Language/Kabyle/Grammar/Noun-Gender

TAJEṚṚUMT/GRAMMAR

TAWSIT N YISEM/THE GENGER OF THE NOUN/LE GENRE DU NOM

Dagi γur-m tamsirt γef tewsit n yisem.

Here you are a lesson about the gender the noun.

________________________________________

TAWSIT N YISEM/ THE GENGER OF THE NOUN

TAZWART/INTRODUCTION

Isem amaziγ γur-s/The berber noun has :

• Sin waddaden/Two states : addad ilelli/free state, addad amaruz/state of annexation
• Sin yemḍanen/Two numbers : asuf/singular, asget/plural
• Snat tewsatin/Two genders : amalay/masculine, unti/feminine

TIWSATIN N YISEM/THE GENDERS OF THE NOUN

Isem γur-s snat tewsatin, izmer ad yili d amalay neγ d unti.

The noun has two genders, it can be masculine or feminine.

Isem amalay/Masculine noun

S umata, isem amalay ibeddu s teγri ama deg wasuf ama deg wesget.

Generally, the masculine noun begins with a vowel in the singular and in the plural.

Imedyaten/Examples

Amalay n wasuf/Masculine singular

Amalay n wesget/Masculine plural

• Aqcic/boy/garçon
• Amcic/cat/chat
• Argaz/man/homme
• Afus/hand/main

• Isli/engaged man/fiancé
• Izimer/lamb/agneau
• Imi/mouth/bouche
• Iḍ/night/nuit
• Imeṭṭi/tear/larme, pleur

• Uccen/wolf/loup
• Udem/face/visage
• Ul/heart/cœur
• Usu/bed/lit

• Arrac/boys/garçons
• Imcac/cats/chats
• Irgazen/men/hommes
• Ifassen/hands/mains

• Islan/engaged men/fiancés
• Izamaren/lambs/agneaux
• Imawen/mouths/bouches
• Uḍan/nights/nuits
• Imeṭṭawen/tears/larmes, pleurs

• Uccanen/wolfs/loups
• Udmawen/faces/visages
• Ulawen/hearts/cœurs
• Usawen/beds/lits

Timawin/Remarks

Llan kra n yismawen imalayen ur nbeddu yara s teγri

There are some masculine nouns which don’t begin with a vowel.

MD/EX:

• Bururu/owl/hibou
• Fad/thirst/soif
• Laẓ/hunger/faim
• Seksu/couscous/couscous
• Medden/people/gens
• Cilmun/kind of plant/sorte de plante

Llan daγen kra n yismawen i d-yekkan seg Taεrabt ur nbeddu yara s teγri.

There are also some nouns which came from Arabic language that don’t begin with a vowel.

MD/EX:

• Lḥub/love/amour/aşk (in Turkish)
• Lbaz/falcon,hawk/faucon (the noun “Lbaz” is from Persian origin)
• Lemleḥ/salt/sel
• Lqut/food/nourriture
• Lweqt/time/temps/vakit (in Turkish)
• Zzman/time/époque/zaman (in Turkish), …atg (etc)

(All these words are from Arabic origin and we use them in our daily life but we have also a corresponding real Berber nouns of these words :

• Lḥub = Tayri, Lemleḥ = Tisent, Lqut = Učči, Lweqt = Akud, Zzman = Tallit,
• Lbaz = Afalku, (some linguists said that the latin noun “Falco” came from Berber “Afalku” that why in English is “Falcon” and in French is “Faucon”).

Llan kra n yismawen imalayen ur γur-sen ara unti anmaγru

There are some masculine nouns which don’t have a corresponding feminine nouns.

MD/EX:

• aẓref/right/droit, adrar/mountain/montagne,
• ageffur/rain/pluie, akal/land/terre, aman/water/eau,
• aggur/moon,month/lune,mois (also in Berber aggur = moon/ay= month/ay, like in Turkish),
• fad/thirst/soif, itri/star/étoile, igenni/sky/ciel, imensi/dinner/dîner
• iṭij/sun/soleil, laẓ/hunger/faim, ul/heart/cœur, ungal/novel/roman…atg (etc)

Llan kra n yismawen imalayen γur-sen talγa temgarad γef

talγa n yismawen untiyen-nnsen (deg wasuf neγ deg wesget).

There are some masculine nouns that have a form which is different from the form of theirs corresponding feminine nouns (in singular or in plural).

MD/EX:

• Amalay/Masculine
• Unti/Feminine

Izem/lion/lion

Afalku/falcon,hawk/faucon

Argaz/man/homme

Iḥiqel/male partridje/mâle de la perdrix

Azrem/snake,serpent/serpent

Azger/bullock,steer,beef/bœuf

Ayyes/horse/cheval

Aqelwac/billy goat/bouc

Ikerri/ram, sheep/bélier, mouton

Akraren/rams, sheeps/béliers, moutons

Arrac/boys/graçons

Irgazen/men/hommes

Jeddi/grandfather/grand-père

Baba, Ababat/father/père

Gma/brother/frère

Ayetmaten/brothers/frères

Mmi/son/fils

Arraw, Arrac/sons/fils

Dadda/older brother/frère aîné

Tasedda/lioness/lionne

Taninna/female falcon/fem. du faucon

Tameṭṭut/woman/femme

Tasekkurt/partridge/perdrix

Tanefsa/female snake/fem. du serpent

Tafunast/cow/vache

Tagmart/mare (female horse)/jument

Taγaṭ/goat/chèvre

Tixsi/ewe/brebis

Ulli/the flock of (plur. of ewe)/les brebis

Tiqcicin/girls/filles

Tulawin/women/femmes

Seţţi/grandmother/grand-mère

Yemma, Tayemmaţ/mother/mère

Weltma/sister/soeur

Tiyessetmatin/sisters/soeurs

Yelli/daughter/fille

Yessi/daughters/filles

Nanna/older sister/soeur aînée

Asekkil aneggaru n yisem amalay yezmer ad yili

The last letter of the masculine noun can be :

• d targalt/a consonant : afus/hand/main, amrar/rope/corde,

                                     axxam/home, house/maison   

• d tiγri/a vowel : ameksa/shepherd/berger, imi/mouth/bouche,

                           aẓru/stone/pierre

Isem unti/Feminine noun

Isem unti dayem ibeddu s wesekkil “t” ama deg wasuf ama deg wesget.

The feminