarf
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矮 • (wae) · 矮 • (wae) (hangeul 왜, McCune–Reischauer wae, Yale way)
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Hán-Nôm : ải
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矮
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| 砌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰiːds) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 切 (OC *sn̥ʰiːds, *sn̥ʰiːd).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cai³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gih • Middle-Chinese : tshejH
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to build by laying bricks or stones • step (in a staircase) • (Cantonese) to assemble • (Cantonese) to beat up; to attack • (Cantonese, figuratively) to beat; to defeat
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砌 • (che) · 砌 • (che) (hangeul 체, revised che, McCune–Reischauer ch'e, Yale chey)
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砌
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| 砍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰoːmʔ) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 欠 (OC *kʰoms).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ham² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khám
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to hack; to chop; to cut; to fell • to reduce; to weaken • (dialect) to throw in order to hit • Same as 侃 (kǎn) to chat • a surname: Kan
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Hán-Nôm : khảm
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砍
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| 砰
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiang • Middle-Chinese : pheang
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(onomatopoeia) sound of something striking against something or bursting; bang; thump
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砰 • (paeng) · 砰 • (paeng) (hangeul 팽, revised paeng, McCune–Reischauer p'aeng, Yale phayng)
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砰
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| 砸
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;“to sew with a sewing machine” ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaap³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsà ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak³
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(of falling objects) to crush; to smash • to bash; to smash • to break; to destroy • to throw; to toss • (dialectal Mandarin) to sew with a sewing machine • (colloquial) to flop; to fail; to fall through ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 矺 (“to press down on; to weigh down”)
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Hán-Nôm : táp • Hán-Nôm : tặp
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砸
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| 碌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːɡ, *roɡ) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 彔 (OC *b·roːɡ). ‖ ‖ From Zhuang lwg (“child; diminutive”) (HFC).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : luk¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : luk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Middle-Chinese : luwk • Middle-Chinese : ljowk ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k ‖
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busy • common • (ideophonic) having numerous stones ‖ (Hokkien) tired; fatigued; weary; overworked; to become tired (from something) ‖ (Cantonese, Hakka) pomelo
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‖ 碌(ろく) • (roku) -na (adnominal 碌(ろく)な (roku na), adverbial 碌(ろく)に (roku ni)) ‖ 碌(ろく) • (roku)
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satisfactory ‖ Alternative form of 陸 ‖ Alternative form of 陸
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碌 (eum 록 (rok), word-initial (South Korea) 녹 (nok))
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Hán-Nôm : lộc
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碌
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| 碎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *suːds) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 卒 (OC *ʔsuːd, *sʰuːd, *ʔsud).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuì • Middle-Chinese : swojH
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shattered; fragmented; shredded • small pieces; bits; fragments • to shatter; to fragment; to shred • talkative • a surname: Sui
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碎 (eumhun 부술 쇄 (busul swae))
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hanja form of 쇄 (“shred”)
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canonical : 碎: Hán Việt readings: toái 碎: Nôm readings: tôi • canonical : tui • canonical : toái • canonical : thỏi • canonical : tỏa • canonical : toả • canonical : tủi ‖ romanization : tôi ‖ romanization : tôi
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‖ (archaic, historical) slave; domestic servant ‖ (formal in all dialects) I/me (used in formal contexts, regardless of the difference in status between the speakers)
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碎
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| 碗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoːnʔ) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 宛 (OC *qon, *qonʔ). \ From 甌 (OC *qoː, “bowl”) + -n (“nominalizing suffix”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : 'wanX
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bowl (Classifier: 個／个 m c; 隻／只 m c h; 塊／块 mn) • bowl-like object • Classifier for the quantity of a bowl: bowlful
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‖ 碗(わん) • (wan) ^(←わん (wan)?)
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porcelain bowl • teacup ‖ bowl
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碗 (eumhun 사발 완 (sabal wan))
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hanja form of 완 (“(porcelain) bowl”)
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Hán-Nôm : oản • Hán-Nôm : uyển
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(obsolete) bowl
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碗
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| 碘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 石 + phonetic 典 (diǎn). \ Borrowed from English iodine.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : din² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tián
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(chemistry) iodine
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碘 • (jeon) · 碘 • (jeon) (hangeul 전, revised jeon, McCune–Reischauer chŏn, Yale cen)
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碘
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| 碟
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From 疊 (MC dep, “stack”); not used before Yuan dynasty.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍p
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small plate; small dish • (chiefly Cantonese) plate; dish (of any size) (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • dish (of food) • Classifier for dishes of food: dish; plate • (computing) disc-based data storage device, such as a CD or a DVD (Classifier: 隻／只 c)
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to tan leather • small dish
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碟 • (seol) · 碟 • (seol) (hangeul 설, revised seol, McCune–Reischauer sŏl, Yale sel)
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Hán-Nôm : điệp • Hán-Nôm : diệp • Hán-Nôm : đĩa
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碟
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| 碰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 石 (“rock”) + phonetic 並. \ Appears in Zihui [Ming dynasty] as 掽, but only attested in literary works since Qing dynasty. Probably a recent colloquial form of 逢 (MC bjowng) (Wang, 1982; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóng
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to collide; to bump; to knock; to touch • to meet by chance; to bump into; to come across • to test out; to try one's luck • to offend; to provoke • (mahjong) to form a pung
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‖ 碰(ポン) • (pon)
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collide, bump into ‖ (mahjong) a call for a 明刻 (minkō, “open triplet”) from a discarded tile, compare English pung
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Hán-Nôm : bánh • Hán-Nôm : bính
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碰
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| 碳
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 石 (“(chemical nomenclature) non-metal solid”) + 炭 (“charcoal”). Also a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) , with 炭 (tàn) as a phonetic component. \ From 炭 (tàn, “charcoal”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thàn
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(chemistry) carbon • (ecology) carbon emissions (in the context of global warming and climate change)
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碳 (eum 탄 (tan))
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Hán-Nôm : thán
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碳
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| 碾
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Alternative form of 輾／辗 (niǎn), using 石 as semantic part instead of 車. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nja-s ~ *s-njan (“to punish; to oppress; to coerce”) (STEDT). Related to 蹍 (“to trample”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zin² • Cantonese · Jyutping : nin⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lún • Middle-Chinese : nrjenH
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roller • to grind; to crush
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碾 • (nyeon>yeon) · 碾 • (nyeon>yeon) (hangeul 년>연, revised nyeon>yeon, McCune–Reischauer nyŏn>yŏn, Yale nyen>yen)
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碾
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| 磅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːŋ, *pʰraːŋ) : semantic 石 (“rock; stone”) + phonetic 旁 (OC *baːŋ). \ Borrowed from English pound. ‖ Borrowed from English point. ‖ ‖ Onomatopoeic.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bong⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǒng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pông • Middle-Chinese : phang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōng • Middle-Chinese : phang • Middle-Chinese : phjaeng
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pound (unit of mass) • to weigh • platform scale; balance • (Cantonese) pressure gauge; manometer ‖ point (unit equal to 1/12 of a pica) ‖ Only used in 磅礴 (pángbó) and 磅磄. ‖
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‖ 磅(ポンド) • (pondo)
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pound ‖ Rare spelling of ポンド (pondo, “pound”).
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磅 • (bang) · 磅 • (bang) (hangeul 방, revised bang, McCune–Reischauer pang, Yale pang)
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Hán-Nôm : bàng
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磅
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| 磊
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Triplication of 石 (“stone”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luí • Middle-Chinese : lwojX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁵
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appearance of piles of rocks • to pile up • large; tall ‖ Only used in 磊口.
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‖
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lots of stones ‖
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磊 • (roe>noe) · 磊 • (roe>noe) (hangeul 뢰>뇌, revised roe>noe, McCune–Reischauer roe>noe, Yale loy>noy)
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Hán-Nôm : lỗi
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磊
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| 磕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːb, *kʰaːd) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 盍 (OC *ɡaːb).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hap⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham² • Cantonese · Jyutping : koi³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kha̍p • Middle-Chinese : khajH • Middle-Chinese : khat • Middle-Chinese : khap
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to knock sth. against a hard surface; to dash against a stone • to knock an item off another item by hitting them against a hard surface • to kowtow • (dialect, figurative) to fight
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hit • collide • knock into
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磕 • (gae) · 磕 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
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bump • drumbeat
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Hán-Nôm : khạp
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磕
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| 磷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rin, *rins) : semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 粦 (OC *rins). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîn • Middle-Chinese : lin ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leon⁶ • Middle-Chinese : linH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁴
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ignis fatuus • (chemistry) phosphorus • fragment of stone ‖ thin • blemish • stain • unimpeded • mica ‖ stony ‖ Only used in 砰磷.
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flaked rock • luster
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磷 • (rin>in) · 磷 • (rin>in) (hangeul 린>인, revised rin>in, McCune–Reischauer rin>in, Yale lin>in)
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Hán-Nôm : lân • Hán-Nôm : lấn
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磷
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| 祉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰlɯʔ) : semantic 示 (“sign”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ci² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : trhiX
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happiness; blessings; good luck; felicity
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祉 • (ji) · 祉 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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祉
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| 祕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 示 (“altar”) + phonetic 必 (OC *pliɡ) – arcane, secret rituals.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei³ • Middle-Chinese : pijH
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Alternative form of 秘 • a surname
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secret
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祕 • (bi) · 祕 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi, Yale pi)
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祕
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| 祟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰluds) : phonetic 出 (OC *kʰljuds, *kʰljud) + semantic 示 (“altar”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suī • Middle-Chinese : swijH
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disaster brought by evil spirits • evil spirit; evil influence • to haunt; to cause mischief • sneaky; furtive; secretive
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祟 (eum 수 (su))
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Hán-Nôm : tụy • Hán-Nôm : tuỵ
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祟
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| 祠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 礻 (“divinity”) + phonetic 司 (OC *slɯ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sî • Middle-Chinese : zi
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ancestral temple • (literary) to offer sacrifice • (literary) spring sacrifice
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‖ 祠(ほこら) • (hokora)
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‖ a small shrine
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祠 • (sa) · 祠 • (sa) (hangeul 사, revised sa, McCune–Reischauer sa, Yale sa)
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Hán-Nôm : từ • Hán-Nôm : thờ • Hán-Nôm : tờ
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祠
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| 祿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːɡ) : semantic 示 (“spirit”) + phonetic 彔 (OC *b·roːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : luk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Middle-Chinese : luwk
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blessing; happiness; prosperity • emoluments; official salary
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祿 (eumhun 복 록 (bok rok), word-initial (South Korea) 복 녹 (bok nok))
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hanja form of 복/록 (“green, official salary”) • hanja form of 복/록 (“blessing, happiness, fortune”) • hanja form of 복/록 (“sacrificial meat”) • hanja form of 복/록 (“pay salary”) • hanja form of 복/록 (“bless”)
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Hán-Nôm : lộc • Hán-Nôm : lốc • Hán-Nôm : trốc
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祿
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| 禪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djan, *djans) : semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans). \ Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djan, *djans) : semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans). \ Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djan, *djans) : semantic 示 + phonetic 單 (OC *taːn, *djan, *djanʔ, *djans). \ Pronunciation 1 is short for 禪那, which is a borrowing from Sanskrit ध्यान (dhyāna, “dhyana”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sim⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sînn • Middle-Chinese : dzyen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siān • Middle-Chinese : dzyenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄢˊ
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(Buddhism) dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation • Buddhist doctrine; Buddhist teachings • relating to Buddhism; Buddhist; thoughtful; philosophical ‖ (obsolete) to offer sacrifices to nature • to abdicate and pass the throne to someone • to succeed; to replace ‖ name of an ancient state
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dhyana; deep meditation; contemplation
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禪 • (seon) · 禪 • (seon) (hangeul 선, revised seon, McCune–Reischauer sŏn, Yale sen)
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Zen
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Hán-Nôm : thiền • Hán-Nôm : thiện • Hán-Nôm : thuyền • Hán-Nôm : xèng
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Dhyana • Zen Buddhism
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禪
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| 禮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːʔ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 礻 (“altar”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ, “ceremony”) – performing rites at the altar. \ Originally written 豊, see there for more. \ Uncertain. Schuessler (2007) proposes that this is an old areal etymon. Compare Tibetan ཞེ་ས (zhe sa, “respect, honor, deference”), རྗེ་བོ (rje bo, “lord, nobleman”), རྗེད (rjed, “to honor; reverence”); Mru [script needed] (ri, “ritual”) is possibly borrowed from Austroasiatic (cf. Mon [script needed] (rèh seh, “to respect, to revere”); Thin Khmu [script needed] (rɛh, “to lift up”); both from Proto-Mon-Khmer *reh (“to raise up, to exalt”)).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lé • Middle-Chinese : lejX
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ritual; rite; ceremony • rules of etiquette; rules of propriety • courtesy; etiquette; manners • present; gift (Classifier: 份 m c) • to treat with respect and courtesy • 48th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ritual" (𝌵) • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 礼 (“propriety; courtesy; politeness; etiquette”)
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hanja form of 례/예 (“manners; etiquette”)
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canonical : 禮: Hán Việt readings: lễ 禮: Nôm readings: lễ • canonical : lạy • canonical : lẻ • canonical : lẫy • canonical : rẽ • canonical : rẩy • canonical : lẩy • canonical : lãi • canonical : lể • canonical : lởi • canonical : lỡi • canonical : lấy • canonical : lảy • canonical : rẻ
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chữ Hán form of lễ (“ritual; etiquette; to kowtow; an offering; ceremony”). • Nôm form of lạy (“to kowtow”). • Nôm form of lẻ (“odd (not divisible by two)”).
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禮
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| 禹
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The Shuowen interprets the character as pictographic (象形) of an animal. The bronze-script character clearly shows the 虫 component. \ ;insect
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ú • Middle-Chinese : hjuX
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(Chinese mythology) Yu the Great (the legendary king associated with a flood myth and the foundation of the Xia dynasty) • ^‡ insect
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‖ 禹(う) • (U)
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Name of a Xia Dynasty emperor in ancient China: Emperor Yŭ, Yŭ the Great, or Dà Yŭ. ‖ Yu the Great, legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty in ancient China
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禹 • (u) · 禹 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)
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(성씨) a surname • (大禹) Yu the Great • (임금) king • (벌레) worm • (곡척) steel square
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Hán-Nôm : vũ
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夏禹 Hạ Vũ
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禹
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| 秉
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 禾 (“plant”) + 又 (“hand”) — a hand holding a plant by the stalk. Compare: 兼, a hand holding two plants. \ Cognate with 柄 (OC *praŋʔ, *praŋs, “a handle”), which is exopassive of 秉 (OC *praŋʔ, “to grasp”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : píng • Middle-Chinese : pjaengX
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a handful of crops • to grasp; to hold • to preside over • to persist in; to persevere
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take • cherish • sheaf • unit of volume (10 koku; 1,800 l)
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秉 (eum 병 (byeong))
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Hán-Nôm : bỉnh • Hán-Nôm : bảnh
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秉
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| 秤
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Glyphic variant of 稱／称.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cing³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshìn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshìng • Middle-Chinese : tsyhingH
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scales (device to measure weight) • to weigh • (Hong Kong) Short for 天秤 (“tower crane”).
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‖ 秤(はかり) • (hakari)
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‖ scale
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秤 • (ching) · 秤 • (ching) (hangeul 칭, revised ching, McCune–Reischauer ch'ing, Yale ching)
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(저울, jeoul): balance, scale.
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romanization : xứng • romanization : hấng
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秤
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| 秦
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In the oracle bone script, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 午 (“pestle”, the original form of 杵) + 廾 (“two hands”) + two 禾 (“grain”). A form of its bronze inscription containing only one 禾 developed into the subsequent small seal script form in Shuowen. The 午 and 廾 components have fused into 𡗗 in the modern form. Old Chinese *dzin may derive from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-dz(j)a-k/n/t/s (“to eat; food; to feed; rice”), also recorded as *dzaʔ (Schuessler, 2007). \ According to Shuowen Jiezi, the glyph is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : abbreviated 舂 (“to pound grain”) + 禾 (“grain”) – husked grain. However this would necessitate a phonological shift that is considered unlikely, and furthermore is likely a folk etymology altogether.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîn • Middle-Chinese : dzin
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(～國) State of Qin (in ancient China) • (～朝) Qin dynasty, first imperial dynasty of China • Qin, a general area of central-west China in modern-day Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces • a surname
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‖ 秦(しん) • (Shin) ‖ 秦(はた) • (Hata) ‖ 秦(はたしん) • (Hatashin)
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Qin dynasty ‖ (historical) the Qin dynasty (221-207 BCE), first dynasty of China • (historical) name of various states during the Sixteen Kingdoms period: · 前秦 (Zenshin, “Former Qin”, 351-394 CE) • (historical) name of various states during the Sixteen Kingdoms period: · 後秦 (Kōshin, “Later Qin”, 384-417 CE) • (historical) name of various states during the Sixteen Kingdoms period: · 西秦 (Seishin, “Western Qin”, 385-431 CE) • a surname ‖ a place name • a surname ‖ Synonym of 秦 (Shin, see above)
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秦 • (jin) · 秦 • (jin) (hangeul 진, revised jin, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)
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Qin
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Hán-Nôm : tần • Hán-Nôm : thái
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秦
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| 秧
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaŋ, *qaŋʔ) : semantic 禾 (“grain; cereal”) + phonetic 央 (OC *qaŋ). \ Attested relatively late, in the Tang dynasty (Sagart (2011)). \ Haudricourt and Strecker (1991) propose a Hmong-Mien origin, but Sagart (2011) argues that the direction of borrowing should be the other way around. He instead proposes an internal Chinese origin, suggesting that it is a cognate of 英 (OC *qraŋ, “grasses at their growing/flowering stage, before producing seeds”) without a -r- infix. \ Relationship with Tibeto-Burman items is unclear, due to mismatching initials: Tibetan ལྗང་བ (ljang ba, “shoot, sprout”), ལྗང་བུ (ljang bu, “rice seedling”), Lepcha ᰊᰜᰤᰨᰵ (ta-lyong, “young blades of corn, rice”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄤㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iang • Middle-Chinese : 'jang • Middle-Chinese : 'jangX
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rice seedling • sprout; shoot; seedling • vine; stalk • young animal; -ling • (literary) to transplant rice seedlings • (dialectal) to grow; to cultivate; to raise • a surname
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秧 • (ang) · 秧 • (ang) (hangeul 앙, revised ang, McCune–Reischauer ang, Yale ang)
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canonical : 秧: Hán Việt readings: ương • canonical : ưởng 秧: Nôm readings: ương
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chữ Hán form of ương (“seedling, sprout”).
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秧
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| 稍
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siau • Middle-Chinese : sraewH
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a little; slightly; rather • siyah (stiffened end of a composite bow) • a surname: Shao
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稍 (eum 초 (cho))
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Hán-Nôm : sảo • Hán-Nôm : rảo • Hán-Nôm : xao
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稍
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| 税
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Simplified from 稅 (兌 → 兑). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 禾 + phonetic 兑 (OC *l'oːds).
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‖ 税(ぜい) • (zei) ‖ 税(ちから) • (chikara)
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tax ‖ tax, duty, customs (money paid to the government) ‖ (historical, archaic) general term for items presented by the people to the state: tribute, taxes
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税 • (se, tal) · 税 • (se, tal) (hangeul 세, 탈)
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税
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| 稠
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiû • Middle-Chinese : drjuw
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dense • thick; viscous • (Eastern Min) often, frequently
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稠 • (jo, ju) · 稠 • (jo, ju) (hangeul 조, 주, revised jo, ju, McCune–Reischauer cho, chu, Yale co, cwu)
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Hán-Nôm : trù
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稠
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| 稱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjɯŋ, *tʰjɯŋs) : semantic 禾 (“rice”) + phonetic 爯 (OC *tʰjɯŋ) – measure rice. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjɯŋ, *tʰjɯŋs) : semantic 禾 (“rice”) + phonetic 爯 (OC *tʰjɯŋ) – measure rice.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshing • Middle-Chinese : tsyhing ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : can³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshìng • Middle-Chinese : tsyhingH
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to weigh • to call; to name • to say; to state • to praise; to commend • name; address; appellation; designation • (literary) reputation; repute; standing • to proclaim oneself to be • (literary) to lift; to raise ‖ to match; to fit • balanced; suitable • (Mandarin, colloquial) to have (money or properties) • Alternative form of 秤 (“steelyard”)
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稱 • (ching) · 稱 • (ching) (hangeul 칭, revised ching, McCune–Reischauer ch'ing, Yale ching)
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Hán-Nôm : xưng • Hán-Nôm : xứng
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稱
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| 穗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢʷids) : semantic 禾 (“grain”) + phonetic 惠 (OC *ɢʷiːds). \ From Sino-Tibetan; compare Mizo vui (“ear (of grain); to ear”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huī • Middle-Chinese : zwijH
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ear of grain • tassel • snuff of a candle • (abbreviation of 穗城) Guangzhou • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 穂.
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穗 • (su) · 穗 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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Hán-Nôm : tuệ
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穗
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| 穿
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 穴 (“cave”) + 牙 (“tooth”) – to penetrate through, to pass through. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan [Term?]; cognate with Tibetan རྟོལ (rtol, “to bore; to pierce; to perforate”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From 上 (OC *djaŋʔ, *djaŋs) (Yang, 2016).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuan • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwen • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwenH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshīng
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to penetrate; to pierce • to pass through; to cross • to string; to chain • to wear; to put on (clothing); to have (clothing) on • placed after verbs to indicate “thoroughly; completely” ‖ (Min) to wear; to put on (clothing); to have (clothing) on
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put on (to the feet) • dig • pierce • drill
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穿 (eumhun 뚫을 천 (ttureul cheon))
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hanja form of 천 (“to put on”)
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Hán-Nôm : xuyên • Hán-Nôm : xoen
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穿
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| 窄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraːɡ) : semantic 穴 (“cave; hole”) + phonetic 乍 (OC *zraːɡs)
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zaak³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄜˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Middle-Chinese : tsraek
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narrow; (of rooms, pants, etc.) tight • narrow-minded • (colloquial) badly off; hard up
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‖ 窄(さこ) • (Sako)
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‖ a surname
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窄 • (chak) · 窄 • (chak) (hangeul 착, McCune–Reischauer ch'ak, Yale chak)
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Hán-Nôm : trách • Hán-Nôm : trậc
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窄
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| 窖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruːɡs) : semantic 穴 (“hole; cave”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu • Middle-Chinese : kaewH
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pit; cellar • to store in a cellar
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romanization : diếu • romanization : khéo • romanization : khiếu • romanization : giáo
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窖
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| 窗
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 穴 (“hole”) + 囱 (“window”). \ From circumstantial noun prefix *s- + 通 (OC l̥ˤoŋ, “to penetrate”), literally "where light penetrates" (Baxter and Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshong • Middle-Chinese : tsrhaewng
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window (Classifier: 扇 m; 個／个 c; 隻／只 c)
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‖
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‖
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窗 • (chang) · 窗 • (chang) (hangeul 창)
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Hán-Nôm : song
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(archaic, literary) window • Short for chấn song (“upright post in a paling or railing”).
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窗
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| 窘
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǔn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khún • Middle-Chinese : gwinX
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embarrassed • hard-pressed
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rebuke
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窘 (eum 군 (gun))
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embarrassed • hard-pressed
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Hán-Nôm : quẫn
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窘
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| 窯
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iô • Middle-Chinese : yew
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brick kiln; furnace • -ware (specifically, pottery manufactured in a particular place) • coal pit • cave dwelling (common in the Loess Plateau, Northern China); yaodong • (colloquial) brothel; whorehouse • a surname: Yao
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kiln
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窯 • (yo) · 窯 • (yo) (hangeul 요, McCune–Reischauer yo, Yale yo)
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窯
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| 竊
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The current form likely derives from a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleːd) : semantic 宀 + phonetic 䊪 (OC *m·raːds, *m·rads, *m·raːd), as attested in the Western Han period. 宀 is later replaced with 穴, and 萬 corrupts into 廿 and 禼. Based on the corrupted form, Shuowen erroneously interprets this character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰleːd) : semantic 穴 (“cave; hole”) + semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 廿 (OC *zid) + phonetic 禼 (OC *sed). In the current form, 廿 is omitted and 米 is replaced with 釆. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiap • Middle-Chinese : tshet ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshia̍p
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to steal • thief • to acquire illegitimately; to usurp • secretly; stealthily • (literary, humble) personally ‖ (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) seventy (used with numbers from 71 to 79)
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to steal (“nusumu” reading) • secret; hushed, quietly (“hisoka” reading)
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竊 (eumhun 훔칠 절 (humchil jeol))
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hanja form of 절 (“to steal”)
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Hán-Nôm : thiết
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竊
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| 站
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rteːms) : semantic 立 + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems). A relatively late character – not found in Shuowen; found in Guangyun. \ A Northern Chinese word attested since the 9th-10th centuries. Displaced earlier 立 (OC *rɯb) in most modern northern Chinese varieties. ‖ Generally considered to be a Mongolian influence in the Yuan Dynasty – an abbreviation of 站赤 (zhànchì, “post stations during the Yuan Dynasty”), from Middle Mongol ᠵᠠᠮᠴᠢ (ǰamči, “post station”) (> Mongolian замч (zamč, “guide; cicerone”)), a derivative of Middle Mongol ᠵᠠᠮ (ǰam, “way, path”) (> Mongolian зам (zam)). \ Mongolian ǰam is undoubtedly cognate with Proto-Turkic *jam (“post station”) (> Turkish yam; ~ Russian ям (jam)) with the same meaning; see Yam (route). Also compare Turkish yamçı (“post rider”), Russian ямщи́к (jamščík, “drive, coachman”). \ There is no scholarly consensus regarding the direction of borrowing. Generally it is believed that Turkic jam and Chinese zhàn are loanwords from Mongolian ǰam, however some (e.g. Tuymebayev in Казахско-монгольские лексические параллели) believe the directionality is reversed (i.e. Chinese "to stand > stand > station" → Middle Mongol → Turkic → Russian). Whatever the etymology, what is apparent is that the word jam has been around for a long time and was used by Central Asians to designate a key postal relay station or official. \ In Chinese, this word has been competing with the native equivalent 驛／驿 (yì, “post station”) since its introduction. Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty saw a profusion of usages of zhàn, which was deliberately suppressed in the succeeding Ming Dynasty in favour of yì. Both were used in the subsequent Qing Dynasty, with zhàn eventually predominating in the modern times, being used to render the sense of "station" in modern concepts, such as "train station". Other Sinosphere countries show preference variations too: Vietnamese uses 站 (trạm), whereas Japanese and Korean still use 驛 for "station" (Japanese 駅 (えき, eki), Korean 역 (驛, yeok)).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǎm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsàn • Middle-Chinese : treamH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǎm
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to stand • to stop; to halt • (figurative) to take a firm stance; to uphold the stand • a surname ‖ post station; relay station • station; stand • Short for 網站／网站 (wǎngzhàn, “website”).
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站 • (cham) · 站 • (cham) (hangeul 참)
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Hán-Nôm : trạm • Hán-Nôm : trậm
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站
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| 竣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlun) : semantic 立 + phonetic 夋 (OC *sʰlun).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsùn • Middle-Chinese : tshwin
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^⁜ to complete; to finish • to abdicate
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竣 • (jun, jeon) · 竣 • (jun, jeon) (hangeul 준, 전, revised jun, jeon, McCune–Reischauer chun, chŏn, Yale cwun, cen)
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竣
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| 竭
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kia̍t • Middle-Chinese : gjot • Middle-Chinese : gjet ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khia̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kha̍t
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to shoulder • to dry up; to drain • to exhaust; to use up ‖ (Hokkien) to be deficient; to be lacking; to be short of • (Mainland China Hokkien) infertile; barren (of land) • (Xiamen Hokkien) stingy; miserly • (Xiamen Hokkien) sluggish; slack (of business)
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竭 • (gal, geol) · 竭 • (gal, geol) (hangeul 갈, 걸, revised gal, geol, McCune–Reischauer kal, kŏl, Yale kal, kel)
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Hán-Nôm : kiệt
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竭
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| 竿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːn) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gon¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄢㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuann • Middle-Chinese : kan
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bamboo pole • Classifier for bamboo. • a surname: Gan
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‖ 竿(かん) • (-kan) ‖ 竿(かん) • (kan)
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rod, pole • beam ‖ counter for poles ‖ a pole; a bamboo pole
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竿 • (gan) · 竿 • (gan) (hangeul 간, revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)
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Hán-Nôm : can • Hán-Nôm : cần
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竿
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| 笙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreŋ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mriŋ (“sound; noise; animal cry”); cognate with 鳴 (OC *mreŋ, “to make a sound”), 鈴 (OC *reːŋ, “bell”), Burmese မြည် (mrany, “to make a sound”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Middle-Chinese : sraeng
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(music) sheng (a Chinese mouth-blown free reed instrument consisting of vertical pipes)
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‖ 笙(しょう) • (shō) ^(←しやう (syau)?) ‖ 笙(そう) • (sō) ^(←さう (sau)?)
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‖ a free-reed woodwind musical instrument used in Japanese court music, consisting of a mouthpiece and seventeen pipes, each similar to an organ pipe ‖ (obsolete) a free-reed woodwind musical instrument consisting of a mouthpiece and seventeen pipes, each similar to an organ pipe
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笙 • (saeng) · 笙 • (saeng) (hangeul 생, revised saeng, McCune–Reischauer saeng, Yale sayng)
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Hán-Nôm : sanh
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笙
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| 笨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯːnʔ, *bɯːnʔ) : semantic 竹 + phonetic 本 (OC *pɯːnʔ). \ Cognate with Tibetan བླུན (blun, “foolish; stupid; dull”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ban⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǔn • Middle-Chinese : pwonX • Middle-Chinese : bwonX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pan⁵
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heavy; cumbersome; strenuous • stupid; foolish; silly; slow-witted • clumsy; awkward • inner part of bamboo ‖ (dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, dated in standard Cantonese) thick
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笨 • (bun) · 笨 • (bun) (hangeul 분, revised bun, McCune–Reischauer pun, Yale pun)
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hanja form of 분 (“mediocre; rough”)
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Hán-Nôm : bổn • Hán-Nôm : bát
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笨
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| 筏
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : bjot • Middle-Chinese : pat
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raft (made of bamboo or wood)
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‖ 筏(いかだ) or 筏(イカダ) • (ikada) ‖ 筏(いかだ) • (Ikada)
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‖ raft ‖ a surname
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筏 • (beol) · 筏 • (beol) (hangeul 벌)
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筏
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| 筐
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaang¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khing • Middle-Chinese : khjwang
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bamboo basket or chest
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筐 • (gwang) · 筐 • (gwang) (hangeul 광)
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(광주리): basket made of bamboo
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Hán-Nôm : khuông
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筐
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| 筷
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From 快 (kuài), originally euphemistic for 箸 (zhù), homophonous to 住 (zhù, “to stay; to stop”). See 筷子 (kuàizi) for more. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuài ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǐr
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chopsticks (Classifier: 雙／双 c) • (Wu) Classifier for an amount of food held with a pair of chopsticks. ‖ (Hokkien, Teochew) Alternative form of 箸 (“chopstick”)
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chopsticks
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筷
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| 箋
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zin¹ • Middle-Chinese : tsen
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annotation; commentary • stationery • letter; correspondence • note; memo
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‖ 箋(せん) • (sen) ‖ 箋(ふだ) • (fuda)
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‖ a slip of paper • a label made of wood, bamboo, ivory, or paper ‖ Alternative spelling of 札 (“a slip of paper; a label”)
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箋 (eumhun 기록할 전 (girokhal jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“record”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiên
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箋
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| 箕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 其 (OC *kɯ, *ɡɯ). Specialization of 其.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ki • Middle-Chinese : ki
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winnowing basket (a tool for removing chaff) • dustpan • (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Winnowing Basket (one of Twenty-Eight Mansions)
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‖ 箕(み) • (mi) ‖ 箕(き) • (ki)
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winnowing ‖ a winnow; a winnowing basket ‖ Chinese "winnowing basket" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
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箕 • (gi) · 箕 • (gi) (hangeul 기, revised gi, McCune–Reischauer ki, Yale ki)
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Hán-Nôm : kia • Hán-Nôm : kìa • Hán-Nôm : ky • Hán-Nôm : cơ
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箕
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| 箭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslens) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 前 (OC *zleːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìnn • Middle-Chinese : tsjenH
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(archery, weaponry) arrow (Classifier: 支 m c mn) • type of bamboo
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‖ 箭(や) • (ya)
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‖ Alternative spelling of 矢 (“arrow”).
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箭 (eumhun 화살 전 (hwasal jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“arrow”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiến • Hán-Nôm : tiễn • Hán-Nôm : tên chữ Hán Nôm in this term 箭 ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of tiễn (“arrow”).
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箭
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| 篡
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuàn • Middle-Chinese : tsrhwaenH
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(literary, or in compounds) to seize; to usurp • (literary, or in compounds) to distort; to misrepresent • (literary) to hunt • a surname: Cuan
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篡 • (chan) · 篡 • (chan) (hangeul 찬, revised chan, McCune–Reischauer ch'an, Yale chan)
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篡
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| 篷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːŋ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 逢 (OC *boŋ). \ Variant of 帆 (OC *bom), which has been related to 風 (OC *plum, “wind”) (Karlgren, 1957); if so, it may be from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *buŋ (“wind”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : buwng
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awning; covering • sail • (literary) boat
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篷 • (bong) · 篷 • (bong) (hangeul 봉, revised bong, McCune–Reischauer pong, Yale pong)
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篷
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| 簇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰoːɡ) : semantic 竹 (“bamboo”) + phonetic 族 (OC *zoːɡ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cuk¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiok • Middle-Chinese : tshuwk
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to swarm; to crowd together; to cluster; to pile up • cluster; pile; bouquet • Classifier for bunched objects: cluster; bundle; bunch • completely
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‖ 簇(ぞく) • (zoku) ‖ 簇(むら) • (mura) ‖ 簇(むら) • (-mura)
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‖ cocoon holders ‖ Alternative form of 群 ‖ Alternative form of 群
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簇 • (jok) · 簇 • (jok) (hangeul 족, revised jok, McCune–Reischauer chok, Yale cok)
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Hán-Nôm : thốc • Hán-Nôm : cộp • Hán-Nôm : tậc • Hán-Nôm : thấc • Hán-Nôm : thậc • Hán-Nôm : thộc • Hán-Nôm : thoộc • Hán-Nôm : cốp • Hán-Nôm : cộm • Hán-Nôm : tớc
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簇
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| 簧
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hwang
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reed (of a musical instrument) • spring coil • sweet words
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flute reed
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簧 • (hwang) · 簧 • (hwang) (hangeul 황)
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reed of woodwind instrument
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Hán-Nôm : hoàng
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簧
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| 簸
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bo³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bo² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puann • Middle-Chinese : paX • Middle-Chinese : paH
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to winnow • to bump; to jerk; to jolt
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winnow • fan
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簸 • (pa) · 簸 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)
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winnower
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簸
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| 籠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ) : semantic 𥫗 + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ). \ Attested somewhat late, in Warring States period's texts. \ A Southeast Asian area word (Alves 2015). \ * Per Schuessler 2007, most likely of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *truŋ (“stable, sty, cage”) and *kruŋ (“to confine”) in Shorto 2006, whence Khmer ទ្រុង (trŭng, “cage”), ក្រុង (krŏng, “to confine”), Kuy thrùŋ (“cage”), potentially Vietnamese chuồng (“cage; shed; coop”), and so forth. The Vietnamese may possibly be an early Chinese loan instead (Alves 2018). \ * STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruːŋ (“cage”), based on e.g. Garo gring (“cage”), Burmese ချိုင့် (hkyuing.). Schuessler thinks these were also borrowed from Austroasiatic. \ * Other forms include Proto-Tai [Term?], whence Thai กรง (grong, “cage”); and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kuruŋ, whence Indonesian kurung (“cage”), Tagalog kulong (“caged”). Schuessler believes these are also ultimately from Austroasiatic. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ) : semantic 𥫗 + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ). \ Attested somewhat late, in Warring States period's texts. \ A Southeast Asian area word (Alves 2015). \ * Per Schuessler 2007, most likely of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *truŋ (“stable, sty, cage”) and *kruŋ (“to confine”) in Shorto 2006, whence Khmer ទ្រុង (trŭng, “cage”), ក្រុង (krŏng, “to confine”), Kuy thrùŋ (“cage”), potentially Vietnamese chuồng (“cage; shed; coop”), and so forth. The Vietnamese may possibly be an early Chinese loan instead (Alves 2018). \ * STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruːŋ (“cage”), based on e.g. Garo gring (“cage”), Burmese ချိုင့် (hkyuing.). Schuessler thinks these were also borrowed from Austroasiatic. \ * Other forms include Proto-Tai [Term?], whence Thai กรง (grong, “cage”); and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kuruŋ, whence Indonesian kurung (“cage”), Tagalog kulong (“caged”). Schuessler believes these are also ultimately from Austroasiatic. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ) : semantic 𥫗 + phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ). \ Attested somewhat late, in Warring States period's texts. \ A Southeast Asian area word (Alves 2015). \ * Per Schuessler 2007, most likely of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *truŋ (“stable, sty, cage”) and *kruŋ (“to confine”) in Shorto 2006, whence Khmer ទ្រុង (trŭng, “cage”), ក្រុង (krŏng, “to confine”), Kuy thrùŋ (“cage”), potentially Vietnamese chuồng (“cage; shed; coop”), and so forth. The Vietnamese may possibly be an early Chinese loan instead (Alves 2018). \ * STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruːŋ (“cage”), based on e.g. Garo gring (“cage”), Burmese ချိုင့် (hkyuing.). Schuessler thinks these were also borrowed from Austroasiatic. \ * Other forms include Proto-Tai [Term?], whence Thai กรง (grong, “cage”); and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *kuruŋ, whence Indonesian kurung (“cage”), Tagalog kulong (“caged”). Schuessler believes these are also ultimately from Austroasiatic.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : láng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóng • Middle-Chinese : luwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lung⁴ • Middle-Chinese : ljowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄥˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lung⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : láng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóng • Middle-Chinese : luwngX
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bamboo-made implement for holding soil • bamboo-made cage (for animals); coop • bamboo container, holder, hoop, basket, steamer (for buns, dumplings, etc.) ‖ (～竹) A kind of bamboo produced in the Lingnan region of China. ‖ to cover (all); to encompass; to include • to shroud; to envelop; to enshroud • to hide (one's hands, e.g. in the sleeves) • to twine; to wind; to tie up • to light (a fire); to kindle • large bamboo box; trunk • (Cantonese) large box; trunk • (Cantonese) interior (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (Cantonese) Classifier for 嘢 (je5), used in combination to describe negative matters caused by or associated with someone. • (Shanghainese, slang) a hundred of a currency designation
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‖ 籠(かご) • (kago) ‖ 籠(かご) • (Kago) ‖ 籠(こ) • (ko) ‖ 籠(ろう) • (rō) ‖ 籠(ろう) • (rō)
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‖ a cage • a basket ‖ a surname ‖ a basket, especially one made of bamboo • Short for 伏籠 (fusego): a clothes airer, or chicken coop ‖ Alternative spelling of 牢 (rō): a jail, prison; a cage; food (usually meat) used in offerings ‖ basket • bring in • seclude oneself
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籠 (eumhun 대바구니 롱 (daebaguni rong), word-initial (South Korea) 대바구니 농 (daebaguni nong))
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hanja form of 롱/농 (“basket”)
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Hán-Nôm : lồng • Hán-Nôm : lung • Hán-Nôm : ruồng • Hán-Nôm : luông • Hán-Nôm : luồng
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籠
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| 粥
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The reduced form of the character 鬻 (OC *luɡ), which was an ideogrammic compound and the original character for "congee". \ ; “congee; rice gruel” \ : Alternatively, it may be related to Tibetan ཐུག་པ (thug pa, “Tibetan-style soup, broth, gruel, porridge”) (Bodman, 1980; Schuessler, 2007). ‖ The reduced form of the character 鬻 (OC *luɡ), which was an ideogrammic compound and the original character for "congee". \ ; “congee; rice gruel” \ : Alternatively, it may be related to Tibetan ཐུག་པ (thug pa, “Tibetan-style soup, broth, gruel, porridge”) (Bodman, 1980; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tso̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu̍k • Middle-Chinese : tsyuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Middle-Chinese : yuwk
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congee; rice gruel; porridge • weak; feeble • a surname: Zhou ‖ Alternative form of 育 (“to give birth; to rear”) • Original form of 鬻 (yù, “to sell”). • a surname
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‖ 粥(かゆ) or 粥(かい) or 粥(しゅく) • (kayu or kai or shuku)
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congee ‖ congee (a type of rice porridge)
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粥 (eumhun 죽 죽 (juk juk))
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hanja form of 죽 (“congee”)
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Hán-Nôm : cháo
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粥
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| 粱
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Middle-Chinese : ljang
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good varieties of millet; millet in general • exquisite staple food
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粱 • (ryang>yang) · 粱 • (ryang>yang) (hangeul 량>양, revised ryang>yang, McCune–Reischauer ryang>yang, Yale lyang>yang)
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Hán-Nôm : lương • Hán-Nôm : thông
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粱
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| 糊
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khôo • Middle-Chinese : hu
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(literary) congee; rice gruel; porridge • to eat gruel to allay one's hunger • paste • to apply a mixture • muddled; unclear; blurry • (Mainland China, fandom slang) to flop • victory in mahjong game
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‖ 糊(のり) • (nori)
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glue ‖ glue
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糊 • (ho) · 糊 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho, Yale ho)
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Hán-Nôm : hồ
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糊
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| 糕
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo
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cake • pudding; paste
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糕 • (go) · 糕 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)
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Hán-Nôm : cao
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cake, pastry, pie
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糕
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| 糙
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshòo • Middle-Chinese : tshawH
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unhusked; unshucked; unpolished (of rice) • rough; coarse; crude; unrefined • rude; impolite
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糙 • (jo) · 糙 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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糙
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| 糟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsluː) : semantic 米 + phonetic 曹 (OC *zluː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tso • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsau • Middle-Chinese : tsaw
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alcohol dregs • to preserve food in alcohol or alcohol dregs • (informal) awful; messy; terrible; in bad shape • to decay; to decompose; to spoil • (literary, or in compounds) to damage; to cause destruction to; to harm
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‖
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‖
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糟 • (jo) · 糟 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : tao • Hán-Nôm : tào
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(literary, only used in compound tao khang) alcohol dregs
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糟
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| 糠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰlaːŋ) : semantic 米 (“rice”) + phonetic 康 (OC *kʰlaːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khng • Middle-Chinese : khang
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chaff; bran; husks • crumbs • (of a radish) spongy • poor quality; worthless
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糠 • (gang) · 糠 • (gang) (hangeul 강, revised gang, McCune–Reischauer kang, Yale kang)
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Hán-Nôm : khang
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糠
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| 糯
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : no⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lō ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu̍t
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glutinous; sticky • glutinous rice ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 秫 (“glutinous rice”)
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‖ 糯(もち) • (mochi)
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‖ glutinous rice
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糯 • (na) · 糯 • (na) (hangeul 나, revised na, McCune–Reischauer na, Yale na)
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Hán-Nôm : nhu
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糯
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| 紊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯns) : phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn) + semantic 糸 (“silk”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leon⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : būn • Middle-Chinese : mjunH
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disorderly; chaotic; dysfunctional; confused
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fall into confusion • disorder
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紊 • (mun) · 紊 • (mun) (hangeul 문, revised mun, McCune–Reischauer mun, Yale mun)
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紊
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| 紋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mɯn) : semantic 糸 (“thread”) + phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn) – a line of thread. Specialised character from 文 (OC *mɯn). \ From 文 (OC *mɯn, “mark, tattoo”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : man⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bûn • Middle-Chinese : mjun
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line; streak; stripe • grain (of wood) • wrinkle • pattern • to tattoo
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‖ 紋(もん) • (mon) ^(←もん (mon)?)
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crest (often of a family) ‖ Synonym of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”)
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紋 (eumhun 무늬 문 (munui mun))
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hanja form of 문 (“figure”)
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紋
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| 紡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaŋʔ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 方 (OC *paŋ, *baŋ). \ Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k(w)aŋ ⪤ *pʷaŋ (“spider; spin; spindle”), whence Tibetan ཕང (phang, “spindle”), Burmese ဝင့် (wang., “to spin (cotton)”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pháng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóng • Middle-Chinese : phjangX
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to spin; to reel; to weave • reeled pongee
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to spin; to make yarn • to spin (a tale); to assemble (e.g. words); to put together
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紡 (eum 방 (bang))
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紡
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| 紳
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : san¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sin • Middle-Chinese : syin
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girdle worn by officials in ancient China • to tie; to bind • gentleman
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sire • good belt • gentleman
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紳 • (sin) · 紳 • (sin) (hangeul 신, revised sin, McCune–Reischauer sin, Yale sin)
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紳
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| 紹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djewʔ) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siāu • Middle-Chinese : dzyewX
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to continue; to carry on • Short for 紹興／绍兴 (Shàoxīng, “Shaoxing”). • a surname
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introduce
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紹 • (so) · 紹 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
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紹
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| 絃
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Characters in the same phonetic series (玄) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːn, *qʰʷeːn) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 玄 (OC *ɡʷeːn). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (玄) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡeːn, *qʰʷeːn) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 玄 (OC *ɡʷeːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁴ • Middle-Chinese : hen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : xwenH
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Alternative form of 弦 (“string on a musical instrument”) ‖ Alternative form of 絢／绚 (xuàn)
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絃 • (hyeon) · 絃 • (hyeon) (hangeul 현, revised hyeon, McCune–Reischauer hyŏn, Yale hyen)
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絃
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| 絕
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Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 刀 (“knife”) + 幺 (“silk”) or ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 刀 (“knife”) + 𢆶 (“silk”) — to cut silk threads. \ Now phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 糹 (“silk”) + semantic 刀 (“knife”) + phonetic 巴 (卪).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse̍rh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsēr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsua̍t • Middle-Chinese : dzjwet
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to break off; to cut off; to sever • to terminate; to discontinue; to break off • to exhaust; to use up • superb; peerless; matchless • desperate; dangerous without a way out • extremely; most • (used before a negative) absolutely; definitely; certainly • to die • (literary) to cross; to traverse; to pass • (poetry) jueju; quatrain • (literary) faraway; distant; remote • (literary) to surpass; to outdo • (Xiamen Hokkien) Used at the start of a sentence to express surprise, admiration, regret, or frustration
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絕 (eum 절 (jeol))
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Alternative form of 絶
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絕
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| 絞
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ká • Middle-Chinese : kaewX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haau⁴
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to twist; to wring • to wind; to intertwine; to grind • Classifier for skeins of wools or thread. ‖ (historical) sash used to tie a dead body • greenish-yellow
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strangle; constrict • to wring; to squeeze; to milk
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絞 • (gyo) · 絞 • (gyo) (hangeul 교, revised gyo, McCune–Reischauer kyo, Yale kyo)
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絞
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| 絮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas) : phonetic 如 (OC *nja, *njas) + semantic 糸 (“silk”). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : sjoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄩˋ • Middle-Chinese : nrjoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˋ • Middle-Chinese : trhjoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄚˋ • Middle-Chinese : naeH
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(archaic) coarse silk floss • cotton; cotton wadding • (botany) pubescence; villus; fine hair • to wad with cotton or silk floss • long-winded • bored; fed up; sick of something ‖ a surname ‖ to mix; to stir ‖ (of silk) disorderly; tangled
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絮 • (seo, yeo) · 絮 • (seo, yeo) (hangeul 서, 여, revised seo, yeo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, yŏ, Yale se, ye)
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絮
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| 絲
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 + 糸.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Middle-Chinese : si
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silk • items made from woven silk • silk-like object; fine thread; thin strip; thin shred • (music) string instrument • Classifier for extremely small quantities. • (Buddhism, obsolete) the number 10⁻⁴
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‖ 絲(いと) • (Ito)
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Kyūjitai form of 糸: thread ‖ a female given name • a surname
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絲 • (sa) · 絲 • (sa) (hangeul 사)
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(명주): silk • (실): thread
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絲
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| 經
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːŋ, *keːŋs) : semantic 糸 (“silk; thread”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːŋ, *keːŋs) : semantic 糸 (“silk; thread”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Middle-Chinese : keng • Middle-Chinese : kengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Middle-Chinese : kengH
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(weaving) warp, a thread running lengthwise in a woven fabric • to go through; to experience • to control; to manage; to engage in • something regarded as principal, doctrinal or classical · norm; regulation • something regarded as principal, doctrinal or classical · Chinese classics • something regarded as principal, doctrinal or classical · sacred texts of a certain religion, often used as a suffix for the titles of religious works • (traditional Chinese medicine) blood vessel • menses; menstruation • Short for 經度／经度 (jīngdù, “longitude”). • (Hakka, Southern Min) to weave • a surname ‖ to weave • (weaving) to wrap; to arrange strands of thread so that they run lengthwise • Alternative form of 徑／径 (jìng, “diameter”) • Alternative form of 徑／径 (jìng, “path”) • Alternative form of 徑／径 (jìng, “straight; directly”)
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classic works • pass through
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經 (eumhun 지날 경 (jinal gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“to pass”)
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canonical : 經: Hán Việt readings: kinh 經: Nôm readings: canh • canonical : kinh
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classic works
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經
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| 綠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roɡ) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 彔 (OC *b·roːɡ). \ Starostin derives this from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *rwak (“leaf”), and cites Tibetan ཁྲོག་པོ (khrog po, “botanical term used of leaves standing round the stem scattered or alternately”), Burmese ရွက် (rwak), အရွက် (a.rwak, “leaf”) as cognates. Compare also Kinnauri rāgʻ (“blue, green”). \ Cognate with 菉 (“name of a plant of uncertain species”). In modern times this character gave rise to 氯 (“chlorine”). \ For the sense “to cuckold”, see 綠頭巾／绿头巾 (lǜtóujīn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Middle-Chinese : ljowk
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green • to become green • (literary, only of hair) black and glossy (especially in a youthful-looking way) • healthy; environmentally friendly; green • green leaves • green field • Original form of 籙. • Alternative form of 菉 (lù, “name of a plant”) • (symbolic) Islam(ic); Muslim • (politics) related to the pro-independence pan-Green coalition of Taiwan • (slang) to cuckold • a surname
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‖ 綠(みどり) • (Midori)
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Kyūjitai form of 緑: the color green ‖ a female given name.
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綠 (eumhun 푸를 록 (pureul rok), word-initial (South Korea) 푸를 녹 (pureul nok))
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hanja form of 록/녹 (“blue, green”)
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Hán-Nôm : lục
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green
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綠
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| 網
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlaŋʔ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ). \ Compare Thai มุ้ง (múng, “mosquito net”), มอง (mɔɔng, “a kind of fishing net”) (Manomaiviboon, 1975). Perhaps the same word as 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to deceive”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlaŋʔ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ). \ Compare Thai มุ้ง (múng, “mosquito net”), มอง (mɔɔng, “a kind of fishing net”) (Manomaiviboon, 1975). Perhaps the same word as 罔 (OC *mlaŋʔ, “to deceive”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bǎng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóng • Middle-Chinese : mjangX ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : báng
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net; web • network • the Internet; the Web • internet connection • (Cantonese) website (Classifier: 個／个 c) • to net; to catch with a net • to cover; to enclose; to net • (Mainland China Hokkien) to meticulously patch (a sewing technique) • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to steal; to snatch ‖ (Quanzhou Hokkien) to catch someone; to arrest • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to steal; to snatch
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‖ 網(あみ) • (ami) ‖ 網(もう) • (-mō)
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‖ net, netting ‖ network
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網 (eumhun 그물 망 (geumul mang))
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hanja form of 망 (“net”)
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Hán-Nôm : võng
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web, net • a hammock
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網
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| 綻
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiān • Middle-Chinese : dreanH ‖
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to burst open; to split (at the seam) ‖ (Eastern Min) Alternative form of 賺／赚 (“incorrect”)
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be rent • ripped • unravel • run • begin to open • smile
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綻 (eumhun 터질 탄 (teojil tan))
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hanja form of 탄 (“to burst open, to split”)
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Hán-Nôm : trán • Hán-Nôm : chám • Hán-Nôm : chớm • Hán-Nôm : trám • Hán-Nôm : trớm
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綻
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| 緒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaʔ) : semantic 糹 + phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǐr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sī • Middle-Chinese : zjoX
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thread; thread end • beginning • mental state • clue
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‖ 緒(しょ) • (sho) ‖ 緒(ちょ) • (cho) ‖ 緒(お) • (o)
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‖ beginning • mental or emotional state ‖ Alternative form of 緒 (sho) ‖ string; cord; thong • (specifically) string of a geta or sandal
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緒 • (seo) · 緒 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, Yale se)
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Alternative form of 緖
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Hán-Nôm : tự
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緒
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| 締
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː, *deːɡs) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Middle-Chinese : dej • Middle-Chinese : dejH
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to form; to establish • to associate • to restrain; to suppress
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to close • to shut something; to lock something closed
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締 • (che) · 締 • (che) (hangeul 체, revised che, McCune–Reischauer ch'e, Yale chey)
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締
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| 緣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lon, *lons) : semantic 糹 + phonetic 彖 (OC *l̥ʰjelʔ, *hljelʔ, *l̥ʰoːns). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lon, *lons) : semantic 糹 + phonetic 彖 (OC *l̥ʰjelʔ, *hljelʔ, *l̥ʰoːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iân • Middle-Chinese : ywen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁶
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hem (edge of a piece of clothing) • edge; brink; margin • along; down; throughout the length of • to climb up; to climb vertically; to ascend • to involve; to implicate; to incriminate • reason; cause; basis • (literary) because of; due to • relying on; depending on • lucky chance; luck or lot by which people are brought together; predestined relationship; fate; serendipity • linkage; bondings ‖ hem; margin • to edge with lace; to rim with lace, border, etc.
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hem • margin • reason • cause • karma • destiny; fate
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緣 • (yeon, dan) · 緣 • (yeon, dan) (hangeul 연, 단, revised yeon, dan, McCune–Reischauer yŏn, tan, Yale yen, tan)
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fate • reason
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Hán-Nôm : duyên
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緣
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| 緻
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi³ • Middle-Chinese : drijH
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delicate; fine
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fine (not coarse)
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緻 • (chi) · 緻 • (chi) (hangeul 치, revised chi, McCune–Reischauer ch'i, Yale chi)
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Hán-Nôm : trí
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緻
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| 縛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːɡs, *baɡ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa). \ Austroasiatic. Compare Khmer ប៉ាក់ (pak, “to embroider”), Mon ဗိုက် (“to put around esp. lower half of body”), Temiar bəg (“to bind”) (Schuessler, 2007). Alternatively, note Thai ผูก (pùuk, “to tie; to bind”) and Vietnamese buộc (“to tie; to bind”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho̍k • Middle-Chinese : baH • Middle-Chinese : bjak
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to tie up; to bind; to truss • (Hokkien) to weave from bamboo strips (tools, utensils, etc.) • (Hokkien) feeling tight when worn (of clothes) • (Hokkien) Classifier for bundled items. • (Mainland China Hokkien) to take on a contract; to undertake (a job, construction project, etc.) • (Mainland China Hokkien) to wrap; to bind up • (Xiamen Hokkien) to rent; to lease • a surname
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to tie, to bind
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縛 (eumhun 묶을 박 (mukkeul bak))
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hanja form of 박 (“tie”)
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Hán-Nôm : phược • Hán-Nôm : phọc • Hán-Nôm : phước
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縛
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| 縣
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Shuowen: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𥄉 + 系 – to hang 系 by the head 𥄉 (hair hanging down). \ Original form of 懸. Originally in bronze and bamboo slip scripts, Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 目 + 木 + 糸 - to hang with the string 糸 by the head 目 (using an eye to represent a head) on a tree 木. In Qin bamboo slip scripts, some of 目 + 木 were corrupted to 県 (with one straight horizontal line rather than 𠃊) which interpreted to a reversed 首 head by Shuowen, and 糸 was corrupted to 系. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuāinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiān • Middle-Chinese : hwenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁴ • Middle-Chinese : hwen
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A type of administrative division: · (historical, in ancient China) district; prefecture • A type of administrative division: · (in Mainland China) county (third level division that is now generally restricted to rural areas, contrasted with urban districts (區／区 (qū))) • A type of administrative division: · (in Taiwan) county (first level division that used to be under the jurisdiction of a province but are now directly administered by the central government) • A type of administrative division: · (in Japan) prefecture • A type of administrative division: · (in the United States) county (second level division under the jurisdiction of a state, excluding Alaska and Louisiana) • (in many cases but not always) county seat (the town which serves as the seat of government of such divisions) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 懸／悬 (xuán, “to hang; to suspend”)
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Hán-Nôm : huyện
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chữ Hán form of huyện (“district”).
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縣
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| 縫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boŋ, *boŋs) : semantic 糹 + phonetic 逢 (OC *boŋ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boŋ, *boŋs) : semantic 糹 + phonetic 逢 (OC *boŋ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fung⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : bjowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōng • Middle-Chinese : bjowngH
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to sew • to patch; to mend • a surname: Feng ‖ seam; crack; narrow slit • gap; space; opening; crack (Classifier: 道 m)
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to sew
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縫 • (bong) · 縫 • (bong) (hangeul 봉, revised bong, McCune–Reischauer pong, Yale pong)
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Hán-Nôm : phùng
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縫
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| 縱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsloŋ, *ʔsloŋs) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 從 (OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsloŋ, *ʔsloŋs) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 從 (OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsloŋ, *ʔsloŋs) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 從 (OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsloŋ, *ʔsloŋs) : semantic 糸 + phonetic 從 (OC *zloŋ, *zloŋ, *zloŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiòng • Middle-Chinese : tsjowngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiong • Middle-Chinese : tsjowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshióng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄥˊ
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(literary) loose; relaxed • (literary) to shoot an arrow • (literary) to send out; to deliver • to let go; to release; to set free • to let loose • to jump up; to jump over • (dialectal, including Cantonese, Hainanese, Leizhou Mina, Liuzhou Mandarin, Loudi Xiang) to spoil; to pamper • even if; even though • a surname ‖ of the north-south direction; vertical • longitudinal; lengthwise • (historical) Short for 合縱／合纵 (hézòng, “to ally with”). • (military) Short for 縱隊／纵队 (zòngduì, “column corps”). • Alternative form of 蹤／踪 (zōng, “trace”) ‖ Used in 縱縱／纵纵 (zǒngzǒng, “hurried; numerous”). • Used in 縱臾／纵臾 (zǒngyǒng, “to encourage”). ‖ (obsolete, of hair worn in a bun) big and tall
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縱 (eum 종 (jong)) · 縱 (eum 총 (chong))
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Hán-Nôm : túng • Hán-Nôm : tung
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縱
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| 總
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsloːŋʔ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 悤 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsóng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáng • Middle-Chinese : tsuwngX
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to collect • overall; altogether • always • Used as a suffix after a person's surname in nicknames for people being leader of a company, usually for males.
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Kyūjitai form of 総 (general, overall, total)
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總 • (chong) · 總 • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong, Yale chong)
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Hán-Nôm : tổng • Hán-Nôm : tông ‖ romanization : tổng
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‖ chữ Hán form of tổng (“general; overall; comprehensive”).
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總
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| 繕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡjens) : semantic 糸 (“thread; textile”) + phonetic 善 (OC *ɡjenʔ, “good”). Also Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : to repair; to make good. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *glan (“to repair”), cognate to Tibetan གླན་པ (glan pa, “to patch; to mend”) and related forms (Gong 1995; STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzyenH
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to repair; to mend • to copy neatly; to transcribe • to prepare; to renovate • to keep; to maintain • firm; resolute
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darning • repair
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繕 • (seon) · 繕 • (seon) (hangeul 선, revised seon, McCune–Reischauer sŏn, Yale sen)
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canonical : 繕: Hán Việt readings: thiện
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chữ Hán form of thiện (“repair, transcribe neatly”).
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繕
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| 繫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːɡs, *ɡeːɡs) : phonetic 毄 () + semantic 糸 (“thread”) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːɡs, *ɡeːɡs) : phonetic 毄 () + semantic 糸 (“thread”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hai⁶ • Middle-Chinese : kejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hē • Middle-Chinese : hejH
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to tie, to fasten, to button up ‖ to connect; to link • to arrest; to imprison • to be concerned about
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attach • connect • unite • fasten
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繫 (eumhun 맬 계 (mael gye))
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hanja form of 경 (“bind, connect”)
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繫
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| 繭
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 糸 (“silk”) + 虫 (“insect”) + abbreviated 黹 (“needlework”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kián • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kán • Middle-Chinese : kenX
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cocoon • callus
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‖ 繭(まゆ) • (mayu)
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a cocoon ‖ (entomology) a cocoon
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繭 • (gyeon) · 繭 • (gyeon) (hangeul 견, revised gyeon, McCune–Reischauer kyŏn, Yale kyen)
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Hán-Nôm : kiển • Hán-Nôm : kén • Hán-Nôm : kiền
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繭
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| 繼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *keːɡs) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 㡭 (). \ The original form may have depicted four 幺 (“silk”). \ According to Schuessler 2007, originally the same word as 係 (OC *keːɡs).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gai³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Middle-Chinese : kejH
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to continue; to maintain; to carry on; to follow • to inherit and carry on; to succeed • follow-up; ensuing; following • immediately afterward; right afterward; soon after • a surname: Ji
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acquire by birthright • follow in someone's footsteps or position • (clothes) patch • (be) grafted into a tree
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繼 (eumhun 이을 계 (ieul gye))
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hanja form of 계 (“continue, persist”) • hanja form of 계 (“inherit”)
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Hán-Nôm : kế
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繼
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| 續
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljoɡs, *ljoɡ) : semantic 糸 (“rope”) + phonetic 𧶠 (OC *luɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍k • Middle-Chinese : zjowk
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to continue; to carry on; to succeed • (colloquial) to add • (Cantonese) to extend; to renew • a surname: Xu
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continuation • sequel • series • carry on • succeed
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續 (eumhun 이을 속 (ieul sok))
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hanja form of 속 (“continuation”)
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Hán-Nôm : tục
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續
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| 缶
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Pictogram (象形) – a pot with a lid.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hóo • Middle-Chinese : pjuwX
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earthen pot or jar for storing an alcoholic drink • musical instrument for ritual music
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‖ 缶(かん) • (kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?) ‖ 缶(かん) • (-kan) ^(←くわん (kwan)?)
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pot; can • tin can • container • jar radical (no. 121) ‖ a can, a tin ‖ counter for canned goods
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缶 • (bu) · 缶 • (bu) (hangeul 부, revised bu, McCune–Reischauer pu, Yale pu)
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an earthern vessel that bulges in the middle and has a narrow mouth • refers to one of many types of the double-headed drums with a narrow waist in the middle • 洋甁, a glazed pot bulging in the middle with a narrow mouth • volume, capacity (=4斛) • rad. 121
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Hán-Nôm : phẫu • Hán-Nôm : phễu • Hán-Nôm : quán • Hán-Nôm : phữu
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缶
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| 缸
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‖ Cognate with Hokkien 矸 (kan, “bottle”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kng • Middle-Chinese : haewng ‖
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vat; crock; jar (usually with a large opening and small bottom, made of clay, porcelain, enamel, glass, etc.) (Classifier: 口 m) • pot-shaped vessel • compound of sand, clay, etc. for making earthenware ‖ (Teochew) jar; vase
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缸 • (hang) · 缸 • (hang) (hangeul 항)
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Hán-Nôm : hang • Hán-Nôm : cong • Hán-Nôm : hồng
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缸
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| 罐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːns) : semantic 缶 (“pottery”) + phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gun³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Middle-Chinese : kwanH
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can; jar; tin; cylindrical container for holding objects or liquids or cooking • Classifier for canned items. • coal tub • (dialectal) bottle • (dialectal) Classifier for bottled items.
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罐 • (gwan) · 罐 • (gwan) (hangeul 관, revised gwan, McCune–Reischauer kwan, Yale kwan)
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Hán-Nôm : quán
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罐
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| 罔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mlaŋʔ) : semantic 网 (“net”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ). \ ;“not have; not”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóng • Middle-Chinese : mjangX
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Alternative form of 網／网 • (literary) to not have • (literary) not • (literary) to deceive; to hide (truth) from • (archaic) to falsely accuse; to wrong (someone); to slander • (Eastern Min, with verbs and adjectives) the more... the more • (Eastern Min, with verbs) while (usually used as a pair: doing X while doing Y • (Eastern Min) although
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罔 (eumhun 그물 망 (geumul mang))
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hanja form of 망 (“net”) • hanja form of 망 (“deceive”) • hanja form of 망 (“libel”) • hanja form of 망 (“negative”)
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Hán-Nôm : vóng • Hán-Nôm : vọng • Hán-Nôm : võng
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罔
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| 罕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns) : semantic 网 (“net”) + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hon² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huánn • Middle-Chinese : xanX • Middle-Chinese : xanH
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^† net with a long handle used for catching birds • rare; scarce • rarely; seldom • ^† flag; banner • a surname
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罕 • (han) · 罕 • (han) (hangeul 한, revised han, McCune–Reischauer han, Yale han)
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rare, elusive
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Hán-Nôm : hãn • Hán-Nôm : hắn • Hán-Nôm : hẳn
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罕
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| 罩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rteːwɢs) : semantic 罒 + phonetic 卓 (OC *rteːwɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tauh • Middle-Chinese : traewH
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to cover; to wrap • cover; shade; hood • basket for catching fish • to surpass
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Hán-Nôm : chau • Hán-Nôm : tráo • Hán-Nôm : trạo • Hán-Nôm : trạu • Hán-Nôm : trậu • Hán-Nôm : trụa • Hán-Nôm : trũa • Hán-Nôm : trõa • Hán-Nôm : troã • Hán-Nôm : tròa • Hán-Nôm : troà • Hán-Nôm : tróa • Hán-Nôm : troá
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罩
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| 罵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraːʔ, *mraːs) : semantic 网 + phonetic 馬 (OC *mraːʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : maa⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mēe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mī • Middle-Chinese : maeX • Middle-Chinese : maeH
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to chide; to blame • to curse; to swear • to scold
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‖ 罵(ば) • (ba)
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‖ abuse; insult
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罵 (eumhun 꾸짖을 매 (kkujijeul mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“to scold”)
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Hán-Nôm : mạ • Hán-Nôm : mắng • Hán-Nôm : mà • Hán-Nôm : mựa
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罵
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| 羔
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羊 (“caprid”) + 灬 (“fire”) – a lamb being cooked on a fire. The definition may have come from animals like lambs being apt for cooking and eating. \ According to the Shuowen Jiezi, phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kluː) : semantic 羊 + abbreviated phonetic 照 (OC *tjews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Middle-Chinese : kaw
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lamb • young animal • young
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羔
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| 羚
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁴ • Middle-Chinese : leng
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antelope; gazelle • goral; serow • ^‡ lamb; young sheep
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antelope • serow
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羚 • (ryeong>yeong) · 羚 • (ryeong>yeong) (hangeul 령>영, revised ryeong>yeong, McCune–Reischauer ryŏng>yŏng, Yale lyeng>yeng)
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canonical : 羚: Hán Việt readings: linh
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羚
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| 羨
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 羊 (“sheep”) + 㳄 (“saliva”) – to envy. \ 羊 may be interpreted as a beautiful sheep or good mutton (cf. 美 “beautiful” and 善 “good”). \ The Kangxi Dictionary, following 《佩觿》, enters the word in etymology 2 as 羡, separating it from 羨 (etymology 1). This is also followed by dictionaries such as Hanyu Da Cidian and Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, but Zhongwen Da Cidian disagrees with this treatment. (Hanyu Da Zidian regards 羡 as the main form of all pronunciations.) According to 《說文解字羣經正字》: \ 羨，貪欲也，今經典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羨、羡爲二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羨，似面翻，慕也。非也，字書無从次之字，惟一字而數音耳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]羡，贪欲也，今经典往往作羡。郭忠恕《佩觿》分羡、羡为二字。羡，以脂翻，江夏地名；羡，似面翻，慕也。非也，字书无从次之字，惟一字而数音耳。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] \ From: 《說文解字羣經正字》, quoted from Zhongwen Da Cidian \ 羨 (Xiàn), tānyù yě, jīn jīngdiǎn wǎngwǎng zuò 羡. Guō Zhōngshù “Pèixī” fēn 羨 (xiàn), 羡 (yí) wéi èr zì. Yí, yǐ zhī fān, Jiāngxià dìmíng; xiàn, sì miàn fān, mù yě. Fēi yě, zìshū wú cóng 次 (cì) zhī zì, wéi yī zì ér shù yīn ěr. [Pinyin] \ 羨, meaning "to covet", is now frequently written as 羡 in the classics. Guo Zhongshu's Peixi distinguishes 羨 and 羡 as separate characters. 羡, fanqie 以脂, name of a place in Jiangxia. 羨, fanqie 似面, to desire. This is not the case. There's no such character with the 次 element in character dictionaries. There is only one character but several pronunciations. \ Possibly related to 餘 (OC *la, “surplus”) (Wang, 1982). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suan • Middle-Chinese : zjenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Middle-Chinese : yij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Middle-Chinese : yenH
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to envy; to admire • (literary) surplus • (literary) to exceed • (obsolete) crooked; evil • 10th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌏) • a surname ‖ Only used in 沙羨／沙羡 (“Shayi (county)”). ‖ Alternative form of 延 (yán, “to invite; to engage”) • Alternative form of 埏 (“tomb passage”)
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羨 (eumhun 부러워할 선 (bureowohal seon)) ‖ 羨 (eumhun 무덤길 연 (mudeomgil yeon))
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hanja form of 선 (“envy; envious”) ‖ hanja form of 연 (“road to a grave”)
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羨
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| 羹
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Middle-Chinese : kaeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : long⁴
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thick soup; broth • vegetable soup • soups in general • (Cantonese) spoon (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • (Cantonese) Classifier for amounts of substance in a spoon. ‖ Only used in 不羹.
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‖ 羹(かん) • (kan) ‖ 羹(あつもの) • (atsumono)
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‖ broth of fish and vegetables ‖ broth of fish and vegetables
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羹 • (gaeng) · 羹 • (gaeng) (hangeul 갱, revised gaeng, McCune–Reischauer kaeng, Yale kayng)
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Hán-Nôm : canh
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羹
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| 翅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰjes) : phonetic 支 (OC *kje) + semantic 羽 (“feathers”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Middle-Chinese : syeH
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wing • fin
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insect's wing
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翅 • (si) · 翅 • (si) (hangeul 시)
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翅
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| 翌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lɯɡ) : phonetic 羽 (OC *ɢʷaʔ, *ɢʷas) + semantic 昱
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jik⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Middle-Chinese : yik
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(literary) next • (literary) bright; clear • (literary) Alternative form of 翼 (yì, “wing”) • (literary) to assist (now usually written as 翊)
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‖ 翌(よく) • (yoku-)
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next ‖ next; following
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翌 (eumhun 다음날 익 (da'eumnal ik))
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hanja form of 익 (“the next day”)
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翌
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| 翔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljaŋ) : phonetic 羊 (OC *laŋ) + semantic 羽 (“feathers”) \ Iterative of 徉 (OC *laŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ After a netizen on Tieba named 軍神李翔／军神李翔 (Jūnshén Lǐ Xiáng, “Li Xiang the God of War”). In 2011, he argued with other netizens for many days, and the argument finally ended with his comment 我他媽就是一坨屎／我他妈就是一坨屎 (“I'm a fucking pile of shit”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâng • Middle-Chinese : zjang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄤˊ
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to fly; to soar ‖ (Mainland China, neologism, Internet slang) shit
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‖ 翔(しょう) • (Shō)
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soar ‖ a male given name
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翔 (eumhun 날 상 (nal sang))
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hanja form of 상 (“soar”)
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Hán-Nôm : tường
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翔
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| 翠
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From 淬 (OC *sʰuːds, “to dip into liquid, to plunge, to temper, to dye, etc.”), as kingfishers dive underwater to catch fish (Schuessler, 2007). \ The "blue-green, cyan" > "bright" senses are because of the kingfishers' plumages.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuì • Middle-Chinese : tshwijH
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kingfisher, especially a cyan or blue one • kingfisher feathers • green jade; jadeite • blue-green; cyan • bright; distinct
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‖ ‖ 翠(みどり) • (Midori)
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green ‖ ‖ a female given name
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翠 • (chwi) · 翠 • (chwi) (hangeul 취, revised chwi, McCune–Reischauer ch'wi, Yale chwi)
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canonical : 翠: Hán Việt readings: thúy • canonical : thuý
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chữ Hán form of Thuý (“female given name”).
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翠
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| 翩
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pin¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phian • Middle-Chinese : phjien
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翩 (eum 편 (pyeon))
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翩
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| 翰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns) : phonetic 倝 (OC *kaːns) + semantic 羽 (“feather”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hon⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hān • Middle-Chinese : han • Middle-Chinese : hanH
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golden pheasant • to fly high • long and hard feather • (literary, or in compounds) writing brush • (literary, or in compounds) writing; literary work • (literary or polite) letter of correspondence • (literary) literary talent • white horse
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翰 • (han) · 翰 • (han) (hangeul 한, revised han, McCune–Reischauer han, Yale han)
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Hán-Nôm : hàn
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翰
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| 耀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lewɢs) : semantic 光 (“light; beam; ray”) + phonetic 翟 (OC *r'aːwɢ, *l'eːwɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iāu • Middle-Chinese : yewH
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to shine; to sparkle • to dazzle; to show off; to make a display of; to flaunt • rays of light; radiance • glorious • a surname • (Eastern Min) Alternative form of 邵 (siêu, “praise, appreciate, brag, admire”)
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‖ 耀(よう) • (yō) ^(←えう (eu)?)
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shine • sparkle • gleam • twinkle ‖ shine, sparkle, gleam, twinkle
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耀 • (yo) · 耀 • (yo) (hangeul 요, revised yo, McCune–Reischauer yo, Yale yo)
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shine, sparkle • dazzle • glory
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Hán-Nôm : diệu
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耀
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| 耍
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From 傻 (MC srwaeX, “foolish”) (Zhengzhang, 2003). ‖ Possibly from 賞 (OC *hjaŋʔ, “to enjoy”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suá ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : sńg
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to play; to frolic; to amuse oneself • to make a fool of; to play tricks on • to perform; to play with; to fiddle with; to flourish • to brandish; to wield; to wave; to wield • to show off; to display; to act; to trick; to fool • (colloquial) to gamble • (Cantonese) Short for 耍太極／耍太极. • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) to play
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Hán-Nôm : hỏa • Hán-Nôm : hoả • Hán-Nôm : vũ • Hán-Nôm : võ
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耍
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| 耘
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Related to Tibetan ཡུར་མ (yur ma, “weeding”), Kurtöp [script needed] (wer, “to weed”) (Schuessler, 2007, 2024).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : în • Middle-Chinese : hjun
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to weed
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weed
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耘 • (un) · 耘 • (un) (hangeul 운, revised un, McCune–Reischauer un, Yale wun)
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耘
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| 耙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *braːs) : semantic 耒 (“plow”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː) ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *braːs) : semantic 耒 (“plow”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pēe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paa⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâ
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harrow • to draw a harrow over (a field); to harrow ‖ rake • to make smooth with a rake; to rake
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耙 (eumhun 써레 파 (sseore pa))
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hanja form of 파 (“harrow; rake”)
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canonical : 耙: Hán Việt readings: bá • canonical : bà • canonical : bả 耙: Nôm readings: bừa • canonical : bá • canonical : bồ
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Nôm form of bừa (“harrow; rake”).
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耙
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| 耶
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Corruption of 邪 (OC *ljaː, *laː). \ ; question particle ‖ ‖ Possibly influenced by English yeah. Same as 吔 (yē).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâ • Middle-Chinese : yae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : je⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâ • Middle-Chinese : yae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ
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Alternative form of 爺／爷 (yé, “father”) • Particle indicating a questioning tone. ‖ Used in transcription. ‖ yeah; hurray (interjection expressing joy) • (chiefly Internet slang) particle expressing joy or surprise
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interrogative particle • used phonetically
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耶 • (ya) · 耶 • (ya) (hangeul 야, revised ya, McCune–Reischauer ya, Yale ya)
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Hán-Nôm : da • Hán-Nôm : gia
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耶
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| 耽
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daam¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tam • Middle-Chinese : tom • Middle-Chinese : tomX
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to delay; to indulge • negligent
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耽 • (tam, dam) · 耽 • (tam, dam) (hangeul 탐, 담, revised tam, dam, McCune–Reischauer t'am, tam, Yale tham, tam)
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Hán-Nôm : đam • Hán-Nôm : xẩm • Hán-Nôm : đắm
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耽
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| 耿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːŋʔ) : abbreviated phonetic 烓 (OC *qʷeː, *kʰʷeːŋʔ) + semantic 耳. Alternatively phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːŋʔ) : abbreviated phonetic 聖 (OC *hljeŋs) + semantic 火.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kíng • Middle-Chinese : keangX
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(literary) bright; shining • (literary) honest and just; upright • uneasy; disturbed • sad; sorrowful • a surname
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light
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耿 • (gyeong) · 耿 • (gyeong) (hangeul 경, revised gyeong, McCune–Reischauer kyŏng, Yale kyeng)
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bright • shining • have guts
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Hán-Nôm : cảnh • Hán-Nôm : kẻng • Hán-Nôm : khệnh • Hán-Nôm : kỉnh
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耿
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| 聆
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Middle-Chinese : leng
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(literary) to listen carefully • (literary) to fully understand
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listening • realizing
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聆 • (ryeong>yeong) · 聆 • (ryeong>yeong) (hangeul 령>영, revised ryeong>yeong, McCune–Reischauer ryŏng>yŏng, Yale leyng>eyng)
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聆
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| 聊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *m·rɯːw) : semantic 耳 (“ear”) + phonetic 卯 (OC *mruːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâu • Middle-Chinese : lew
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to chat • (formal) to rely on • (literary, or in compounds) somewhat; slightly; at least • (literary, or in compounds) for the time being; tentatively
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slightly
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聊 • (ryo, yo) · 聊 • (ryo, yo) (hangeul 료, 요)
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somewhat • slightly, at least
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Hán-Nôm : liêu
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聊
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| 聚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zloʔ, *zlos) : phonetic 取 (OC *sʰloːʔ, *sʰloʔ) + semantic 乑 (“three men”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsī • Middle-Chinese : dzjuX • Middle-Chinese : dzjuH
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to gather; to congregate; to assemble • to gather; to congregate; to assemble · (specifically, informal) to meet up; to hang out • (literary, or in compounds) to pile up; to heap up • (literary, or in compounds) to levy; to collect; to impose • (literary, or in compounds) to extort; to plunder; to expropriate; to fleece • (literary, or in compounds) village; hamlet • (literary) crowd; drove (of people) • (literary) savings (money set aside for the future) • (chemistry) poly- • 59th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "massing" (𝍀) • a surname: Ju
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聚 • (chwi) · 聚 • (chwi) (hangeul 취, revised chwi, McCune–Reischauer ch'wi, Yale chwi)
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Hán-Nôm : tụ • Hán-Nôm : sụ • Hán-Nôm : tọ • Hán-Nôm : xụ • Hán-Nôm : xủ
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聚
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| 聯
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耳 (“ear”) + 絲 (“silk”). \ According to Duan Yucai, 聯 and 連／连 are two characters for a same word, with the former used in the Zhou dynasty and the latter in the Han dynasty. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-rjan (“equal; to place in a row; to align; row”); related to 連 (OC *ren) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : biân • Middle-Chinese : ljen
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to connect; to join • to associate; to ally • (literary or dialectal) to sew; to stitch • couplet
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Alternative form of 連
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聯 (eumhun 잇달 련 (itdal ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 잇달 연 (itdal yeon))
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hanja form of 련/연 (“connect, join”) • hanja form of 련/연 (“associate, ally”)
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Hán-Nôm : liên • Hán-Nôm : lén • Hán-Nôm : lẻn • Hán-Nôm : liền • Hán-Nôm : liễn
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聯
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| 聰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰloːŋ) : semantic 耳 (“ear”) + phonetic 悤 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshang • Middle-Chinese : tshuwng
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quick at hearing • hearing; sense of hearing • intelligent; clever; bright • satoshi (bitcoin unit)
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wise, intelligent
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聰 • (chong) · 聰 • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong, Yale chong)
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Hán-Nôm : thông
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聰
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| 聲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰjeŋ) : phonetic 殸 (OC *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs) + semantic 耳 (“ear”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siann • Middle-Chinese : syeng
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sound; noise; voice (Classifier: 把 c) • (literary) music • (literary) words; speech • (literary) to make a sound; to sound • reputation • news; messages • tone • to declare; to state • Classifier for sounds. • (Cantonese) Suffix used to form adjectives with onomatopoeia. • (Cantonese) Suffix used after large numerals to express the magnitude of a number. • (Cantonese, chiefly in the negative) to make a sound • (Cantonese) something that is said (Classifier: 句 c; 粒 c) • (Chinese phonetics) initial
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‖ 聲(こえ) • (koe) ^(←こゑ (kowe)?)
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voice ‖ Kyūjitai form of 声: voice
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聲 (eumhun 소리 성 (sori seong))
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hanja form of 성 (“voice, sound”)
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canonical : 聲: Hán Việt readings: thanh 聲: Nôm readings: thanh • canonical : thênh • canonical : thiêng • canonical : thinh • canonical : xênh
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chữ Hán form of thanh (“linguistic tone, sound, voice”). • Nôm form of thinh (“silent”). • Nôm form of thiêng (“sacred”).
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聲
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| 聽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, *l̥ʰeːŋs) : phonetic 𡈼 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ) + semantic 耳 (“ear”) + semantic 㥁. \ Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耳 (“ear”) + 口 (“mouth(s)”) – to listen. Compare 聖. \ This is traditionally considered to have the same origin as 聖 (OC *hljeŋs, “to hear; wise; sage”) and 聲 (OC *qʰjeŋ, “sound”). Additionally, it may be also related to 聆 (OC *reːŋ, “to hear; to listen”) (Wang, 1982). \ Outside connections unclear, although note Proto-Hlai *hliːŋ (“to hear (it said)”) from Pre-Hlai *(h)leːŋ (Norquest, 2007). \ Derivatives: \ * 廳 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, “hall, i.e. where hearings take place”) \ * 廷 (OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ, “palace courtyard”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, *l̥ʰeːŋs) : phonetic 𡈼 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ) + semantic 耳 (“ear”) + semantic 㥁. \ Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耳 (“ear”) + 口 (“mouth(s)”) – to listen. Compare 聖. \ This is traditionally considered to have the same origin as 聖 (OC *hljeŋs, “to hear; wise; sage”) and 聲 (OC *qʰjeŋ, “sound”). Additionally, it may be also related to 聆 (OC *reːŋ, “to hear; to listen”) (Wang, 1982). \ Outside connections unclear, although note Proto-Hlai *hliːŋ (“to hear (it said)”) from Pre-Hlai *(h)leːŋ (Norquest, 2007). \ Derivatives: \ * 廳 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, “hall, i.e. where hearings take place”) \ * 廷 (OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ, “palace courtyard”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, *l̥ʰeːŋs) : phonetic 𡈼 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋʔ) + semantic 耳 (“ear”) + semantic 㥁. \ Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 耳 (“ear”) + 口 (“mouth(s)”) – to listen. Compare 聖. \ This is traditionally considered to have the same origin as 聖 (OC *hljeŋs, “to hear; wise; sage”) and 聲 (OC *qʰjeŋ, “sound”). Additionally, it may be also related to 聆 (OC *reːŋ, “to hear; to listen”) (Wang, 1982). \ Outside connections unclear, although note Proto-Hlai *hliːŋ (“to hear (it said)”) from Pre-Hlai *(h)leːŋ (Norquest, 2007). \ Derivatives: \ * 廳 (OC *l̥ʰeːŋ, “hall, i.e. where hearings take place”) \ * 廷 (OC *l'eːŋ, *l'eːŋʔ, “palace courtyard”). ‖ From English tin. ‖ See 聽日／听日 (ting¹ jat⁶).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thing • Middle-Chinese : theng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ting³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thìng • Middle-Chinese : thengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ting¹
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to listen; to hear; to listen to (radio, etc.) • to obey; to heed • to allow; to let • Alternative form of 廳／厅 (tīng, “hall”) • (Shanghainese, slang) a thousand of a currency denomination • (Wenzhounese) to smell • (Cantonese) to pick up the phone ‖ to handle (matters of state); to administer • to adjudicate • to allow • (Cantonese) to wait a little • (Cantonese) to wait for something inevitable to happen ‖ (mahjong) to need (one or more particular tiles) to complete a hand to win ‖ can; tin • Classifier for canned drinks. ‖ (Cantonese) tomorrow
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to listen; to hear • to allow
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聽 (eumhun 들을 청 (deureul cheong))
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Hanja form of 청 (“to listen”).
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Hán-Nôm : thính • Hán-Nôm : xính
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聽
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| 肅
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𦘒 + 𣶒.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : suk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sok • Middle-Chinese : sjuwk
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respectful • solemn • to rectify; to tighten; to strengthen • to eliminate • a surname
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肅 • (suk) · 肅 • (suk) (hangeul 숙, revised suk, McCune–Reischauer suk, Yale swuk)
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Hán-Nôm : túc
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肅
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| 肆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljɯds) : semantic 镸 + phonetic 隶 (OC *lɯds). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr • Middle-Chinese : sijH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sìr
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(literary, or in compounds) impudent; undisciplined • (literary, or in compounds) shop; store; stall ‖ (financial) Alternative form of 四 (“four”) (used in official documents or checks to avoid forgery)
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‖ 肆(いちくら) or 肆(いちぐら) • (ichikura or ichigura)
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(financial, archaic) four • shop or store • selfish, self-indulgent ‖
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肆 (eum 사 (sa))
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Hán-Nôm : tứ
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肆
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| 肇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *dawʔ) : phonetic 肁 (OC *dawʔ) + semantic 攵 (“hand action”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǎu • Middle-Chinese : drjewX
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(literary) to commence; to start; to begin • (literary) to cause • Short for 肇慶／肇庆 (Zhàoqìng, “Zhaoqing”).
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‖ 肇(はじめ) • (Hajime)
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begin, start ‖ a male given name
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肇 • (jo) · 肇 • (jo) (hangeul 조, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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肇
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| 肋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯːɡ) : phonetic 力 (OC *rɯɡ) + semantic 肉 (“meat; body part”) ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lak⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liak • Middle-Chinese : lok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄜ
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rib ‖ Only used in 肋脦 (lēte).
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‖ 肋(あばら) • (abara) ‖ 肋(ばら) or 肋(バラ) • (bara)
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rib ‖ short for 肋骨 (abarabone): rib (body part) ‖ short for 肋肉 (baraniku): rib (meat, generally beef or pork)
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肋 (eumhun 갈비 륵 (galbi reuk), word-initial (South Korea) 갈비 늑 (galbi neuk))
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hanja form of 륵/늑 (“rib”)
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Hán-Nôm : lặc
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肋
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| 肚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). \ A post-classical word. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-tjwa (“mouth; beak; food; stomach”), whence Tibetan ལྟོ་བ (lto ba, “stomach; belly”) (STEDT). Compare also Proto-Tai *dwuːŋꟲ (“belly”) (whence Thai ท้อง (tɔ́ɔng)) and Proto-Kam-Sui *luŋ² (“stomach”), as Middle Chinese shangsheng corresponds to foreign -ŋ in some words (Schuessler, 2007). \ Some dialects have different pronunciations for the two senses, "abdomen; belly (of a human)" and "stomach (of an animal)", derived from two different readings in Middle Chinese that differed in the voicing of the initial consonant. \ * In Mandarin, the pronunciation for the former sense derives from the 徒古切 reading in Middle Chinese (i.e. the reading with voiced initial /d/) and the pronunciation for the latter sense derives from the 當古切 (i.e. the reading with voiceless initial /t/) reading. \ * In Min Nan, the pronunciation for the former sense derives from the 當古切 reading and the pronunciation for latter sense derives from the 徒古切 reading. \ * Cantonese uses the same pronunciation for both senses, derived from the 徒古切 reading. \ * Hakka also uses the same pronunciation for both senses, but it is instead derived from the 當古切 reading. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 土 (OC *l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ). \ A post-classical word. Compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l-tjwa (“mouth; beak; food; stomach”), whence Tibetan ལྟོ་བ (lto ba, “stomach; belly”) (STEDT). Compare also Proto-Tai *dwuːŋꟲ (“belly”) (whence Thai ท้อง (tɔ́ɔng)) and Proto-Kam-Sui *luŋ² (“stomach”), as Middle Chinese shangsheng corresponds to foreign -ŋ in some words (Schuessler, 2007). \ Some dialects have different pronunciations for the two senses, "abdomen; belly (of a human)" and "stomach (of an animal)", derived from two different readings in Middle Chinese that differed in the voicing of the initial consonant. \ * In Mandarin, the pronunciation for the former sense derives from the 徒古切 reading in Middle Chinese (i.e. the reading with voiced initial /d/) and the pronunciation for the latter sense derives from the 當古切 (i.e. the reading with voiceless initial /t/) reading. \ * In Min Nan, the pronunciation for the former sense derives from the 當古切 reading and the pronunciation for latter sense derives from the 徒古切 reading. \ * Cantonese uses the same pronunciation for both senses, derived from the 徒古切 reading. \ * Hakka also uses the same pronunciation for both senses, but it is instead derived from the 當古切 reading.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Middle-Chinese : duX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : tuX
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belly; abdomen; bowels • bulge; protrusion • (Southern Min, Eastern Min) tripe; animal stomach (as food) • heart; mind ‖ (obsolete or Southern Min) belly; abdomen • tripe; animal stomach (as food) • (Southern Min) bulge; protrusion
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‖ 肚(と) • (to)
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‖ abdomen, belly
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肚 • (du) · 肚 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)
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Hán-Nôm : đỗ
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肚
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| 肛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ) : semantic 肉 (“flesh; body”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ). \ Unclear. A relatively late word, not attested until the Middle Chinese period. \ Schuessler (2007) suggests that it may be related to Tibetan གཞང (gzhang, “anus”), but the vowels pose a problem in phonological correspondence (STEDT). \ It may be in the same family as 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; hollow”) and 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”), which both are derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice”), but STEDT suggests that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k(w)a(ŋ/k) (“waist; hips; buttocks; tail; back”) may be a better etymon. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kāng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄤ • Middle-Chinese : kaewng • Middle-Chinese : xaewng
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anus • (neologism, slang) to have anal sex; to anal ‖ (obsolete, rare) to be swollen
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anus • to swell
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肛 (eumhun 항문 항 (hangmun hang))
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hanja form of 항 (“anus”)
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canonical : 肛: Hán Việt readings: giang • canonical : xoang • canonical : khang • canonical : soang • canonical : cương 肛: Nôm readings: giang • canonical : dom
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chữ Hán form of giang (“anus”). • Nôm form of dom (“anus”).
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肛
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| 肴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢraːw) : phonetic 爻 (OC *ɢraːw) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) – meat dishes. \ Current form resembles 乂 + 有 – the lower 乂 of 爻 has moved to the side and down.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngâu • Middle-Chinese : haew
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prepared meat
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‖ 肴(さかな) • (sakana) ‖ 肴(な) • (na)
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‖ fish • a side dish served with alcoholic beverages: not necessarily fish, may be a vegetable or other meat • entertainment at a drinking party ‖ a side dish, be it meat or fish or greens
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肴 • (hyo) · 肴 • (hyo) (hangeul 효, revised hyo, McCune–Reischauer hyo, Yale hyo)
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肴
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| 胖
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Characters in the same phonetic series (半) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːns) : semantic 肉 + phonetic 半 (OC *paːns). \ According to STEDT, possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-bʷam ~ s-bʷap. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bun⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phàng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pun⁴
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(of a person) fat ‖ comfortable; at ease
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‖ 胖(ゆたか) • (Yutaka)
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fat, plump • abundant ‖ a male given name
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胖 • (ban) · 胖 • (ban) (hangeul 반, revised ban, McCune–Reischauer pan, Yale pan)
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Hán-Nôm : bàn • Hán-Nôm : bỡn • Hán-Nôm : ban • Hán-Nôm : béo • Hán-Nôm : phạng • Hán-Nôm : phàng • Hán-Nôm : pháng
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胖
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| 胚
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bui¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pher • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phi
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embryo • unfinished things
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‖ 胚(はい) • (hai)
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embryo ‖ embryo
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胚 (eum 배 (bae))
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embryo
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Hán-Nôm : phôi • Hán-Nôm : phui
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embryo
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胚
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| 胰
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ji⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yij
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(anatomy) pancreas • (dialectal Mandarin, dialectal Hakka, Jin) soap
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胰
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| 胳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːɡ) : semantic 肉 (“flesh”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lak ~ *C-jak (“arm; hand; wing”). Sagart (1999) considers it to be a prefixed form of a root *lak, found unprefixed as 亦 (OC *ᵇlak, “armpit”) and with a loosely attached prefix as *ᵃkə-lak, preserved in some southern varieties, such as Cantonese 胳肋底 (gaak3 laak6-1 dai2), Eastern Min 胳腋下 (gó̤k-lŏ̤k-â). In the new reconstruction by Baxter and Sagart (2014), the connection to 亦 (OC *[ɢ](r)Ak) is still implied (cf. Sagart, 2007), but the comparison to the forms in the southern varieties no longer holds (Hill, 2019). Zhang, Jacques and Lai (2019) compare it with Tibetan ལག (lag, “arm”), Japhug tɯ-jaʁ (“arm”) and suggest that the comparisons are more compatible with an Old Chinese reconstruction such as *klˁak. \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *kâk < *klak and posits an Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Proto-Monic *knlak (“popliteal space; armpit”), Khmer ក្លៀក (kliək, “armpit”), both from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kʔik ~ *kʔiək ~ *kʔaik (“armpit”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːɡ) : semantic 肉 (“flesh”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lak ~ *C-jak (“arm; hand; wing”). Sagart (1999) considers it to be a prefixed form of a root *lak, found unprefixed as 亦 (OC *ᵇlak, “armpit”) and with a loosely attached prefix as *ᵃkə-lak, preserved in some southern varieties, such as Cantonese 胳肋底 (gaak3 laak6-1 dai2), Eastern Min 胳腋下 (gó̤k-lŏ̤k-â). In the new reconstruction by Baxter and Sagart (2014), the connection to 亦 (OC *[ɢ](r)Ak) is still implied (cf. Sagart, 2007), but the comparison to the forms in the southern varieties no longer holds (Hill, 2019). Zhang, Jacques and Lai (2019) compare it with Tibetan ལག (lag, “arm”), Japhug tɯ-jaʁ (“arm”) and suggest that the comparisons are more compatible with an Old Chinese reconstruction such as *klˁak. \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *kâk < *klak and posits an Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Proto-Monic *knlak (“popliteal space; armpit”), Khmer ក្លៀក (kliək, “armpit”), both from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kʔik ~ *kʔiək ~ *kʔaik (“armpit”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *klaːɡ) : semantic 肉 (“flesh”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lak ~ *C-jak (“arm; hand; wing”). Sagart (1999) considers it to be a prefixed form of a root *lak, found unprefixed as 亦 (OC *ᵇlak, “armpit”) and with a loosely attached prefix as *ᵃkə-lak, preserved in some southern varieties, such as Cantonese 胳肋底 (gaak3 laak6-1 dai2), Eastern Min 胳腋下 (gó̤k-lŏ̤k-â). In the new reconstruction by Baxter and Sagart (2014), the connection to 亦 (OC *[ɢ](r)Ak) is still implied (cf. Sagart, 2007), but the comparison to the forms in the southern varieties no longer holds (Hill, 2019). Zhang, Jacques and Lai (2019) compare it with Tibetan ལག (lag, “arm”), Japhug tɯ-jaʁ (“arm”) and suggest that the comparisons are more compatible with an Old Chinese reconstruction such as *klˁak. \ Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *kâk < *klak and posits an Austroasiatic origin, comparing it to Proto-Monic *knlak (“popliteal space; armpit”), Khmer ក្លៀក (kliək, “armpit”), both from Proto-Mon-Khmer *kʔik ~ *kʔiək ~ *kʔaik (“armpit”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaak³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gok³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lok³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kok • Middle-Chinese : kak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaak³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaak³
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^⁜ (anatomy) armpit • ^⁜ (anatomy) arm ‖ Only used in 胳肢 (gézhi, “to tickle”). ‖ Only used in 胳肢窩／胳肢窝 (gāzhiwō).
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armpit • arms
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胳
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| 胴
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dung⁶ • Middle-Chinese : duwngH
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torso; trunk • (literary) large intestine
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‖ 胴(どう) • (dō)
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‖ body, torso, trunk
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胴 • (dong) · 胴 • (dong) (hangeul 동, revised dong, McCune–Reischauer tong, Yale tong)
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胴
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| 脆
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Originally 脃. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰods) : semantic ⺼ (“meat”) + abbreviated phonetic 絕 (OC *zod).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshè • Middle-Chinese : tshjwejH
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brittle; fragile • (of food) crisp; crispy • (of voices) clear; crisp • (of speech or action) neat; quick; concise
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brittle • fragile • easy to beat • sentimental • susceptible
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脆 (eumhun 연(軟)할 취 (yeonhal chwi))
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crisp • fragile, frail • brittle
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Hán-Nôm : thúy • Hán-Nôm : thuý
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脆
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| 脖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːd) : semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 孛 (OC *bɯːds, *bɯːd). \ Attested since the Yuan dynasty. Zhengzhang (2002) proposes that it comes from 襮 (OC *poːwɢ, “embroidered collar”). Sheng (2010) points out that it is unlikely because of the rare literary usage of 襮 in the literature compared to the explosive vernacular usage of 脖 since the Yuan dynasty; he instead proposes that it may be from Proto-Turkic *bōyn (“neck”), but also see Wang (2016) and Sun and Du (2022) for some difficulties with the Turkic hypothesis. ‖ Benedict (1979) relates this word to Tibetan དབུས (dbus, “middle; centre”). Alternatively, Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Monic *p[r/m]nus (“navel”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : but⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pu̍t ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : but⁶ • Middle-Chinese : bwot
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neck ‖ Used in words meaning “navel”.
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脖 • (bal) · 脖 • (bal) (hangeul 발, revised bal, McCune–Reischauer pal, Yale pal)
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Hán-Nôm : bột • Hán-Nôm : bộp
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脖
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| 脚
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Variant of 腳.
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‖ 脚(あし) • (ashi) ‖ 脚(きゃく) • (-kyaku) ‖ 脚(きゃく) • (-kyaku)
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‖ Alternative spelling of 足 (“foot; leg”) ‖ counter for desks, chairs, long-stemmed glasses ‖ (martial arts) used in the names of moves that involve kicking
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脚 (eumhun 다리 각 (dari gak))
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hanja form of 각 (“base; leg; foundation”) [affix]
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脚
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| 脣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦljun) : phonetic 辰 (OC *djɯn) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”). \ Original meaning was apparently “edge”. Related to 漘 (OC *ɦljun, “bank of a river”), 宸 (OC *djɯn, “eave (i.e. edge of a roof)”) and 胗 (OC *kljɯnʔ, *klɯnʔ, “ulcer of the lip”) (Wang, 1982). \ Further etymology is not clear. The various theories are: \ * Schuessler (2007): Related to Lepcha ᰣᰌᰫᰯ (a-dul, “lips”) < root ᰌᰫᰯ (dul) (STEDT derives this from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ts(j)ul (“lip; beak”)). \ * Benedict (1972): Related to Tibetan མཆུ (mchu, “lips; beak of a bird”) (derived from the same Sino-Tibetan etymon in STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sûn • Middle-Chinese : zywin
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(anatomy) lip • (figurative) lip-shaped thing • (literary or Hakka, Southern Min) side; edge
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脣 (eumhun 입술 순 (ipsul sun))
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hanja form of 순 (“lip”)
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romanization : thần
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脣
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| 脯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baː, *paʔ) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baː, *paʔ) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 甫 (OC *paʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phôo • Middle-Chinese : pjuX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu² • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póo • Middle-Chinese : pjuX
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chest; breast ‖ dried meat • sun-dried candied fruit; preserved fruit
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脯 (eumhun 포 포 (po po))
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hanja form of 포 (“dried meat”)
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脯
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| 脱
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‖ 脱(だつ) • (datsu-)
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‖ de- (undoing of something)
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canonical : 脱: Hán Việt readings: thoát 脱: Nôm readings: thoắt • canonical : thoát • canonical : thoạt • canonical : thót
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chữ Hán form of thoát (“to escape; to exit”). • Nôm form of thoắt.
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脱
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| 脾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *be) : semantic ⺼ (“organ”) + phonetic 卑 (OC *pe). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-paj (“spleen”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phî • Middle-Chinese : bjie
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(～臟) (traditional Chinese medicine) a functionally defined organ of the digestive system, corresponding largely to the anatomical organ of the pancreas • (～臟) (Western medicine, anatomy) spleen • (figurative) disposition; liking; temperament
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‖ 脾(よこし) • (yokoshi)
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‖ (anatomy) spleen
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脾 (eumhun 지라 비 (jira bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“spleen”)
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Hán-Nôm : tì • Hán-Nôm : tỳ
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脾
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| 腋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laːɡ) : semantic 肉 (“flesh”) + phonetic 夜 (OC *laːɡs). \ Originally written 亦, see there for more. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *lak ~ *C-jak (“arm; hand; wing”), either via *jak (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007) or *lak (Shi, 2000; Handel, 2009). Compare Mizo zak (“armpit”), Tibetan ལག་པ (lag pa, “arm; hand”), Burmese လက် (lak, “arm; hand”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Middle-Chinese : yek
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armpit; underarm; axilla • (botany) axil • Alternative form of 掖 (“to help; to assist”)
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armpit, underarm, axilla
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腋 (eumhun 겨드랑이 액 (gyeodeurang'i aek))
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hanja form of 액 (“armpit”)
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Hán-Nôm : dạ • Hán-Nôm : dịch • Hán-Nôm : nách • Hán-Nôm : nịch
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Nôm form of nách (“armpit”).
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腋
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| 腎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡjinʔ) : phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic ⺼ (“meat; flesh”) – a body part, the kidneys. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-k(j)un (“kidney”). Cognate with Burmese ကုန်း (kun:, “back”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siǎn • Middle-Chinese : dzyinX
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(anatomy) kidney • (traditional Chinese medicine) testicle • (Cantonese) gizzard • (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, humorous) Deliberate misspelling of 賢／贤 (xián).
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‖ 腎(むらと) • (murato) ‖ 腎(むらど) • (murado)
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‖ (obsolete) kidney ‖ (obsolete) kidney
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腎 (eumhun 콩팥 신 (kongpat sin))
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hanja form of 신 (“kidney”)
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Hán-Nôm : thận
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chữ Hán form of thận (“kidney”).
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腎
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| 腔
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰroːŋ) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; hollow”). \ Cognate with 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs, “empty; hollow”) (Wang, 1982).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄤㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khionn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiaunn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khang • Middle-Chinese : khaewng
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(literary, or in compounds) cavity; hollow in body • (chiefly Chinese opera) tune; melody • (linguistics) accent of one's speech • (Chuqu Wu) speech; dialect; language • (literary, or in compounds) speech; talk
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cavity
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腔 (eumhun 속 빌 강 (sok bil gang))
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hanja form of 강 (“cavity; hollow in body”)
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Hán-Nôm : xoang • Hán-Nôm : khang • Hán-Nôm : xăng • Hán-Nôm : xang
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腔
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| 腥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *seːŋ, *seːŋs) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 星 (OC *sleːŋ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seng¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshenn • Middle-Chinese : seng • Middle-Chinese : sengH
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fishy smell • having a fishy smell • meat; fish • (archaic) raw meat; uncooked meat
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‖ 腥(なまぐさ) • (namagusa)
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smelly, as of raw fish or meat ‖ a smell of fish, meat, or blood • a stink, a bad smell
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腥 • (seong) · 腥 • (seong) (hangeul 성, revised seong, McCune–Reischauer sŏng, Yale seng)
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Hán-Nôm : tinh • Hán-Nôm : tanh
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腥
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| 腦
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Originally 匘, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 匕 + 巛 (“hair”) + 囟 (“head; fontanel”). 匕 was later replaced with 肉 (“flesh”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nəw-k. Cognate with Burmese ဦးနှောက် (u:hnauk), Nuosu ꀑꆊ (o not, “brain”), Jingpho nu' (“brain”), Drung unu (“brain; mind”), Japhug tɯrnoʁ, S'gaw Karen ခိၣ်နူာ် (khoh̀noọ, “brain”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nou⁵ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄠˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : náu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ló • Middle-Chinese : nawX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄋㄠˋ • Middle-Chinese : nawH
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(anatomy) brain (Classifier: 個／个 m c) • head • brains; mind • to smash one's head • core; central part • (in compounds) brain-like object or substance • (in compounds) essence • (Hong Kong Cantonese) Short for 電腦／电脑 (din⁶ nou⁵, “computer”). (Classifier: 部 c) ‖
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Kyūjitai form of 脳
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腦 (eumhun 머릿골 뇌 (meoritgol noe))
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hanja form of 뇌 (“brain”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : não ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of não (“brain”).
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腦
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| 腫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjoŋʔ) : semantic 肉 (“meat, flesh”) + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsióng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsíng • Middle-Chinese : tsyowngX
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to be swollen; to swell
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‖ 腫(しゅ) • (shu) ‖ 腫(しゅ) • (-shu)
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tumor, growth; swelling ‖ tumor, growth ‖ tumor • type of cancer
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腫 (eumhun 부스럼 종 (buseureom jong))
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hanja form of 종 (“tumour”)
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Hán-Nôm : thũng • Hán-Nôm : sũng • Hán-Nôm : thõng • Hán-Nôm : thủng • Hán-Nôm : thuỗn • Hán-Nôm : sõng
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腫
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| 腮
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : soi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sai
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(anatomy) cheek • (anatomy) lower part of face; jaw • Alternative form of 鰓／鳃 (“gills of a fish”)
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Hán-Nôm : tai
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腮
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| 腿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰuːlʔ) : semantic 肉 (“flesh”) + phonetic 退 (OC *n̥ʰuːbs). \ Originally 骽 (OC *n̥ʰuːlʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : teoi² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuí • Middle-Chinese : thwojX
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leg (Classifier: 條／条) • base; leg; foundation • (in compounds) ham • (Xiang) to joke
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‖ 腿(もも) • (momo)
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‖ a thigh • knees
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腿 (eumhun 넓적다리 퇴 (neopjeokdari toe))
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hanja form of 퇴 (“thigh”)
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Hán-Nôm : thối • Hán-Nôm : thoái • Hán-Nôm : thói • Hán-Nôm : thỗi • Hán-Nôm : thoãi
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腿
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| 膀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baːŋ) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 旁 (OC *baːŋ). \ Probably cognate with 膊 (Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, it may be related to etymology 3 since the shoulders are on two sides (Liu, 1999). ‖ ‖ Cognate with 旁 (OC *baːŋ, “side”) (Liu, 1999). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bong² • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : póng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phōng • Middle-Chinese : bang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Middle-Chinese : bang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˇ
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upper arm; shoulder • wing ‖ Only used in 膀胱 (pángguāng). ‖ flank; side of one's torso ‖ (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) swollen; puffed ‖ Only used in 吊膀子 (diào bàngzi) and 膀子吊.
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膀 (eumhun 오줌통 방 (ojumtong bang))
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hanja form of 방 (“bladder”)
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膀
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| 膊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːɡ) : semantic 肉 (“body”) + phonetic 尃 (OC *pʰa). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(r)ak ~ *r-pak (“shoulder”). Cognate with 髆 (OC *paːɡ, “shoulder blade; shoulder”). Probably cognate with 膀 (bǎng, “upper arm; shoulder”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-pak (“to separate; to dismantle; to collapse”). ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Middle-Chinese : phak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄝˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ
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arm; upper arm • (dialectal) shoulder • (by extension) upper body ‖ ^† to dismember • ^† sun-dried meat that is cut up ‖ ^† Alternative form of 脖 (bó, “neck”) ‖ ^† boundary; border ‖ ^‡ elder brother
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膊 • (bak) · 膊 • (bak) (hangeul 박, revised bak, McCune–Reischauer pak, Yale pak)
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膊
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| 膏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːw, *kaːws) : phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw) + semantic 肉 (“meat”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːw, *kaːws) : phonetic 高 (OC *kaːw) + semantic 肉 (“meat”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kō • Middle-Chinese : kaw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gou³ • Middle-Chinese : kawH
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fat; grease; oil • fatty; oily; rich • paste; cream; ointment; poultice • sleek; glossy • fertile • (historical) fatty tissue located at the tip of the heart ‖ to moisten; to grease; to lubricate • to apply (cream, ointment) • to dip a brush in ink
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膏 • (go) · 膏 • (go) (hangeul 고, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)
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canonical : 膏: Hán Việt readings: cao
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膏
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| 膚
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 肉 (“meat”) + abbreviated 盧 (“vessel; rice bowl”) — skin, which covers the innards like the exterior of a rice bowl. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p(r/j)a (“skin”) (STEDT). This form likely represents the root while 皮 (OC *bral) is its derivative with a voicing prefix, most likely PST *m-, found in several OC words for body parts like 鼻 (OC *m-bi[t]-s, “nose”), 肚 (OC *m-tˤaʔ, “belly”), 右 (OC *[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s (~ *m-qʷəʔ), “right-hand”) and 頭 (OC *[m-t]ˤo, “head”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu • Middle-Chinese : pju
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skin • superficial; shallow • great • (alt. form 扶) ancient unit of length equal to the width of four fingers
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hanja form of 부 (“skin”)
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膚
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| 膛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : phonetic 肉 (OC *njuɡ, “flesh, meat”) + semantic 堂.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tn̂g
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Hán-Nôm : thang • Hán-Nôm : đường
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膛
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| 膳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djens) : semantic ⺼ + phonetic 善 (OC *ɡjenʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siān • Middle-Chinese : dzyenH
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to prepare food • to offer food • meal
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‖ 膳(ぜん) • (zen) ‖ 膳(ぜん) • (-zen)
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small table; tray ‖ small Japanese meal tray • a prepared meal, (especially) food a drink arranged on such a tray ‖ pairs of chopsticks • bowls of rice
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膳 (eumhun 반찬 선 (banchan seon)) · 膳 (eumhun 선물 선 (seonmul seon))
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hanja form of 선 (“meal”) • hanja form of 선 (“gift; present”)
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romanization : thiện
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膳
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| 臀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *duːn) : phonetic 殿 (OC *tɯːns, *dɯːns) + semantic 肉 (“flesh”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-t(u/i)l (“buttocks; heel; dull; blunt; rounded part”). Compare Manipuri ꯊꯨꯟ (thoon, “buttocks”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thûn • Middle-Chinese : dwon
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buttocks; bottom
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butt, buttocks, rear
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臀 (eumhun 볼기 둔 (bolgi dun))
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hanja form of 둔 (“buttocks”)
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Hán-Nôm : đồn
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臀
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| 臂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peɡs) : phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ) + semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p-jak (“arm”), whence Lepcha [script needed] (pek), Limbu [script needed] (phuk-bek), Tibetan ཕྱག (phyag, “hand; arm”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄅㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pì • Middle-Chinese : pjieH
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(anatomy) arm
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‖ 臂(ひじ) • (hiji) ^(←ひぢ (fidi)?)
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‖ Alternative spelling of 肘
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臂 (eumhun 팔 비 (pal bi))
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hanja form of 비 (“arm”)
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Hán-Nôm : tý • Hán-Nôm : tí
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臂
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| 臆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯɡ) : semantic 肉 (“body”) + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs). \ Compare Proto-Tai *ʔɤkᴰ (“chest”), whence Thai อก (òk). Cognate with 意 (OC *qɯɡs, “mind”) and 憶 (OC *qɯɡ, “to remember”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iak • Middle-Chinese : 'ik ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ioh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ip
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chest; breast; bosom • thought ‖ (Southern Min) to guess • (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to purchase objects by quantity and not by weight
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‖ 臆(おく) • (oku)
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chest; breast; heart • to repress one's mind; to be hesitant in one's thoughts • timid; nervous; afraid ‖ chest • guess; conjecture • timid; nervous
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臆 (eumhun 가슴 억 (gaseum eok))
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hanja form of 억 (“chest”)
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Hán-Nôm : ức
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臆
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| 臟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zaːŋs) : semantic ⺼ (“flesh”) + phonetic 藏 (OC *zaːŋ, *zaːŋs). \ Specializational glyph of 藏 (OC *zaːŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsn̄g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsōng
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internal organs; viscera • (Northern Min) intestines; guts
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intestines • entrails
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臟 (eum 장 (jang))
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Hán-Nôm : tạng
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臟
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| 舀
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 爪 (“hand”) + 臼 (“mortar, vessel”). \ Related to 揄 (OC *l'oː, *l'oːʔ, *lu, *lo, “to scoop out”) (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Mizo lâwk, lawh (“to scoop up; to shovel up”), Mon ဂၠံက် (“to scoop up; to scoop out”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iónn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iúnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iáu • Middle-Chinese : yu • Middle-Chinese : yuw • Middle-Chinese : yewX
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to scoop; to ladle
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dip • ladle
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舀 • (yo) · 舀 • (yo) (hangeul 요, revised yo, McCune–Reischauer yo, Yale yo)
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ladle out • spoon out
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Hán-Nôm : yểu • Hán-Nôm : ửu
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舀
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| 舅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡuʔ) : phonetic 臼 (OC *ɡuʔ) + semantic 男 (“male; man”). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)əw-n (“elder brother; senior male relative”); compare Tibetan ཨ་ཁུ (a khu), ཁུ་བོ (khu bo, “father's brother”) (Sagart, 2017d; STEDT). Possibly related to 舊 (OC *ɡʷɯs, “old; ancient”), 昆 (OC *kuːn, “elder brother”) (Sagart, 1999; STEDT); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiǔ • Middle-Chinese : gjuwX
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maternal uncle (mother's brother) • brother-in-law (wife's brother) • father-in-law (wife's father or husband's father) • feudal prince of a different surname (to an emperor) • official of a different surname (to a feudal prince) • a surname • (Taiwan, botany) used in plant names to indicate naming after a similar species
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‖ 舅(しひと) • (shihito) ‖ 舅(しゅうと) • (shūto) ^(←しうと (siuto)?)
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‖ a father-in-law ‖ a father-in-law
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舅 • (gu) · 舅 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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canonical : 舅: Hán Việt readings: cữu 舅: Nôm readings: cậu • canonical : cữu
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Nôm form of cậu (“maternal uncle, young male master, younger male stranger”).
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舅
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| 與
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *la, *laʔ, *las) : phonetic 舁 (OC *la) + semantic 牙. \ ; "to be with; to associate with" \ ; "to give" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *la, *laʔ, *las) : phonetic 舁 (OC *la) + semantic 牙. \ ; "to be with; to associate with" \ ; "to give" ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *la, *laʔ, *las) : phonetic 舁 (OC *la) + semantic 牙. \ ; "to be with; to associate with" \ ; "to give"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Middle-Chinese : yoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : í • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Middle-Chinese : yoH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yo
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to give; to offer • to agree; to allow; to permit • to help; to support • to get close to • to follow • to befriend; to get along with; to associate with • to fight • to deal with; to cope • to compare • to wait • to choose; to elect • clique • allied country • with • for • (passive) by • used to introduce the recipient of an action • and (used to connect two nouns) • (logic) AND; conjunction • rather than • Same as 舉／举 (jǔ) • a surname ‖ to participate • to interfere ‖ (Classical, alt. form 歟／欤) Sentence-final particle used to express an exclamatory, doubtful or questioning tone
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participate in • give • award • impart • provide • cause
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與 (eumhun 더불 여 (deobul yeo)) · 與 (eumhun 줄 여 (jul yeo)) ‖ 與 (eumhun 참여할 여 (chamyeohal yeo)) ‖ 與 • (yeo) (hangeul 여)
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hanja form of 여 (“and; with; to; for”) [affix] • hanja form of 여 (“to give; to grant”) [affix] ‖ hanja form of 여 (“to participate”) [affix] ‖ (in news headlines) Short for 與(여)黨(당) (yeodang, “(politics) the ruling party”).
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Hán-Nôm : dữ • Hán-Nôm : trở
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與
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| 舊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷɯs) : semantic 雈 (“owl”) + phonetic 臼 (OC *ɡuʔ). \ Originally refers to a type of owl; later borrowed for a homophonous word meaning "old." The upper portion frequently appears as 萑 (a type of grass). \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)əw-n (“elder brother; senior male relative”), which is also compared to 舅 (OC *ɡuʔ, “maternal uncle”), 昆 (OC *kuːn, “elder brother”) (Sagart, 1999; STEDT). \ Baxter and Sagart (2014) compares it to 久 (OC *[k]ʷəʔ). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiū • Middle-Chinese : gjuwH
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old; former; past • old; used; worn • former; once-existing • old friend or friendship, or things in the past • (dialectal) last; previous
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‖
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old ‖
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舊 (eumhun 예 구 (ye gu))
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hanja form of 예 (“old”)
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Hán-Nôm : cựu • Hán-Nôm : lâu
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舊
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| 舒
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phonetic 舍 (OC *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs) + phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : su • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : si • Middle-Chinese : syo
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to open up; to unfold; to stretch out; to relax • (Eastern Min, Puxian Min, Hokkien, Teochew) to spread (a mat, a blanket, etc.) • slow • comfortable; leisurely; easy • a surname
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舒 • (seo) · 舒 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, Yale se)
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Hán-Nôm : thư • Hán-Nôm : thơ
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(only in compounds) chữ Hán form of thư (“idle, unoccupied, to relax”).
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舒
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| 舔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰiːmʔ) : semantic 舌 (“tongue”) + phonetic 忝 (OC *l̥ʰiːmʔ, *l̥ʰiːms). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ljam (“tongue; flame”). The Cantonese vernacular reading (Guangzhou lim² or lem²; Taishan liam²) preserves the Old Chinese lateral initial *l̥-.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiám
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(transitive) to lick • (figurative, slang, transitive) to suck up to; to brownnose
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Hán-Nôm : thiểm • Hán-Nôm : liếm • Hán-Nôm : thiêm
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舔
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| 舵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːlʔ) : semantic 舟 (“boat”) + phonetic 它 (OC *l̥ʰaːl). \ Attested late, in Shiming as 柂 and Guangyun as 舵. \ Shiming connects it to 拖 (OC *l̥ˤaj, “to drag, to pull, to haul”). Meanwhile, Schuessler (2007) considers it an areal word; compare Vietnamese lái (“to drive (a wheeled vehicle), to steer (a vessel), etc.”) and Thai ท้าย (táai, “stern; back; rear end”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǒo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuǎ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuǎnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǎi • Middle-Chinese : daX
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(nautical, aeronautics) rudder; helm • (Cantonese) steering (of a vehicle)
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‖ 舵(かじ) • (kaji) ^(←かぢ (kadi)?)
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rudder, tiller, helm ‖ (nautical) the rudder of a boat or ship • (nautical, aeronautics) the helm, tiller, or wheel of a boat or ship, or of an aircraft • (figurative) a position of leadership or control • (nautical) a single oar-like device attached to the back of a small boat and swept from side to side to propel the boat forward
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舵 (eumhun 키 타 (ki ta))
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hanja form of 타 (“rudder, tiller, helm”)
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canonical : 舵: Hán Việt readings: đà
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舵
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| 舷
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kînn • Middle-Chinese : hen
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sides of a boat (i.e. port and starboard) • (Southern Min) side; edge
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舷 (eumhun 뱃전 현 (baetjeon hyeon))
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hanja form of 현 (“the sides of a boat”)
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舷
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| 艘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *suːw, *sɯːw) : semantic 舟 (“boat”) + phonetic 叟 (OC *suːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄡ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau² • Cantonese · Jyutping : sau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : só • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : so • Middle-Chinese : sew
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Classifier for boats, ships, vessels. • (literary) ship
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‖ 艘(そう) • (-sō)
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‖ small boats
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艘 (eum 소 (so))
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Hán-Nôm : sưu
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艘
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| 艦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraːmʔ) : semantic 舟 + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms). \ "Warship (with boards installed on its four sides to defend against arrow attacks)" (Shiming) > "warship" > "ship" (Guangya). A specialised character derived from 檻 (OC *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms, “fence, railing, board”); see there for more on the external etymology. \ This character is a classic example of historical misreadings of unfamiliar characters. The l- initial in southern dialects is probably due to confusion with 濫 (MC lamH, “to overflow”), not due to divergent evolutions of the Old Chinese cluster initial *gr- as this character is often cited as an example of. Likewise, the readings in other Chinese are misreadings, although this is more subtle. Expected Mandarin reflex is xiàn, and jiàn is due to confusion with 鑑 (MC kaemH, “mirror; to reflect”). Wu and Eastern Min readings are results of confusion with 檻 (MC haemX, “doorsill”). Despite these irregularities, all the Sinoxenic readings are regular.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : laam⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hām • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàm • Middle-Chinese : haemX
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warship
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‖ 艦(かん) • (kan)
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‖ warship
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艦 (eumhun 싸움배 함 (ssaumbae ham))
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hanja form of 함 (“warship”) [noun]
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Hán-Nôm : hạm
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艦
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| 艾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːds, *ŋads) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 乂 (OC *ŋads). ‖ From 愛. See 愛滋病 for more. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiānn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngāi • Middle-Chinese : ngajH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ài ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngaai⁶ • Middle-Chinese : ngjojH
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mugwort, especially Chinese mugwort (Artemisia argyi) • (obsolete) green • (literary) pale; greyish white • (literary) elderly person • (literary) to end; to stop • (literary) beautiful lady • (obsolete) to nurture; to foster • (historical) an ancient place in modern-day Xiushui County, Jiangxi • (historical) a mountain in modern-day Xintai, Shandong • a surname ‖ Only used in 艾滋病 (àizībìng). ‖ Alternative form of 刈 (yì, “to mow; to harvest; to chop; to exterminate; sickle”) • Alternative form of 乂 (“to govern; to control; to pacify; to admonish”)
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‖ 艾(もぐさ) • (mogusa) ‖ 艾(よもぎ) • (yomogi)
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artemisia; mugwort, sagebrush, wormwood ‖ mugwort ‖ mugwort
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艾 (eumhun 쑥 애 (ssuk ae)) ‖ 艾 (eumhun 다스릴 예 (daseuril ye))
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moxa, mugwort ‖
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Hán-Nôm : ngải • Hán-Nôm : nghệ • Hán-Nôm : nghễ
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艾
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| 芒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːŋ, *maŋ) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 亡 (OC *maŋ). \ Unclear. Schuessler (2007) lists two possible comparanda: \ * Proto-Kam-Sui *mpraːŋ¹ (“ear (of grain)”), which may be problematic due to inconsistent phonetic correspondence with the Middle Chinese form; and \ * Burmese အမှင် (a.hmang, “stiff hair; bristles”), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ma-ŋ (“beard; moustache”) (STEDT). ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mê • Middle-Chinese : mjang • Middle-Chinese : mang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bông ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁴ • Middle-Chinese : mang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Bông ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fong²
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(～草) Miscanthus sinensis • (～屬) Miscanthus • awn • edge of a knife • ray; beam (of light) • Alternative form of 茫 (máng, “indistinct”) • Alternative form of 忙 (máng, “hurried”) • (obsolete, alt. form 邙) Short for 北邙山 (Běimángshān). • a surname ‖ Short for 芒果 (mángguǒ, “mango”). ‖ a surname ‖ (Chinese mythology) Mang of Xia (ninth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty) ‖ Alternative form of 恍 (huǎng, “indistinct; confused”)
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(botany) awn
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芒 • (mang) · 芒 • (mang) (hangeul 망, revised mang, McCune–Reischauer mang, Yale mang)
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Hán-Nôm : mang • Hán-Nôm : man • Hán-Nôm : mường • Hán-Nôm : màng • Hán-Nôm : mưng • Hán-Nôm : vong
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芒
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| 芙
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phû • Middle-Chinese : bju
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Only used in 芙蓉 (fúróng) and 芙蕖 (fúqú).
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芙 • (bu) · 芙 • (bu) (hangeul 부, revised bu, McCune–Reischauer pu, Yale pu)
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Hán-Nôm : phù • Hán-Nôm : trầu • Hán-Nôm : giầu
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芙
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| 芥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kreːds) : semantic 艸 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 介 (OC *kreːds) – a type of plant. \ The meaning "mustard green" is attested earliest in the Book of Rites; "small grass" in Zuo zhuan (Ai 1). \ Schuessler (2007) compares it to Middle Korean 갓 (kas), Proto-Southwestern Tai *ka:tᴰ (> Thai กาด (gàat), Lao ກາດ (kāt), Shan ၵၢတ်ႇ (kàat)), Proto-Vietic *kaːs (> Vietnamese cải, Muong cái, & Thavung kajh¹). However, all those foreign items might have been loaned from Late Old Chinese or Eastern Han Chinese (as proposed by Pittayaporn for *ka:tᴰ),
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kài • Middle-Chinese : keajH
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mustard greens (Brassica juncea) • (literary) small grass • (literary, figurative) triviality
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mustard • rubbish, trash, dust
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芥 • (gae) · 芥 • (gae) (hangeul 개, revised gae, McCune–Reischauer kae, Yale kay)
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Hán-Nôm : giới
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芥
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| 芬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯn) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hun • Middle-Chinese : phjun
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fragrance, aroma • fragrant • Short for 芬蘭／芬兰 (Fēnlán, “Finland”).
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|
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芬 • (bun) · 芬 • (bun) (hangeul 분, revised bun, McCune–Reischauer pun, Yale pun)
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Hán-Nôm : phân
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芬
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| 芭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praː) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praː) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : baa¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa • Middle-Chinese : pae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ
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Used in 芭蕉 (bājiāo); also used as its short form. • a kind of fragrant grass ‖ Used in an ancient personal name. • Alternative form of 葩 (pā)
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banana
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芭 • (pa) · 芭 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)
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canonical : 芭: Hán Việt readings: ba 芭: Nôm readings: ba • canonical : bơ
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chữ Hán form of ba (“banana”).
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芭
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| 芹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯn) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khûn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khîn • Middle-Chinese : gj+n
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water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) • celery (Apium graveolens) • (figurative) meager; humble
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‖ 芹(せり) or 芹(セリ) • (seri)
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water dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) ‖ water dropwort, Oenanthe javanica
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芹 • (geun) · 芹 • (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune–Reischauer kŭn, Yale kun)
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Hán-Nôm : cần
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芹
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| 苑
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‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : 'jwonX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄣˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ
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park; garden; pasture; preserve • park; garden; pasture; preserve · imperial garden; imperial hunting grounds • (of arts, literature, etc.) center; circle; world ‖ a surname ‖ Alternative form of 菀 (yù, “lush; luxuriant”) ‖ Alternative form of 蘊／蕴 (“to accumulate; to gather”)
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‖
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garden • farm • park ‖
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苑 • (won) · 苑 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
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romanization : uyển • romanization : oản • romanization : oan
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苑
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| 苔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯː) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 台 (OC *l̥ʰɯː, *l'ɯː, *l'ɯː, *lɯ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : toi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thî • Middle-Chinese : doj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄞ • Cantonese · Jyutping : toi¹
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moss; lichen ‖ tongue coating; fur
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‖ 苔(こけ) • (koke)
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moss ‖ moss • Synonym of 猿麻桛 (saruogase, “beard moss, Usena”)
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苔 • (tae) · 苔 • (tae) (hangeul 태, revised tae, McCune–Reischauer t'ae, Yale thay)
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Hán-Nôm : đài • Hán-Nôm : đầy • Hán-Nôm : dày • Hán-Nôm : đày • Hán-Nôm : dây • Hán-Nôm : thai
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苔
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| 苞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pruː) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pruː) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pruː) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pôo • Middle-Chinese : paew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄠ
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bulrush (for making mats and straw sandals) • root or stem of plants • growing in profusion; luxuriant; profuse • (botany) bract; bud • Alternative form of 包 (“to wrap up; to surround”) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 匏 (páo, “gourd”) ‖ Alternative form of 藨 (“bulrush”)
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‖ 苞(ほう) • (hō) ^(←はう (fau)?)
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husk • bract • straw wrapper • souvenir gift • bribe ‖ (botany) bract
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苞 • (po) · 苞 • (po) (hangeul 포, revised po, McCune–Reischauer p'o, Yale pho)
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canonical : 苞: Hán Việt readings: bao 苞: Nôm readings: bèo • canonical : bào • canonical : vầu
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Nôm form of bèo (“duckweed”).
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苞
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| 茁
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyut³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuat • Middle-Chinese : trwit • Middle-Chinese : tsrweat • Middle-Chinese : tsrjwet
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茁 • (jul) · 茁 • (jul) (hangeul 줄, revised jul, McCune–Reischauer chul, Yale cwul)
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bud • sprout
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|
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茁
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| 范
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bomʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 氾 (OC *pʰoms, *bom).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huān • Middle-Chinese : bjomX
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^† bee • Simplied form of 範／范 (fàn). Alternative of 笵 (fàn). • (～縣) Fan County, Fanxian (a county of Puyang, Henan, China) • a surname
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范 • (beom) · 范 • (beom) (hangeul 범, revised beom, McCune–Reischauer pŏm, Yale pem)
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Hán-Nôm : phạm
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Chữ Hán form of Phạm (“a surname from Chinese.”).
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范
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| 茄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡa, *ɡal, *kraːl) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 加 (OC *kraːl). ‖ ‖ Compare: \ * Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kləj: Chinese 屎 (OC *hliʔ), Burmese ချေး (hkye:); \ * Proto-Tai *C̬.qɯjꟲ (“excrement”): Thai ขี้ (kîi). \ Bauer (1996) does not consider this to be a loan from Tai. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiô • Middle-Chinese : gja ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄚ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ka • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kee • Middle-Chinese : kae ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ke¹ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ke¹
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(now in compounds or dialectal) eggplant; aubergine • (Cantonese) Short for 番茄 (faan¹ ke⁴⁻², “tomato”). ‖ lotus stem • An ancient state in modern Anhui ‖ (Cantonese, colloquial) poop (Classifier: 篤／笃 c) ‖ (Cantonese) Used in transcription.
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eggplant
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茄 (eum 가 (ga))
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eggplant
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Hán-Nôm : già • Hán-Nôm : nhà • Hán-Nôm : nhu • Hán-Nôm : như • Hán-Nôm : nhựa • Hán-Nôm : cà • Hán-Nôm : gia
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茄
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| 茅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mruː) : semantic 艹 (“plant”) + phonetic 矛 (OC *mu).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maau⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : mâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hm̂ • Middle-Chinese : maew
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cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) (often used as thatch) • (obsolete, metonymically) thatched cottage • (obsolete, figurative) Tao • (obsolete) clear • (obsolete) to become damaged • (Cantonese, derogatory) not abiding by the rules; cheaty • Alternative form of 旄 (máo) • (historical) An ancient state in modern Shandong • a surname
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‖ 茅(ちがや) or 茅(チガヤ) • (chigaya)
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thatch ‖ cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica)
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茅 • (mo) · 茅 • (mo) (hangeul 모, revised mo, McCune–Reischauer mo, Yale mo)
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Hán-Nôm : mao
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茅
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| 茉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 末 (OC *maːd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mut⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bāng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ba̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bua̍t • Middle-Chinese : mat
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Only used in 茉莉 (mòlì).
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white jasmine
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茉 • (mal) · 茉 • (mal) (hangeul 말, revised mal, McCune–Reischauer mal, Yale mal)
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Hán-Nôm : mạt • Hán-Nôm : nhi
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茉
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| 茵
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : in • Middle-Chinese : 'jin
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cushion; mattress • Used in 茵蒀 and 茵陳／茵陈 (yīnchén). • a surname
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A coin
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茵 • (in) · 茵 • (in) (hangeul 인)
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mat, cushion
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Hán-Nôm : nhân
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mattress
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茵
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| 茸
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Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njoŋ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + abbreviated phonetic 聰 (OC *sʰloːŋ) (Shuowen). ‖ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njoŋ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + abbreviated phonetic 聰 (OC *sʰloːŋ) (Shuowen).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jiông • Middle-Chinese : nyowng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˇ
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(of vegetation) soft and downy; newly sprouted and pilose • bud; sprout • fine hair; soft fur • pilose antler of a young stag ‖ (obsolete) to push in • Used in compounds.
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‖ 茸(きのこ) or 茸(キノコ) • (kinoko) ‖ 茸(たけ) or 茸(タケ) • (take) ‖ 茸(くさびら) or 茸(くさひら) • (kusabira or kusahira) ‖ 茸(くさびら) • (Kusabira) ‖ 茸(きのこ) • (Kinoko)
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‖ a mushroom ‖ (chiefly Kansai or in compounds) a mushroom • (colloquial) the flesh of an animal ‖ (archaic, now dialectal) a mushroom • (etymology, obsolete) vegetable, greens • (euphemistic, in Ise Grand Shrine) the flesh of an animal ‖ a kyogen play ‖ (Internet slang) NTT Docomo
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茸 • (yong) · 茸 • (yong) (hangeul 용, revised yong, McCune–Reischauer yong, Yale yong)
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Hán-Nôm : nhung
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茸
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| 荐
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zin³ • Middle-Chinese : dzenH
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straw mat • fodder grass • repeatedly • ^‡ to gather • Alternative form of 薦／荐 (jiàn, “to recommend”)
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|
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荐 • (cheon, geon) · 荐 • (cheon, geon) (hangeul 천, 건, revised cheon, geon, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏn, kŏn, Yale chen, ken)
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Hán-Nôm : tiến
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荐
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| 荔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːbs, *rebs) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 劦 (OC *ɦleːb).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nǎi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nuī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liān • Middle-Chinese : ljeH • Middle-Chinese : lejH
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Alternative name for 馬藺／马蔺 (“Iris lactea”). • Short for 荔枝 (lìzhī, “lychee”). • Used in 薜荔 (bìlì). • a surname
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|
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Hán-Nôm : lệ • Hán-Nôm : lê
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荔
|
| 莉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːl, *r'il, *r'i) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 利 (OC *rids).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nī • Middle-Chinese : drij • Middle-Chinese : dri • Middle-Chinese : lej
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Used in 茉莉 (mòlì).
|
|
white jasmine • Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
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莉 • (ri>i) · 莉 • (ri>i) (hangeul 리>이, revised ri>i, McCune–Reischauer ri>i, Yale li>i)
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|
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莉 (lị, lài, lý, lợi, nhài)
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莉
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| 莊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraŋ) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 壯 (OC *ʔsraŋs).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsonn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuang • Middle-Chinese : tsrjang
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grassy • village; farmstead; hamlet • villa; manor • thoroughfare; main road • place of business; shop • (gambling) dealer; banker • solemn; serious • (Hong Kong Cantonese, university slang) student association; student union (Classifier: 支 c) • a surname: Zhuang
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a manor, a villa • a village, a hamlet • number of mahjongg games (counter)
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莊 • (jang) · 莊 • (jang) (hangeul 장, revised jang, McCune–Reischauer chang, Yale cang)
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Hán-Nôm : trang • Hán-Nôm : đồ • Hán-Nôm : dưa • Hán-Nôm : chan • Hán-Nôm : chang
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|
莊
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| 莽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *maːŋʔ, *moːʔ, *maːʔ) : phonetic 茻 (OC *maːŋʔ) + semantic 犬, and also ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 茻 + semantic 犬 (Li Xueqin, 2012). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ljak ~ mrak ~ mruk.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mong⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bóng • Middle-Chinese : muX • Middle-Chinese : mangX • Middle-Chinese : muwX
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thick weeds, luxuriant growth • Illicium henryi and Illicium lanceolatum, whose fruits resemble star anise but are highly toxic • rude, impertinent • (Sichuanese) silly, foolish
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|
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莽 (eum 망 (mang))
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Hán-Nôm : mảng • Hán-Nôm : mãng
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|
莽
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| 菠
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bo¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : poo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pue
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Used in compounds.
|
|
spinach
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菠 • (pa) · 菠 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : ba
|
|
菠
|
| 菩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯːʔ, *bɯʔ, *bɯː, *bɯːɡ) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 咅 (OC *pʰɯʔ, *pʰl'oːs) ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄟˋ • Middle-Chinese : bojX • Middle-Chinese : bjuwX • Middle-Chinese : bok ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phôo • Middle-Chinese : bu
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a kind of herb ‖ Only used in 麻菩楊／麻菩杨. ‖ Used in 菩提 (pútí). • Used in 菩薩／菩萨 (púsà).
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a kind of grass • sacred tree
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菩 • (bo) · 菩 • (bo) (hangeul 보, revised bo, McCune–Reischauer po, Yale po)
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|
Hán-Nôm : bồ • Hán-Nôm : mồ
|
|
菩
|
| 菱
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯŋ) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 夌 (OC *rɯŋ).
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Middle-Chinese : ling
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water caltrop; water chestnut (Trapa natans)
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‖ 菱(ひし) or 菱(ヒシ) • (hishi)
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diamond (shape); rhombus ‖ water caltrop
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菱 • (reung>neung) · 菱 • (reung>neung) (hangeul 릉>능, revised reung>neung, McCune–Reischauer rŭng>nŭng, Yale lung>nung)
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(마름): water caltrop, compare water chestnut.
|
Hán-Nôm : lăng • Hán-Nôm : năng • Hán-Nôm : trăng
|
|
菱
|
| 菲
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰɯl, *pʰɯlʔ, *bɯls) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 非 (OC *pɯl). ‖ ‖ ‖ Borrowed from English phenanthrene. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hui • Middle-Chinese : phj+j ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fei² • Middle-Chinese : phj+jX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fei¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Hui ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fei¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fei¹
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fragrant; luxuriant • lush ‖ Orychophragmus violaceus • (literary) poor; humble; unworthy • (literary) meager; scant ‖ Short for 菲律賓／菲律宾 (Fēilǜbīn, “the Philippines”). ‖ (organic chemistry) phenanthrene ‖ Used in transcription.
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菲 • (bi) · 菲 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi, Yale pi)
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Hán-Nôm : phi
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phi
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菲
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| 萄
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Characters in the same phonetic series (匋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uː) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 匋 (OC *bl'uː).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ˙ㄊㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tôo • Middle-Chinese : daw
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a kind of grass • Used in 葡萄 (pútáo).
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萄 • (do) · 萄 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to, Yale to)
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Hán-Nôm : đào
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萄
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| 萌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mreːŋ) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 明 (OC *mraŋ). \ ; “to bud; to begin” \ ; “moe” ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bîng • Middle-Chinese : meang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ming⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mang⁴
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to bud; to sprout; to germinate • to begin; to start • beginning; start; harbinger; omen; augury; portent • to happen; to occur; to take place • (ACG) moe: feelings of affection towards a fictional character • (Internet slang, by extension) cute; adorable • a surname: Meng ‖ Used in 蕨萌 (“a grass name”). ‖ (obsolete) Alternative form of 氓 (“farmer; wanderer”)
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‖ 萌(きざし) • (Kizashi) ‖ 萌(もえ) • (Moe)
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bud, sprout ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a female given name
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萌 • (maeng) · 萌 • (maeng) (hangeul 맹, revised maeng, McCune–Reischauer maeng, Yale mayng)
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Hán-Nôm : manh • Hán-Nôm : mánh • Hán-Nôm : mảnh • Hán-Nôm : mành
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đáng yêu, dễ thương
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萌
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| 萍
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ping⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pîng • Middle-Chinese : beng ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiô
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duckweed (often a symbol of floating existence) • to wander; to travel around ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 薸 (“duckweed”)
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萍 (eumhun 개구리밥 평 (gaeguribap pyeong))
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hanja form of 평 (“duckweed”)
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Hán-Nôm : bình • Hán-Nôm : bềnh • Hán-Nôm : phềnh • Hán-Nôm : phình
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萍
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| 萬
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Pictogram (象形) – scorpion. This character's original meaning has been lost, and the derivative 蠆 (OC *m̥ʰraːds) refers to the original word. \ ; “scorpion” \ ; “religious dance; sorcery” \ ; “myriad; ten thousand”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bān • Middle-Chinese : mjonH
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(obsolete) Original form of 蠆／虿 (chài, “scorpion”). • (historical) A ritual dance in ancient China. • myriad, ten thousand, 10000 • (figurative) a great number; myriad; numerous • very; extremely; absolutely • a surname
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‖ 萬(よろず) • (Yorozu) ^(←よろづ (yorodu)?) ‖ 萬(よろづ) • (Yorozu) ‖ 萬(ばん) • (Ban) ‖ 萬(まん) • (Man)
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ten thousand ‖ a surname ‖ a surname ‖ a surname ‖ a female given name • a surname
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萬 (eumhun 일만(一萬) 만 (ilman man))
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hanja form of 만 (“ten thousand”) • hanja form of 만 (“myriad”)
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canonical : 萬: Hán Việt readings: vạn • canonical : muôn 萬: Nôm readings: vạn • canonical : vàn • canonical : mại • canonical : vẹn • canonical : muôn ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of vạn, muôn (“ten thousand”).
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萬
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| 葡
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Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baː) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 匍 (OC *baː).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phôo • Middle-Chinese : bu
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Used in 葡萄 (pútáo, “grape”) and related terms. • Short for 葡萄牙 (Pútáoyá, “Portugal”). • Short for 葡萄牙 (Pútáoyá, “Portugal”). · (chiefly Cantonese, by extension, in compounds) Macau
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‖ 葡(ポ) • (po)
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‖ Short for ポルトガル／葡萄牙 (“Portugal (a country in Europe)”).
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葡 (eum 포 (po))
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Hán-Nôm : bồ
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葡
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| 董
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːŋʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 重 (OC *doŋ, *doŋʔ, *doŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dung² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : táng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóng • Middle-Chinese : tuwngX
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to direct; to supervise • director; supervisor • a surname
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董 • (dong) · 董 • (dong) (hangeul 동, revised dong, McCune–Reischauer tong, Yale tong)
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Hán-Nôm : đổng • Hán-Nôm : đỏng • Hán-Nôm : đúng • Hán-Nôm : đủng • Hán-Nôm : đũng • Hán-Nôm : xổng • Hán-Nôm : dỏng • Hán-Nôm : rỗng
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董
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| 葫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰaː, *ɡaː) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 胡 (OC *ɡaː)
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wu⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ôo • Middle-Chinese : hu • Middle-Chinese : xu
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Used in 葫蘆／葫芦 (húlu). • garlic
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gourd, bottle-gourd • garlic
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葫 • (ho) · 葫 • (ho) (hangeul 호, revised ho, McCune–Reischauer ho, Yale ho)
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Hán-Nôm : hồ
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葫
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| 葵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷil) : semantic 艹 (“grass, plant”) + phonetic 癸 (OC *kʷilʔ) – a kind of plant.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khêr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuê • Middle-Chinese : gjwij
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name of several plants · Short for 冬葵 (“Malva verticillata (syn. Malva crispa)”). • name of several plants · Short for 蒲葵 (púkuí, “Livistona chinensis”). • name of several plants · Short for 落葵 (luòkuí, “Basella alba”). • name of several plants · Short for 向日葵 (xiàngrìkuí, “sunflower”). • name of several plants · Used in compounds. • Alternative form of 揆 (kuí) • (Hong Kong) Short for 葵涌 (Kuíchōng, “Kwai Chung”). • a surname
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‖ 葵(き) • (ki) ‖ 葵(あおい) • (aoi) ^(←あふひ (afufi)?) ‖ 葵(あおい) • (Aoi) ^(←あふひ (afufi)?) ‖ 葵(まもる) • (Mamoru)
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‖ Synonym of 葵 (aoi): plant name ‖ For plant names: · アオイ: Any plant in the genera Alcea or Hibiscus: hollyhock, hibiscus • For plant names: · アオイ: Any plant in the Malvaceae family: mallow • For plant names: · アオイ: Synonym of 冬葵 (fuyuaoi, “Chinese mallow, Malva verticillata”) • For plant names: · アオイ: Synonym of 双葉葵 (futabaaoi, “Asarum caulescens”) • (heraldry) A design of mon using the image of Asarum caulescens. • A symbol for the Tokugawa shogunate. • One of the colour schemes used in Japanese traditional garment, with the outer layer in light blue color and the inner layer in light purple color; it is used in the fourth month of the lunar calendar. • (women's speech) soba ‖ a surname • a male or female given name • Aoi (a ward and neighborhood of Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan) • Aoi (neighborhoods in Japan): · The neighborhoods of Naka and Higashi, Nagoya and of Okazaki and Nishio; in Aichi Prefecture. • Aoi (neighborhoods in Japan): · A neighborhood of Okayama, Okayama Prefecture. • Aoi (neighborhoods in Japan): · A neighborhood of Izumisano, Osaka Prefecture. • Aoi (neighborhoods in Japan): · The neighborhoods of Kakegawa and Fukuroi, Shizuoka Prefecture. • Aoi (neighborhoods in Japan): · A neighborhood of Kurayoshi, Tottori Prefecture. • Aoi (neighborhoods in Japan): · A neighborhood of Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi Prefecture. • Aoi (neighborhoods in Japan): · A neighborhood of Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture. ‖ an unknown-gender given name
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葵 • (gyu) · 葵 • (gyu) (hangeul 규, revised gyu, McCune–Reischauer kyu, Yale kyu)
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Hán-Nôm : quỳ • Hán-Nôm : quỳu
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葵
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| 蒂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːds) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè
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peduncle or stem of plants
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蒂 • (che) · 蒂 • (che) (hangeul 체)
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Hán-Nôm : đế
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蒂
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| 蒜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sloːns) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 祘 (OC *sloːns). \ Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (“garlic”), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the Qin–Han era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵蒜 (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory. \ Compare Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone 算 (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese sārmā- (“the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra”), Hungarian sárma (“Ornithogalum sp.”), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims). \ Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, “onion”), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, “garlic”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sǹg • Middle-Chinese : swanH
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garlic
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‖ 蒜(にんにく) or 蒜(ニンニク) • (ninniku) ‖ 蒜(ひる) • (hiru)
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‖ garlic ‖ allium
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蒜 • (san) · 蒜 • (san) (hangeul 산, revised san, McCune–Reischauer san, Yale san)
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蒜
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| 蒲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *baː) : semantic 艹 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 浦 (OC *pʰaːʔ). ‖ From the vernacular reading of 浮 (pou4).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pôo • Middle-Chinese : bu ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴
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calamus; cattail • Short for 菖蒲 (chāngpú, “Acorus calamus”). • Short for 香蒲 (“Typha orientalis”). • Short for 蒲葵 (púkuí, “Livistona chinensis”). • Used in 蒲桃 (pútáo). • a surname ‖ (Hong Kong Cantonese) to appear • (Hong Kong Cantonese) to party; to leisure
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‖ 蒲(がま) or 蒲(ガマ) • (gama)
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bulrush, reed ‖ common cattail, Typha latifolia
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蒲 • (po) · 蒲 • (po) (hangeul 포, revised po, McCune–Reischauer p'o, Yale pho)
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canonical : 蒲: Hán Việt readings: bồ 蒲: Hán Nôm readings: bồ • canonical : bù • canonical : mồ
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蒲
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| 蒼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 倉 (OC *sʰaːŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”) (STEDT). May be an old dialect variant of 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “green; blue”). Also cognate with 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live”), 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “surname”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 倉 (OC *sʰaːŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”) (STEDT). May be an old dialect variant of 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “green; blue”). Also cognate with 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs, “to live”), 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “surname”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄤ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cong¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshang • Middle-Chinese : tshang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cong² • Middle-Chinese : tshangX
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blue; green • white; greyish white ‖ Used in 蒼莽／苍莽 (cǎngmǎng, “boundless”).
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blue • green
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蒼 (eumhun 푸를 창 (pureul chang))
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green • blue • to grow thick
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Hán-Nôm : thương
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蒼
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| 蓉
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiûnn • Middle-Chinese : yowng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴⁻²
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Used in 芙蓉 (fúróng) and 蓯蓉／苁蓉 (cōngróng). • Short for 蓉城 (Róngchéng). • (alt. form 茸) bits and pieces; food (especially lotus) that has been minced, shredded, or ground into a paste, suitable for use as a pastry filling or making a sauce ‖ (Cantonese) wonton noodle
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蓉 • (yong) · 蓉 • (yong) (hangeul 용, revised yong, McCune–Reischauer yong, Yale yong)
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Hán-Nôm : dong • Hán-Nôm : rong • Hán-Nôm : dung
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蓉
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| 蓬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːŋ) : semantic 艸 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 逢 (OC *boŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pōng • Middle-Chinese : buwng
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type of raspberry • Korean mugwort (Artemisia princeps) • fleabane • disheveled • flourishing; vigorous • (colloquial) fluffy; soft • Classifier for clumps of items. • a surname
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‖ 蓬(よもぎ) or 蓬(ヨモギ) • (yomogi)
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artemisia; mugwort, sagebrush, wormwood ‖ mugwort
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moxa, mugwort, wormwood
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Hán-Nôm : bồng
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蓬
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| 蓮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *renʔ, *reːn) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 連 (OC *ren). \ Related to 蕑 (OC *kreːn, “lotus seed”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nuî • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lân • Middle-Chinese : len ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˇ • Middle-Chinese : ljenX
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lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) • (in compounds or archaic) A plant with lotus-like flowers or leaves, or another plant similar to such a plant • (Buddhism) Buddha's world; paradise ‖ Only used in 蓮勺／莲勺 (Liǎnzhuó).
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‖ 蓮(はちす) • (hachisu) ‖ 蓮(はちす) • (Hachisu) ‖ 蓮(はす) or 蓮(ハス) • (hasu) ‖ 蓮(はす) • (Hasu) ‖ 蓮(れん) • (ren) ‖ 蓮(れん) • (Ren)
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lotus plant or flower, Nelumbo nucifera ‖ older name for hasu below: a lotus plant or flower, Nelumbo nucifera • (Buddhism, particularly Pure Land Buddhism) a lotus bloom in the realm of Sukhāvatī (“Land of Ultimate Bliss”), as an expression of reincarnation • alternate name for 木槿 (mukuge), Hibiscus syriacus: the rose of Sharon, rose mallow, or St. Joseph's rod ‖ the name of various places in Japan • a surname ‖ a lotus plant or flower ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a lotus plant or flower ‖ a female given name • a surname
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蓮 (eumhun 연꽃 련 (yeonkkot ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 연꽃 연 (yeonkkot yeon))
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hanja form of 련/연 (“lotus”)
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Hán-Nôm : liên
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(only in compounds) lotus
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蓮
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| 蔓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moːn, *mons) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 曼 (OC *moːn, *mons). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *moːn, *mons) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 曼 (OC *moːn, *mons).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maan⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muā • Middle-Chinese : mjonH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bān • Middle-Chinese : man
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vine; creeper • to spread; to extend • a surname ‖ Only used in 蔓菁 (mánjing, “turnip”).
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‖ 蔓(つる) • (tsuru)
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vine ‖ vine • intermediary • financial supporter
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蔓 • (man) · 蔓 • (man) (hangeul 만, revised man, McCune–Reischauer man, Yale man)
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蔓 (mạn, mơn)
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蔓
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| 蔗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjaːɡs) : semantic 艹 + phonetic 庶 (OC *hljaɡs). \ See 藷蔗／薯蔗 (zhūzhè).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄜˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsià • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsà • Middle-Chinese : tsyaeH
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sugar cane
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sugar cane
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蔗 • (ja) · 蔗 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha, Yale ca)
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sugar cane
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Hán-Nôm : giá
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蔗
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| 蔚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *quds, *qud) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 尉 (OC *quds, *qud). \ Probably related to 鬱 (OC *qud, “a kind of fragrant herb”) (Unger, 1992). ‖ Cognate with 鬱 (OC *qud, “luxuriant; depressed”), 薈 (OC *qoːbs, “luxuriant”). Compare Thai โอบ (òop, “to cover up; to shut”), อุด (ùt, “to compress; to crowd in together”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Cognate with 鬱 (OC *qud, “luxuriant; depressed”), 薈 (OC *qoːbs, “luxuriant”). Compare Thai โอบ (òop, “to cover up; to shut”), อุด (ùt, “to compress; to crowd in together”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai³ • Middle-Chinese : 'jw+jH • Middle-Chinese : 'jut ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uìnn • Middle-Chinese : 'jw+jH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wat¹ • Middle-Chinese : 'jut ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : Ut • Middle-Chinese : 'jut
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Artemisia japonica ‖ (literary, of vegetation) exuberant; luxuriant; lush • (literary) grand; magnificent • (literary) ornate; elaborate • (literary, of mist) permeating ‖ Alternative form of 鬱／郁 (yù, “depressed; pent-up”) ‖ a surname • Used in place names.
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蔚 • (ul, wi) · 蔚 • (ul, wi) (hangeul 울, 위, revised ul, wi, McCune–Reischauer ul, wi, Yale wul, wi)
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canonical : 蔚: Hán Việt readings: uất • canonical : úy/uý
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蔚
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| 蔡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlaːds) : semantic 艸 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 祭 (OC *ʔsreːds, *ʔsleds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshài • Middle-Chinese : tshajH
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(obsolete) weed • (obsolete) tortoise used for divination • (～國) (historical) Cai (an ancient Chinese state) • a surname
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蔡 (eum 채 (chae)) · 蔡 (eum 살 (sal))
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Hán-Nôm : Thái
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蔡
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| 蕉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsew) : semantic 艹 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 焦 (OC *ʔsew). ‖ ‖ For pronunciation and definitions of 蕉 – see 𣟼. \ (This character is a variant form of 𣟼). \ Onomatopoeic.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsio • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiau • Middle-Chinese : tsjew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˊ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu¹
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unsoaked hemp • abaca • banana; plantain (any plant in Musaceae, especially the edible fruit) (Classifier: 根 m; 串 m; 把 m; 條／条 c; 隻／只 c; 梳 c; 弓 mn) • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 憔 (qiáo, “haggard”) • Alternative form of 樵 (qiáo, “firewood”) ‖ (Cantonese, onomatopoeia) sound of firing a gun
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banana • plantain
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蕉 (eumhun 파초 초 (pacho cho))
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hanja form of 초 (“banana”)
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Hán-Nôm : tiêu
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蕉
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| 蕊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋljolʔ, *ŋljulʔ) : semantic 艸 + phonetic 惢 (OC *sqʰloːlʔ, *sklol, *sɡlolʔ) \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(d/n)waj (“to hang from; to cling to; creeper”), whence Burmese နွယ် (nwai, “creeper”), Jingpho noi (“to hang”). Possibly related to 垂 (OC *djol, “to hang down”), 朵 (OC *toːlʔ, “hanging from a tree > flower”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jeoi⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jeoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luí • Middle-Chinese : nyweX • Middle-Chinese : nywijX
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(botany) stamen; gynoecium (reproductive organ of a flower) • flower bud • (Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka) Classifier for flowers and eyes.
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stamen • pistil
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蕊 (eumhun 꽃술 예 (kkotsul ye)) ‖ 蕊 (eumhun 모일 전 (moil jeon))
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‖
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canonical : 蕊: Hán Việt readings: nhụy • canonical : nhuỵ • canonical : nhị 蕊: Nôm readings: nhụy • canonical : nhị
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蕊
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| 蕾
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lé • Middle-Chinese : lwojX
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bud (of a flower)
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‖ 蕾(つぼみ) • (tsubomi)
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‖ bud (of a flower)
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蕾 • (roe>noe) · 蕾 • (roe>noe) (hangeul 뢰>뇌, revised roe>noe, McCune–Reischauer roe>noe, Yale loy>noy)
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Hán-Nôm : lôi • Hán-Nôm : lỗi
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蕾
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| 薇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrɯl, *mɯl) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 微 (OC *mɯl).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî • Middle-Chinese : mij • Middle-Chinese : mj+j
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Osmunda regalis, a species of fern (also known as royal fern or flowering fern) • Used in 薔薇／蔷薇 (qiángwēi, “multiflora rose”).
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‖ 薇(ぜんまい) or 薇(ゼンマイ) • (zenmai)
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‖ Japanese flowering fern (Osmunda japonica), of which the young fiddleheads are edible
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薇 (eumhun 장미 미 (jangmi mi)) · 薇 (eumhun 고비 미 (gobi mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“rose”) • hanja form of 미 (“Osmunda japonica”)
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Hán-Nôm : vi
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薇
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| 薯
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsî • Middle-Chinese : dzyoH
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(originally) Only used in 薯蕷／薯蓣 (shǔyù, “Chinese yam”). • General name for crops such as potato, sweet potato and yam.
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薯 • (seo) · 薯 • (seo) (hangeul 서, revised seo, McCune–Reischauer sŏ, Yale se)
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Hán-Nôm : thự
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薯
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| 藉
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ze⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ze³ • Middle-Chinese : dzjaeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zik⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dzjek
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(obsolete) straw mat used to offer sacrifices • (literary) pad; mat • (literary) to spread; to lay out (a mat) • (archaic) to sit on; to lay on (a mat) • (alt. form 借) to rely on; to depend on; to lean on; by means of • (alt. form 借) to use as a pretext • (literary) even if ‖ numerous and disorderly • ^† to pay tribute • ^† Alternative form of 籍 (jí, “tax”) • ^† to tie using a rope • ^† to care for; to treasure • ^† Alternative form of 籍 (jí, “to record”) • ^† Alternative form of 籍 (jí, “to confiscate”) • a surname
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numerous and disorderly • to pay tribute • to borrow
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藉 • (ja, jeok) · 藉 • (ja, jeok) (hangeul 자, 적, revised ja, jeok, McCune–Reischauer cha, chŏk, Yale ca, cek)
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canonical : 藉: Hán Việt readings: tạ • canonical : tịch • canonical : tá 藉: Nôm readings: tạ • canonical : tã • canonical : chạ
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藉
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| 藍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːm) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-ram (“indigo”); cognate with Lepcha ᰛᰤᰨᰮ (ryom), Mru [script needed] (charam), Tibetan རམས (rams, “indigo”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019). However, Laufer (1916) considers the Tibetan word to be borrowed from Chinese. \ Schuessler (2007) considers this an areal word, possibly from Southeast Asia; cf. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum (“indigo plant and dye”) (> Malay tarum).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lâm • Middle-Chinese : lam
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blue • indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria) • (politics) related to the pro-unification pan-Blue coalition of Taiwan • (HK politics) supportive of the Hong Kong Police Force and the Hong Kong government • (literary) Short for 伽藍／伽蓝 (qiélán, “Buddhist temple”). • a surname: Lan
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‖ 藍(あい) or 藍(アイ) • (ai) ^(←あゐ (awi) or アヰ (awi)?) ‖ 藍(あい) • (Ai) ^(←あゐ (awi)?)
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the Japanese indigo or Chinese indigo plant, Persicaria tinctoria • the color indigo • kanji used to transliterate Buddhist terms borrowed from Sanskrit ‖ the Japanese indigo or Chinese indigo plant, Persicaria tinctoria • the color indigo, from the dye processed from the stems and leaves of various indigo plants • Short for 藍蝋 (airō): indigo pigment made from boiled-down indigo dye liquid ‖ a female given name • a surname
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藍 • (ram>nam) · 藍 • (ram>nam) (hangeul 람>남, McCune–Reischauer ram>nam, Yale lam>nam) ‖ ‖
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‖ ‖
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Hán-Nôm : lam • Hán-Nôm : chàm • Hán-Nôm : rôm • Hán-Nôm : rườm • Hán-Nôm : trôm • Hán-Nôm : xám
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藍
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| 藕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋoːʔ) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 耦 (OC *ŋoːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngǎu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngóo • Middle-Chinese : nguwX
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(lotus) root • a surname
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lotus • lotus root • arrowroot
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藕 • (u) · 藕 • (u) (hangeul 우, revised u, McCune–Reischauer u, Yale wu)
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Hán-Nôm : ngó • Hán-Nôm : ngẫu
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藕
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| 藝
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Originally written as 埶 (OC *ŋeds). The 艸 (“grass; plant”) and 云 were added later.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guē • Middle-Chinese : ngjiejH
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art • skill; talent • (literary) limit; bound; norm • (literary) to plant; to grow
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technique, art, craft, performance
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藝 (eumhun 재주 예 (jaeju ye))
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hanja form of 예 (“art, craft, technique, performance”)
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canonical : 藝: Hán Việt readings: nghệ • canonical : vân 藝: Nôm readings: nghế • canonical : vân • canonical : nghề • canonical : nghệ ‖ romanization : nghệ ‖ romanization : nghề
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‖ chữ Hán form of nghệ (“occupation, employment, trade, profession”). ‖ Nôm form of nghề (“trade; profession”).
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藝
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| 藥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lawɢ) : semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 樂 (OC *ŋraːwɢs, *raːwɢ, *ŋraːwɢ). \ According to Schuessler (2007), either: \ * related to Mizo hlo (“a weed, drug, medicine”), or \ * cognate to 療 (OC *rews, “to treat, to cure”), thus beloning to the same word family as 瀹 (OC *lowɢ), 爍 (OC *qʰljawɢ). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Middle-Chinese : yak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄛˋ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄩㄝˋ
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medicine; drug; pharmaceutical • substance used for a particular purpose (e.g. poisoning, fermenting, explosion) • Short for 芍藥／芍药 (sháoyao). • to treat; to cure • to poison • a surname ‖ Only used in 灼藥／灼药 (zhuóshuò). ‖ Only used in 勺藥／勺药 (zhuólüè).
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Kyūjitai form of 薬: a medicine, a drug.
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藥 (eumhun 약 약 (yak yak))
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hanja form of 약 (“medicine; drug”)
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canonical : 藥: Hán Việt readings: dược 藥: Nôm readings: dược • canonical : thuốc
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藥
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| 藩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pan, *ban) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 潘 (OC *pʰaːn) ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phuan • Middle-Chinese : pjon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄢˊ • Middle-Chinese : bjon
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fence • (literary) boundary; border • vassal state • a surname ‖
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‖ 藩(はん) • (-han)
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‖ fiefdom, domain
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藩 • (beon) · 藩 • (beon) (hangeul 번, revised beon, McCune–Reischauer pŏn, Yale pen)
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fence, hedge • margin, boundary, border • marquisate • defence
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Hán-Nôm : phiên • Hán-Nôm : phen • Hán-Nôm : phiền • Hán-Nôm : phồn • Hán-Nôm : phên
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藩
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| 蘇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋaː) : semantic 艸 (“grass; plant”) + phonetic 穌 (OC *sŋaː). \ ; Cantonese "socket"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Middle-Chinese : su
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perilla (Perilla frutescens) • firewood • to reap grass • to take; to get • tassel • (Cantonese) socket • Short for 江蘇／江苏 (Jiāngsū, “Jiangsu Province”). • Short for 蘇州／苏州 (Sūzhōu, “Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province”). • Short for 蘇維埃／苏维埃 (sūwéi'āi, “soviet”). • Short for 蘇聯／苏联 (Sūlián, “Soviet Union”). • Short for 蘇格蘭／苏格兰 (Sūgélán, “Scotland”). • Alternative form of 甦／苏 (sū, “to revive; to regain consciousness”) • a surname
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‖ 蘇(そ) • (so) ‖ 蘇(そ) • (So)
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be resurrected, revived • perilla, shiso • kanji used to transliterate borrowings from foreign languages • Soviet Union ‖ Alternative spelling of 酥 (so): condensed milk ‖ a surname
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蘇 • (so) · 蘇 • (so) (hangeul 소)
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Hán-Nôm : tô • Hán-Nôm : to • Hán-Nôm : su • Hán-Nôm : tua
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蘇
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| 蘑
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : môo
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type of edible mushroom
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Hán-Nôm : ma
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蘑
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| 蘭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːn) : semantic 艹 (“plant”) + phonetic 闌 (OC *ɡ·raːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lân • Middle-Chinese : lan
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orchid, especially cymbidium • Eupatorium fortunei • (in compounds) A plant that is fragrant or shares morphological similarities with orchids or Eupatorium fortunei • elegant; graceful • Short for 蘭州／兰州 (Lánzhōu, “Lanzhou”). • a surname • Used in transcription. Often used for -land in foreign place names.
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‖ 蘭(らん) or 蘭(ラン) • (ran) ‖ 蘭(らん) • (Ran) ‖ 蘭(らに) • (rani) ‖ 蘭(あららぎ) or 蘭(アララギ) • (araragi) ‖ 蘭(あららぎ) • (Araragi)
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Eupatorium fortunei • orchid • aromatic, fragrant • government office that handles documents • kanji used to transliterate borrowings from foreign languages, especially Buddhist terms from Sanskrit • Short for 阿蘭陀, 和蘭, 和蘭陀 (Oranda): Holland, the Netherlands ‖ an orchid • a style of 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”), featuring designs of orchid flowers and/or leaves • (archaic) Synonym of 藤袴 (fujibakama): Eupatorium fortunei, a type of flower of the family Asteraceae ‖ Short for 阿蘭陀, 和蘭, 和蘭陀 (Oranda): Holland, the Netherlands, Dutch • a female given name • a surname ‖ (archaic) Synonym of 藤袴 (fujibakama): Eupatorium fortunei, a type of flower of the family Asteraceae ‖ Synonym of 一位 (ichii): Taxus cuspidata, the Japanese yew • (archaic) Synonym of 野蒜 (nobiru): Allium macrostemon, a species of wild onion ‖ a surname
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蘭 (eumhun 란초 란 (rancho ran), word-initial (South Korea) 란초 난 (rancho nan)) · 蘭 (eumhun 난초 란 (nancho ran), word-initial (South Korea) 난초 난 (nancho nan))
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hanja form of 란 (“orchid”) • hanja form of 난 (“orchid (South Korea)”)
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Hán-Nôm : lan • Hán-Nôm : lơn
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蘭
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| 處
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) : phonetic 虍 (OC *qʰaː) + semantic 夂 + semantic 几 (“table”). \ In Starostin, this is reconstructed as *thaʔ in Old Chinese and subsumed under Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dhăH (/*thăH) (“to put; to place”), whence also 署 (OC *djas, “to place; to position”), Tibetan གདའ (gda', “to be; to be there”), གདན (gdan, “seat; residence”) and Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). \ With the original *–l– initial, compare Proto-Tamangic *ᴮglaː/ᴬglaː (“place”), Mizo tla, tlat (“to be; to exist; to live; to remain”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 居 (OC *kɯ, *kas) may be related (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰljaʔ, *kʰljas) : phonetic 虍 (OC *qʰaː) + semantic 夂 + semantic 几 (“table”). \ In Starostin, this is reconstructed as *thaʔ in Old Chinese and subsumed under Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dhăH (/*thăH) (“to put; to place”), whence also 署 (OC *djas, “to place; to position”), Tibetan གདའ (gda', “to be; to be there”), གདན (gdan, “seat; residence”) and Burmese ထား (hta:, “to put; to place”). \ With the original *–l– initial, compare Proto-Tamangic *ᴮglaː/ᴬglaː (“place”), Mizo tla, tlat (“to be; to exist; to live; to remain”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ 居 (OC *kɯ, *kas) may be related (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshì • Middle-Chinese : tsyhoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshìr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshì • Middle-Chinese : tsyhoH
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to reside; to live; to dwell • to be situated in; to be in • staying at home; not assuming a government position, or not married • virginity; chastity • to manage; to deal with • to punish; to discipline • to get along with • (obsolete) to stop; to disappear; to cease • a surname ‖ place; location; spot • part; aspect; respect • department; office • Classifier for locations or items of damage. • (Cantonese, slightly dated) here
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place • locale • department
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處 • (cheo) · 處 • (cheo) (hangeul 처, revised cheo, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏ, Yale che)
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place • locate • stop
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Hán-Nôm : xử • Hán-Nôm : xớ • Hán-Nôm : xở • Hán-Nôm : xứ
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處
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| 虛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰa, *qʰa) : phonetic 虍 (OC *qʰaː) + semantic 丘 (“hill”). The lower component retains the shape of 丠, the ancient form of 丘.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : heoi¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hir • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hi • Middle-Chinese : xjo • Middle-Chinese : khjo
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empty; hollow • false; worthless; vain • (astronomy) Emptiness, a Chinese constellation near Aquarius and Equuleus
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emptiness, void • falsehood, lie
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虛 • (heo) · 虛 • (heo) (hangeul 허, revised heo, McCune–Reischauer hŏ, Yale he)
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Hán-Nôm : hư
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虛
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| 虜
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lóo • Middle-Chinese : luX
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to capture; to imprison • to plunder; to rob • captive; prisoner of war • (literary, derogatory) enemy • (literary, derogatory) northern barbarian • (literary) slave; servant
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‖ 虜(とりこ) • (toriko)
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‖ prisoner, captive, slave
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虜 (eumhun 사로잡을 로 (sarojabeul ro), word-initial (South Korea) 사로잡을 노 (sarojabeul no))
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hanja form of 로/노 (“to capture”)
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canonical : 虜: Hán Việt readings: lỗ 虜: Nôm readings: lũ
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虜
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| 虞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷa) : semantic 虍 (“tiger”) + phonetic 吳 (OC *ŋʷaː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gû • Middle-Chinese : ngju
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(obsolete) zouyu, an ancient legendary creature, also known as 騶虞／驺虞 (zōuyú) • (historical) an ancient officer in charge of managing forests and hunting grounds • (literary) to predict; to guess; to foresee • (literary) to be concerned about; to worry • (literary) to deceive; to fool; to cheat • Alternative form of 娛／娱 (“enjoyment; pleasure”) • a legendary ancient Chinese dynasty that could have existed prior to the Xia dynasty, founded by Shun • an ancient state during the Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn period, located in modern-day Pinglu County, Shanxi • (～日) (telegraphy) the seventh day of a month • a surname
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‖ 虞(ぐ) • (Gu)
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to worry, to fear ‖ Yu (a legendary ancient Chinese dynasty, founded by Shun) • A surname in Chinese
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虞 (eumhun 염려할 우 (yeomnyeohal u))
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hanja form of 우 (“to worry”)
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Hán-Nôm : ngu
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虞
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| 號
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦlaːw, *ɦlaːws) : phonetic 号 (OC *ɦlaːws) + semantic 虎. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)aw (“to call”) (Schuessler, 2007, STEDT). Compare Kinnauri ku, Anong go, and Burmese ခေါ် (hkau). The extension of the meaning ‘shout, call’ to ‘ask, request’ is parallel to 呼 (hū). \ Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 2, literally "what is called". ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɦlaːw, *ɦlaːws) : phonetic 号 (OC *ɦlaːws) + semantic 虎. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)aw (“to call”) (Schuessler, 2007, STEDT). Compare Kinnauri ku, Anong go, and Burmese ခေါ် (hkau). The extension of the meaning ‘shout, call’ to ‘ask, request’ is parallel to 呼 (hū). \ Pronunciation 1 is the exopassive derivation of pronunciation 2, literally "what is called".
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hou⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kō • Middle-Chinese : hawH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hou⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : âu • Middle-Chinese : haw
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name; alias • (specifically) art name • to order; to command • shop; store • mark; symbol • number • day of the month • (music) brass instrument • (typography) hao • (Internet) account • (Central Plains and Lanyin Mandarin, Sichuanese) to correct; to mark (school work) ‖ to shout; to bawl; to cry loudly • (of animal) to roar • to cry (to shed a tear) (loudly) • (of wind) to howl; to roar
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‖ 號(ごう) • (-gō)
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‖ ordinal marker
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號 (eumhun 이름 호 (ireum ho)) ‖ 號 (eumhun 부르짖을 호 (bureujijeul ho))
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hanja form of 호 (“name; alias”) • hanja form of 호 (“order; command”) • hanja form of 호 (“number”) • hanja form of 호 (“mark; symbol”) • hanja form of 호 (“art name”) ‖ hanja form of 호 (“shout; cry”)
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Hán-Nôm : hào • Hán-Nôm : hiệu • Hán-Nôm : hiều
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號
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| 蚌
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǎng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pāng • Middle-Chinese : baewngX
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common name for some bivalve molluscs • (obsolete) pearl • Short for 蚌埠 (Bèngbù, “Bengbu”).
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蚌 • (bang) · 蚌 • (bang) (hangeul 방, revised bang, McCune–Reischauer pang, Yale pang)
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Hán-Nôm : bạng
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蚌
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| 蚓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *linʔ) : semantic 虫 (“insect; worm”) + phonetic 引 (OC *linʔ, *lins). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *zril (“worm”); cognate with Tibetan སྲིལ (sril, “silkworm”), Japhug qandʐe (“earthworm”) (STEDT; Paul, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kín • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lún • Middle-Chinese : yinX
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(biology or in fossilized compounds or dialectal) earthworm
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earthworm
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蚓 • (in) · 蚓 • (in) (hangeul 인, revised in, McCune–Reischauer in, Yale in)
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(지렁이) earthworm, rainworm
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蚓
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| 蚣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloːŋ, *kljoŋ) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kong • Middle-Chinese : kuwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥ • Middle-Chinese : tsyowng
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Only used in 蜈蚣 (wúgōng) and its regional synonyms. ‖ Used in compounds.
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centipede • grasshopper
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蚣 • (gong) · 蚣 • (gong) (hangeul 공, revised gong, McCune–Reischauer kong, Yale kong)
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蚣
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| 蚤
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Characters in the same phonetic series (蚤) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 虫 (“insect”) + 㕚 (“claw”) – a scratching insect/pest.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zou² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsáu • Middle-Chinese : tsawX
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flea • Alternative form of 早
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蚤 (eum 조 (jo))
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Hán-Nôm : tao
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蚤
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| 蚪
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dau² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : tuwX
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Used in 蝌蚪 (kēdǒu).
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蚪 • (du) · 蚪 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)
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蚪
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| 蚯
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiu • Middle-Chinese : khjuw
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Only used in 蚯蚓 (qiūyǐn, “earthworm”).
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earthworm
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蚯 • (gu) · 蚯 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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(지렁이) earthworm, rainworm
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蚯
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| 蛀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjos) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiù • Middle-Chinese : tsyuH
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insect that eats through paper, clothes, wood, grains etc. (e.g. moth, silverfish, etc.) • (of insects) to eat through
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蛀 • (ju) · 蛀 • (ju) (hangeul 주, revised ju, McCune–Reischauer chu, Yale cwu)
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蛀
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| 蛋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'aːns) : phonetic 延 (OC *lan, *lans) + semantic 虫 (“snake, insect”). 延 is abbreviated to 疋. \ From 彈 (MC danH, “pellet”) (Zhengzhang, 2003). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tān ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuann
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egg (Classifier: 顆／颗 m; 隻／只 c) • egg-shaped object • (slang) ball; testicle • suffix denoting “person of certain characteristics”, usually with a pejorative tone • (Hong Kong Cantonese) zero score; goose egg • Alternative form of 蜑 (dàn) ‖ (Southern Min) unlaid egg of a fowl
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(uncommon) an egg
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蛋 • (dan) · 蛋 • (dan) (hangeul 단)
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Hán-Nôm : đản
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蛋
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| 蛙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʷraː, *qʷreː) : semantic 虫 (“insect; creature”) + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː). \ Onomatopoeic (Sagart and Ma, 2020). Also compare Proto-Tai *krweːᴬ (“small frog”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ua • Middle-Chinese : 'wea • Middle-Chinese : 'wae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ
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frog • (swimming) Short for 蛙泳 (wāyǒng, “breaststroke”). ‖ Only used in 蝭蛙.
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‖ 蛙(かえる) or 蛙(カエル) • (kaeru) ^(←かへる (kaferu)?) ‖ 蛙(かわず) • (kawazu) ^(←かはづ (kafadu)?) ‖ 蛙(かいる) • (kairu) ‖ 蛙(あ) • (a)
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‖ a frog (amphibious animal) ‖ (poetic) a frog (amphibious animal) • (Noh theater) a specific mask used in certain Noh plays, depicting a drowned person ‖ (archaic, possibly obsolete) a frog (amphibious animal) ‖ frog (amphibious animal)
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蛙 • (wa, wae) · 蛙 • (wa, wae) (hangeul 와, 왜, revised wa, wae, McCune–Reischauer wa, wae, Yale wa, way)
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Hán-Nôm : oa
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蛙
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| 蛛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *to) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 朱 (OC *tjo). Originally a pictogram (象形) of a spider. Later, 朱 was added to the pictograph to indicate sound. In small seal script, the character became written as the characters 鼄／𬹣 and 蛛.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsu • Middle-Chinese : trju
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Used in 蜘蛛 (zhīzhū, “spider”); also used as its short form.
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spider
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蛛 • (ju) · 蛛 • (ju) (hangeul 주, revised ju, McCune–Reischauer chu, Yale cwu)
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spider
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Hán-Nôm : chu • Hán-Nôm : châu • Hán-Nôm : chẫu • Hán-Nôm : thù
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spider
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蛛
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| 蛤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kuːb) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb). \ Cognate with 合 (OC *kuːb, *ɡuːb, “to be together”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖ From Hokkien 哈 (hâⁿ) or 唅 (hahⁿ). ‖ Compare Proto-Tai *kɤpᴰ (“frog”), whence Thai กบ (gòp), Lao ກົບ (kop), Zhuang goep, Shan ၵူပ်း (kúup), Ahom 𑜀𑜤𑜆𑜫 (kup).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gap³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaap³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kap • Middle-Chinese : kop ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haa⁴ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄚˊ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : gap³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaap³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gap¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kap
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clam ‖ Only used in 蛤蟆 (háma); also used as its short form. frog; toad • (Mainland China, Internet slang) Nickname of Jiang Zemin in Moha culture. • (Mainland China, Internet slang) Alternative form of 哈 (“ha; huh”) (especially used in Moha culture.) ‖ (Taiwan, chiefly Internet) Used to indicate doubt or questioning. what?, huh?, eh ‖ (dialectal) frog
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‖ 蛤(はまぐり) or 蛤(ハマグリ) • (hamaguri)
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‖ clam
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蛤 • (hap) · 蛤 • (hap) (hangeul 합, revised hap, McCune–Reischauer hap, Yale hap)
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Hán-Nôm : cáp
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蛤
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| 蛾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːl, *ŋralʔ) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 我 (OC *ŋaːlʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngo⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Middle-Chinese : nga
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moth (insect of the order Lepidoptera) • Short for 蛾眉 (éméi). • a surname
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‖ 蛾(が) or 蛾(ガ) • (ga)
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‖ a moth (insect similar to a butterfly)
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蛾 • (a) · 蛾 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)
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moth
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canonical : 蛾: Hán Việt readings: nga 蛾: Nôm readings: ngài
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Alternative form of 𧍋 (“Nôm form of ngài (“moth”).”)
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蛾
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| 蜀
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Shuowen Jiezi interprets this as a pictograph of a silkworm: with 目 (mù, “eye”) depicting its head above its wriggling body; cf. 蠶叢／蚕丛 (“silkworm-thicket”), legendary inventor of silk and sericulture and ancestor of the first dynasty of the Shu kings. ‖ Compare 獨／独 (dú, “single, alone”). According to Fangyan, it is used in the ancient Chu language (楚語): \ : \ 一，蜀也。南楚謂之蜀。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]一，蜀也。南楚谓之蜀。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] \ From: Yang Xiong, Fangyan, c. 1ˢᵗ century BCE \ Yī, shǔ yě. Nánchǔ wèi zhī shǔ. [Pinyin] \ 一 is 蜀. People from Southern Chu call it 蜀.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : suk⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio̍k • Middle-Chinese : dzyowk ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsi̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tse̍t
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(～國) the name of a state in ancient China • another name for Shu Han, one of Three Kingdoms • Sichuan (a province of China) • ^‡ silkworm on hollyhock • ^† Alternative form of 蠋 (zhú, “caterpillar”) ‖ (Min) Alternative form of 一 (“one”)
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‖ 蜀(しょく) • (Shoku) ^(←しよく (syoku)?)
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green caterpillar • Sichuan ‖ Shu (a former state and former dynasty in ancient China)
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蜀 (eumhun 나라 이름 촉 (nara ireum chok))
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Hán-Nôm : xọc • Hán-Nôm : thục
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蜀
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| 蜈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋʷaː) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 吳 (OC *ŋʷaː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ng⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ngôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gôo • Middle-Chinese : ngu
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Only used in 蜈蚣 (wúgōng, “centipede”).
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蜈 • (o) · 蜈 • (o) (hangeul 오, revised o, McCune–Reischauer o, Yale o)
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蜈
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| 蜓
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ting⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Middle-Chinese : denX • Middle-Chinese : deng • Middle-Chinese : dengX
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Used in compounds.
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Hán-Nôm : đình
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蜓
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| 蜘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *te) : semantic 虫 (“insect; insect-like creature”) + phonetic 知 (OC *ʔl'e). Originally 鼅 (OC *te), which was originally 䵹.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti • Middle-Chinese : trje
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Used in 蜘蛛 (zhīzhū, “spider”).
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spider
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蜘 • (ji) · 蜘 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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spider
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Hán-Nôm : tri
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spider
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蜘
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| 蜻
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshing • Middle-Chinese : tsheng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Middle-Chinese : tsjeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ
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Only used in 蜻蜓 (qīngtíng) and 蜻蛉 (qīnglíng). ‖ Only used in 蜻蛚 (jīngliè). ‖ Only used in 蜻蜻 (jìngjìng).
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蜻 • (cheong) · 蜻 • (cheong) (hangeul 청, revised cheong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏng, Yale cheng)
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Hán-Nôm : thanh
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蜻
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| 蝌
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fo¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khoo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kher • Middle-Chinese : khwa
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Used in 蝌蚪 (kēdǒu).
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蝌 • (gwa) · 蝌 • (gwa) (hangeul 과, revised gwa, McCune–Reischauer kwa, Yale kwa)
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蝌
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| 蝗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋ, *ɡʷraːŋs) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 皇 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hwang • Middle-Chinese : hwaeng • Middle-Chinese : hwaengH
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locust • (Hong Kong, derogatory) swarms of Mainlander migrants
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‖ 蝗(いなご) or 蝗(イナゴ) • (inago)
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‖ Alternative spelling of 稲子 (“locust”) (type of grasshopper)
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蝗 • (hwang) · 蝗 • (hwang) (hangeul 황, revised hwang, McCune–Reischauer hwang, Yale hwang)
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Hán-Nôm : hoàng
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蝗
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| 蝙
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pian • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pián • Middle-Chinese : pen
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Only used in 蝙蝠 (biānfú, “bat”).
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bat
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蝙 • (pyeon) · 蝙 • (pyeon) (hangeul 편, revised pyeon, McCune–Reischauer p'yŏn, Yale phyen)
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蝙
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| 蝠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pɯɡ) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ). Originally a pictogram (象形) in the oracle bone and bronze scripts. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *baːk (“bat”). ‖ Variant of 蝮 (MC phjuwk).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hok • Middle-Chinese : pjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fuk¹ • Middle-Chinese : pjuwk
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bat (animal) ‖ (obsolete) Synonym of 蝮 (fù, “pit viper”)
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bat • pit viper
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蝠 • (bok) · 蝠 • (bok) (hangeul 복, revised bok, McCune–Reischauer pok, Yale pok)
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蝠
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| 蝴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡaː) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 胡 (OC *ɡaː).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : wu⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ôo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hôo • Middle-Chinese : hu
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Only used in 蝴蝶 (húdié, “butterfly”).
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蝴 • (hu) · 蝴 • (hu) (hangeul 후, revised hu, McCune–Reischauer hu, Yale hwu)
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Hán-Nôm : hồ • Hán-Nôm : hà
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蝴
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| 螃
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From 旁 (OC *baːŋ, “side”) (Liu, 1999). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pong⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pông • Middle-Chinese : bang ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄤˇ • Middle-Chinese : pangX • Middle-Chinese : pangH
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Only used in 螃蟹 (pángxiè). ‖ ^‡ a kind of animal similar to toad
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螃 • (bang) · 螃 • (bang) (hangeul 방, revised bang, McCune–Reischauer pang, Yale pang)
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螃
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| 螢
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From 虫 "worm", 熒 "fluorescent" sound, indicating fireflies.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iânn • Middle-Chinese : hweng
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firefly
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firefly
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螢 (eumhun 반딧불이 형 (banditburi hyeong))
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hanja form of 형 (“glow-worm; luminous insect”)
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Hán-Nôm : huỳnh
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螢
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| 螺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːl) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 累 (OC *ruːls, *rolʔ, *rols). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kroj (“shellfish, shell”). From the same root derives 蝸 (OC *kroːl, *kʷroːl, “terrestrial snail”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lo⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lo⁴⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lêr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lô • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lôo • Middle-Chinese : lwa
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aquatic snail (as opposed to a terrestrial snail, 蝸／蜗 (wō)) • whorl; swirl; spiral • fingerprint whorls • (organic chemistry) spiro- • (transgender slang) Short for 螺內酯／螺内酯 (luónèizhǐ, “spironolactone”); spiro • (historical) wine cup made from a snail shell • (historical) ink; pigment (green-black in color, produced from the snail, and used by women for drawing eyebrows) • Short for 螺髻 (“hair done up in a coil shape”).
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‖ 螺(ら) • (ra) ‖ 螺(つび) • (tsubi) ‖ 螺(つぶ) • (tsubu) ‖ 螺(つみ) • (tsumi) ‖ 螺(にし) • (nishi) ‖ 螺(にな) • (nina)
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spiral-shaped shellfish ‖ any shellfish with a spiral shell ‖ (obsolete) spiral shellfish, especially smaller ones • (obsolete) alternate name for 蛤 (hamaguri, “clam”) ‖ spiral shellfish, especially smaller ones • edible marine whelks of family Buccinidae • alternate name for 田螺 (tanishi): river snails of family Viviparidae ‖ (obsolete) spiral shellfish, especially smaller ones ‖ (rare) certain shellfish with a spiral shell ‖ shellfish with a spiral shell • Short for 川蜷. (kawanina): Semisulcospira libertina, a kind of freshwater snail
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螺 (eumhun 소라 라 (sora ra), word-initial (South Korea) 소라 나 (sora na))
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hanja form of 라/나 (“aquatic snail”)
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Hán-Nôm : loa • Hán-Nôm : loe
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螺
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| 蟀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *srud) : semantic 虫 (“insect”) + phonetic 率 (OC *sruds, *rud, *srud).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seot¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeot¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sut • Middle-Chinese : srwit
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cricket
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蟀 (eum 솔 (sol))
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Hán-Nôm : xuất • Hán-Nôm : suất
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蟀
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| 蟆
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mraː) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 莫 (OC *maːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maa⁴ • Middle-Chinese : mae
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frog; toad
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toad
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Hán-Nôm : mô • Hán-Nôm : mò
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蟆
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| 蟋
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sih • Middle-Chinese : sit • Middle-Chinese : srit
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Only used in 蟋蟀 (xīshuài).
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蟋 • (sil) · 蟋 • (sil) (hangeul 실, revised sil, McCune–Reischauer sil, Yale sil)
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Hán-Nôm : tất
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蟋
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| 蟲
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 虫 (“snake; insect”). \ Note that 虫 is also a traditional character on its own. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *djuŋ (“insect; bug”) (STEDT). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 虫 (“snake; insect”). \ Note that 虫 is also a traditional character on its own. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *djuŋ (“insect; bug”) (STEDT). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : Triplication of 虫 (“snake; insect”). \ Note that 虫 is also a traditional character on its own. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *djuŋ (“insect; bug”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiông • Middle-Chinese : drjuwng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung⁶ • Middle-Chinese : drjuwngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄥˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cung⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tung⁴ • Middle-Chinese : drjuwng
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bug; insect; worm (Classifier: 隻／只 m c; 條／条 m c; 尾 h) • creature, animal (in general) • insect infestation • person who indulges in something • a surname ‖ (obsolete, of insect) to bite; to eat ‖ Alternative form of 爞
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Kyūjitai form of 虫: insect, bug
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蟲 (eumhun 벌레 충 (beolle chung))
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hanja form of 충 (“insect; bug”)
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Hán-Nôm : trùng • Hán-Nôm : sùng
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chữ Hán form of trùng (“insect; microbe, germ”).
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蟲
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| 蠕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njo) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 需 (OC *sno). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njo) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 需 (OC *sno).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyun⁵
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squirm; wriggle ‖ Alternative form of 蝡／蠕 (“squirm; wriggle”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhuyễn
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蠕
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| 蠢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjunʔ) : phonetic 春 (OC *tʰjun) + semantic 䖵 (“insects”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceon² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thún • Middle-Chinese : tsyhwinX
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to squirm; to wriggle • stupid; foolish • clumsy; awkward
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squirm, wriggle
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蠢 • (jun) · 蠢 • (jun) (hangeul 준, revised jun, McCune–Reischauer chun, Yale cwun)
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canonical : 蠢: Hán Việt readings: xuẩn 蠢: Nôm readings: xuẩn • canonical : xoáy
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chữ Hán form of xuẩn (“squirm, wiggle”).
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蠢
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| 衍
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 行 (“path; way; to go; to move”) + 水 (“water”). ‖ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 行 (“path; way; to go; to move”) + 水 (“water”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hin² • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin² • Cantonese · Jyutping : jin⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ián • Middle-Chinese : yenX • Middle-Chinese : yenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ
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to overflow; to spill over • to spread out; to extend; to develop • superfluous; unnecessary • characters mistakenly added during the copying of a text • (obsolete) lowland; flatland • (obsolete) marsh; bog • (obsolete) mountain slope; hillside • (obsolete) bamboo basket • a surname ‖ (obsolete) to bring in; to invite; to introduce • (Buddhism) yana; vehicle
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overflow; spill over • derive; spread out
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衍 (eum 연 (yeon))
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Hán-Nôm : khiên • Hán-Nôm : diễn • Hán-Nôm : giàn • Hán-Nôm : nhản • Hán-Nôm : nhiễn • Hán-Nôm : nhăn
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衍
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| 衙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋraː, *ŋa, *ŋaʔ) : semantic 行 + phonetic 吾 (OC *ŋraː, *ŋaː). \ From 牙 (MC ngae, “tooth”): \ : \ 近代通謂府廷為公衙，公衙即古之公朝也。字本作「牙」。《詩》曰：「祈父予王之爪牙。」祈父，司馬，掌武備，象猛獸，以爪牙為衛。故軍前大旗謂之「牙旗」，出師則有建牙、禡牙之事，軍中聽號令，必至牙旗之下，稱與府朝無異。近俗尚武，是以通呼公府為公牙，府門為牙門。字稱訛變，轉而為「衙」也。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]近代通谓府廷为公衙，公衙即古之公朝也。字本作「牙」。《诗》曰：「祈父予王之爪牙。」祈父，司马，掌武备，象猛兽，以爪牙为卫。故军前大旗谓之「牙旗」，出师则有建牙、祃牙之事，军中听号令，必至牙旗之下，称与府朝无异。近俗尚武，是以通呼公府为公牙，府门为牙门。字称讹变，转而为「衙」也。 [Literary Chinese, simp.] \ From: Tang dynasty, 封演 (Feng Yan), 《封氏聞見記》 (Master Feng's Records of Things Heard and Seen) \ Jìndài tōng wèi fǔtíng wèi gōngyá, gōngyá jí gǔ zhī gōngcháo yě. Zì běn zuò “yá”. “Shī” yuē: “Qífù yǔ wáng zhī zhǎoyá.” Qífù, sīmǎ, zhǎng wǔbèi, xiàng měngshòu, yǐ zhǎoyá wèi wèi. Gù jūn qián dà qí wèi zhī “yáqí”, chūshī zé yǒu jiànyá, màyá zhī shì, jūn zhōng tīng hàolìng, bì zhì yáqí zhī xià, chēng yǔ fǔcháo wú yì. Jìn sú shàngwǔ, shì yǐ tōng hū gōngfǔ wèi gōngyá, fǔmén wèi yámén. Zì chēng ébiàn, zhuǎn ér wèi “yá” yě. [Pinyin] \ In the recent era, the official court is commonly known as gongya ("official tooth"), which is gongchao ("official court") in ancient times. The character is originally 牙. The Classic of Poetry says, "Qifu, we are the claws and teeth of the king." Qifu is the minister of war, who is in charge of weaponry and, like a ferocious beast, defends using his claws and teeth. Hence the large banner before the army is known as the "tooth banner"; when sending the troops out, the tooth banner is erected and offered sacrifices; when listening to military orders, the army must be under the tooth banner; this is no different from the government office. In recent times, military affairs are commonly revered, so the gongfu is known as gongya and the fumen is known as yamen. The character has changed into 衙. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gâ • Middle-Chinese : ngae ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁵ • Middle-Chinese : ngjo • Middle-Chinese : ngjoX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ
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public office • official residence • a surname ‖ Only used in 衙衙 (“walking; marching (of troops)”). ‖ Short for 由衙 (“a kind of bamboo”). • Alternative form of 禦／御 (yù, “to resist; to block”) • Alternative form of 禦／御 (yù, “violent; tyrannical”)
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衙 • (a) · 衙 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)
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|
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衙
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| 衫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sroːm) : semantic 衣 + phonetic 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sam • Middle-Chinese : sraem
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(literary or Wu) unlined garment • (literary or Cantonese, Min) shirt; top (Classifier: 件 c; 領／领 mn) • (literary or Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Pinghua) clothing; clothes (Classifier: 套 c; 軀／躯 mn)
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thin cloth, especially thin silk • thin undergarment, thin underwear • a type of women's clothing, namely the upper part of a two-piece suit
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衫 • (sam) · 衫 • (sam) (hangeul 삼, revised sam, McCune–Reischauer sam, Yale sam)
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Hán-Nôm : sam • Hán-Nôm : oam • Hán-Nôm : sờm
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衫
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| 袁
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In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 衣 (“clothes”) + 又 (“hand”) – "to put on clothes; to wear". Some variant forms added 〇 (the earliest form of 圓 (OC *ɢon, “circle”), now written 口) as a sound component. The component 又 has corrupted into 㞢 in seal script and 土 in clerical script.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uân • Middle-Chinese : hjwon
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^‡ (of clothing) long • a surname
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long kimono
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袁 • (won) · 袁 • (won) (hangeul 원, revised won, McCune–Reischauer wŏn, Yale wen)
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robe
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Hán-Nôm : viên
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袁
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| 袍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *buː) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pou⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pôo • Middle-Chinese : baw
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(Chinese-style) long gown, robe, or cloak
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‖ 袍(ほう) • (hō)
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‖ round-collared skirted over-robe, worn as the outermost layer of court dress. Made of figured silk in winter, and silk-gauze in summer, and dyed according to the rank of the wearer.
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袍 • (po) · 袍 • (po) (hangeul 포, revised po, McCune–Reischauer p'o, Yale pho)
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Hán-Nôm : bào • Hán-Nôm : bâu
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袍
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| 袱
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 衣 (“clothes”) + phonetic 伏 (OC *bɯɡs, *bɯɡ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fuk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ho̍k
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|
|
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袱 (eum 복 (bok))
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Hán-Nôm : phục • Hán-Nôm : phất
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袱
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| 裏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rɯʔ) : semantic 衣 (“clothes”) + phonetic 里 (OC *rɯʔ).
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‖ 裏(うら) • (ura)
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‖ back; behind; other side • inside • reverse side of a coin ("tails") • (baseball) bottom (of an inning)
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裏 (eumhun 속 리 (sok ri), word-initial (South Korea) 속 이 (sok i))
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hanja form of 리/이 (“within”) [affix; suffix]
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Hán-Nôm : lí
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裏
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| 裙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡlun) : semantic 衤 (“clothing”) + phonetic 君 (OC *klun).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : kwan⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄣˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄣˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kûn • Middle-Chinese : gjun
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skirt; apron; dress; petticoat (Classifier: 條／条 c)
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‖ 裙(くん) • (kun)
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hem, cuff ‖ hip-wrapped under-skirt worn as part of clerical attire
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裙 • (gun) · 裙 • (gun) (hangeul 군, revised gun, McCune–Reischauer kun, Yale kwun)
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Hán-Nôm : quần
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pants
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裙
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| 裝
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsraŋ, *ʔsraŋs) : phonetic 壯 (OC *ʔsraŋs) + semantic 衣 (“clothes”). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zong¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄤ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsonn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsong • Middle-Chinese : tsrjang • Middle-Chinese : tsrjangH ‖ ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zong¹
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baggage; luggage; bags • outfit; clothes; clothing • style of dress • items for daily use; dowry • style of bookbinding • style of packaging or storage • to dress up; to attire; to clothe • to feign; to pretend; to make believe • (Hong Kong) to furnish; to refurbish; to renovate; to decorate • to load; to stack; to cram; to fill • to wrap (something in a bag); to put into • to assemble; to install (a fixture, a computer program, etc.) • to hold; to store; to contain • to carry; to convey • to mount; to decorate; to adorn • (Cantonese) to set up; to entrap • 31st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "packing" (𝌤) • (Hakka) to get injured or damaged after being hit by something ‖ (Sichuanese) to piece together ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 𥊙
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裝 (eumhun 꾸밀 장 (kkumil jang))
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Hán-Nôm : trang
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裝
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| 裹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloːlʔ, *kloːls) : semantic 衣 (“clothes”) + phonetic 果 (OC *kloːlʔ). \ Compare with Tibetan སྐོར (skor, “to encircle; to surround; to go around”) (Hill, 2014). ‖ ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gwo² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kó • Middle-Chinese : kwaX • Middle-Chinese : kwaH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kauh ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : kauh
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to wrap; to bind • to encircle; confine; to carry off • a surname: Guo ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 𩛩／𩠃 (“to wrap up”) ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 軋／轧 (“to crush; to run over; to roll flat (of or by a car)”)
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wrap • pack up • cover • conceal
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裹 (eum 과 (gwa))
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wrap, bind • encircle, confine
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Hán-Nôm : khõa • Hán-Nôm : khoã
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裹
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| 褂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 衣 (“clothes”) + phonetic 卦.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄚˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuà
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Chinese-style unlined upper garment
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褂
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| 褒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *puː, *puː) : semantic 衣 + phonetic 保 (OC *puːʔ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *puː, *puː) : semantic 衣 + phonetic 保 (OC *puːʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po • Hokkien · Tai-lo : poo • Middle-Chinese : paw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄡˊ
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to praise; to honor; to commend • positive polarity • to have large 衣襟 (yījīn) • large; vast; wide • (historical) A mountain valley in the east of Mian County, Shaanxi Province. • (historical) An ancient state whose city is in the east of Mian County, Shaanxi Province. ‖ Alternative form of 裒 (póu, “to gather; to collect”)
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praise, commend • compliment, congratulate, give a pat on the back to • speak well of, speak highly of, recommend • acclaim, extol, applaud [figuratively], sing the praises of [figuratively] • honor, exalt, glorify • admire, look up to, render homage to, express admiration for
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褒 • (po, bo, bu) · 褒 • (po, bo, bu) (hangeul 포, 보, 부, revised po, bo, bu, McCune–Reischauer p'o, po, pu, Yale pho, po, pu)
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canonical : 褒: Hán Việt readings: bao 褒: Nôm readings: bao
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chữ Hán form of bao (“to praise; to honor; to commend”).
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褒
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| 褥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nuːɡ, *njoɡ) : semantic 衣 + phonetic 辱 (OC *njoɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jio̍k • Middle-Chinese : nowk • Middle-Chinese : nyowk
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cotton-padded mattress; mattress; cushion • bedding
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‖ 褥(しとね) • (shitone)
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‖ mattress, cushion
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褥 • (yok) · 褥 • (yok) (hangeul 욕, revised yok, McCune–Reischauer yok, Yale yok)
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褥
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| 褪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰuːns) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 退 (OC *n̥ʰuːbs). Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *n̥ʰuːns) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 退 (OC *n̥ʰuːbs). Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tan³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : teoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thùn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuìnn ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tan³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : teoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thè
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to take off (clothes) • to hide in one's sleeve • (Cantonese) to retreat; to move back • (Cantonese) to move; to shift • (Cantonese) to make something available • (Cantonese) to withdraw • (Cantonese, Southern Min) to transfer; to give to somebody else ‖ to shed (feathers) • to discolour; to fade
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fade; discolour
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褪 (eum 퇴 (toe))
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Hán-Nôm : thoái
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褪
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| 覺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ) : abbreviated phonetic 學 (OC *ɡruːɡ) + semantic 見 (“see”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruk (“rouse; awaken; disturb”). Cognate with Old Chinese 學 (*ɡruːɡ, “to learn; to study”), 攪 (*kruːʔ, “to disturb”), Tibetan དཀྲོག (dkrog, “to agitate; to rouse”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ) : abbreviated phonetic 學 (OC *ɡruːɡ) + semantic 見 (“see”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruk (“rouse; awaken; disturb”). Cognate with Old Chinese 學 (*ɡruːɡ, “to learn; to study”), 攪 (*kruːʔ, “to disturb”), Tibetan དཀྲོག (dkrog, “to agitate; to rouse”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : gok³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kak • Middle-Chinese : kaewk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gaau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kàu • Middle-Chinese : kaewH
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(literary) to wake up • to become aware; to dawn on; to awaken to • to feel; to think • sense; sensation; feeling • a surname: Jue ‖ to wake up from sleep • sleep; nap • Classifier for periods of sleep. • Alternative form of 較／较
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to wake up from sleep • conscious • to enlighten • awake • to remember • remembrance
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覺 (eumhun 깨달을 각 (kkaedareul gak)) · 覺 (eumhun 깰 교 (kkael gyo))
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Hán-Nôm : giác • Hán-Nôm : nhác • Hán-Nôm : rác • Hán-Nôm : dác
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覺
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| 覽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·raːmʔ) : phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms) + semantic 見 (“see”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : laam⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lám • Middle-Chinese : lamX
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to look at; to view; to inspect; to perceive • to read • Alternative form of 攬／揽 (lǎn, “to take on; to adopt”)
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look at, inspect • perceive
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覽 (eumhun 볼 람 (bol ram), word-initial (South Korea) 볼 남 (bol nam))
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hanja form of 람 (“look at, inspect”)
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Hán-Nôm : lãm
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覽
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| 觀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːn, *koːns) : phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns) + semantic 見 (“see”). \ “To watch; to observe” (Pronunciation 1) > “watchtower; platform; temple” (Pronunciation 2). \ Schuessler (2007) connects it with 侯 (OC *ɡoː, “target”) and 候 (OC *ɡoːs, “to watch; to be on the lookout for; to wait”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːn, *koːns) : phonetic 雚 (OC *koːns) + semantic 見 (“see”). \ “To watch; to observe” (Pronunciation 1) > “watchtower; platform; temple” (Pronunciation 2). \ Schuessler (2007) connects it with 侯 (OC *ɡoː, “target”) and 候 (OC *ɡoːs, “to watch; to be on the lookout for; to wait”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuan • Middle-Chinese : kwan ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuànn • Middle-Chinese : kwanH
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to observe; to watch; to view; to see • to observe closely; to scrutinise; to investigate • to read; to peruse • to display; to show • to visit; to go sightseeing • to play; to enjoy • appearance; looks • sight; view; perspective • concept; outlook • a surname ‖ (historical) watchtower on either side of a palace gate • (historical) platform; stage; dais; rostrum • (Taoism) Taoist temple • 20th hexagram of the I Ching • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 観 (to see, observe; appearance)
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觀 (eumhun 볼 관 (bol gwan))
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hanja form of 관 (“to see; to observe; to view”) • hanja form of 관 (“appearance; looks”) • hanja form of 관 (“sight; view; perspective”) • hanja form of 관 (“Taoist temple”)
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Hán-Nôm : quan • Hán-Nôm : quán
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觀
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| 觸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰjoɡ) : semantic 角 + phonetic 蜀 (OC *djoɡ). \ Compare Tibetan གཏུག (gtug, “to meet; to touch”) (Hill, 2019). \ The internet slang sense is a phonetic borrowing from English true.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Middle-Chinese : tsyhowk
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to touch; to come in contact with • to butt; to ram; to gore (as with animal horns) • to affront; to offend; to violate • to stir up; to invoke; to cause (feelings, etc.) • (Hokkien) to argue; to have a row; to come to blows; to scuffle • (Hokkien) to come into contact with a hard object (stone, horns, etc.) • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to take a bit of notes (with a pen or pencil) • a surname • (Taiwan, Internet slang) true (interjection of approval)
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to touch; to contact
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觸 • (chok) · 觸 • (chok) (hangeul 촉, revised chok, McCune–Reischauer ch'ok, Yale chok)
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觸
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| 訃
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Middle-Chinese : phjuH
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news of one's death • obituary
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訃 • (bu) · 訃 • (bu) (hangeul 부, revised bu, McCune–Reischauer pu, Yale pu)
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訃
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| 託
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰaːɡ) : semantic 言 + phonetic 乇 (OC *ʔr'aːɡ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tok³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thok • Middle-Chinese : thak
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to entrust (to someone's care); to commit (something) to someone's care • to rely on; to depend on • to entrust (someone) with something; to assign responsibility for • to give as a pretext; to feign
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consign • requesting • entrusting with • pretend • hint
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託 • (tak) · 託 • (tak) (hangeul 탁, revised tak, McCune–Reischauer t'ak, Yale thak)
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Hán-Nôm : thác
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託
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| 診
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯns, *kljɯnʔ) : semantic 言 + phonetic 㐱 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : can² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsín • Middle-Chinese : tsyinX • Middle-Chinese : drinH
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(medicine) to examine (a patient); to diagnose
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examine
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診 • (jin) · 診 • (jin) (hangeul 진, revised jin, McCune–Reischauer chin, Yale cin)
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canonical : 診: Hán Việt readings: chẩn
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診
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| 詔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjews) : semantic 言 (“word; speech”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews) \ Perhaps related to 召 (OC *dews, *djews, “to call; to summon”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ziu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiàu • Middle-Chinese : tsyewH
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imperial decree • to decree; to proclaim • (historical) leader or king of non-Han peoples
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‖ 詔(しょう) • (shō) ^(←せう (seu)?) ‖ 詔(みことのり) • (mikotonori)
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imperial decree; imperial edict ‖ imperial edict ‖ imperial edict
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詔 • (jo) · 詔 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : chiếu
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詔
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| 詣
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By Shuowen and Jitsū, and following Zhengzhang (2003), a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡiːs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 旨 (OC *kjiʔ). \ Alternatively, ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 言 (“speech”) + 旨 (“delicious”) — word use so skilled as to be delicious. The first interpretation is seemingly most accepted.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gē • Middle-Chinese : ngejH
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to go to or visit or call upon a superior • achievement or accomplishment
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arrive • attain
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詣 • (ye) · 詣 • (ye) (hangeul 예, revised ye, McCune–Reischauer ye, Yale yey)
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canonical : 詣: Hán Việt readings: nghệ
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詣
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| 詮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰlon) : semantic 言 + phonetic 全 (OC *zlon).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cyun⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuân • Middle-Chinese : tshjwen
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to explain
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‖
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discussion ‖
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詮 • (jeon) · 詮 • (jeon) (hangeul 전, revised jeon, McCune–Reischauer chŏn, Yale cen)
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Hán-Nôm : thuyên
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詮
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| 詰
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kit³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gat¹ • Middle-Chinese : khjit
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to ask; to enquire • to question; to interrogate; to call to account • to investigate and handle • the next day; tomorrow • bent; twisty
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詰 • (hil) · 詰 • (hil) (hangeul 힐, revised hil, McCune–Reischauer hil, Yale hil)
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canonical : 詰: Hán Việt readings: cật 詰: Nôm readings: cật • canonical : gạt • canonical : gật • canonical : cợt • canonical : gợt • canonical : ngặt
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chữ Hán form of cật (“ask, question, interrogate, investigate”). • Nôm form of gạt (“dupe, trick”). • Nôm form of gật (“nod one's head in approval”). • Nôm form of ngặt (“strict, rigorous, impoverished”).
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詰
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| 誦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljoŋs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 甬 (OC *loŋʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siòng • Middle-Chinese : zjowngH
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to read aloud • to recount • to recite; to chant
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誦 (eumhun 외울 송 (oe'ul song))
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hanja form of 송 (“to recite; to read aloud”)
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canonical : 誦: Hán Việt readings: tụng 誦: Nôm readings: tụng • canonical : tọng • canonical : tộng
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chữ Hán form of tụng (“to recite”).
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誦
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| 諒
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‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liāng • Middle-Chinese : ljangH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄤˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : loeng⁴
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to forgive; to sympathise • to believe • honest • presumably ‖
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‖ 諒(りょう) • (Ryō)
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(noun) truth ‖ a male given name
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諒 (eumhun 믿을 량 (mideul ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 믿을 양 (mideul yang))
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hanja form of 량/양 (“excuse, forgive”) • hanja form of 량/양 (“guess, presume”)
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Hán-Nôm : lượng • Hán-Nôm : lạng
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諒
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| 諦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːɡs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Middle-Chinese : tejH
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to examine; to scrutinise • careful; attentive • principle; basis; essence • (Buddhism) truth • (Cantonese) to satirize; to mock; to ridicule; to have a dig at
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to give up
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諦 • (che) · 諦 • (che) (hangeul 체, revised che, McCune–Reischauer ch'e, Yale chey)
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Hán-Nôm : đế
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諦
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| 諧
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uê • Middle-Chinese : heaj
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to harmonize; to coordinate; to fit together • harmonious; coordinated; congruous • joke; jest • (Quanzhou Hokkien) to persuade; to advise
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accord, harmony
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諧 • (hae) · 諧 • (hae) (hangeul 해, revised hae, McCune–Reischauer hae, Yale hay)
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Hán-Nôm : hài • Hán-Nôm : giai
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諧
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| 諭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *los) : semantic 言 + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jū • Middle-Chinese : yuH
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(literary) to instruct; to tell • to understand; to know • order from above; imperial decree • to make known; to make clear • to liken; to compare
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‖ 諭(さとし) • (Satoshi)
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‖ a male given name
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諭 (eumhun 타이를 유 (taireul yu))
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hanja form of 유 (“instruct”)
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Hán-Nôm : dụ
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諭
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| 諮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsli) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 咨 (OC *ʔsli, “to consult”) + semantic 言 (“speak”).
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consultation
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諮 • (ja) · 諮 • (ja) (hangeul 자, revised ja, McCune–Reischauer cha, Yale ca)
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canonical : 諮: Hán Việt readings: ti • canonical : tư
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諮
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| 謂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢuds) : semantic 訁 + phonetic 胃 (OC *ɢuds).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uī • Middle-Chinese : hjw+jH
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to say; to tell • to call; to name • meaning; sense • a surname
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reason • origin • history • oral tradition
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謂 (eumhun 고할 위 (gohal wi)) ‖ 謂 (eumhun 이를 위 (ireul wi))
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say • tell ‖ call • name • be called
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Hán-Nôm : vị
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謂
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| 謄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯːŋ) : phonetic 朕 (OC *l'ɯmʔ) + semantic 言 (“say”)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tang⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thn̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thîng • Middle-Chinese : dong
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to transcribe; to copy
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to transcribe; to copy
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謄 (eumhun 베낄 등 (bekkil deung))
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to copy • to mimeograph • to transcribe
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canonical : 謄: Hán Việt readings: đằng
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謄
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| 謎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *miː, *miːs) : semantic 言 (“speech”) + phonetic 迷 (OC *miː, “to be lost”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mai⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mai⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˊㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˋㄦ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˋㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî • Middle-Chinese : mejH
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puzzle; riddle • mystery; enigma
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riddle • puzzle • enigma • hint • tip
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謎 (eumhun 수수께끼 미 (susukkekki mi))
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hanja form of 미 (“riddle”)
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謎
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| 謠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lew) : semantic 言 + phonetic 䍃 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâu • Middle-Chinese : yew
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(alt. form 䚻, 繇, 猶／犹 (yóu)^‡) to sing without instruments • (alt. form 䚻, 繇) folk song; ballad • fake circulating words; false rumour
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謠 (eumhun 노래 요 (norae yo))
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hanja form of 요 (“a song”)
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Hán-Nôm : dao
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謠
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| 證
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjɯŋs) : semantic 言 + phonetic 登 (OC *tɯːŋ). \ Cognate with 徵 (OC *tɯŋ, “to summon; to testify”). \ Related to Khmer ទៀង (tiəng, “true; exact”), Khmer ផ្ទៀង (phtiəng, “to correct; to verify”), but they may be Chinese loans. Perhaps related to 貞 (OC *teŋ, “to test; to verify”) and 真 (OC *ʔljin, “true”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zing³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsìng • Middle-Chinese : tsyingH
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to prove; to testify; to verify • proof; evidence · identification; identity document; credential; papers; ID card • proof; evidence · (transgender slang) diagnosis of transsexualism, gender identity disorder, or gender dysphoria • proof; evidence • Original form of 症 (zhèng). • a surname: Zheng
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Kyūjitai form of 証
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證 • (jeung) · 證 • (jeung) (hangeul 증, revised jeung, McCune–Reischauer chŭng, Yale cung)
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certificate, card
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canonical : 證: Hán Việt readings: chứng 證: Hán Nôm readings: chững • canonical : chống • canonical : chừng
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chữ Hán form of chứng (“proof”).
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證
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| 譬
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phì • Middle-Chinese : phjieH
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to make an analogy • analogy; metaphor • (literary) to inform; to explain • (literary) to understand
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illustrate
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譬 • (bi) · 譬 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi, Yale pi)
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Hán-Nôm : thí • Hán-Nôm : thía • Hán-Nôm : tỉ • Hán-Nôm : ví
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譬
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| 譯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laːɡ) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː). \ Same word as 繹 (OC *laːɡ, “to unravel”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Middle-Chinese : yek
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to translate; to interpret • to decode; to decipher • a surname
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|
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譯 • (yeok) · 譯 • (yeok) (hangeul 역, revised yeok, McCune–Reischauer yŏk, Yale yek)
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canonical : 譯: Hán Việt readings: dịch
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chữ Hán form of dịch (“to translate; translation”).
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譯
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| 譽
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *la, *las) : phonetic 與 (OC *la, *laʔ, *las) + semantic 言 (“say”). \ Both 譽 (OC *las, “renown, praise (n.)”) and 譽 (OC *la, “to praise (v.)”) are related; the latter in turn is related to 舁 (OC *la, “to shoulder, to lift”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ Ultimate origin is Sino-Tibetan: compare Tibetan རླ (rla) & བླ (bla, “over, above, upper, higher, superior”) (Schuessler, 2007; Coblin, 1986). \ This word family is allofamic to 揚 (OC *laŋ), its Tibeto-Burman cognates, & ancestor Proto-Sino-Tibetan *laŋ; as well as 輿 (OC *la, *las) & 舉 (OC *klaʔ) (Schuessler, 2007, see also Baxter & Sagart, 1998).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : īr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Middle-Chinese : yo • Middle-Chinese : yoH
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fame; reputation • to praise
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譽 • (ye) · 譽 • (ye) (hangeul 예, revised ye, McCune–Reischauer ye, Yale yey)
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Hán-Nôm : dự • Hán-Nôm : dư
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譽
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| 讀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'oːɡ) : semantic 言 (“to say”) + phonetic 𧶠 (OC *luɡ). \ “To say aloud, to tell” (Shijing) > “to recite” > “to read”. \ Cognate with Tibetan ཀློག (klog, “to read; to recite”). Starostin sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-lok (“to recite; to give notice”) for this, and also includes Burmese လျှောက် (hlyauk, “to tell; to ask; to petition; word-for-word translation; indiscriminately”) and Mizo thlûk (“accent, tone, intonation”). Related to 讟 (OC *l'oːɡ, “resentment, slander < to grumble; complaint”). \ STEDT provisionally sets up Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-g-(l/r)əwk (“to read”), relating it to 牘 (OC *l'oːɡ, “tablet”). \ Sagart (1999) argues that “read” cannot be the primary meaning, since existence of the concept “to read” before the invention of writing is questionable. There is likely no writing at the time of the split between Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages, therefore the Tibetan word may represent a borrowing from Chinese. ‖ A late attested reading. Starostin thinks it is from the *-s pronunciation of Etymology 1.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tha̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho̍k • Middle-Chinese : duwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo
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to say aloud; to tell • to read (silently); to peruse • to read aloud; to read out • to study • to pronounce (a character, a word, etc.) • pronunciation ‖ short pause in reading; part of a sentence; clause
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to read • (とう) phrase, clause, part of a sentence, e.g. 読点 (lit. "clause mark", i.e. comma)
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讀 (eumhun 읽을 독 (ilgeul dok)) ‖ 讀 (eumhun 구절 두 (gujeol du))
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hanja form of 독 (“to read”) ‖ hanja form of 두 (“short pause in reading, part of a sentence, clause”)
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Hán-Nôm : độc • Hán-Nôm : đọc • Hán-Nôm : đậu • Hán-Nôm : đặt
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讀
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| 變
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prons) : phonetic 䜌 (OC *b·roːn, *b·ron, *b·rons) + semantic 攴. \ Likely related to 亂 (OC *roːns, “disorder”) (Baxter, 1992). Perhaps related to Tibetan སྤྲུལ་བ (sprul ba, “to transform”) (Shi, 2000)and Burmese ပြောင်း (praung:, “to change”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bin³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pìnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piàn • Middle-Chinese : pjenH
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(intransitive) to change (by itself); to transform • (transitive) to change (something in some way); to alter; to transform • (intransitive) to become; to turn into; to change into • (transitive) to sell off (one's property) • (intransitive) to be flexible (when dealing with matters); to accommodate to circumstances • to perform a magic trick • sudden major change; unexpected change of events • changeable; changing • grotesque thing • (Buddhism) bianwen (form of narrative literature from the Tang dynasty) • (Hokkien) to do (bad things)
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‖
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change • strange ‖
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變 (eumhun 변할 변 (byeonhal byeon))
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hanja form of 변 (“change”)
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Hán-Nôm : biến • Hán-Nôm : bén • Hán-Nôm : bến
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變
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| 讓
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The exopassive of 攘 (OC *njaŋ, *njaŋʔ, *njaŋs, “to remove”) ("to remove" > ("to remove oneself") > "to yield; to concede"). \ Cognate with 攘 (OC *njaŋ, *njaŋʔ, *njaŋs, “to remove; to steal”), 禳 (OC *njaŋ, “to expel; to sacrifice to expel disasters”), Tibetan གནང (gnang, “to give; to grant”), Burmese နှင်း (hnang:, “to confer; to grant”), Burmese နှင် (hnang, “to drive away; to expel”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Borrowed from French Jean.
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‖
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to allow; to let; to permit • to ask (someone to do something); to get (someone to do something); to have (someone do something) • to yield; to concede • (driving) to yield; to give way • by (passive signifier) • (literary) to criticise; to reproach ‖ A transliteration of the French surname and male given name Jean
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讓 • (yang) · 讓 • (yang) (hangeul 양)
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Hán-Nôm : nhượng • Hán-Nôm : nhường • Hán-Nôm : nhằng • Hán-Nôm : nhàng • Hán-Nôm : lâm
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讓
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| 讚
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːns) : semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 贊 (OC *ʔsaːns). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zaan³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsàn • Middle-Chinese : tsanH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsán
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to praise; to commend; to eulogize • (Internet, social media) to like ‖ (chiefly Southern Min, Taiwanese Mandarin) cool; awesome
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praise • picture title
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讚 (eumhun 기릴 찬 (giril chan))
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hanja form of 찬 (“to praise; to laud”) [verbal root; affix]
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Hán-Nôm : tán
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讚
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| 豁
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kut³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hat • Middle-Chinese : xwat ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : kut³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huat • Middle-Chinese : xwat ‖
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open; clear; open-minded • to exempt; to remit • a surname ‖ to slit; to crack • to give up; to sacrifice; to risk one's life ‖ to cheat; to fool • to coax
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empty
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豁 • (hwal) · 豁 • (hwal) (hangeul 활, revised hwal, McCune–Reischauer hwal, Yale hwal)
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drain off • open, wide
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Hán-Nôm : khoát • Hán-Nôm : hoát • Hán-Nôm : khoạt
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豁
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| 豈
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Possibly a variation of 壴 with the top part modified. May have been the original form of 凱 (“music of triumph”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hei² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khí • Middle-Chinese : khj+jX
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(literary, rhetorical question) how; how can it be that (used in rhetorical questions) • (dated) possibly; perhaps (modal particle indicating tentativeness)
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‖ 豈(あに) • (ani)
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an interjection of surprise ‖ a rhetorical interrogative: (just) how • expresses a strong denial: not at all, not in the least
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豈 (eumhun 어찌 기 (eojji gi)) · 豈 (eumhun 승전악 개 (seungjeonak gae))
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hanja form of 기 (“how, what”)
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canonical : 豈: Hán Việt readings: khởi
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豈
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| 豌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoːn) : semantic 豆 (“bean; pea”) + phonetic 宛 (OC *qon, *qonʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wun² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uan • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : 'wan
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Only used in 豌豆 (wāndòu).
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pea
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豌 • (wan) · 豌 • (wan) (hangeul 완, revised wan, McCune–Reischauer wan, Yale wan)
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Hán-Nôm : oản • Hán-Nôm : uyển
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豌
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| 豐
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Ideogram (指事) – a pot full of flowers (abundance, plenty). \ Bottom is cognate to 豆, both being a pot on a stand.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phong • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hong • Middle-Chinese : phjuwng
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luxuriant; lush • abundant; bountiful; plenty • well-developed; full-grown; shapely; plump • large; great • to enhance; to enlarge • 55th hexagram of the I Ching • Feng, a surname • (historical) Feng (a former capital of China)
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豐 • (pung) · 豐 • (pung) (hangeul 풍, revised pung, McCune–Reischauer p'ung, Yale phung)
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the 55th hexagram ䷶ (“abundance”)
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Hán-Nôm : phong
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豐
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| 豹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *preːwɢs) : semantic 豸 (“beast; creature”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ). Pictogram (象形) in the oracle bone script. \ Exopassive derivative of 駁 (OC *praːwɢ, “piebald (horse)”), literally "the spotted one"; ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bruk (“piebald; speckled”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pàu • Middle-Chinese : paewH
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leopard; panther (often more specifically Panthera pardus) (Classifier: 隻／只 m c mn) • a surname
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‖ 豹(ひょう) or 豹(ヒョウ) • (hyō) ^(←へう (feu) or ヘウ (feu)?)
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‖ a leopard (a large wild cat with a spotted coat, Panthera pardus)
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豹 (eumhun 표범 표 (pyobeom pyo))
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hanja form of 표 (“leopard; panther”)
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Hán-Nôm : báo • Hán-Nôm : beo • Hán-Nôm : bươu
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chữ Hán form of báo (“spotted big cat”). • Nôm form of beo (“spotted big cat”).
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豹
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| 豺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zrɯː) : semantic 豸 (“creature”) + phonetic 才 (OC *zlɯː, *zlɯːs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄞˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshâi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siânn • Middle-Chinese : dzreaj
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dhole (Cuon alpinus)
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豺 (eumhun 승냥이 시 (seungnyang'i si))
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hanja form of 시 (“dhole”)
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canonical : 豺: Hán Việt readings: sài 豺: Nôm readings: sài • canonical : rài
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豺
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| 貼
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table ‖ table \ From English tip. See also 貼士／贴士 (tip³⁻¹ si⁶⁻², “tips”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tip³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thueh • Middle-Chinese : thep ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : tip¹
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to paste to; to stick on • to be attached to • (Cantonese) close (at little distance) ‖ (Cantonese) to predict; to guess; to bet on the outcome
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stick; apply; paste
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貼 (eumhun 붙일 첩 (buchil cheop))
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hanja form of 첩 (“stick; adhere”)
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貼
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| 賂
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lou⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōo • Middle-Chinese : luH
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bribe; bribery • to bribe; to buy off • (literary) to present (a gift) • (literary) money and goods as gifts; (in general) money and goods
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賂 (eumhun 뇌물 뢰 (noemul roe), word-initial (South Korea) 뇌물 뇌 (noemul noe))
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hanja form of 뢰/뇌 (“bribe; bribery”)
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Hán-Nôm : lộ
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賂
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| 賄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰʷɯːʔ) : semantic 貝 (“cowry; money”) + phonetic 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄟˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hér • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huè • Middle-Chinese : xwojX
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(literary) property; belongings • (literary) to give a gift • to bribe • bribe
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to pay • to supply
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賄 (eumhun 뇌물(賂物) 회) · 賄 (eumhun 재물(財物) 회)
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hanja form of 회 (“bribe; bribery”) • hanja form of 회 (“property; belongings”)
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Hán-Nôm : hối
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賄
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| 賠
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pui⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pêr
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to suffer a financial loss • to compensate • to apologize
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compensation
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賠 • (bae) · 賠 • (bae) (hangeul 배, revised bae, McCune–Reischauer pae, Yale pay)
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賠
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| 賣
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Characters in the same phonetic series (買) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Originally 𧷓, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mreːs) : semantic 出 (“go out”) + phonetic 買 (OC *mreːʔ, “buy”). \ 出, which indicates exoactive semantics (Sagart, 1999), was eventually reduced to the etymologically unrelated 士. \ Unrelated to 𧶠, which is used as a phonetic component in a number of characters. \ Exoactive of 買 (OC *mreːʔ, “to buy”) (Sagart, 1995; Schuessler, 2007; Baxter and Sagart, 2014), from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/m/s-laj ~ *r/s-lej ~ *b-rej (“to buy; to barter”); see there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : buě • Hokkien · Tai-lo : māi • Middle-Chinese : meaH
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to sell • to betray; to sell out • to spare no effort; to do one's best • to show off • (Cantonese, of the media) to publish (a piece of news)
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to sell
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賣 (eumhun 팔 매 (pal mae))
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hanja form of 매 (“to sell”)
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canonical : 賣: Hán Việt readings: mại 賣: Nôm readings: mải • canonical : mợi
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chữ Hán form of mại (“to sell”).
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賣
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| 賤
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlens) : semantic 貝 + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zin⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuānn • Middle-Chinese : dzjenH
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cheap; inexpensive • lowly; low-ranking; poor; plebeian • bad; inferior; poor • mean; base; despicable; obnoxious • (colloquial, derogatory) mean, bitchy, annoying • (colloquial, derogatory) self-deprecating especially when someone insists so much on something, puts so much effort to something but gets nothing they wish for, for example in a romantic relationship • (humble) my • (Min) naughty; restless • to look down upon; to despise • to hate; to detest • a surname: Jian
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cheap, worthless • low-ranking, inferior, humble, plebeian • to despise; to look down upon
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賤 • (cheon) · 賤 • (cheon) (hangeul 천)
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Hán-Nôm : tiện
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賤
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| 賭
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : tuX
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to gamble; to bet money • (in general) to make a bet; to place a wager
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bet
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賭 • (do) · 賭 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to, Yale to)
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Hán-Nôm : đổ
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賭
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| 賴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *raːds) : phonetic 剌 (OC *raːd) + semantic 貝 (“cowry”) – to profit. ‖ ‖ From English line.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄞˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : luā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nuā • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lāi • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nāi • Middle-Chinese : lajH ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : laai⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄞˋ
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to rely; to depend on • to accuse falsely • shameless; impudent; cheeky; brazen • (colloquial) bad • to hang on in a place; to drag out one's stay in a place • to disavow; to deny • to falsely incriminate • to blame; to put the blame upon • a surname ‖ to leave behind; to forget to bring ‖ (Taiwan, colloquial) Line (an instant messaging software)
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request, rely • depend on • accuse falsely
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賴 (eumhun 힘 입을 뢰 (him ibeul roe), word-initial (South Korea) 힘 입을 뇌 (him ibeul noe))
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hanja form of 뢰/뇌 (“rely, depend on”) • hanja form of 뢰/뇌 (“accuse falsely”)
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Hán-Nôm : lại • Hán-Nôm : nái • Hán-Nôm : trái
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賴
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| 購
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *koːs) : semantic 貝 (“shellfish”) + phonetic 冓 (OC *koː, *koːs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kio • Hokkien · Tai-lo : káng • Middle-Chinese : kuwH
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to buy; to purchase • (literary) to offer an award (e.g. for the capture of a criminal) • (literary) to hire
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to buy, to purchase
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購 • (gu) · 購 • (gu) (hangeul 구)
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Hán-Nôm : cấu
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購
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| 贊
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Originally 賛. Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 㚘 + 貝 (“money”) – to help with money. \ Now phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔsaːns) : phonetic 兟 (OC *srin) + semantic 貝 (“money”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsàn • Middle-Chinese : tsanH
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to help; to support • to agree • (literature) a form and style of writing that summarizes and concludes a narrative, biography, or portrait, etc.
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Kyūjitai form of 賛 (help, assist, support)
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贊 (eum 찬 (chan))
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Hán-Nôm : tán
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贊
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| 赫
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Duplication of 赤 (“red”), with 赤 (OC *kʰljaɡ) acting as the phonetic component. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haak¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hak¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : herk • Middle-Chinese : xaek ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : niah
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bright red • bright; luminous • distinguished; eminent; glorious; awe-inspiring • to display; to show off • Alternative form of 嚇／吓 (hè, “to frighten”) • angrily; furiously • (physics) Short for 赫茲／赫兹 (Hèzī, “hertz”). • a surname ‖ (Southern Min) to be frightened
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赫 • (hyeok) · 赫 • (hyeok) (hangeul 혁, revised hyeok, McCune–Reischauer hyŏk, Yale hyek)
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Hán-Nôm : hách • Hán-Nôm : hích
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赫
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| 趁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *nlanʔ, *l̥ʰɯns, *l'ɯn) : semantic 走 (“to run”) + phonetic 㐱 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : can³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thìn • Middle-Chinese : drin • Middle-Chinese : nrjenX • Middle-Chinese : trhinH
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(literary or Min) to chase; to pursue • (literary or Min) to follow; to accompany • to take advantage of (time, opportunity, etc); to avail oneself of • (Min) to earn (money) • (Mandarin, colloquial) to have a lot of • used to indicate a present situation: while circumstances are optimal • (Eastern Min) from; since • (Mainland China Hokkien) to imitate (someone) • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to shoo away; to drive away (poultry or livestock)
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趁 • (jin, jeon) · 趁 • (jin, jeon) (hangeul 진, 전, revised jin, jeon, McCune–Reischauer chin, chŏn, Yale cin, cen)
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canonical : 趁: Hán Việt readings: sấn 趁: Nôm readings: sấn • canonical : sán • canonical : sắn • canonical : sớn • canonical : thấn • canonical : xớn
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chữ Hán form of sấn (“chase, "while it is still/right..."”).
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趁
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| 趟
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Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs) : semantic 走 (“run”) + phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs). ‖ Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs) : semantic 走 (“run”) + phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs). ‖ Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs) : semantic 走 (“run”) + phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs). ‖ Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs) : semantic 走 (“run”) + phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs). ‖ Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːŋs, *rtaːŋ, *rtaːŋs) : semantic 走 (“run”) + phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥ • Middle-Chinese : traeng ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄥˋ • Middle-Chinese : traengH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˊ
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to take a journey • time; occasion • Classifier for journeys or occasions. ‖ Alternative form of 蹚 (tāng, “to wade; to ford”) ‖ Used in 週趟 (“jumping; leaping”). • (ideophonic) jumping; leaping ‖ Only used in 週趟 (“walking; tottering; staggering”). ‖ Only used in 週趟 (“escaping in fear”).
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趟
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| 趴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 八 (OC *preːd). ‖ Borrowed from Japanese パーセント (pāsento), from English percent. ‖ Clipping of 趴體／趴体 (pātǐ), from English party.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paa¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pha ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄚ
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to lie on one's stomach • to rest one's upper body on a surface; to bend over a surface ‖ (Taiwan) percent ‖ (informal) party
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Hán-Nôm : bát • Hán-Nôm : vát
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趴
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| 趾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kjɯʔ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 止 (OC *kjɯʔ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsí • Middle-Chinese : tsyiX
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(anatomy) toe; foot • track; footprint
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‖ 趾(あしゆび) • (ashiyubi)
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toe ‖ (anatomy) toe
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趾 • (ji) · 趾 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)
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Hán-Nôm : chỉ • Hán-Nôm : nhảy
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趾
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| 跋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *boːd) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd). \ Cognate with 茇 (OC *poːd, “roots of grass”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : but⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pua̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pua̍t • Middle-Chinese : bat
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(Min) to tumble; to fall down • (Min) to toss; to throw (dice, moon blocks, etc.) • (Southern Min) to gamble • (Hokkien) to use (a scheme, trick, etc.) • to trample; to step; to step on • to trek; to walk; to go by foot; to travel on land • (Hakka) to get up • (Hakka) to climb • (Mainland China Hokkien) to go down; to drop (price, etc.) • (Zhangzhou Hokkien, Wu) to turn around • base of a candle • postscript; epilogue; colophon • a surname
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跋 (eum 발 (bal))
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Hán-Nôm : bạt
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跋
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| 跌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'iːɡ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 失 (OC *hliɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄝˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dit³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍t • Middle-Chinese : det
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to fall down • (Cantonese, Hakka, transitive) to drop; to lose • to fall (from the sky); to crash; to drop • (of price, stock) to fall; to drop
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to slip • to stumble
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跌 • (jil) · 跌 • (jil) (hangeul 질, revised jil, McCune–Reischauer chil, Yale cil)
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canonical : 跌: Hán Việt readings: điệt • canonical : trật 跌: Nôm readings: chợt • canonical : trượt • canonical : trớt • canonical : trặc • canonical : xớt • canonical : xợt • canonical : đột
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Nôm form of trật (“to miss, to be incorrect, to dislocate”). • Nôm form of trượt (“to slip, to fail, to fall”).
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跌
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| 跑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bruː, *bruːɡ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː). \ Compare Proto-Loloish *paw¹ (“to flee”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ The computing sense is a semantic loan from English run. ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pháu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâu ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄠˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phâu • Middle-Chinese : baew ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Middle-Chinese : baewk
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to run • to run away; to flee • (dialectal) to walk; to stroll; to go to • to rush about; to make the rounds; to be busy • to leak; to evaporate • to go away; to be gone; to be lost • (computing, colloquial) to run (a program) • (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) well-liked; popular • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to steal and run away ‖ (of an animal) to paw the earth ‖
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run • flee • leave in hurry • trot, trotting
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跑 (eumhun 허빌 포 (heobil po))
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Hán-Nôm : bão • Hán-Nôm : bào
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跑
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| 跛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prals, *paːlʔ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(p/b)aːj (“lame; limp; askew”); compare Proto-Kuki-Chin *ɓa(a)j ~ *pa(a)j (“lame; limp”), Burmese ဖဲ (hpai:, “to avoid”), ဖယ် (hpai, “to push aside”), ပယ် (pai, “to reject”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2014). \ Colloquial readings in some southern varieties preserve the Old Chinese rime (Schuessler, 2007); the colloquial word is written as 𨃅 in Southwestern Mandarin and Xiang. ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : bai¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bo² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : páinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pó • Middle-Chinese : paX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bei³ • Middle-Chinese : pjeH
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lame; crippled ‖
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lame; crippled • to stand on one foot; to slant
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跛 • (pa, pi) · 跛 • (pa, pi) (hangeul 파, 피, revised pa, pi, McCune–Reischauer p'a, p'i, Yale pha, phi)
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跛
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| 跟
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kɯːn) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 艮 (OC *kɯːns). \ Cognate with 根 (OC *kɯːn, “root”) (Wang, 1982). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄣ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kin • Middle-Chinese : kon ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tèr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuè
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heel (of a foot, a shoe or a sock) • to follow • (of a woman) to marry • with (together) • as (in comparisons) • to; with • and (joining nouns) • (dialectal Mandarin) at • (Cantonese) to follow; to abide • (Waxiang) to act for someone • (Waxiang) Used to introduce the direct object of a verb. ‖ (Southern Min) Alternative form of 綴／缀 (“to follow”)
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跟 • (geun) · 跟 • (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune–Reischauer kŭn, Yale kun)
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Hán-Nôm : cân • Hán-Nôm : ngấn • Hán-Nôm : ngân
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跟
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| 跨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰʷraː, *kʰʷraːʔ, *kʰʷraːs, *kʰʷaːs) : semantic 足 + phonetic 夸 (OC *kʰʷraː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuà • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khua • Middle-Chinese : khwae • Middle-Chinese : khwaeX • Middle-Chinese : khuH • Middle-Chinese : khwaeH
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to step across; to stride • (transitive) to cross over (a wall, river, etc.) • to overstep; to exceed; to surpass • to straddle; to bestride; to ride • to occupy; to hold • transgender; trans • to transition to (gender) • Alternative form of 胯 (kuà, “crotch; groin”)
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be • sit or stand astride • extend over • straddle
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跨 (eum 과 (gwa))
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Hán-Nôm : khóa • Hán-Nôm : khoá • Hán-Nôm : khuế • Hán-Nôm : khuếu • Hán-Nôm : khuều • Hán-Nôm : khoào • Hán-Nôm : khọa • Hán-Nôm : khoạ • Hán-Nôm : khòa • Hán-Nôm : khoà • Hán-Nôm : khoão • Hán-Nôm : khuễu • Hán-Nôm : khuệu • Hán-Nôm : khùa • Hán-Nôm : khuờ • Hán-Nôm : khụa • Hán-Nôm : khúa • Hán-Nôm : khũa • Hán-Nôm : khuẫu • Hán-Nôm : khoách • Hán-Nôm : khoạc
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跨
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| 跪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰrolʔ, *ɡrolʔ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 危 (OC *ŋrol). \ Perhaps connected with Proto-Vietic *t-kuːlʔ (> Vietnamese gối (“knee”)) (Schuessler, 2007). For the semantic relationship, compare English kneel. Also compare Proto-Sino-Tibetan *koj (“bend; curved; lap; bosom”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuǐ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuī • Middle-Chinese : khjweX • Middle-Chinese : gjweX
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to kneel • foot • (figuratively) to kowtow; to show obedience to
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跪 (eum 궤 (gwe))
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Hán-Nôm : quỵ
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to kneel down; to fall on one's knees
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跪
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| 跺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 朵 (OC *toːlʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : do² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo
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to stamp one's feet
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跺
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| 踐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zlenʔ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn). \ According to 学研漢和大字典 (Kenkyūsha Kanwa Dai Jiten), the 戔 is also to be interpreted in its meaning of “small” (see 戔戔／戋戋 (jiānjiān)), in which case this character signifies the act of walking in small steps, making it also an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) .
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cin⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsán • Middle-Chinese : dzjenX
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to trample; to tread upon; to walk on • to ascend (to the throne); to inherit • to implement; to carry out; to fulfil • to follow; to abide by • to experience • orderly; well-organised
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踐 • (cheon) · 踐 • (cheon) (hangeul 천, revised cheon, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏn, Yale chen)
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踐
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| 踢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰeːɡ) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 易 (OC *leːɡs, *leɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-t(j/w)ak (“to kick”) (STEDT). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : that • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiak • Middle-Chinese : thek ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : tik¹
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to kick • (figurative) to reject; to eliminate; to give someone the boot • (Internet) to kick (from a group, forum, etc.) ‖ Used in 踢躂舞／踢跶舞.
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Hán-Nôm : thích • Hán-Nôm : dịch
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踢
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| 踩
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 采.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄞˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshái
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to step on; to trample on • (chiefly Cantonese) to belittle; to denigrate; to criticize • (Internet) to dislike
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踩 • (chae) · 踩 • (chae) (hangeul 채, revised chae, McCune–Reischauer ch'ae, Yale chay)
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踩
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| 踱
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : to̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tho̍h • Middle-Chinese : dak
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to stroll; to pace; to walk slowly • (literary) to walk barefoot • (dialectal) stupid; dull
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踱 • (tak) · 踱 • (tak) (hangeul 탁, revised tak, McCune–Reischauer t'ak, Yale thak)
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踱
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| 蹂
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁵ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jau⁴ • Middle-Chinese : nyuw • Middle-Chinese : nyuwX • Middle-Chinese : nyuwH
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蹂 • (yu) · 蹂 • (yu) (hangeul 유, revised yu, McCune–Reischauer yu, Yale yu)
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蹂
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| 蹄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deː) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 帝 (OC *teːɡs). ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tai⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tê • Middle-Chinese : dej ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ
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hoof • leg of pork • (derogatory) wench ‖ (obsolete) to kick
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‖ 蹄(ひづめ) • (hizume)
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hoof ‖ a hoof • (figurative, uncommon) an excellent horse, a fast horse • (rare) an ungulate, a hoofed animal
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蹄 • (je) · 蹄 • (je) (hangeul 제)
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Hán-Nôm : đề • Hán-Nôm : đế
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蹄
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| 蹈
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'uːs) : semantic 足 + phonetic 舀 (OC *lowʔ, *lu, *lo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dou⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tou¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tō • Middle-Chinese : dawH
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to step; to tread • to jump; to trample • to obey; to abide by
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to step on
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蹈 • (do) · 蹈 • (do) (hangeul 도, revised do, McCune–Reischauer to, Yale to)
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Hán-Nôm : đạo • Hán-Nôm : dạo
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蹈
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| 蹋
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : taap³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daap⁶ • Middle-Chinese : dap
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Alternative form of 踏 (“to tread on; to stamp”) • to kick
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step on • tread on • stumble • slip
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蹋 • (dap) · 蹋 • (dap) (hangeul 답, revised dap, McCune–Reischauer tap, Yale tap)
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step on, tread
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蹋
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| 蹦
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 𧾷 + phonetic 崩 (OC *pɯːŋ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baang⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pìng
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to hop; to jump
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Hán-Nôm : băng • Hán-Nôm : bảng
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蹦
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| 蹬
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Cantonese · Jyutping : dang¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dang⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄥˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ting • Middle-Chinese : dongH
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to step on; tread on • to press down or out with one's legs and feet • to wear (footwear)
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Hán-Nôm : đăng • Hán-Nôm : đắng • Hán-Nôm : đặng
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蹬
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| 蹲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zuːn) : semantic 足 (“foot”) + phonetic 尊 (OC *ʔsuːn) – to sit. ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄣˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tun • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsun • Middle-Chinese : dzwon ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄣˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zeon¹ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄣˇ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄢ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨㄢˊ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄣˇ
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to squat; to crouch • (figurative) to stay (somewhere); to remain idle (in a place) • to sit ‖ (dialectal) to sprain one's leg by landing abruptly ‖ Only used in 蹲蹲 (“dancing rhythmically”). ‖ to gather; to assemble ‖ Alternative form of 躦／躜 (zuān), only used in 蹲𧿙. ‖ Only used in 蹲循 and 蹲節／蹲节.
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‖
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‖
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蹲 (eum 준 (jun))
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Hán-Nôm : đôn • Hán-Nôm : tôn
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蹲
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| 躁
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cou³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sòo • Middle-Chinese : tsawH
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impetuous; irritable
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躁 • (jo) · 躁 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : táo • Hán-Nôm : tháo • Hán-Nôm : rảo
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躁
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| 躬
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kuŋ) : semantic 身 (“body”) + phonetic 弓 (OC *kʷɯŋ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *guŋ (“body, back”). Compare Burmese အကောင် (a.kaung, “body”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gung¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiong • Middle-Chinese : kjuwng
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body • oneself • in person; personally • to stoop
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body • self
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躬 • (gung) · 躬 • (gung) (hangeul 궁, revised gung, McCune–Reischauer kung, Yale kwung)
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body • personally, in person
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Hán-Nôm : cung • Hán-Nôm : còng
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躬
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| 躲
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‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : do² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄛˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : bih
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(intransitive) to hide • to avoid; to evade ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 覕／𰴕 (bih, “to hide”)
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Hán-Nôm : đóa • Hán-Nôm : đoá
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躲
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| 躺
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tʰaːŋʔ) : semantic 身 (“body”) + phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : tong² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thóng
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to lie face up; to recline
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Hán-Nôm : thưỡng • Hán-Nôm : thảng
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躺
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| 軸
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯwɢ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 車 (“cart, carriage”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw, “to pass through”) — the axle that passes through a cartwheel. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'ɯwɢ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 車 (“cart, carriage”) + phonetic 由 (OC *lɯw, “to pass through”) — the axle that passes through a cartwheel.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tio̍k • Middle-Chinese : drjuwk ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zuk⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau⁶
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axle; axletree • pivot • axis • spool; roller • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) large, oblong banner of silk carrying an appropriate message (usually for funerals) (Classifier: 幅 mn mn-t) • switch (of a keyboard key) • Classifier for rolled-up things. ‖ (theater, opera) last item on a theatrical performance
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‖ 軸(じく) • (jiku) ^(←ぢく (diku)?) ‖ 軸(じく) • (-jiku) ^(←ぢく (diku)?)
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axis • pivot ‖ axis ‖ things wrapped about a central rod- scrolls, rolls of material, also yarn balls • central axes • favoured horses
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軸 • (chuk) · 軸 • (chuk) (hangeul 축)
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Hán-Nôm : trục
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軸
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| 輕
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰeŋ, *kʰeŋs) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 巠 (OC *keːŋ). Explanation of semantic component: light carriage. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-jaːŋ (“light (weight); lightweight”) (STEDT). Cognate with Tibetan ཡང་མོ (yang mo, “light”), Jingpho tsang (tsa̱ŋ³³, “light (of weight)”), Mizo zâng (“light”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khin • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khing • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiann • Middle-Chinese : khjieng • Middle-Chinese : khjiengH
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light (of low weight) • small; little; slight; minor; insignificant • lightweight; portable; convenient to carry or manoeuvre • rash; rattlebrained • frivolous; skittish; giddy • easy; simple; relaxed • humble; meagre; inexpensive • gentle; light; soft • to belittle; to make light of • to lighten; to reduce • to forgive; to pardon • light carriage • Short for 輕工業／轻工业 (qīnggōngyè, “light industry”). • (obsolete, chemistry) Alternative name for 氫／氢 (qīng, “hydrogen”).
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light • easy • simple • gentle
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輕 (eumhun 가벼울 경 (gabyeoul gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“light”) • hanja form of 경 (“easy, simple”) • hanja form of 경 (“gentle”)
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Hán-Nôm : khinh • Hán-Nôm : khỉnh
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輕
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| 輿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *la, *las) : phonetic 舁 (OC *la) + semantic 車 (“carriage”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yo • Middle-Chinese : yoH
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cart; carriage • (figurative) earth; land; territory • sedan chair; palanquin • to carry; to lift • public; popular; mass • a surname
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palanquin, litter
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輿 • (yeo) · 輿 • (yeo) (hangeul 여, revised yeo, McCune–Reischauer yŏ, Yale ye)
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Hán-Nôm : dư
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輿
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| 轄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːds, *ɡraːd) : phonetic 害 (OC *ɡaːds) + semantic 車 (“cart”) – linchpin. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰaːds, *ɡraːd) : phonetic 害 (OC *ɡaːds) + semantic 車 (“cart”) – linchpin.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍t • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hat • Middle-Chinese : khajH • Middle-Chinese : haet ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : ha̍t
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to govern; to control • having jurisdiction over • noise of a barrow • rule; control • to run; to manage • linchpin of wheel ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 乏 (“to be moderate; to abstain; to check; to restrict oneself (in food, usage, spending, addiction, etc.)”)
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轄 (eumhun 다스릴 할 (daseuril hal))
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linchpin • to govern; to control
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Hán-Nôm : hạt • Hán-Nôm : hợt • Hán-Nôm : hặt • Hán-Nôm : hách • Hán-Nôm : hoách
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轄
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| 轉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon). \ Possibly related to: \ * Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or \ * Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin). \ An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words: \ * 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”), \ * 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”). \ Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon). \ Possibly related to: \ * Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or \ * Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin). \ An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words: \ * 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”), \ * 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”). \ Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon). \ Possibly related to: \ * Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or \ * Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin). \ An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words: \ * 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”), \ * 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”). \ Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tonʔ, *tons) : semantic 車 (“carriage”) + phonetic 專 (OC *tjon). \ Possibly related to: \ * Old Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to transmit; to communicate”) (Schuessler, 2007), or \ * Tibetan སྲུལ (srul, “to move to and fro; to stir”), Burmese ရွေ့ (rwe., “to move; to be displaced”), ရွှေ့ (hrwe., “to move or shift something”) (Starostin). \ An allofam is perhaps *don (“round”). Compare Vietnamese tròn (“round; circle; entire; whole”), trọn (“fully; completely; all”), as well as the following Chinese words: \ * 團 (OC *doːn, “ball; circle; lump”), \ * 摶 (OC *doːn, *doːn, *donʔ, “to roll up into a ball”). \ Derivative: 傳 (OC *tons, *don, *dons, “to relay; to pass on; to transfer; relay station; biography; record”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : zyun² • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyun³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuán • Middle-Chinese : trjwenX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : zyun³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyun⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyun² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tńg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuínn • Middle-Chinese : trjwenH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨㄞˇ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuān
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(transitive) to turn; to revolve • to wind; to entwine • winding; circuitous • (transitive) to change; to shift; to alter • to change direction; to turn • (Southwestern Mandarin, dialectal Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wu) to return; to come or go back • (Wu) to think; to contemplate; to turn over in one's mind • (Xiamen Hokkien) to mediate; to reconcile • (dialectal Mandarin, Cantonese) Classifier for times or round trips. • to change position; to move • to wave; to flutter • to divert; to transfer • to evade; to avoid • to be transferred to another post • to sell; to transfer the ownership • to transport; to relay; to carry in a cart • to discard; to abandon • to leave; to depart • to chant; to utter (spell); to recite • (Mainland China Hokkien) to circulate capital to meet financial need for turnover • a surname ‖ (intransitive) to revolve; to rotate; to turn • revolution; rotation; turn • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka, dialectal Min, dialectal Wu) hair whorl • number of times; time • to wind around; to go around; bypass • to lose (way); to get lost • (colloquial) to stroll; to saunter; to amble; to wander • Alternative form of 囀／啭 (zhuàn, “to chirp; to warble; to chirrup”) • (music) RPM ‖ (Mandarin, colloquial) Alternative form of 拽 (“to act pretentiously; to show off”) ‖ (Min) to twist with force or with a tool
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(to) shift • (to) move • (to) turn
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轉 (eumhun 구를 전 (gureul jeon))
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hanja form of 전 (“(to) turn; (to) move”)
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Hán-Nôm : chuyển • Hán-Nôm : chuyên • Hán-Nôm : chuyền • Hán-Nôm : chuyến
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(to) shift • (to) move • (to) turn
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轉
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| 辜
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : koo • Middle-Chinese : ku
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crime; wrong; sin • to let down • a surname
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辜 (eumhun 허물 고 (heomul go))
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hanja form of 고 (“crime; wrong; sin”)
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Hán-Nôm : cô
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辜
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| 辟
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In the oracle bone script, it is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 卩 (“kneeling person”) + 䇂 (“sickle-like tool”) – to administer; to regulate; to punish. \ 〇 was sometimes added, though its function is disputed: \ * Lin (1920) suggests that it represents “bind; restrain”. \ * Luo (1927) suggests that it is the original character for 璧 (OC *peɡ, “jade annulus”) and that 辟 is the early form of 璧, with 〇 as the semantic component and ⿰卩䇂 as the phonetic component. Chi (2010), based on this theory, proposes that 〇 acted as a phonetic component in 辟 instead. \ * Yu (1999) suggests that it is a decorative component with no meaning. \ 〇 was later corrupted into 口 or 日. Shuowen interprets 口 as representing the enforcer of the law. \ In the bronze script from the Warring States period, forms where 䇂 is corrupted to 辛 begin to appear (Chi, 2010). \ Officially adopted as the simplified form of 闢 in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956 due to homophony and shared semantic fields. ‖ In the oracle bone script, it is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 卩 (“kneeling person”) + 䇂 (“sickle-like tool”) – to administer; to regulate; to punish. \ 〇 was sometimes added, though its function is disputed: \ * Lin (1920) suggests that it represents “bind; restrain”. \ * Luo (1927) suggests that it is the original character for 璧 (OC *peɡ, “jade annulus”) and that 辟 is the early form of 璧, with 〇 as the semantic component and ⿰卩䇂 as the phonetic component. Chi (2010), based on this theory, proposes that 〇 acted as a phonetic component in 辟 instead. \ * Yu (1999) suggests that it is a decorative component with no meaning. \ 〇 was later corrupted into 口 or 日. Shuowen interprets 口 as representing the enforcer of the law. \ In the bronze script from the Warring States period, forms where 䇂 is corrupted to 辛 begin to appear (Chi, 2010). \ Officially adopted as the simplified form of 闢 in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (《漢字簡化方案》) in 1956 due to homophony and shared semantic fields.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Middle-Chinese : bjiek ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : pik¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Middle-Chinese : phjiek
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(literary) monarch; sovereign • (literary) government official; minister • (literary) to rule; to govern • (literary) crime • to summon; to appoint to an official position • to remove; to drive out • (literary) to avoid; to hide; to dodge • (literary) lame in the leg ‖ (literary) law; (specifically) penal code • to open • to open up • (literary) to make an analogy • (literary) to thump one's chest • (literary) to show bias; to be partial • (literary) remote • (literary) eccentric; perverted • (literary) a tool for catching animals
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辟 • (baek, byeok, pi, bi, mi) · 辟 • (baek, byeok, pi, bi, mi) (hangeul 백, 벽, 피, 비, 미, revised baek, byeok, pi, bi, mi, McCune–Reischauer paek, pyŏk, p'i, bi, mi, Yale payk, pyek, phi, pi, mi)
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Hán-Nôm : vếch • Hán-Nôm : tích • Hán-Nôm : bích • Hán-Nôm : thịch • Hán-Nôm : tịch • Hán-Nôm : phích • Hán-Nôm : thí
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辟
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| 辭
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 𤔔 + 辛.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sîr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sî • Middle-Chinese : zi
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diction; phraseology; speech; words • Ci (a form of classical poetry) • (obsolete) legal statement; deposition; testimony; confession • to depart; to take one's leave • to dismiss; to discharge; to fire • to resign; to hand in • to shirk; to decline • to apologize (to accept fault and invite the pardon of the offended) • to excuse; to make up excuses (to provide explanation to lessen someone's fault)
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‖
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words • speech • expression • phrase ‖
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辭 (eumhun 말씀 사 (malsseum sa))
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Hán-Nôm : từ
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辭
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| 辯
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *brenʔ) : phonetic 辡 (OC *prenʔ, *brenʔ) + semantic 言 (“say”). \ Cognate with 辨 (OC *breːns, *brenʔ, “to distinguish”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piǎn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piān • Middle-Chinese : bjenX
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to debate; to argue; to discuss • Alternative form of 辨 (“to distinguish; to differentiate”)
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‖ 辯(べん) • (-ben)
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‖ dialect
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辯 (eumhun 말씀 변 (malsseum byeon))
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hanja form of 변 (“debate; discuss”)
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Hán-Nôm : biện
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辯
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| 迂
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Schussler (2007) relates it to 匡 (OC *kʰʷaŋ), 腕 (OC *qoːns), 冤 (OC *qon), & 枉 (OC *qʷaŋʔ). Allofams are possibly 弧 (OC *ɡʷlaː), 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ), and 夭 (OC *qoːwʔ, *qrow, *qrowʔ), which Coblin (1986) (apud Schuessler, 2007) considers as cognate to Tibetan ཡོ་བ (yo ba, “oblique, aslant”), གཡོ་བ (g.yo ba, “tilt”), གཡོས (g.yos); however, see 夭 (yāo). Ratliff (2010) links it with Proto-Hmong-Mien *qʷuw (“far”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : u • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i • Middle-Chinese : hju • Middle-Chinese : 'ju • Middle-Chinese : 'juX
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circuitous • pedantic • far • wide • slow • evil • exaggerated • a surname
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‖ 迂(う) • (u)
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roundabout way ‖ roundabout; detour • ignorant
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迂 • (o, u) · 迂 • (o, u) (hangeul 오, 우, revised o, u, McCune–Reischauer o, u, Yale o, wu)
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doctrinaire, abstruse, unrealistic
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Hán-Nôm : vu
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迂
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| 迄
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Uncertain. 迄 (MC xj+t) could be related to 暨 (MC gjijH), but, within the same word family fricative, MC *x-does not alternate with velar stop *g-; alternatively, maybe related to 詣／诣 (yì) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngat⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : git • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gut • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gert • Middle-Chinese : xj+t
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(literary) to reach; to arrive • (literary) until; up to • (literary) as yet; finally; after all
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until, up to
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迄 • (heul) · 迄 • (heul) (hangeul 흘, revised heul, McCune–Reischauer hŭl, Yale hul)
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迄
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| 迢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *deːw) : semantic 辵 (“to walk”) + phonetic 召 (OC *dews, *djews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tiu⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiâu • Middle-Chinese : dew
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far; distant
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迢 (eum 초 (cho))
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Hán-Nôm : điều • Hán-Nôm : thiều
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迢
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| 迪
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dik⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ti̍k • Middle-Chinese : dek
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to enlighten; to guide • to employ • to implement; to put into practice • to follow; to comply • to advance; to progress • Short for 迪斯科 (dísīkē, “disco”). • a surname
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迪 (eum 적 (jeok))
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Hán-Nôm : địch
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迪
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| 逗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *doːs, *dos) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs). \ ; “to stay; to remain; to stop”
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Cantonese · Jyutping : dau⁶ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tōo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuì • Middle-Chinese : drjuH • Middle-Chinese : duwH
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to amuse; to tease • funny; ridiculous; amusing • to tempt; to allure • (chiefly in the negative) to play around • to stay; to remain; to stop • Alternative form of 讀／读 (dòu, “short pause in reading; part of a sentence; clause”)
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逗 • (du) · 逗 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)
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逗
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| 逛
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄤˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwaang⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kwaang³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kòng • Middle-Chinese : kjwangX
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to stroll; to roam; to wander
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逛
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| 逞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰeŋʔ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 呈 (OC *rleŋ, *l'eŋs).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cing² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thíng • Middle-Chinese : trhjengX
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to brag; to show off; to flaunt • to succeed in; to achieve (something bad) • to indulge oneself; to gratify one's desires • (obsolete) to be satisfied; to be gratified
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sturdy • brawny • bold
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逞 • (ryeong>yeong, jeong) · 逞 • (ryeong>yeong, jeong) (hangeul 령>영, 정, revised ryeong>yeong, jeong, McCune–Reischauer ryŏng>yŏng, chŏng, Yale lyeng>yeng, ceng)
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逞
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| 週
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Considered a 後起字／后起字 (hòuqǐzì). Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声) : semantic 辶 (“walking”) + phonetic 周 (OC *tjɯw). \ Same word as 周 (OC *tjɯw).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zau¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiu
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week • circumference • turn; cycle • anniversary
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‖ 週(しゅう) • (shū) ^(←しう (siu)?) ‖ 週(しゅう) • (-shū) ^(←しう (siu)?) ‖ 週(しゅう) • (Shū) ^(←しう (siu)?)
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week ‖ a week (unit of time) ‖ weeks ‖ a male or female given name
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週 (eumhun 돌 주 (dol ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“week (unit of time)”)
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Hán-Nôm : chu • Hán-Nôm : châu
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週
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| 逼
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯɡ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 畐 (OC *pʰrɯɡ, *bɯɡ). ‖ Probably from 別／别 (piat). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Middle-Chinese : pik ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : piak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pik
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to compel; to pressure; to force • to press for; to extort • to approach; to press on • (literary) narrow • (Cantonese) crowded; packed ‖ (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to interpret (one's fortune, etc.) ‖ (Mandarin) Alternative form of 屄 (bī) ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 煏
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to approach • to compel; to force
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逼 (eumhun 핍박할 핍 (pipbakhal pip))
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hanja form of 핍 (“to force; to compel”)
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Hán-Nôm : bức • Hán-Nôm : bực
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逼
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| 逾
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *lo) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 俞 (OC *l̥ʰus, *lo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lû • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jî • Middle-Chinese : yu
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^† to go over; to pass over; to exceed • (literary) even more
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逾 • (yu) · 逾 • (yu) (hangeul 유)
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逾
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| 遏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːd) : semantic 辵 (“to walk”) + phonetic 曷 (OC *ɡaːd).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aat³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : at • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a̍t • Middle-Chinese : 'at
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to stop; to suppress; to curb; to check • (Hokkien) to snap something off; to break something • (Hokkien) to drain; to strain (by pressing down on the solids) • (Hokkien) to drain; to strain (by pressing down on the solids) · (Taiwanese Hokkien) to scoop off the scum on the surface of a soup while pressing down on the solids with a ladle
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遏 • (al) · 遏 • (al) (hangeul 알, revised al, McCune–Reischauer al, Yale al)
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遏
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| 遙
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâu • Middle-Chinese : yew
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distant; far away
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遙 • (yo) · 遙 • (yo) (hangeul 요, revised yo, McCune–Reischauer yo, Yale yo)
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Hán-Nôm : diêu • Hán-Nôm : dao • Hán-Nôm : dìu
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遙
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| 遜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *suːns) : semantic 辵 (“to walk”) + phonetic 孫 (OC *suːn). \ Cognate with 孫 (OC *suːn, “grandchild”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sùn • Middle-Chinese : swonH
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humble; modest • to abdicate; (of an emperor) to give up the throne • (literary) inferior • (literary) to flee; to escape; to evade • (Internet slang) lame
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modest; humble • inferior • to defer, to give up something • to escape, to flee
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遜 (eumhun 겸손할 손 (gyeomsonhal son))
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hanja form of 손 (“modesty”)
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Hán-Nôm : tốn
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遜
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| 遞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːʔ, *l'eːs) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 虒 (OC *sle). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːʔ, *l'eːs) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 虒 (OC *sle). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'eːʔ, *l'eːs) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 虒 (OC *sle).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tē • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tè • Middle-Chinese : dejX • Middle-Chinese : dejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : daai³ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sai⁶
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to take turns; to do something in turns; to alternate; to substitute • to pass; to hand over; to deliver; to transmit • (literary, or in compounds) in succession; in order; successively; progressively • posthouse; post carriage • (Cantonese) to lift; to raise ‖ to surround; to twine; to twist around ‖ Alternative form of 逝 (shì, “to pass”)
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遞 (eumhun 갈마들 체 (galmadeul che))
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Hán-Nôm : đệ • Hán-Nôm : đự • Hán-Nôm : đư • Hán-Nôm : đưa
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遞
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| 遲
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'il) : semantic 辶 (“motion”) + phonetic 犀 (OC *sliːl) – to move slowly, to be late. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'il) : semantic 辶 (“motion”) + phonetic 犀 (OC *sliːl) – to move slowly, to be late.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tî • Middle-Chinese : drij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶
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late; tardy • slow; sluggish (of action or thought) • to delay; to linger • to hesitate • a surname ‖ to await • to long for; to wish • upon; then; consequently
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late, tardy • slow • delay
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遲 • (ji, chi) · 遲 • (ji, chi) (hangeul 지, 치, revised ji, chi, McCune–Reischauer chi, ch'i, Yale ci, chi)
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遲
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| 邀
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qlew, *kleːw) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 敫 (OC *kleːwɢs, *ɢlewɢ, *kleːwɢ). ‖ Compare Hokkien 交 (kiau).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : jiu¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : io • Middle-Chinese : kew • Middle-Chinese : 'jiew ‖
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to invite; to welcome • to intercept; to block • (literary) to await the arrival of and welcome • (literary) to solicit; to seek • (literary) to meet; to intercept • (Northern Min, Waxiang) and ‖ to lead; to bring (someone) • to give birth to • to look after (someone); to take care of
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邀 • (yo) · 邀 • (yo) (hangeul 요, revised yo, McCune–Reischauer yo, Yale yo)
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canonical : 邀: Hán Việt readings: yêu
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chữ Hán form of yêu (“invite”).
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邀
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| 邊
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Originally 臱. Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mpeːn) : phonetic 臱 (OC *men) + semantic 辶 (“walking;movement”). The semantic component 辵 (now 辶) was added during bronze inscriptions. \ Perhaps cognate with 偏 (OC *pʰen, *pʰens, “side; oblique”), 片 (OC *pʰeːns, “partial; one-sided”), 諞 (OC *ben, *brenʔ, *benʔ, “glib-tongued; insincere”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; “to have hot pot” ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pian • Middle-Chinese : pen ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : bin¹
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edge; side; margin; brim • decorative border • side (place next to an object) • border; boundary • (geometry) side (Classifier: 條／条) • (graph theory) side (Classifier: 條／条) • limit; boundary • side (of a family, negotiation, etc.) • Suffix for locality noun. • (Cantonese) close to edges • (used before each verb of simultaneous actions) while • (used after numerals or words indicating time) close to; near • (Hong Kong Cantonese, usually reduplicated, always used with 佢) to have hot pot • a surname: Bian ‖ (Cantonese) which • (Cantonese) where • (Cantonese, rhetorical question) how
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邊 (eumhun 가 변 (ga byeon))
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hanja form of 변 (“edge”) • hanja form of 변 (“side”)
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Hán-Nôm : biên • Hán-Nôm : ben • Hán-Nôm : bên • Hán-Nôm : ven
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邊
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| 邸
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dai² • Middle-Chinese : tejX
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residence of a high-ranking official • (literary) lodging house • a surname
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邸 • (jeo) · 邸 • (jeo) (hangeul 저, revised jeo, McCune–Reischauer chŏ, Yale ce)
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house • government office
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邸
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| 郁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʷɯ) : phonetic 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ) + semantic 邑.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : juk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iok • Middle-Chinese : 'juwk
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Used in 郁夷 (“name of an ancient county in modern-day Shaanxi province”). • sweet-smelling; rich in aroma; fragrant • Alternative form of 彧 (yù, “adorned; elegant; ornate”) • Alternative form of 薁 (“oriental bush berry”) • Alternative form of 燠 (“warm”) • fruit which lacks a kernel or stone inside • a surname
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‖ 郁(いく) • (iku) ‖ 郁(かおる) • (Kaoru)
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culture, cultural progress • fragrance, perfume ‖ fragrant; sweet-smelling • cultured; refined ‖ a unisex given name
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郁 • (uk) · 郁 • (uk) (hangeul 욱, revised uk, McCune–Reischauer uk, Yale wuk)
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sweet smelling • rich in aroma
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Hán-Nôm : hóc
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郁
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| 鄂
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːɡ) : phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 阝 (“area”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : go̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngak
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E (an ancient state located in modern Shanxi, Henan and Hubei, China) • name of two ancient counties in Hubei and Henan • name of an ancient city in modern Shanxi • a region of ancient China around Nanyang in present-day eastern Henan • Short for 湖北 (Húběi).: Hubei (a province of China) • forehead • tool to capture animals • a surname
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鄂 (eum 악 (ak))
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E (an ancient state located in modern Shanxi, Henan and Hubei, China) • name of two ancient counties in Hubei and Henan • name of an ancient city in modern Shanxi • a region of ancient China around Nanyang in present-day eastern Henan • Abbreviation of 湖北: Hubei (a province of China)
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Hán-Nôm : ngạc
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鄂
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| 鄙
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *prɯʔ) : phonetic 啚 (OC *prɯʔ, *daː) + 邑.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pei² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pí • Middle-Chinese : pijX
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mean; ignoble • (humble) my • (literary) to despise; to hold in contempt • (literary) countryside; country • (literary) remote place; march
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‖ 鄙(とひと) • (tohito)
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‖ (archaic, derogatory) a countrified or rustic person: a hick, a bumpkin
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鄙 • (bi) · 鄙 • (bi) (hangeul 비, revised bi, McCune–Reischauer pi, Yale pi)
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mean • low
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Hán-Nôm : bỉ • Hán-Nôm : bẽ
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鄙
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| 鄰
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *rin) : phonetic 粦 (OC *rins) + semantic 阝.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : leon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîn • Middle-Chinese : lin
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neighbor; neighborhood • to be neighboring; to be adjacent
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neighbor • neighborhood
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鄰 (eumhun 이웃 린 (iut rin), word-initial (South Korea) 이웃 인 (iut in))
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hanja form of 린/인 (“neighbor”) • hanja form of 린/인 (“neighborhood”)
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Hán-Nôm : lân • Hán-Nôm : láng • Hán-Nôm : lăn • Hán-Nôm : trăn • Hán-Nôm : trằn
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鄰
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| 酗
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Written as 䣱 in Shuowen. Compare 醺 (OC *qʰun). \ Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰos) : semantic 酉 (“alcohol”) + phonetic 凶 (OC *qʰoŋ, “bad”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jyu³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : heoi³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hì • Middle-Chinese : xjuH
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to be given to heavy drinking • to be roaring drunk; to become violent under the influence of alcohol
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drunk • to become violent under the influence of alcohol
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酗 • (hu) · 酗 • (hu) (hangeul 후, revised hu, McCune–Reischauer hu, Yale hwu)
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drunk • to become violent under the influence of alcohol
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canonical : 酗: Hán Việt readings: hú • canonical : húng • canonical : hung 酗: Nôm readings: hú
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chữ Hán form of húng (“drunk”).
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酗
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| 酣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɢaːm) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 酉 (“alcohol”) + phonetic 甘 (OC *kaːm).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ham⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ham • Middle-Chinese : ham
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to drink alcohol to one's heart's content • to enjoy drinking alcohol • in a carefree manner; to the fullest and joyfully • (of a fight) intense; fierce
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酣 • (geom) · 酣 • (geom) (hangeul 검, revised geom, McCune–Reischauer kŏm, Yale kem)
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Hán-Nôm : hàm • Hán-Nôm : ham
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酣
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| 酥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sŋaː) : semantic 酉 (“alcohol”) + abbreviated phonetic 穌 (OC *sŋaː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Middle-Chinese : su
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(archaic) butter • alcohol • crispy; flaky; crunchy; crumbly • flaky pastry; shortbread • weak; limp • soft; satiny
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milk
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酥 • (so) · 酥 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
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butter • flaky • crispy, light, fluffy
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Hán-Nôm : tô
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酥
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| 醇
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *djun) : semantic 酉 + phonetic 𦎧 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔㄨㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seon⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sûn • Middle-Chinese : dzywin
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(of alcoholic drink) rich; pure • rich alcoholic drink • Alternative form of 純／纯 (“pure”) • (organic chemistry) alcohol
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rich wine
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醇 (eum 순 (sun))
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Hán-Nôm : thuần
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醇
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| 醋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːɡs) : semantic 酉 + phonetic 昔 (OC *sjaːɡ). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshòo • Middle-Chinese : tshuH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zok⁶
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(literal) vinegar • (figurative, chiefly between lovers) jealousy; envy; bitterness • (Hainanese, figurative) glutton ‖ Alternative form of 酢
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‖ 醋(す) • (su)
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vinegar ‖ Alternative spelling of 酢 (“vinegar”)
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醋 • (cho, jak) · 醋 • (cho, jak) (hangeul 초, 작, revised cho, jak, McCune–Reischauer ch'o, chak, Yale cho, cak)
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Hán-Nôm : thố
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醋
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| 醫
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯ) : phonetic 殹 (OC *qiːs) + semantic 酉 (“liquor”). \ Alternatively, as an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 殹 (“to groan”) + 酉 (“liquor”) – using medicinal liquor to treat a groaning patient. \ Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs Old Chinese *ʔə and suggests it is cognate with Proto-Hlai *ja¹ (“medicine”), Proto-Kam-Sui *gja² (“medicine; to cure”), Proto-Tai *ˀjɯəᴬ (“medicine”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i • Middle-Chinese : 'i
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medicinal; medicine • doctor • to cure; to treat • (Sichuanese) to punish
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|
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醫 (eumhun 의원 의 (uiwon ui))
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hanja form of 의 (“medicine; doctor”)
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Hán-Nôm : y
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醫
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| 釋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hljaɡ) : semantic 釆 (“distinguish”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː). \ ;Buddhist monastic surname \ Popularized by Dao'an as a common surname for all Buddhist monastics by taking the first character of Śākyamuni Buddha's transliterated Chinese name, 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní). \ : \ 初魏晉沙門依師為姓，故姓各不同，安以為大師之本，莫尊釋迦，乃以釋命氏。 [Classical Chinese, trad.] \ 初魏晋沙门依师为姓，故姓各不同，安以为大师之本，莫尊释迦，乃以释命氏。 [Classical Chinese, simp.] \ From: 高僧傳 \ Chū Wèi Jìn shāmén yī shī wèi xìng, gù xìng gè bùtóng, Ān yǐwèi dàshī zhī běn, mò zūn Shìjiā, nǎi yǐ Shì mìng shì. [Pinyin] \ At the beginning of the Wei and Jin, śramaṇas all took their surname from their teachers, and thus their surnames were all different. Dao'an believed that the archetype of all great teachers could not be anyone other than Śākya[muni], and thus gave Shi as their lineage.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : sik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sik • Middle-Chinese : syek
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to explain; to elucidate • to release • (Buddhism) Short for 釋迦牟尼／释迦牟尼 (Shìjiāmóuní, “Shakyamuni”). • 21st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "release, freedom" (𝌚) • a surname, customarily adopted by Buddhist monks and nuns upon their ordination.
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釋 • (seok) · 釋 • (seok) (hangeul 석)
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Hán-Nôm : thích
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釋
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| 釜
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fu² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hú • Middle-Chinese : bjuX
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cauldron; pot; kettle • (obsolete) A measure of capacity.
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‖ 釜(かま) • (kama)
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kettle, cauldron ‖ an iron pot, a kettle
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hanja form of 부 (“cauldron; pot”)
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Hán-Nôm : phủ
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釜
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| 釣
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pleːwɢs) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 勺 (OC *pljewɢ, *bljewɢ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄠˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiàu • Middle-Chinese : tewH
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to fish; to angle • (figurative) to go after; to tempt; to lure • fishhook
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fishing, angling, catching • change, small cash
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釣 • (jo) · 釣 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : điếu
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釣
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| 鈴
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːŋ) : semantic 金 + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mriŋ (“sound; noise; animal cry”); cognate with 鳴 (OC *mreŋ, “to make a sound”), 笙 (OC *sreŋ), Burmese မြည် (mrany, “to make a sound”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). ‖ Possibly borrowed from English rim.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ling¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Middle-Chinese : leng ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : ling¹
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bell; chime • a surname: Ling ‖ (Cantonese) Alternative form of 軨／𫐉 (“wheel rim”) (Classifier: 條／条 c)
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‖ 鈴(すず) • (suzu) ‖ 鈴(すず) • (Suzu) ‖ 鈴(れい) • (rei) ‖ 鈴(れい) • (Rei) ‖ 鈴(りん) • (rin) ‖ 鈴(りん) • (Rin)
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bell, chime ‖ a bell, chime • (historical) Synonym of 駅鈴 (ekirei): station bells issued to 駅使 (ekishi) • 鐸: a large wind chime, a hanging bell with a clapper ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a bell, chime • (Buddhism) a singing bowl ‖ a female given name • a surname ‖ a bell, chime • an electric bell • (Buddhism) a singing bowl ‖ a female given name
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鈴 • (ryeong>yeong) · 鈴 • (ryeong>yeong) (hangeul 령>영, revised ryeong>yeong, McCune–Reischauer ryŏng>yŏng, Yale lyeng>yeng)
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Hán-Nôm : linh • Hán-Nôm : lệnh
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鈴
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| 錄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roɡ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 彔 (OC *b·roːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lio̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lo̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : li̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : la̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lia̍k
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to record; to write down • to accept; to employ • to record (using instruments) • record; register • (Xiamen Hokkien) to gold plate (to decorate instruments)
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copy • write down • record
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錄 (eumhun 기록할 록 (girokhal rok), word-initial (South Korea) 기록할 녹 (girokhal nok))
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hanja form of 록/녹 (“write down; to record”)
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Hán-Nôm : lục
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錄
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| 錠
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ding³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ding² • Cantonese · Jyutping : ding⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tìng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiànn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiǎnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiānn • Middle-Chinese : dengH • Middle-Chinese : tengH
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spindle • ingot-shaped tablet (of metal, medicine, etc.) • Classifier for ingot-shaped objects: ingot
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‖ 錠(じょう) • (jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?) ‖ 錠(じょう) • (-jō) ^(←ぢやう (dyau)?) ‖ 錠(じょうまえ) • (jōmae) ^(←ぢやうまへ (dyaumafe)?)
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‖ a device used to make a door unopenable: a lock ‖ lozenge (of medicine) ‖ Alternative spelling of 錠前 (“lock, padlock”)
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錠 • (jeong) · 錠 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
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錠
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| 錢
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslenʔ, *zlen) : semantic 金 (“metal; gold; money”) + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ʔslenʔ, *zlen) : semantic 金 (“metal; gold; money”) + phonetic 戔 (OC *zlaːn).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsên • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiân • Middle-Chinese : dzjen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zin² • Middle-Chinese : tsjenX
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money; cash • currency; coins • cost; fund; expense • coin-shaped object • mace (unit of weight equivalent to one tenth of a 兩／两 (liǎng, “tael”) and equal to ten 分 (fēn, “candareen”)) • a surname. Qian, listed second in the Baijiaxing & the dynasty of the kings of Wuyue ‖ a kind of farm tool
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錢 (eumhun 돈 전 (don jeon))
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canonical : 錢: Hán Việt readings: tiền 錢: Nôm readings: tiền
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chữ Hán form of tiền (“money”).
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錢
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| 鍊
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·reːns) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 柬 (OC *kreːnʔ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liān • Middle-Chinese : lenH
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to smelt; to refine • (figurative) to measure (one's words); to polish (one's wording) • (figurative) to temper; to steel; to cultivate • a surname
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to smelt (metals) • to forge • to refine
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鍊 (eumhun 불릴 련 (bullil ryeon), word-initial (South Korea) 불릴 연 (bullil yeon))
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hanja form of 련/연 (“smelt metals, forge”) • hanja form of 련/연 (“refine”)
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Hán-Nôm : luyện • Hán-Nôm : rèn • Hán-Nôm : rén
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鍊
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| 鍋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kloːl) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 咼 (OC *kʰʷroːl). \ Area word; compare Proto-Palaungic *kʔɔɔl (“cooking pot”), Malay kuali (“cooking pot”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ For the sense “blame; fault”, it is a clipping of 黑鍋／黑锅 (hēiguō).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄛ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : e • Hokkien · Tai-lo : er • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ue • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ko • Hokkien · Tai-lo : o • Middle-Chinese : kwa
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cooking pot; pan; wok (Classifier: 隻／只; 口) • (Mainland China, neologism) blame; fault
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‖ 鍋(なべ) • (nabe)
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‖ a broad-bottomed pot or pan • short for 鍋料理 (nabe ryōri, literally “pot + cooking”) or 鍋物 (nabemono, literally “pot + thing”), a dish where everything is cooked together in a nabe; compare English hot pot or hotdish • by extension from the sense of someone working with pots and pans: a maidservant • (historical, slang) by further extension from the sense of maidservant: a woman (in reference to sex) • (historical, slang, archaic) during the late Edo period, a 搗米屋 (tsukigomeya, “rice polisher shop, white rice retailer”) who has run out of stock
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鍋 • (gwa) · 鍋 • (gwa) (hangeul 과, revised gwa, McCune–Reischauer kwa, Yale kwa)
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Hán-Nôm : oa
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鍋
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| 鍛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːns) : semantic 釒 (“metal”) + phonetic 段 (OC *doːns).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dyun³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuàn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuàn • Middle-Chinese : twanH
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to forge; to shape metal • to temper; to refine
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‖ 鍛(たん) • (tan) ‖ 鍛(きたえ) • (Kitae) ^(←きたへ (kitafe)?)
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to forge • to toughen • workout, discipline, training ‖ forging, smithing • (by extension) refining, disciplining (of the mind, body, etc.) ‖ a male given name
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鍛 (eumhun 불릴 단 (bullil dan))
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Hán-Nôm : đoán • Hán-Nôm : đoàn
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鍛
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| 鍵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡran, *ɡranʔ, *ɡanʔ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 建 (OC *kans) – a metal key.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gin⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiān • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiàn • Middle-Chinese : gjen • Middle-Chinese : gjonX • Middle-Chinese : gjenX
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door bolt, lock bolt • (music) key (lever on a musical keyboard) • key (button on a typewriter or computer keyboard) • to type • (chemistry) bond • (computing) key (value that uniquely identifies an entry in a container)
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‖ 鍵(かぎ) • (kagi) ‖ 鍵(けん) • (ken)
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‖ key (tool for opening or locking something) • key; clue (important fact for solving something) • lock ‖ (computing) key • (music) key
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鍵 (eumhun 열쇠 건 (yeolsoe geon))
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hanja form of 건 (“key”)
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Hán-Nôm : kiện
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鍵
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| 鎮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tin, *tins) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 真 (OC *ʔljin) – to press down on (with a metal weight).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄣˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tìn • Middle-Chinese : trin • Middle-Chinese : trinH
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to press down; to suppress; to repress; to subdue • to guard; to garrison • to calm; to tranquilize; to sedate • to awe; to frighten • (of food or drinks) to cool; to chill • stronghold; garrison • town; township • whole; entire (day) • (archaic) for a long time; enduringly; frequently • Used in 鎮星／镇星 (Zhènxīng, “Saturn”). • (Hokkien, Teochew) to block; to impede; to be a hindrance • a surname
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to hold down; to press down; to suppress • to calm down; to relax • a weight
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鎮 (eumhun 진압할 진 (jinaphal jin))
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Hán-Nôm : trấn • Hán-Nôm : chắn • Hán-Nôm : chận • Hán-Nôm : dấn • Hán-Nôm : sán • Hán-Nôm : sấn • Hán-Nôm : trớn • Hán-Nôm : giấn
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鎮
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| 鐵
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰiːɡ) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 𢧜 (OC *l'iːɡ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hljak (“iron”). Cognate with Tibetan ལྕགས (lcags). According to the Shuowen, alternative forms included 銕 (OC *l'iːl, *l̥ʰiːd). Compare 驖 (OC *l̥ʰiːɡ, *l'iːɡ, “black horse”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧㄝˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thih • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thiat • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thet • Middle-Chinese : thet
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iron (Fe) • (only in compounds) Short for 鐵路／铁路 (tiělù, “railway”). • arms; weapon (Classifier: 條／条 c; 嚿 c) • strong; solid; firm • ironclad; firm; unalterable • ruthless • (Cantonese, colloquial, always with the classifier) nothing; damn all; jack shit; bugger all (Classifier: 條／条 c) • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 鉄 (“iron”)
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鐵 (eumhun 쇠 철 (soe cheol))
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hanja form of 쇠 (“iron”)
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Hán-Nôm : thiết • Hán-Nôm : sắt
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鐵
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| 鑄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tjos) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 壽 (OC *djuʔ, *djus). Historically, the glyph forms for this character used to be highly composite, with combinations of various ideogrammic (會意／会意) components, including 皿 (“container, crucible, or mould”), 火 (“fire”), 寸 (“hand”), or 𦦡 = 𦥑 (“two hands”) + 鬲 (“cauldron, container”), etc., indicating metal-casting. The phonetic value were signified by the optional component 𠃬, which also appeared in 壽 (OC *djuʔ, *djus).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsù • Middle-Chinese : tsyuH
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to cast; to melt; to found; to forge • to form; to create; to mould • to cultivate; to train
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鑄 • (ju) · 鑄 • (ju) (hangeul 주)
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Hán-Nôm : chú
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鑄
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| 鑑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms) : semantic 金 (“metal”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
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‖ 鑑(かがみ) • (kagami) ‖ 鑑(かがみ) • (Kagami) ‖ 鑑(かん) • (kan) ‖ 鑑(かん) • (kan) ‖ 鑑(あきら) • (Akira)
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‖ an example, exemplar, model, pattern ‖ a surname ‖ a kind of ancient Chinese bronzeware • an example, exemplar, model, pattern ‖ example, exemplar • model, pattern • inspect, examine • evaluate ‖ a male or female given name
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鑑 (eumhun 거울 감 (geoul gam))
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hanja form of 감 (“mirror; inspection”)
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Hán-Nôm : giám • Hán-Nôm : gương
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鑑
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| 閏
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 門 (“gate”) + 王 (“king”). The original meaning “intercalary” is derived from kings' ancient practice of remaining within the palace gates on a leap day (which was in excess of the lunar calendar's 364 days, whence the meanings “remainder” and “surplus”), not engaging in their usual governing functions.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jeon⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jūn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lūn • Middle-Chinese : nywinH
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intercalary; leap • (literary) surplus; remainder • (literary) deputy; illegitimate; usurped
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‖ 閏(うるう) • (urū)
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intercalary • heresy ‖ intercalary, leap
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閏 (eumhun 윤달 윤 (yundal yun))
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hanja form of 윤 (“intercalary”)
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Hán-Nôm : nhuận • Hán-Nôm : nhộn • Hán-Nôm : nhuần • Hán-Nôm : nhún
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閏
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| 閥
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bad) : semantic 門 + phonetic 伐 (OC *bad). \ Meaning "valve" is borrowed from English valve.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fat⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hua̍t • Middle-Chinese : bjot
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contribution • family status • powerful and influential group • valve
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powerful and influential group; a clique
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閥 • (beol) · 閥 • (beol) (hangeul 벌, revised beol, McCune–Reischauer pŏl, Yale pel)
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Hán-Nôm : phiệt
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閥
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| 關
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kroːn) : semantic 門 (“door”) + phonetic 𢇅 () – to stop the door from opening with a wooden stick. \ The bronze inscription was in the form of 門 (“door”) + 卝 (“door closed”). 卝 might also serve as a phonetic component. \ Compare Proto-Southwestern Tai *klɔːnᴬ² (“latch of door; rafter”), whence Thai กลอน (glɔɔn) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuainn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuenn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kuan • Middle-Chinese : kwaen
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door bolt • to close; to shut • to close down (a business) • to lock up; to detain • to turn off; to switch off • (literary) to go through; to pass • to concern; to implicate; to relate to • frontier pass; border control; checkpoint (controlled passage) • (specifically) Shanhai Pass • area just outside a city gate • difficult time; critical juncture • key; crucial part • (video games) Short for 關卡／关卡 (guānqiǎ, “level”). • (traditional Chinese medicine) Short for 關上／关上 (guānshàng, “guan, a pulse position on the wrist”). • (dated) to issue or receive payment • a surname
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‖ 關(せき) • (Seki)
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Kyūjitai form of 関 ‖ a surname
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關 (eumhun 빗장 관 (bitjang gwan)) ‖ 關 (eumhun 당길 완 (danggil wan))
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hanja form of 관 (“relation; barrier”) ‖ (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 彎 (“hanja form of 완 (“stretching a bow; to draw a bow”)”)
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Hán-Nôm : quan
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關
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| 阜
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Pictogram (象形) , a row of hills.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hǔ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hū • Middle-Chinese : bjuwX
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(literary) mound • (literary) abundant; rich • a surname
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‖
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mound, dam ‖
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阜 (eumhun 언덕 부 (eondeok bu))
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hanja form of 부 (“hill”)
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Hán-Nôm : phụ
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阜
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| 阪
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *braːnʔ, *panʔ) : semantic 阝 (“mound”) + phonetic 反 (OC *panʔ, *pʰan) – hill, slope.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baan² • Cantonese · Jyutping : faan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : puánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pán • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huán • Middle-Chinese : pjonX • Middle-Chinese : baenX
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hillside farmland • slope
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‖ 阪(はん) • (han) ^(←はん (fan)?)
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slope, hillside ‖ Short for 大阪 (Ōsaka, “Ōsaka (a city in Japan)”).
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阪 (eumhun 언덕 판 (eondeok pan))
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hanja form of 판 (“slope; hill”)
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Hán-Nôm : phản • Hán-Nôm : bản
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阪
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| 阿
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːl) : semantic 阜 + phonetic 可 (OC *kʰaːlʔ): Originally meaning a big mound. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔa(ŋ/k)- (“noun prefix”) (STEDT). \ ; “atto-” ‖
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Cantonese · Jyutping : aa³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄚ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄚˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : a • Hokkien · Tai-lo : o ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜ • Cantonese · Jyutping : o¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : o • Hokkien · Tai-lo : oo • Middle-Chinese : 'a
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Prefix used in front of the surname or last character of someone’s given name to express familiarity or friendliness (traditionally used in rural or southern Chinese dialects). • (Hokkien, honorific) Prefix to rank seniority for kinship terms. • (Nanjing Mandarin, Northern Wu, including Suzhounese) Interrogative particle • Alternative form of 啊 (ā, á, ǎ, à, a, “particle”) • Short for 阿富汗 (Āfùhàn, “Afghanistan”). • Short for 阿爾巴尼亞／阿尔巴尼亚 (Ā'ěrbāníyà, “Albania”). • Short for 阿拉伯 (Ālābó, “Arabic”). • atto- (SI unit prefix) ‖ big mound; mountain • hillside • fine silks • (literary, of a mountain or stream) bend; corner • waterside • nearby; near • to flatter; to pander to • to be unfairly partial to • Alternative form of 屙 (ē, “to excrete”) • a surname
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‖ 阿(あ) • (a) ‖ 阿(あ) • (a)
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‖ The first letter of Sanskrit, अ (a). ‖ to flatter; to pander to • ridge (of roof); eaves • A prefix expressing familiarity. • Used as a phonetic element, especially in words from Sanskrit. • Short for アフリカ (Afurika, “Africa”). • Short for 阿波国 (Awa no kuni, “Awa Province”).
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阿 (eumhun 언덕 아 (eondeok a)) · 阿 (eumhun 호칭 옥 (hoching ok))
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canonical : 阿: Hán Việt readings: a • canonical : á 阿: Nôm readings: a • canonical : à
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阿
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| 陋
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄡˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : lau⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liō • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lōo • Middle-Chinese : luwH
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plain; ugly • vulgar; coarse; unrefined • humble; mean • (of knowledge) limited; shallow
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small • narrow • ugly • ignoble, mean
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陋 • (ru>nu) · 陋 • (ru>nu) (hangeul 루>누, revised ru>nu, McCune–Reischauer ru>nu, Yale lwu>nwu)
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canonical : 陋: Hán Việt readings: lậu 陋: Nôm readings: lậu
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chữ Hán form of lậu (“ugly”). • chữ Hán form of lậu (“narrow”).
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陋
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| 陌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mbraːɡ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 百 (OC *praːɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mak⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : maak⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bia̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi̍k • Middle-Chinese : maek
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(literary) footpath between fields going east to west • street; path; road
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(financial, archaic) one hundred
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陌 • (maek) · 陌 • (maek) (hangeul 맥, revised maek, McCune–Reischauer maek, Yale mayk)
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Hán-Nôm : mạch • Hán-Nôm : méc
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陌
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| 陛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *biːʔ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 坒 (OC *bis, *biɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pē • Middle-Chinese : bejX
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(archaic) flight of steps; (specifically) steps leading to the throne in a palace
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highness • steps of a throne
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陛 (eumhun 섬돌 폐 (seomdol pye))
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Hán-Nôm : bệ
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陛
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| 陡
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Cantonese · Jyutping : dau² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tió • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóo • Middle-Chinese : tuwX
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steep; sloping • (literary, or in compounds) abruptly; suddenly • (literary, or in compounds) deep; extensive
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|
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陡 • (du) · 陡 • (du) (hangeul 두)
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Hán-Nôm : đẩu
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陡
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| 隋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l̥ʰoːlʔ, *l'oːlʔ, *ljol) : abbreviated phonetic 隓 (OC *hlol) + semantic 肉 (“meat”). \ The use of this character for the dynasty name was created by its first emperor from the character 隨／随 (suí).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suî • Middle-Chinese : zjwe
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(～朝) Sui dynasty • a surname
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‖ 隋(ずい) • (Zui)
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‖ Sui dynasty
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隋 (eum 수 (su))
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Hán-Nôm : tùy • Hán-Nôm : tuỳ
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隋
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| 隘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːɡs) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 益 (OC *qleɡ). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qreːɡs) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 益 (OC *qleɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄞˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : aai³ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ai³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ài • Middle-Chinese : 'eaH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ak¹
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narrow; confined • strategic pass that is dangerous or difficult to access ‖ to isolate • to block; to defend
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‖ 隘(あい) • (ai)
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narrow ‖ narrow; confined
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隘 (eumhun 좁을 애 (jobeul ae))
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hanja form of 애 (“narrow”)
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Hán-Nôm : ải • Hán-Nôm : ỏi
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隘
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| 隧
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suī • Middle-Chinese : zwijH
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tunnel; underground passage
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隧 • (su) · 隧 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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canonical : 隧: Hán Việt readings: toại • canonical : trụy • canonical : truỵ 隧: Nôm readings: toại
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chữ Hán form of toại (“tunnel, trench”).
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隧
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| 隨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljol) : semantic 辵 (“walking”) + abbreviated phonetic 𡐦
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ceoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suî • Middle-Chinese : zjwe
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to follow • to listen to; to submit • to accompany • (Northern Mandarin, of a person) to resemble (a parent in appearance or disposition) • (colloquial) to chip in by giving one's portion of gift money, payment, red packet, etc. (e.g. when others get married) • incidentally; conveniently; in passing • to allow; to let somebody do as he or she pleases • 17th hexagram of the I Ching; "following" • (～縣) Sui (a county of Suizhou, Hubei, China) • a surname: Sui
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隨 • (su) · 隨 • (su) (hangeul 수, revised su, McCune–Reischauer su, Yale swu)
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Hán-Nôm : tùy • Hán-Nôm : tuỳ • Hán-Nôm : tòe • Hán-Nôm : toè • Hán-Nôm : xòe • Hán-Nôm : xoè
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隨
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| 險
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰramʔ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam). \ May be cognate with 巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “tall; cliff”). See 嚴 for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiám • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hém • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiánn • Middle-Chinese : xjemX
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(of terrain) difficult and treacherous • (now in compounds) narrow pass; treacherous place; strategic point • (now dialectal or in compounds) danger; hazard; peril; risk • dangerous; hazardous • (now dialectal or in compounds) sinister; vicious • (of bad things) almost; nearly • (in compounds) Short for 保險／保险 (bǎoxiǎn, “insurance”).
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險 • (heom) · 險 • (heom) (hangeul 험, revised heom, McCune–Reischauer hŏm, Yale hem)
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canonical : 險: Hán Việt readings: hiểm 險: Nôm readings: hiểm • canonical : hẻm • canonical : hiếm • canonical : hĩm
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chữ Hán form of hiểm (“dangerous, impassable”). • Nôm form of hẻm (“narrow space, dead-end”). • Nôm form of hiếm (“rare, scarce”). • Nôm form of hĩm (“little girl (Central Vietnamese countryside)”).
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險
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| 隱
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Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯnʔ, *qɯns) : semantic 阜 + phonetic 㥯 (). ‖ Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯnʔ, *qɯns) : semantic 阜 + phonetic 㥯 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jan² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ún • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ín • Middle-Chinese : 'j+nX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˋ • Middle-Chinese : 'j+nH
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to hide; to cover; to shield • to conceal; to cover up • hidden; concealed • profound; subtle; delicate • facts one wishes to hide; feelings or troubles one wishes to keep to oneself; secret • secretly; inwardly ‖ to lean upon
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Kyūjitai form of 隠 (“to hide; to conceal”)
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隱 (eumhun 숨을 은 (sumeul eun))
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hanja form of 은 (“hide”)
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canonical : 隱: Hán Việt readings: ẩn 隱: Nôm readings: ẩn • canonical : ửng • canonical : ăng • canonical : ổn • canonical : ẳng
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chữ Hán form of ẩn (“to seclude oneself; to hide oneself”).
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隱
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| 隻
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 隹 (“bird”) + 又 (“hand”). \ To hold one bird is 隻; to hold two birds is 雙. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik (“one”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsik • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiak • Middle-Chinese : tsyek
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one bird • single • (mathematics) odd • alone • unique • Classifier for one of a pair. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • Classifier for birds and certain animals (especially limbed or small, grabbable by hand). • Classifier for symmetrical body parts, limbs, hands, feet. • Classifier for certain vessels, containers, utensils and objects worn on or grabbable by hand. • Classifier for boats. • Classifier for songs. • (dialectal, humorous or derogatory) Classifier for people. • (Cantonese) Classifier for kinds or varieties. • (Cantonese, slang) Classifier for months of prison sentence.
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‖ 隻(せき) • (-seki)
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‖ boats or ships • one of two, one of a pair • birds, fish, or arrows
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隻 • (cheok) · 隻 • (cheok) (hangeul 척, McCune–Reischauer ch'ŏk, Yale chek)
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Hán-Nôm : chiếc • Hán-Nôm : chếch • Hán-Nôm : chệch • Hán-Nôm : chích • Hán-Nôm : xếch • Hán-Nôm : xệch • Hán-Nôm : chỉ
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隻
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| 雀
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 小 (“small”) + 隹 (“bird”) – a small bird, a sparrow. \ In the current form, the upper part looks like 少, but what looks like the bottom stroke of 少 is actually the upper left stroke of 隹, extended.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩㄝˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiok • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiah • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsennh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsioh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshik • Middle-Chinese : tsjak
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sparrow, especially the Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus) • small bird • (literary) dark red; brownish red • (Cantonese, dialectal Hakka) bird (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • (Cantonese, Jinhua Wu, colloquial) penis (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • a surname
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‖ 雀(すずめ) or 雀(スズメ) • (suzume)
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sparrow ‖ a Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus)
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雀 • (jak) · 雀 • (jak) (hangeul 작, revised jak, McCune–Reischauer chak, Yale cak)
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Hán-Nôm : tước
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雀
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| 雕
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : diu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiau • Middle-Chinese : tew
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to engrave; to inlay; to carve • carving • a surname
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雕 • (jo) · 雕 • (jo) (hangeul 조, revised jo, McCune–Reischauer cho, Yale co)
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Hán-Nôm : điêu
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雕
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| 雖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sqʰʷi) : semantic 虫 + phonetic 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ). \ Originally meaning "a lizard-like reptile", the character has been phonetically borrowed to represent the sense "although". \ Jacques (2019) proposes this to be 維 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”) with a converbial *s- prefix, literally "while being". ‖ ‖ ‖ From Hokkien 衰 (soe, “unlucky”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sui • Middle-Chinese : swij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi¹ • Middle-Chinese : swij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi¹ • Middle-Chinese : swij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟ
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although; even if; despite ‖ lizard-like reptile ‖ ^‡ to push ‖ (chiefly Taiwan, slang) Alternative form of 衰 (“unlucky; unimpressive”)
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雖 (eumhun 비록 수 (birok su)) ‖ 雖 (eumhun 벌레 이름 수 (beolle ireum su)) ‖ 雖 (eumhun 짐승 이름 유 (jimseung ireum yu))
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hanja form of 수 (“although”) ‖ hanja form of 수 (“The name of a bug”) ‖ hanja form of 유 (“The name of a beast”)
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Hán-Nôm : tuy
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雖
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| 雙
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 雔 (“two birds”) + 又 (“hand”) – Represents two birds (隹) in someone's right hand (又). \ Several etymologies have been posited: \ * From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *dzum ~ tsum (“pair”), whence Jingpho zum (“to be in pairs”), Burmese စုံ (cum, “pair”), but this comparison may be problematic given the mismatch in the final nasal (STEDT). \ * Related to Tibetan ཟུང (zung, “pair; couple”), Mru [script needed] (choŋ, “pair”) (Coblin, 1986; Löffler, 1966; Schuessler, 2007), but this would require assuming the Proto-Sino-Tibetan word to be *C-zuŋ (Schuessler, 2007). Jacques (2015b) rules out the possibility of comparing with the Tibetan word because Tibetan z- comes from *dz. \ * Doublet of 孿 (OC *smroːns, *smrons, “twin”) (Baxter, 1992), but this has been related to Jingpho marun (“to have twins”) (from run (“to be in pairs”)), which would point to yet another Proto-Sino-Tibetan root *run (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄤ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨㄤˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sang • Hokkien · Tai-lo : song • Middle-Chinese : sraewng
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(attributive) two; double; twin • (attributive, of an integer) even (divisible by two) • (attributive) double; two-fold; twice • (dialectal) twins • Classifier for a pair of objects. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier • a rare surname: Shuang
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pair; set
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雙 (eumhun 쌍 쌍 (ssang ssang))
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hanja form of 쌍 (“pair”)
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Hán-Nôm : song • Hán-Nôm : rông • Hán-Nôm : suông
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雙
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| 雜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zuːb) : semantic 衣 + phonetic 集 (OC *zub). \ Cognate with 集 (OC *zub, “to gather; to collect”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsa̍p • Middle-Chinese : dzop
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miscellaneous; mixed • extra; irregular • (Cantonese, of a place) having all kinds of people, especially bad people • (Cantonese) entrails for food • to mix
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mixed • blended • mix • mingle
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雜 (eumhun 섞일 잡 (seokkil jap))
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Hán-Nôm : tạp • Hán-Nôm : xạp • Hán-Nôm : tọp
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雜
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| 雹
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Characters in the same phonetic series (勹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bruːɡ) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”), whence also 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄠˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pha̍uh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phàu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phāu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : po̍k • Middle-Chinese : baewk
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hail
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‖ 雹(ひょう) • (hyō)
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hail ‖ hail • a hailstone
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雹 (eumhun 우박 박 (ubak bak))
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hanja form of 박 (“hail”)
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Hán-Nôm : bạc • Hán-Nôm : bão • Hán-Nôm : boạc
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雹
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| 霄
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sew) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 肖 (OC *slew, *slews).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄠ • Cantonese · Jyutping : siu¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sio • Middle-Chinese : sjew
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sky; heaven • clouds; mist • sleet • Alternative form of 宵 (“night”) • Alternative form of 消 (xiāo, “to dissolve”) • a surname
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霄 • (so) · 霄 • (so) (hangeul 소, revised so, McCune–Reischauer so, Yale so)
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Hán-Nôm : tiêu
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霄
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| 霉
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrɯl) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ). ‖ Designated as the simplified form of 黴 in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (漢字簡化方案) (1956).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mui⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : muî ‖
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to become moldy; mildewed • (Cantonese, of garment) worn out ‖
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mold
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霉 • (mae) · 霉 • (mae) (hangeul 매, revised mae, McCune–Reischauer mae, Yale may)
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Hán-Nôm : mai • Hán-Nôm : môi
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霉
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| 霍
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 雨 (“rain”) + 隹 (“bird”)
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Cantonese · Jyutping : fok³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hok • Middle-Chinese : xwak
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quickly; suddenly • (Wuhan Mandarin) lightning • a surname
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霍 • (gwak) · 霍 • (gwak) (hangeul 곽, revised gwak, McCune–Reischauer kwak, Yale kwak)
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Hán-Nôm : hoắc • Hán-Nôm : quắc
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霍
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| 霎
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‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : saap³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sa̍p • Middle-Chinese : srjep • Middle-Chinese : sreap ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiap • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tia̍p ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : saap³
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(literary or Southern Min) light rain; drizzle • (literary, onomatopoeia) The sound of rain or wind. • instant; moment • short; fleeting • (Southern Min) to rain (of a drizzle) • (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien) crumbs; small pieces ‖ (Hokkien) moment; short time ‖ (Cantonese) to speak a lot or with a lot of effort; to make one's voice become hoarse • (Cantonese) to order; to instruct; to holler (at someone to do something)
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霎 (eumhun 잠시 삽 (jamsi sap))
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hanja form of 삽 (“an instant”)
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|
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霎
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| 霞
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraː) : semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 叚 (OC *kraːʔ).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : haa⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄚˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hêe • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hê • Middle-Chinese : hae
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the light and clouds at sunrise and sunset; mist; rosy clouds • colorful; rosy • Alternative form of 遐 (xiá) • a surname: Xia
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‖ 霞(かすみ) • (kasumi) ‖ 霞(かすみ) • (Kasumi)
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mist, haze • foreglow or afterglow ‖ mist, haze • (by extension) dimness of sight • a foreglow or afterglow • (colloquial) an alcoholic beverage • steam that comes out from heating sake or vinegar • a cloud-shaped figure used to display a scene transition • Short for 霞網 (kasumiami): a fowling net • Short for 霞割り (kasumiwari): ‖ Short for 霞が関 (Kasumigaseki): a district in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo • a female given name • a surname
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霞 (eumhun 노을 하 (no'eul ha))
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hanja form of 하 (“the light and clouds at sunrise and sunset; mist; rosy clouds”)
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Hán-Nôm : hà
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霞
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| 霸
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Exoactive or transitive of 伯 (OC *praːɡ, “be the eldest”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Same word as 魄 (OC *pʰraːɡ, “soul”) and cognate with 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007). Chiefly attested in Zhou-era bronze inscriptions for calendrical functions (Wang, 1923).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pà • Middle-Chinese : paeH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paak³
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to dominate • (historical) overlord, hegemon • tyrant; despot; bully • hegemony; tyranny • to occupy; to monopolize • (Eastern Min) powerful; awesome; impressive ‖ (archaic, Chinese astronomy) Alternative form of 魄 (pò, “illuminated part of the moon”) • moonlight in the beginning of a lunar month right after the new moon
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霸 (eumhun 으뜸 패 (eutteum pae))
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hanja form of 패 (“the best; the top; the head”)
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Hán-Nôm : bá • Hán-Nôm : phách
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霸
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| 霹
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰeːɡ) : semantic 雨 + phonetic 辟 (OC *peɡ, *pʰeɡ, *beɡ).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄧ • Cantonese · Jyutping : pik¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Middle-Chinese : phek
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Used in 霹靂／霹雳 (pīlì). • of thunder, to strike
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heavy thunder • (of lightning) to strike, to fall
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霹 (eumhun 벼락 벽 (byeorak byeok))
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hanja form of 벽 (“thunder”)
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霹
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| 靈
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Characters in the same phonetic series (霝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Found as 𩆜 in Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *reːŋ) : phonetic 霝 (OC *reːŋ) + semantic 玉 (“jade”). \ The semantic component 玉 (“jade”) may be replaced with 巫 (“witch”), as in the current form, or with 心 (“heart”) or 示 (“memorial tablet”) in the ancient bronze inscription forms.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Middle-Chinese : leng
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god; deity • soul; spirit • effective; efficacious • keen; quick • nimble • (Northern Wu) apt; suitable; high-quality; good • (Northern Wu) appropriately working; appropriately functioning • a surname: Ling
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Kyūjitai form of 霊: soul, spirit; ghost; mystery
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靈 (eumhun 신령 령 (sillyeong ryeong), word-initial (South Korea) 신령 영 (sillyeong yeong))
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hanja form of 령/영 (“spirit, soul, deity”)
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Hán-Nôm : linh • Hán-Nôm : lanh • Hán-Nôm : lẻng • Hán-Nôm : leng • Hán-Nôm : lênh • Hán-Nôm : liêng • Hán-Nôm : lình
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spirit, soul
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靈
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| 靖
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zleŋʔ) : semantic 立 (“to stand; to establish”) + phonetic 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ). \ Same word as 靜 (OC *zleŋʔ, “to keep quiet”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǐng • Middle-Chinese : dzjengX
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stable; peaceful; tranquil • to pacify; to stabilize • to govern; to administer • to plan • to think of • respectful; prudent • a surname
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‖ 靖(はかる) • (Hakaru) ‖ 靖(きよし) • (Kiyoshi) ‖ 靖(のぶ) • (Nobu) ‖ 靖(おさむ) • (Osamu) ‖ 靖(しずか) • (Shizuka) ‖ 靖(せい) • (Sei) ‖ 靖(せいじ) • (Seiji) ‖ 靖(しずむ) • (Shizumu) ‖ 靖(やす) • (Yasu) ‖ 靖(やすみ) • (Yasumi) ‖ 靖(やすし) • (Yasushi)
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peaceful, calm, easygoing ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a female given name ‖ a surname • a female given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a male given name ‖ a female given name ‖ a male given name
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靖 • (jeong) · 靖 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
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Hán-Nôm : tĩnh • Hán-Nôm : tịnh
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靖
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| 靜
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *zleŋʔ) : semantic 青 + phonetic 爭 (OC *ʔsreːŋ). \ Perhaps from Mon-Khmer; compare Old Khmer siṅ (“to stay in/at; to abide; to be still”) (Schuessler, 2007). 靖 (OC *zleŋʔ) is the same word (ibid.).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zing⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǐng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsǐnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsēnn • Middle-Chinese : dzjengX
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quiet; silent; devoid of noise • silent; not making a noise • still; motionless • gentle
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靜 • (jeong) · 靜 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
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hanja form of 정 (“quiet, silence, static”)
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Hán-Nôm : tĩnh
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靜
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| 靠
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːɡs) : phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ) + semantic 非.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄠˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kaau³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khòo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khò • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khuà • Middle-Chinese : khawH
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to lean on; to recline • to depend on; to rely on • to trust; to have confidence in • to come near to; to approach • to keep to (a certain side) • (euphemistic) Alternative form of 肏 (“to fuck”) • (Northern Wu) approximately
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|
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靠 • (go) · 靠 • (go) (hangeul 고, revised go, McCune–Reischauer ko, Yale ko)
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Hán-Nôm : kháo • Hán-Nôm : khéo
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靠
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| 靡
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mralʔ) : phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 非 - to scatter. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mralʔ) : phonetic 麻 (OC *mraːl) + semantic 非 - to scatter.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bí • Middle-Chinese : mjeX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : mei⁴ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bî
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(literary) to fall down; to collapse; to be swept away • (literary) extravagant; beautiful; splendid • (literary) delicate; minute • (literary) no; not • (literary) to not have; to be without ‖ extravagant; wasteful • to waste; to squander • to extinguish; to eliminate • to rotten; to damage • to exhaust; to use up • to divide; to disperse; to scatter • to share
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|
to wave; to stream; to flutter • extravagant; wasteful; to waste • to exhaust • to spread
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靡 (eum 미 (mi))
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Hán-Nôm : mị
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靡
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| 靶
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːs) : semantic 革 + phonetic 巴 (OC *praː).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄚˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa² • Cantonese · Jyutping : baa³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pée • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pá • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pa • Middle-Chinese : paeH
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target • splash-board on chariot
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target • splash-board on chariot
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靶 • (pa) · 靶 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)
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reins • target
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|
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靶
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| 鞋
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡreː, *ɡreː, *ɡreː) : semantic 革 (“leather”) + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː) – leather shoes. Originally written as 鞵.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄝˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : erê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâi • Middle-Chinese : hea • Middle-Chinese : heaj
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shoe; footwear (Classifier: 雙／双 m mn; 對／对 c; 隻／只)
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‖ 鞋(くつ) • (kutsu) ‖ 鞋(わらじ) • (waraji) ^(←わらぢ (waradi)?)
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shoes; shoe; footwear ‖ Alternative spelling of 靴 (“piece of footwear”) ‖ Rare spelling of 草鞋 (“straw sandal”).
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鞋 • (hye) · 鞋 • (hye) (hangeul 혜)
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Hán-Nôm : hài • Hán-Nôm : giày
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鞋
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| 鞍
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaːn) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : semantic 革 (“leather”) + 安 (“secure”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : on¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uann • Hokkien · Tai-lo : an
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saddle
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‖ 鞍(くら) • (kura) ‖ 鞍(あん) • (an)
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‖ saddle ‖ saddle
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鞍 (eum 안 (an))
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Hán-Nôm : yên • Hán-Nôm : an
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鞍
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| 鞠
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : guk¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiok • Middle-Chinese : kjuwk • Middle-Chinese : khjuwk • Middle-Chinese : gjuwk
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(historical) leather ball used in games • to bend; to curve • to bow • bow • to rear; to raise; to nourish • young; childish • to warn; to admonish • Alternative form of 鞫 (jū, “to interrogate; to exhaust”) • Alternative form of 菊 (jú, “chrysanthemum”) • a surname
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|
ball
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鞠 • (guk) · 鞠 • (guk) (hangeul 국, revised guk, McCune–Reischauer kuk, Yale kwuk)
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Hán-Nôm : cúc
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|
鞠
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| 鞭
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pen) : semantic 革 (“leather”) + phonetic 便 (OC *ben, *bens).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pinn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pian • Middle-Chinese : pjien
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whip (Classifier: 條／条 c) • to whip; to flog • penis of an animal • (historical) an ancient type of weapon, segmented and made of iron • string of firecrackers
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‖ 鞭(むち) • (muchi)
|
‖ whip
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鞭 • (pyeon) · 鞭 • (pyeon) (hangeul 편, revised pyeon, McCune–Reischauer p'yŏn, Yale phyen)
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Hán-Nôm : tiên • Hán-Nôm : tiệm
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|
鞭
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| 韭
|
Pictogram (象形) – leek in the ground (一).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄡˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiú • Middle-Chinese : kjuwX
|
garlic chives; Chinese chives; Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum)
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|
garlic chive
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韭 • (gu) · 韭 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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|
Hán-Nôm : cửu
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|
韭
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| 頌
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢloŋs, *loŋ) : phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ) + semantic 頁 (“head”) – appearance. Now written 容. ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zung⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siōng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : siòng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshīng • Middle-Chinese : zjowngH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄖㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jung⁴ • Middle-Chinese : yowng
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to laud; to acclaim; to praise; to extol • ode; hymn; eulogy ‖ (alt. form 容) appearance; looks • (alt. form 容) to tolerate; to be lenient
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‖ 頌(しょう) • (shō)
|
eulogy ‖ eulogy
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頌 • (song, yong) · 頌 • (song, yong) (hangeul 송, 용, revised song, yong, McCune–Reischauer song, yong, Yale song, yong)
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|
Hán-Nôm : tụng
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頌
|
| 預
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *las) : phonetic 予 (OC *la, *laʔ) + semantic 頁.
|
Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : īr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ǐr • Middle-Chinese : yoH
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beforehand, in advance • to take part in • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) to participate in an activity • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to play (chess, cards, mahjong, hide-and-seek, etc.) • (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien, of an activity) to start • (Cantonese, Teochew) to foresee; to expect; to anticipate • (Cantonese, Teochew) to prepare; to plan for; to estimate • (Cantonese) to reserve a place; to count someone in
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|
beforehand • take care of • entrust
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預 • (ye) · 預 • (ye) (hangeul 예, revised ye, McCune–Reischauer ye, Yale yey)
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|
canonical : 預: Hán Việt readings: dự 預: Nôm readings: dứa • canonical : dựa • canonical : nhứ • canonical : rợ
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chữ Hán form of dự (“to participate”). • (in compounds) chữ Hán form of dự (“to forsee, to prepare”).
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預
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| 頑
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋroːn, *ŋroːn) : phonetic 元 (OC *ŋon, “head”) + semantic 頁 (“head”). \ As 元 came to be used to mean “original”, rather than “head”, this character was formed from the original meaning of 元 (“head”) + the semantic element 頁／页 to affirm the “head” meaning, but with the modification in meaning to “an intransigent head”; the head of a heady person.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : waan⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guân • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uán • Middle-Chinese : ngwaen
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obstinate; stubborn; recalcitrant • stupid; ignorant • naughty; mischievous
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stubborn
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頑 • (wan) · 頑 • (wan) (hangeul 완, revised wan, McCune–Reischauer wan, Yale wan)
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Hán-Nôm : ngoan • Hán-Nôm : ngoãn
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頑
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| 頒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *praːn, *bɯn) : phonetic 分 (OC *pɯn, *bɯns) + semantic 頁 (“head”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄢ • Cantonese · Jyutping : baan¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pan • Middle-Chinese : paen ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄣˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fan⁴ • Middle-Chinese : bjun
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to confer; to bestow; to grant; to present • to publish; to promulgate • Used in 頒白／颁白. ‖ having a large head
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|
distribute, partition
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頒 • (ban, bun) · 頒 • (ban, bun) (hangeul 반, 분, revised ban, bun, McCune–Reischauer pan, pun, Yale pan, pun)
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|
Hán-Nôm : ban
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|
頒
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| 頓
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; “tired” ‖ ; “tired” ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨㄣˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : deon⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tùn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǹg • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tuìnn • Middle-Chinese : twonH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tǹg ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄨˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : duk⁶
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to pause • to arrange; to handle; to deal with • to stamp the ground • (literary) to kowtow • Classifier for meals. • Classifier for beatings, scoldings, etc. • suddenly; abruptly; all of the sudden • tired; weary; fatigued; exhausted; strained • (Southern Min) meal • (Southern Min) to stamp; to affix (a seal) • (Hakka) to hit; to bump into with elbow • (Southern Min) to strike; to beat; to hit • (Southern Min) to fall on one's buttocks • (Southern Min) to place a heavy object on a flat platform • (Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) to have a trial of strength or skill; to have a contest; to compete with • a surname: Dun ‖ (Mainland China Hokkien) to place somewhere for a short period of time to produce some effect ‖ Only used in 冒頓／冒顿 (Mòdú).
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|
to kowtow • to rest, to stay, to abide • suddenly
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頓 • (don, dun) · 頓 • (don, dun) (hangeul 돈, 둔)
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Hán-Nôm : đốn • Hán-Nôm : đón • Hán-Nôm : nhún • Hán-Nôm : dún • Hán-Nôm : đon • Hán-Nôm : đún • Hán-Nôm : lún • Hán-Nôm : rón
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頓
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| 頗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰaːl, *pʰaːlʔ, *pʰaːls) : phonetic 皮 (OC *bral) + semantic 頁.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : po² • Cantonese · Jyutping : po¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : pho • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phóo • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phó • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phò • Middle-Chinese : pha • Middle-Chinese : phaX • Middle-Chinese : phaH
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(literary) leaning to one side; oblique; slanting • (literary or Hong Kong) very; rather; quite; considerably • (Eastern Min) about; almost • a surname: Po
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|
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頗 • (pa) · 頗 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)
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canonical : 頗: Hán Việt readings: pha • canonical : phả 頗: Nôm readings: phở • canonical : pha • canonical : phả • canonical : và
|
Nôm form of phở (“pho”).
|
頗
|
| 顎
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋaːɡ) : phonetic 咢 (OC *ŋaːɡ) + semantic 頁.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄜˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngok⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : go̍k • Middle-Chinese : ngak
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jaw
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‖ 顎(あご) • (ago) ‖ 顎(がく) • (gaku)
|
jaw ‖ jaw • chin • barb • jaw of a machine ‖ jaw
|
顎 • (ak) · 顎 • (ak) (hangeul 악, revised ak, McCune–Reischauer ak, Yale ak)
|
|
|
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顎
|
| 顯
|
Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 日 (“sun”) + 絲 (“silk”) + 頁 (“person's head”).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : hin² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄢˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hiánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hián • Middle-Chinese : xenX
|
prominent; conspicuous; visible • to appear; to manifest; to display • (prefix) phanero- • (honorific) an honorific for deceased immediate family members • (Wenzhounese) very
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|
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顯 • (hyeon) · 顯 • (hyeon) (hangeul 현)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : hiển
|
|
顯
|
| 飲
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In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 酉 (“bottle (of alcoholic beverages)”) + 人 (“person”) + 口 (“mouth (occasionally with the tongue protruding)”) – a person bending over a bottle to drink the alcoholic beverage. The droplets represented drops of the drink or saliva. \ In the bronze script, the mouth separated from the body and corrupted into 今 (OC *krɯm), while the rest of the body became 欠 (OC *kʰoms). These two components also acted as phonetic components. These changes were inherited in the seal script, leading Shuowen to interpret this character (㱃) as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms) : phonetic 酓 (OC *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms) + semantic 欠 (“yawn”). \ In the clerical script, 酓 has been modified to 食 (“to eat”), which is inherited in the current form. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔam (“to eat; to drink”). ‖ In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 酉 (“bottle (of alcoholic beverages)”) + 人 (“person”) + 口 (“mouth (occasionally with the tongue protruding)”) – a person bending over a bottle to drink the alcoholic beverage. The droplets represented drops of the drink or saliva. \ In the bronze script, the mouth separated from the body and corrupted into 今 (OC *krɯm), while the rest of the body became 欠 (OC *kʰoms). These two components also acted as phonetic components. These changes were inherited in the seal script, leading Shuowen to interpret this character (㱃) as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms) : phonetic 酓 (OC *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms) + semantic 欠 (“yawn”). \ In the clerical script, 酓 has been modified to 食 (“to eat”), which is inherited in the current form. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔam (“to eat; to drink”). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ím • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ám • Middle-Chinese : 'imX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : jam³ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄣˋ • Middle-Chinese : 'imH ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : lim
|
(literary or Cantonese, Hakka) to drink • (Cantonese) to attend a banquet • to swallow (tears); to nurse (grievance); to keep in the heart • Alternative form of 隱／隐 (“to hide; to conceal”) • beverage; drink • diet; food • (dialectal Cantonese, including Taishanese, Yangjiang; dialectal Gan; dialectal Hakka; Min) rice water • (Xiamen, Zhangping and Taiwanese Hokkien) sticky and watery ‖ to give (animals) water to drink; to water (animals) • (Southwestern Mandarin) to water (plants) • (literary) to wine and dine (someone); to entertain with alcohol and food ‖ (Hokkien) Alternative form of 啉 (lim, “to drink”)
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‖ 飲(いん) • (in) ‖ 飲(いん) • (in)
|
‖ drink • bear; endure ‖ (literary) drinking (alcoholic beverages) • (literary) drink; beverage • (literary) banquet; feast
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drink • inhale
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Hán-Nôm : ẩm • Hán-Nôm : ỡm • Hán-Nôm : hẩm
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飲
|
| 飼
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ljɯs) : semantic 食 + phonetic 司 (OC *slɯ). \ See 食.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zi⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sū • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīr • Middle-Chinese : ziH
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to feed; to rear • (Southern Min) to support (one's parents, elders, etc.) • (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to support (a mistress)
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|
domesticate, raise, keep, feed
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飼 (eumhun 기를 사 (gireul sa))
|
hanja form of 사 (“to feed; to raise”)
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canonical : 飼: Hán Việt readings: tự 飼: Nôm readings: tự
|
chữ Hán form of tự (“breed, raise, rear”).
|
飼
|
| 餅
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *peŋʔ) : semantic 飠 (“food”) + phonetic 并 (OC *peŋ, *peŋs); traditional glyph form during Ming and Qing dynasty used to advocate 幷 (as in 餠) based on the influence of Shuowen.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : beng² • Cantonese · Jyutping : bing² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : piánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : píng • Middle-Chinese : pjiengX
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pastry; biscuit; cookie • any round and flat pancake-like object • (Cantonese) Classifier for video cassettes. • (Cantonese) Western-style pastry (usually cake) (Classifier: 件 c) • (Cantonese, figuratively) pie (the whole of a wealth or resource, to be divided in parts) (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (Cantonese, fitness) 20 kilograms of weight • (Eastern Min) Classifier for pastry or flat objects.
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‖ 餅(もち) • (mochi) ‖ 餅(もち) • (Mochi) ‖ 餅(もちい) • (mochii) ^(←もちひ (motifi)?) ‖ 餅(かちん) • (kachin) ‖ 餅(あも) • (amo)
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mochi (glutinous rice cake) • food containing mochi • food kneaded and baked from flour ‖ mochi (Japanese rice cake made from glutinous rice, usually mixed with other ingredients) ‖ a surname ‖ (archaic) mochi (Japanese rice cake made from glutinous rice, usually mixed with other ingredients) ‖ (colloquial) mochi (Japanese rice cake made from glutinous rice, usually mixed with other ingredients) ‖ (usually childish) mochi filled or wrapped in red bean paste • (usually childish, by extension) mochi (Japanese rice cake made from glutinous rice, usually mixed with other ingredients)
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餅 (eumhun 떡 병 (tteok byeong))
|
Alternative form of 餠 (“Hanja form of 병 (“rice cake”). ”)
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romanization : bánh
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Nôm form of bánh (“pastry, cake, bread, dumpling, noodle, wafer, or pudding”).
|
餅
|
| 餌
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njɯs) : semantic 食 (“to eat”) + phonetic 耳 (OC *njɯʔ). \ An area word. Compare Khmer នុយ (nuy, “bait; lure (especially for catching fish)”), Thai เหยื่อ (yʉ̀ʉa, “bait”) (Schuelsser, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄦˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : nei⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jī • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ní • Hokkien · Tai-lo : jínn • Middle-Chinese : nyiH
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food made of rice dough • food • medicine • to eat • to feed • bait (either for fish or for other animals) • to lure
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‖ 餌(えさ) • (esa) ^(←ゑさ (wesa)?) ‖ 餌(え) • (e) ^(←ゑ (we)?)
|
‖ animal food, feed • bait ‖ animal food, feed • bait
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餌 • (i) · 餌 • (i) (hangeul 이, revised i, McCune–Reischauer i, Yale i)
|
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Hán-Nôm : nhị • Hán-Nôm : nhĩ
|
|
餌
|
| 餐
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰaːn) : phonetic 𣦼 () + semantic 食 (“to eat; meal; food”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-dz(j)a-k/n/t/s (“to eat; food; to feed; rice”), whence Tibetan ཟ (za, “to eat”); probably also related to 咀 (OC *ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ, “to chew”) (STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007). \ Alternatively, it may be compared to Tibetan འཚལ ('tshal, “to eat”), ཚལ་མ (tshal ma, “breakfast”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄘㄢ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshan • Middle-Chinese : tshan
|
to eat • meal • cuisine; (type of) food • Classifier for meals. • (Cantonese, Gan, Xiang) Classifier for beatings, scoldings, etc. • (Hong Kong Cantonese) Short for 午餐肉 (“luncheon meat”).
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‖ 餐(さん) • (san)
|
‖ eating and drinking
|
餐 • (chan, son) · 餐 • (chan, son) (hangeul 찬, 손, revised chan, son, McCune–Reischauer ch'an, son, Yale chan, son)
|
|
Hán-Nôm : xun • Hán-Nôm : san • Hán-Nôm : xan
|
|
餐
|
| 餘
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *la) : semantic 食 + phonetic 余 (OC *la). ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *la) : semantic 食 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : û • Hokkien · Tai-lo : îr • Hokkien · Tai-lo : î • Middle-Chinese : yo ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄝˊ
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to remain; to have left • time after an event • over; more than • surplus; remainder; excess • remaining; spare; surplus • (obsolete) Alternative form of 余 (“I”) • (obsolete) salt • a surname: Yu ‖ Only used in 緒餘／绪余 (xùyú).
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Kyūjitai form of 余. • (rare) be left over
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餘 (eumhun 남을 여 (nameul yeo))
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hanja form of 여 (“remainder”)
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Hán-Nôm : dư • Hán-Nôm : thừa
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餘
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| 馨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰeːŋ) : phonetic 殸 (OC *kʰreːŋ, *kʰeːŋs) + semantic 香 (“sweet”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄣ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄒㄧㄥ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hing¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hing • Middle-Chinese : xeng
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(literary) spread out fragrance; fragrant • (literary, figurative) widespread renown and reputation
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‖ 馨(かおる) • (Kaoru)
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fragrant • balmy • favourable ‖ a unisex given name
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馨 (eumhun 꽃다울 형 (kkotdaul hyeong)) · 馨 (eumhun 향기 형 (hyanggi hyeong))
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Hán-Nôm : hinh • Hán-Nôm : hanh • Hán-Nôm : hênh
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馨
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| 駐
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tos) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 主 (OC *tjoʔ). Cf. 住 (zhù), with the 人 radical replacing 馬. \ Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan, with *-s nominalization or stative suffix. 輟 (OC *tod) is a likely cognate via causative formation. (Jin, 2004)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : zyu³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsù • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsì • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsū • Middle-Chinese : trjuH
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(of troops, diplomats) to be stationed; to be posted • (literary, or in compounds) to halt; to stop
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station; one's post; stationed at • resident • stationary
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駐 (eumhun 머무를 주 (meomureul ju))
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hanja form of 주 (“to be stationed; to be posted”)
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Hán-Nôm : trú
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駐
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| 駒
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ko) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 句 (OC *koː, *koːs, *kos, *ɡo). \ Ultimately from Sanskrit घोट (ghoṭa), घोड (ghoḍa) (see घोटक (ghoṭaka) for Indo-Aryan descendants), which has been borrowed into many Sino-Tibetan languages; cognate with Proto-Tani *kɯ, Mizo sa-kawr (STEDT 6023). \ Alternatively, Wang (1982) relates this to 狗 (OC *koːʔ, “dog; puppy”), 羔 (OC *kluː, “lamb”), 𤘽 (“calf”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khi • Middle-Chinese : kju
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foal (young horse) • a surname
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‖ 駒(こま) • (koma)
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‖ (rare) foal, young horse (or generally) horse • (shogi, chess) piece, man • someone controlled by another: a pawn, a puppet • (music) bridge (the piece, on string instruments, that supports the strings from the sounding board)
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駒 • (gu) · 駒 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku, Yale kwu)
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Hán-Nôm : câu
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駒
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| 騷
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *suː) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 蚤 (OC *ʔsuːʔ). Sense “grieved, sad” is a phonetic loan. \ ; to harass, to bother \ ; grieved, sad ‖ From English show. Doublet of 秀 (xiù).
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Cantonese · Jyutping : sou¹ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄠ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sau • Hokkien · Tai-lo : so • Hokkien · Tai-lo : soo • Middle-Chinese : saw ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : sou¹
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to harass; to bother; to annoy; to disturb; to agitate • sad; grieved • coquettish; flirty; provocative • Alternative form of 臊 (“having the smell like one of urine”) • (Sichuanese) at random • (Lanyin Mandarin) flippant • (Xinjiang Mandarin) awesome ‖ show; performance • to show; to display
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騷 (eum 소 (so))
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Hán-Nôm : tao
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騷
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| 驅
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰo, *kʰos) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 區 (OC *qoː, *kʰo).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄩ • Cantonese · Jyutping : keoi¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khi • Middle-Chinese : khju • Middle-Chinese : khjuH
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to drive (a horse or a car); to spur • to run quickly • to expel; to disperse • to compel • Short for 驅逐艦／驱逐舰 (qūzhújiàn, “destroyer”).
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spur a horse on • expel • drive away
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驅 (eumhun 몰 구 (mol gu))
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hanja form of 구 (“spur a horse on”) • hanja form of 구 (“expel, drive away”)
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Hán-Nôm : xúi • Hán-Nôm : khu • Hán-Nôm : xù
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驅
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| 驗
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋrams) : semantic 馬 + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : giām • Middle-Chinese : ngjemH
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to test; to examine; to inspect • to verify • to produce the desired effect • intended result
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驗 (eum 험 (heom))
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Hán-Nôm : nghiệm
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驗
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| 驛
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *laːɡ) : semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 睪 (OC *neb, *laːɡ, *kuː). \ Same word as 繹 (OC *laːɡ, “to unravel”) (Schuessler, 2007). See there for more. \ Alternatively, Blažek and Schwarz (2017) suggest that this is perhaps a loan from a hypothetical Tocharian compound *klyælylyæ-yäkwæ (“standing of horses”), but this seems to be highly speculative. \ The Taiwanese Hokkien sense is an orthographic borrowing from Japanese 駅(えき) (eki).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : i̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ia̍k • Middle-Chinese : yek
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posthorse • relay station (for posting horses) • (Taiwanese Hokkien) train station, bus stop, or similar
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‖ 驛(えき) • (eki)
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‖ Kyūjitai form of 駅: station (train, underground/subway)
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驛 (eum 역 (yeok)) ‖ 驛 • (yeok) (hangeul 역)
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‖ hanja form of 역 (“(railway, subway) station”)
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驛
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| 骸
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Possibly related to 核 (OC *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ, “kernel; seed”) (Schuessler, 2007; Smith, 2011). See there for further etymology.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄞˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : haai⁴ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hoi⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hâi • Middle-Chinese : heaj
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skeleton; bones (particularly of a dead person) • shinbone • body
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‖ 骸(むくろ) • (mukuro)
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corpse ‖ corpse
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骸 (eumhun 뼈 해 (ppyeo hae))
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hanja form of 해 (“corpse; body”) • hanja form of 해 (“bone”)
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Hán-Nôm : hài
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骸
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| 髓
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *suj (“marrow”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄙㄨㄟˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : seoi⁵ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshé • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshér • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : suí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshuí • Middle-Chinese : sjweX
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bone marrow • pith; medulla • essence; substance
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髓 (eumhun 뼛골 수 (ppyeotgol su))
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hanja form of 수 (“bone marrow”)
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Hán-Nôm : tủy • Hán-Nôm : tuỷ
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髓
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| 體
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *r̥ʰiːʔ) : semantic 骨 (“bone”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sri (“to exist”) (Benedict, 1976); cognate with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s-ri(t), whence Tibetan སྲིད་པ (srid pa) and Burmese ရှိ (hri., “to be, to exist”). \ Schuessler (2007) derives Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“live, alive, green, raw”) from this root, yet points out that 生 (OC *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs)'s initial *sr- cluster was retained instead of becoming voiceless /r̥/ as in 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ), possibly owing to re-analysis of *s- as a causative prefix.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄧ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thái • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thué • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thuínn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : thé • Middle-Chinese : thejX
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body • part of the body • state of a substance • whole entity • form; structure • (literature) style; form; genre; structure • style of calligraphy • typeface • three-dimensional object • principle • (Mainland China, grammar) aspect of a verb • (Taiwan, mathematics) field • to do or experience personally • to put oneself in someone else's position • (Philippine Hokkien) manner; attitude; behavior • a surname
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body
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體 (eumhun 몸 체 (mom che))
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hanja form of 체 (“body; shape; form”) • hanja form of 체 (“matter; object”) • hanja form of 체 (“style; handwriting”)
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Hán-Nôm : thể
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體
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| 髮
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pod) : semantic 髟 (“long hair”) + phonetic 犮 (OC *boːd). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-pu. Alternatively, it may be derived from 發 (OC *pad, “to sprout”) (Schuessler, 2007).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄚˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : huat • Middle-Chinese : pjot
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(anatomy) hair • (figurative) grass and trees (on a mountain); vegetation • a surname
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hair (specifically on one's head; does not indicate body hair)
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髮 (eumhun 터럭 발 (teoreok bal))
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hanja form of 발 (“hair”)
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Hán-Nôm : phát
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髮
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| 鬱
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Originally ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 林 (“forest”) + 大 (“person”) + 勹. \ Now phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qud) : semantic 林 (“forest”) + phonetic 𩰪 ().
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄩˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : wat¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ut • Middle-Chinese : 'jut
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lush; luxuriant; exuberant; dense; thick • depressed; gloomy; moody • to gather; to build up; to stagnate; to become stagnant • to begrudge; to resent; to feel aggrieved • various; abundant; profuse • deep; obscure; profound • melancholy; depression • hot air (rising); steam • a kind of plum • name of a god • tall and big • putrid; putrefied • tulip; fragrant grass • (～水) name for a branch of the Pearl River, including the You River, Yu River and the Xun River in Guangxi, as well as the Xi River downstream in Guangdong • (～郡) name of an ancient Chinese prefecture • (Hokkien) to suppress one's feelings; to hold back one's emotions (of worry, anger, etc.) • (Hokkien) to bend; to coil; to twist • (Hokkien) to curl up; to roll up • (Mainland China Hokkien) to cause someone to feel wronged • (Mainland China Hokkien) to constrain oneself to work • (Taiwanese Hokkien) to restrain; to hold back; to constrain • a surname
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‖ 鬱(うつ) • (utsu) -na (adnominal 鬱(うつ)な (utsu na), adverbial 鬱(うつ)に (utsu ni)) ‖ 鬱(うつ) • (utsu) ‖ 鬱(うつ) • (utsu)
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depression, gloom, melancholy ‖ depressing • depressed ‖ (psychiatry) depression ‖ dense (growth); lush; luxuriant • accumulate; stagnate • depression; gloom; melancholy
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鬱 (eumhun 답답할 울 (dapdaphal ul))
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hanja form of 울 (“stuffy; stifling; suffocating”)
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Hán-Nôm : uất
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鬱
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| 魁
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːl) : phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ) + semantic 斗 (“ladle”) – soup ladle. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːl) : phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ) + semantic 斗 (“ladle”) – soup ladle. ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰuːl) : phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ) + semantic 斗 (“ladle”) – soup ladle.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄟˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fui¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khue • Middle-Chinese : khwoj ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄎㄨㄞˋ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : khe
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first; leading; best • chief; leader; head • tall and big; imposing; stalwart • outstanding; prominent; exceptional • (literary) soup ladle; dipper; spoon • (literary, astronomy) Dubhe (the first star in the Big Dipper, farthest from the handle) • (literary, astronomy) Dubhe (the first star in the Big Dipper, farthest from the handle) · (literary, astronomy) the four stars comprising the bowl of the Big Dipper • (obsolete) mound; small hill • (obsolete) blood clam • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 塊／块 (kuài, “alone; solitary”) ‖ (Hokkien) Used in 魁頭／魁头 (khe-thâu).
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One who charges ahead of others • leader, forerunner
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魁 (eum 괴 (goe))
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Hán-Nôm : khôi
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魁
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| 魄
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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བླ (bla) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra). \ Related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; "illuminated part of the moon" \ ; "dark part of the moon" ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བླ (bla) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra). \ Related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; "illuminated part of the moon" \ ; "dark part of the moon" ‖ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan; cognate with Tibetan བླ (bla) and Burmese လိပ်ပြာ (lippra). \ Related to 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”) (Schuessler, 2007). \ ; "illuminated part of the moon" \ ; "dark part of the moon"
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄆㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : paak³ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phiak • Hokkien · Tai-lo : phik • Middle-Chinese : phaek ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄅㄛˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : bok⁶ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄨㄛˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tok³ • Middle-Chinese : thak
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(religion, folklore) the po, the soul which does not leave the body after death, compared to 魂 (hún) which does. • soul; spirit • vigor • body • (archaic, Chinese astronomy) bright, illuminated part of the moon • (obsolete, retroactively proscribed) dark part of the moon ‖ sound of falling • Used in 魄莫. • Used in 旁魄. ‖ Only used in 落魄 (luòtuò), alternative form of 落拓 (luòtuò)
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‖ 魄(たま) • (tama) ‖ 魄(はく) • (haku)
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a soul ‖ Alternative spelling of 魂 (“soul”) ‖ (religion, folklore) po (haku), the soul which does not leave the body after death, compared to hun (kon) which does.
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魄 (eumhun 넋 백 (neok baek)) ‖ 魄 (eumhun 영락할 탁 (yeongnakhal tak))
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hanja form of 백 (“soul; spirit”) ‖ hanja form of 탁 (“to wither and fall”)
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Hán-Nôm : phách
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魄
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| 魏
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡuls) : phonetic 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ). \ ;high \ ;name of Zhou's vassal state ‖ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ŋɡuls) : phonetic 委 (OC *qrol, *qrolʔ) + phonetic 鬼 (OC *kulʔ). \ ;high \ ;name of Zhou's vassal state
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngai⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : guī • Middle-Chinese : ngjw+jH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄨㄟ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ngai⁴
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(historical) (～國) State of Wei during the Warring States period • (historical) (～國) Cao Wei, one of the three major states in the Three Kingdoms period • (historical) (～朝) any of the dynasties of Northern Wei, Eastern Wei or Western Wei • a surname • high; tall • palace watchtower ‖ ^† standing alone • Alternative form of 巍 (wéi, “towering”)
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‖ 魏(ぎ) • (Gi)
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high • large ‖ Wei kingdom in China
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魏 • (wi) · 魏 • (wi) (hangeul 위, revised wi, McCune–Reischauer wi, Yale wi)
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hanja form of 위 (“Wei kingdom in China”)
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canonical : 魏: Hán Việt readings: nguy • canonical : ngụy • canonical : nguỵ
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魏
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| 鯨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡraŋ) : semantic 魚 (“fish”) + phonetic 京 (OC *kraŋ). \ Cognate with 京 (OC *kraŋ, “mound; capital; great”) (Wang, 1982).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄥ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : king • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kiang • Middle-Chinese : gjaeng
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whale • great; huge
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‖ 鯨(くじら) or 鯨(クジラ) • (kujira) ^(←くぢら (kudira)?) ‖ 鯨(いさ) • (isa) ‖ 鯨(いさな) • (isana)
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‖ a whale (large sea mammal) ‖ (archaic) a whale (large sea mammal) ‖ (archaic) a whale (large sea mammal)
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鯨 (eumhun 고래 경 (gorae gyeong))
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hanja form of 경 (“whale”)
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Hán-Nôm : kình • Hán-Nôm : kềnh
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鯨
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| 鳳
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bums) : phonetic 凡 (OC *bom) + 鳥 (“bird”). \ In the oracle bone script, the script of 鳳 (OC *bums) was often phonetically borrowed to represent 風 (OC *plum, *plums, “wind”). Subsequent forms of the script of 風 were also derived from parts of the bronze inscription of 鳳.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄈㄥˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung⁶ • Cantonese · Jyutping : fung⁶⁻² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hōng • Middle-Chinese : bjuwngH
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(Chinese mythology) male fenghuang (a mythological bird) • (Cantonese, euphemistic) chicken (as food) • (Hong Kong Cantonese) female prostitute • (～縣) Feng County, Fengxian (a county of Baoji, Shaanxi, China) • a surname
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‖ 鳳(ほう) • (hō) ‖ 鳳(ほう) • (Hō)
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feng (male fire-bird) or other fabled bird • person of excellence • imperial • expression of respect ‖ (Chinese mythology) feng: a fabled male fire-bird, thought to be a manifestation of a saint ‖ a surname
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鳳 (eumhun 봉새 봉 (bongsae bong))
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hanja form of 봉 (“male phoenix”)
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Hán-Nôm : phượng • Hán-Nôm : phụng
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phoenix • Mohur tree
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鳳
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| 鴻
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ) : phonetic 江 (OC *kroːŋ) + semantic 鳥 (“bird”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄥˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : hung⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : huwng • Middle-Chinese : huwngX
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(literary) swan • (literary) swan goose • (literary, figuratively) letter; epistle; written message • (literary) of great size; big; large; huge • (literary) strong; powerful; energetic
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‖ 鴻(ひしくい) or 鴻(ヒシクイ) • (hishikui) ^(←ひしくひ (fisikufi) or ヒシクヒ (fisikufi)?)
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a large bird • a wild goose • large/great • powerful • prosperous ‖ Alternative spelling of 菱食 (“taiga bean goose (Anser fabalis)”)
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鴻 • (hong) · 鴻 • (hong) (hangeul 홍, revised hong, McCune–Reischauer hong, Yale hong)
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Hán-Nôm : hồng
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鴻
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| 鹽
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Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams) : phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms) + semantic 鹵 (“salt”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum (“salt”). The Min forms point to a fricative initial in Proto-Min *ziem (“a white encrustation formed from saltwater or brine”). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams) : phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms) + semantic 鹵 (“salt”). \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum (“salt”). The Min forms point to a fricative initial in Proto-Min *ziem (“a white encrustation formed from saltwater or brine”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sînn • Middle-Chinese : yem ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄧㄢˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : jim⁶ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sīnn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : iām • Middle-Chinese : yemH
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salt; salty substance, especially table salt • (chemistry) salt • (Southern Min) food product pickled with salt • (Southern Min) sweat stain; salt efflorescence • (cryptography) salt ‖ (Classical, Min or Wu) to salt; to lay in brine; to pickle; to marinate • (Eastern Min) to devote oneself to; to invest • (Southern Min, of a wound) irritated; painful (from salt or medication) • (Ningbonese, of one's body) to be drenched in sweat • (Ningbonese) to apply soap to; to dab or cover with soap • Alternative form of 豔／艳 (yàn, “to envy”)
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kyūjitai form of 塩 (“salt”)
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鹽 (eumhun 소금 염 (sogeum yeom))
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Hán-Nôm : diêm • Hán-Nôm : diễm
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(in compounds) salt
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鹽
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| 麓
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roːɡ) : semantic 林 + phonetic 鹿 (OC *b·roːɡ)
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨˋ • Cantonese · Jyutping : luk¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : luk⁶ • Middle-Chinese : luwk
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foot of a mountain or hill; foothill • (obsolete) forest at the foot of a mountain • (obsolete) official who manages a (mountain) forest preserve
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foot of a mountain
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麓 (eumhun 산기슭 록 (san'giseuk rok), word-initial (South Korea) 산기슭 녹 (san'giseuk nok))
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hanja form of 록/녹 (“foot of a mountain”)
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Hán-Nôm : lộc
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麓
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| 麥
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Characters in the same phonetic series (來) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *mrɯːɡ) : phonetic 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ) + semantic 夊 (“foot; to walk slowly”). 來 was the original character for “wheat”. Several possible interpretations: \ * This character originally meant “to come”. Because the simpler 來 was commonly used for this (borrowed) sense, its original meaning (“wheat”) switched with 麥. \ * 夊 represents the ancient concept that wheat came from the heavens. \ * 夊 represents growth of the wheat plant. \ Etymologically unrelated to 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”). Schuessler (2007) suggests it is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m‑rə(k) (“buckwheat”) and cognate with Tibetan བྲ་བོ (bra bo, “buckwheat”); also compare Proto-Lolo-Burmese *g-ra² (“buckwheat”). STEDT compares 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *bra (“buckwheat”) (provisional). \ Starostin (2009), on the other hand, compares 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) to Proto-Tungusic *murgi (“barley”), Middle Korean 밇 (milh, “wheat”), Old Japanese 麦 (mugi₁, “wheat; barley”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄞˋ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄇㄛˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : be̍h • Hokkien · Tai-lo : be̍eh • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bi̍k • Hokkien · Tai-lo : bia̍k • Middle-Chinese : meak
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general term for wheat, barley, oats, ryes, etc. • (specifically) wheat • (Hainanese) corn; maize • Short for 麥克風／麦克风 (màikèfēng, “microphone”). • Short for 麥克斯韋／麦克斯韦 (Màikèsīwéi). • a surname
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wheat
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麥 (eumhun 보리 맥 (bori maek))
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wheat; barley
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Hán-Nôm : mạch
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chữ Hán form of mạch (“barley”).
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麥
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| 黃
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Chi (2010) proposes that 黃 was originally a pictogram (象形) and the original character of 尪 (OC *qʷaːŋ, “a disabled person with a protruding chest or abdomen”). It has been phonetically borrowed for "yellow" since the era of the oracle bone script. He (1998) noted the possible ritual of burning disabled people with a protruding chest or abdomen to pray for rain as mentioned in Zuozhuan. The 口 in the upper part of the bronze inscription of 黃 might be depicting the disabled person's face facing upwards. \ Li (2012), on the other hand, proposes that 黃 was originally a pictogram (象形) and the original character of 璜 (OC *ɡʷaːŋ, “semicircular jade”) as the 口 in the oracle bone script resembles a ring of jade, so the character would carry the meaning of "a man wearing a ring of jade on his chest". The meaning "yellow" is the result of rebus. \ According to Shuowen, it is both a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷaːŋ) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : phonetic 炗 (, “light”) + semantic 田 (“field”) – the color of earth, with 炗 being the ancient form of 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs, “light”). However, this interpretation is likely erroneous as 廿 at the top was formed as a result of corruption of 口 in the bronze inscription. \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *hwaŋ (“shine; bright; yellow”). Cognate with 光 (OC *kʷaːŋ, *kʷaːŋs, “light; bright”), 曠 (OC *kʰʷaːŋs, “bright; well-lit”), Burmese ဝင်း (wang:, “bright”), Burmese ဝါ (wa, “yellow”). \ ;“sexually obscene; pornographic”
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄏㄨㄤˊㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : n̂g • Hokkien · Tai-lo : uînn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : hông • Middle-Chinese : hwang
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yellow (colour) • yolk • Short for 蟹黃／蟹黄 (xièhuáng). • yellow; Far East Asian • (colloquial) pornographic; lewd • (colloquial) to fizzle out; to fall through • (Cantonese) to let the cat out of the bag (to let a secret be known) • (Hong Kong, politics) supportive of Hong Kong's pro-democracy movement • (Southern Min) to ripen • Short for 黃帝／黄帝 (Huángdì). • Short for 黃河／黄河 (Huáng Hé, “Yellow River”). • a surname
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Kyūjitai form of 黄
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黃 (eumhun 누를 황 (nureul hwang))
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hanja form of 황 (“yellow; a surname”)
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canonical : 黃: Hán Việt readings: hoàng • canonical : huỳnh 黃: Nôm readings: vàng
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chữ Hán form of hoàng (“yellow”). • Nôm form of vàng (“yellow; gold”). • chữ Hán form of Hoàng (“a surname”).
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黃
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| 黎
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Characters in the same phonetic series (利) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *riːl) : semantic 黍 (“millet”) + phonetic 利 (OC *rids). \ ; “black; numerous” \ ; “Li people” \ : Before Song dynasty, 俚 (lǐ) was a more common term.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄧˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lê • Middle-Chinese : lej
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(obsolete) black • (literary) numerous • until; at the time of • (～國) (historical) state of Li (a state in modern-day Shanxi, China, during the Shang dynasty) • (～族) Li people (the largest ethnic minority in Hainan, China) • Short for 黎巴嫩 (Líbānèn, “Lebanon”). • a surname
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black, bluish black • gloomy, dusky • used to indicate the Li people of Hainan Province, China
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黎 (eum 려 (ryeo), word-initial (South Korea) 여 (yeo))
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hanja form of 여(黎) (“black”)
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Hán-Nôm : lê • Hán-Nôm : rê
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chữ Hán form of Lê (“a surname”).
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黎
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| 黔
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡram, *ɡrɯm) : semantic 黑 (“black”) + phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) \ Perhaps an areal word related to Longzhou Zhuang kʰam¹ ("cloudy; dark"), Proto-Katuic *koom (“black”) (Schuessler, 2007). See also 黮 and 紺.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄢˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kim⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khiâm • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khâm • Middle-Chinese : gim • Middle-Chinese : gjem
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(literary) black • (obsolete) to blacken by tanning or exposure to smoke • (～州) Name of a prefecture in ancient China now located in Chongqing and Guizhou. • Short for 貴州／贵州 (Guìzhōu, “Guizhou”). • a surname
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黔 • (geom, geum) · 黔 • (geom, geum) (hangeul 검, 금, revised geom, geum, McCune–Reischauer kŏm, kŭm, Yale kem, kum)
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Hán-Nôm : kiềm
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黔
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| 點
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːmʔ) : semantic 黑 (“black”) + phonetic 占 (OC *ʔljem, *tjems) – black dots. ‖ Fusion of 底物 (MC tejX mjut), literally “what thing” (Guo, 2003). \ Often related to 怎 (zam2) due to similar syllable structure.
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˇ • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄢˇㄦ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiám • Middle-Chinese : temX ‖ Cantonese · Jyutping : dim²
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dot; spot; speck • place; point; spot • point; aspect • o'clock • time • (mathematics) point • (mathematics) decimal point • percent; percentage point • drop • (Chinese calligraphy) a dot stroke (㇔) • to nominate; to mention (one's name) • to count • to choose; to select; to order (food) • to nod • to point • to tap; to touch • to click • to light; to ignite • a little; a bit; some • (Cantonese) to dip in (sauce) • (Cantonese) to trick; to misguide • (Cantonese) to command • (Hong Kong Cantonese, neologism) extreme (Classifier: 個／个 c) ‖ (Cantonese) how
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Kyūjitai form of 点
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點 (eumhun 점 점 (jeom jeom))
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hanja form of 점 (“point; dot; spot; speck”)
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canonical : 點: Hán Việt readings: điểm 點: Nôm readings: chấm • canonical : đếm • canonical : chúm • canonical : đém • canonical : đêm • canonical : đóm
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chữ Hán form of điểm (“a dot, a point, a period”). • chữ Hán form of điểm (“to identify, to choose, to nominate”). • Nôm form of đếm (“to count, to number, to enumerate”). • Nôm form of chấm (“to dip in, to punctuate”).
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點
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| 黨
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *taːŋʔ, *tʰaːŋʔ) : phonetic 尚 (OC *djaŋ, *djaŋs) + semantic 黑 (“black”) – black; dark. \ The endoactive of 當 (OC *taːŋ, “to be equal of”), literally "that which is equal in rank" (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ Identified as an ancient Chu dialect word in Han Dynasty scholar Yang Xiong's Fangyan. \ STEDT compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m/s-twaŋ (“to see; to show”), whence Tibetan མཐོང (mthong, “to see; to perceive”). \ Alternatively, it may be of Austroasiatic origin. Compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *tiɲ ~ *təɲ (“to know”), whence Khmer ដឹង (dəng), Eastern Bru ດັງ (dáng) (Behr, 2008; Ye, 2014). \ Perhaps related to 懂 (dǒng, “to understand”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tóng • Middle-Chinese : tangX ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : dong² ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄊㄤˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : tong²
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community; fellow community member • gang; faction • (politics) party • (politics) party · (for one-party states, in press releases or official media) the ruling party · (chiefly Mainland China, specifically) the Communist Party of China • (politics) party · (for one-party states, in press releases or official media) the ruling party · (Vietnam, specifically) Communist Party of Vietnam • (politics) party · (for one-party states, in press releases or official media) the ruling party · (Wa State, specifically) United Wa State Party • (Hong Kong, used as suffix) a group or class of people with negative attribute, or a member of it • (used as suffix in Internet slang) a group or class of people, or a member of it • a surname ‖ (ancient Chu dialect) to know ‖ Alternative form of 倘
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‖ 黨(とう) • (tō)
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(political) party ‖ Kyūjitai form of 党: political party
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黨 (eumhun 무리 당 (muri dang))
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hanja form of 당 (“political party”)
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Hán-Nôm : đảng • Hán-Nôm : đoảng ‖
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‖ chữ Hán form of đảng (“party”).
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黨
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| 黯
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄢˋ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ám • Middle-Chinese : 'eam • Middle-Chinese : 'eamX
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dim, dark
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black • dark
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黯 • (am) · 黯 • (am) (hangeul 암, revised am, McCune–Reischauer am, Yale am)
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dark, black • sullen, dreary
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Hán-Nôm : ảm
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黯
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| 鼎
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Pictogram (象形) . \ From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(m/ʔ)-di(k/ŋ) (“pot; cauldron”) (STEDT).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄉㄧㄥˇ • Cantonese · Jyutping : ding² • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tiánn • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tíng • Middle-Chinese : tengX
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ding (ancient large, three-legged bronze cauldron for cooking or sacrificial rituals) • (figurative) throne; monarchy • (figurative, historical) important figures in the government • (figurative) big; great • (figurative) tripartite balance of forces • (historical) ancient instrument of torture • (literary) just (at this time); meanwhile • (Min) wok • 50th hexagram of the I Ching • a surname
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‖ 鼎(かなえ) • (kanae) ^(←かなへ (kanafe)?) ‖ 鼎(てい) • (tei)
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three-legged kettle • trio, triad ‖ a three-legged kettle, a tripod kettle, used for cooking and later for ceremonial purposes in ancient China, and often made of bronze • a symbol of a king or other high authority ‖ a three-legged kettle, a tripod kettle, used for cooking and later for ceremonial purposes in ancient China, and often made of bronze • one of the I Ching hexagrams
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鼎 • (jeong) · 鼎 • (jeong) (hangeul 정, revised jeong, McCune–Reischauer chŏng, Yale ceng)
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Hán-Nôm : đỉnh • Hán-Nôm : đảnh • Hán-Nôm : đửng • Hán-Nôm : đững • Hán-Nôm : đựng
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鼎
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| 鼠
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Characters in the same phonetic series (鼠) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) – a mouse or rat. In the seal script form, which is inherited in the regular script, the upper component resembling 臼 (jiù) represents the open mouth of a rat with teeth displayed, and the lower component represents the two feet of a rat on the left and a tail on the right. \ Unclear. Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Minimal Old Chinese as *nhaʔ (homophonous to 癙 (OC *nhaʔ) "painful, suffering", which is in the same phonetic series and may be related to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *na-n/t (“ill, pain, sore, ache, difficult, evil spirit”)) and compares to the following: \ * Nyah Kur [script needed] (hnáaʔ, “small squirrel; tree shrew”); \ * Proto-Mon-Khmer *kn₁(i)ʔ (“rat; mouse”): Old Mon kni' > Mon ဂၞိ (nɔeˀ), Proto-Bahnaric *knɛː; \ * Proto-Kam-Sui *hnu³ (“rat”): Southern Kam not, Sui hnoc. \ STEDT, on the other hand, compares 鼠 (OC *hljaʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b-jəw-n (“rat; rabbit; hare”).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄕㄨˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sú • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sír • Hokkien · Tai-lo : sí • Middle-Chinese : syoX
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rat; mouse; any member of the superfamily Muroidea, rodent • Rat (first of the Chinese zodiac signs) • (traditional Chinese medicine) scrofula; scrofulous • (Cantonese) to sneak; to go stealthily
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‖ 鼠(ねずみ) or 鼠(ネズミ) • (nezumi) ‖ 鼠(ねず) • (nezu) ‖ 鼠(ね) • (ne)
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mouse, rat, other similar rodent ‖ a mouse or a rat • general term for members of superfamily Muroidea, including mice, rats, voles, hamsters, gerbils, and other similar rodents • short for 鼠色 (nezumi iro): the colour grey, sometimes more specifically a dark grey colour ‖ a mouse, a rat ‖ a mouse, a rat
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hanja form of 서 (“mouse; rat”)
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Hán-Nôm : thử • Hán-Nôm : thửu
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鼠
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| 齊
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Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a field of grain, hence of uniform height. \ Either related to Mizo čelʔᴸ (“equal, to endure”) or, more phonologically likely, Tibetan ཚིར (tshir, “queue, order, succession”) as Tibetan /tsʰir/'s final /-r/ can explain the Middle Chinese retroflex initial of 儕 (OC *zriːl), which is derived from 齊 (OC *zliːl). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a field of grain, hence of uniform height. \ Either related to Mizo čelʔᴸ (“equal, to endure”) or, more phonologically likely, Tibetan ཚིར (tshir, “queue, order, succession”) as Tibetan /tsʰir/'s final /-r/ can explain the Middle Chinese retroflex initial of 儕 (OC *zriːl), which is derived from 齊 (OC *zliːl). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a field of grain, hence of uniform height. \ Either related to Mizo čelʔᴸ (“equal, to endure”) or, more phonologically likely, Tibetan ཚིར (tshir, “queue, order, succession”) as Tibetan /tsʰir/'s final /-r/ can explain the Middle Chinese retroflex initial of 儕 (OC *zriːl), which is derived from 齊 (OC *zliːl). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a field of grain, hence of uniform height. \ Either related to Mizo čelʔᴸ (“equal, to endure”) or, more phonologically likely, Tibetan ཚིར (tshir, “queue, order, succession”) as Tibetan /tsʰir/'s final /-r/ can explain the Middle Chinese retroflex initial of 儕 (OC *zriːl), which is derived from 齊 (OC *zliːl). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a field of grain, hence of uniform height. \ Either related to Mizo čelʔᴸ (“equal, to endure”) or, more phonologically likely, Tibetan ཚིར (tshir, “queue, order, succession”) as Tibetan /tsʰir/'s final /-r/ can explain the Middle Chinese retroflex initial of 儕 (OC *zriːl), which is derived from 齊 (OC *zliːl). ‖ Characters in the same phonetic series (齊) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Ideogram (指事) : a field of grain, hence of uniform height. \ Either related to Mizo čelʔᴸ (“equal, to endure”) or, more phonologically likely, Tibetan ཚིར (tshir, “queue, order, succession”) as Tibetan /tsʰir/'s final /-r/ can explain the Middle Chinese retroflex initial of 儕 (OC *zriːl), which is derived from 齊 (OC *zliːl). ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧˊ • Cantonese · Jyutping : cai⁴ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsuê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsê • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tserê • Middle-Chinese : dzej ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧˋ • Middle-Chinese : dzejH ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄗ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄓㄞ ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄧㄢˇ ‖ Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsiâu • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tsâu
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even; uniform; of equal length • same; identical • complete • together; simultaneously • to be the same height as; to be level with • along a line • (～國) Qi, an ancient Chinese duchy, and later kingdom, during the Zhou dynasty • Southern Qi (479–502), the second of the Southern dynasties in China • Northern Qi (550–577), one of the Northern dynasties in China • (～日) (telegraphy) the eighth day of a month • a surname ‖ Alternative form of 躋／跻 (jī) • Alternative form of 齏／齑 (jī) ‖ Alternative form of 劑／剂 (jì) • alloy ‖ hem of a skirt, shirt tail • Alternative form of 粢 • Alternative form of 資／资 (zī) ‖ Alternative form of 齋／斋 (zhāi) • sacrificial offering • deferential ‖ Alternative form of 剪 (jiǎn) • Alternative form of 醮 (jiào) ‖ uniform; generally consistent • completely; entirely
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齊 (eum 제 (je))
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Hán-Nôm : tày • Hán-Nôm : tề • Hán-Nôm : tè • Hán-Nôm : chai
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chữ Hán form of tề (“even, uniform”). • chữ Hán form of tề (“equal to”).
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齊
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| 齒
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Pictogram (象形) – a mouth full of teeth. 之 (zhī) or 止 (zhǐ) was later added on top as a phonetic component. \ Unclear. Not related to Tibetan མཆེ་བ (mche ba, “fang, tusk”), which is cognate with 齻／𱌺 (diān, “eyetooth”), but may be the same word as Proto-Min *kʰiᴮ (“tooth”). Another possibility is a derivation from an Austroasiatic etymon; Schuessler, 2007 (p.188) suggests a possible relationship to Khmer ខ្នាយ (khnaay, “tusk, spur”), as Austroasiatic medial /n/ is often deleted in loans.
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Cantonese · Jyutping : ci² • Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄔˇ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : khí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : tshí • Middle-Chinese : tsyhiX
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(anatomy) tooth • (figurative) tooth- or zigzag-like thing, such as a sawtooth, cogwheel, or fern • (figurative) age (of a person or animal) • to juxtapose; to put side by side • to utter; to mention • ^† to employ; to take in • (dialectal) to touch; to be in contact with • (Xiang) pay attention, to be concerned with
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tooth
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齒 (eumhun 이 치 (i chi))
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hanja form of 치 (“tooth”)
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canonical : 齒: Hán Việt readings: xỉ 齒: Nôm readings: xỉ • canonical : xỉa • canonical : xẻ
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chữ Hán form of xỉ (“teeth”).
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齒
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| 龍
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[Term?] (*-lan, suffix denoting a wild, predatory animal) (Turkish aslan (“lion”), kaplan (“tiger”), yılan (“snake”)).
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄌㄨㄥˊ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : lîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : gîng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liâng • Hokkien · Tai-lo : nguí • Hokkien · Tai-lo : liông • Middle-Chinese : ljowng
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(mythology) Chinese dragon (Classifier: 條／条 m c h; 尾 mn) • (mythology) Western dragon • (figurative) emperor; sovereign; king; of the emperor • (figurative) chief; hero; towering figure • (by extension) dragon-shaped object; long object • (by extension) dragon-adorned object • (zoology, paleontology) extinct reptilian creature; -saur • (Eastern Min) to become clear-minded; to be revitalised • (Cantonese, soccer and other sports) goal (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (Cantonese, soccer and other sports) goalkeeper (Classifier: 個／个 c) • (figurative) queue; line (Classifier: 條／条 c) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) money • (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) snake meat • (Shanghainese, slang) a hundred of a currency designation • a surname
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‖ 龍(りゅう) • (ryū) ‖ 龍(りゅう) • (ryū) ‖ 龍(りゅう) • (Ryū) ‖ 龍(りょう) • (ryō) ‖ 龍(りょう) • (ryō) ‖ 龍(たつ) • (tatsu)
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‖ Kyūjitai form of 竜: a Chinese dragon • Kyūjitai form of 竜: Synonym of ドラゴン (doragon): a Western dragon • Kyūjitai form of 竜: (shogi, colloquial) Short for 龍王 (ryūō): dragon king; promoted rook • a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with a Chinese dragon design ‖ Kyūjitai form of 竜: dragon • Kyūjitai form of 竜: hero • Kyūjitai form of 竜: imperial • Kyūjitai form of 竜: dinosaur ‖ (astronomy) Short for りゅう座 (Ryūza): the constellation Draco • a male given name • a surname ‖ Kyūjitai form of 竜: (rare or in Chinese contexts) a Chinese dragon ‖ Kyūjitai form of 竜: dragon • Kyūjitai form of 竜: hero • Kyūjitai form of 竜: imperial ‖ Kyūjitai form of 竜: (mythology) a Japanese dragon
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龍 (eumhun 미르 룡 (mireu ryong), word-initial (South Korea) 미르 용 (mireu yong))
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hanja form of 룡/용 (“dragon”)
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canonical : 龍: Hán Việt readings: long 龍: Nôm readings: long • canonical : lung • canonical : lỏng • canonical : lúng • canonical : luông • canonical : luồng
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Chữ Hán form of long (“dragon”). • Chữ Hán form of Long (“a male given name”).
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龍
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| 龜
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Characters in the same phonetic series (龜) (Zhengzhang, 2003) \ Pictogram (象形) : A drawing of a turtle seen from the side and from above (Bronze inscriptions). \ Austroasiatic. Compare Mon ဂွိ (gwi, “soft-shell turtle”), Nyah Kur ทะวี่ʔ (tha wìiʼ, “soft-shell turtle”) (Schuessler, 2007). ‖ ‖
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Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄍㄨㄟ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : ku • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kui • Middle-Chinese : kwij ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄑㄧㄡ • Cantonese · Jyutping : kau¹ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gau¹ • Middle-Chinese : kjuw ‖ Mandarin · bopomofo : ㄐㄩㄣ • Cantonese · Jyutping : gwan¹ • Hokkien · Tai-lo : kun
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turtle; tortoise (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • (figurative) cuckold • (Cantonese, humorous) signature (Classifier: 隻／只 c) • (Hong Kong Cantonese, slang) police ‖ Only used in 龜茲／龟兹 (Qiūcí). ‖ (of skin) to crack; to become chapped
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‖
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Kyūjitai form of 亀 ‖
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龜 (eumhun 거북 귀 (geobuk gwi)) ‖ 龜 (eumhun 땅 이름 구 (ttang ireum gu)) ‖ 龜 (eumhun 터질 균 (teojil gyun))
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hanja form of 귀 (“tortoise; turtle”) ‖ hanja form of 구 (“used in placenames”) ‖ hanja form of 균 (“crack”)
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Hán-Nôm : qui • Hán-Nôm : quân • Hán-Nôm : quy
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chữ Hán form of quy (“turtle”).
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龜
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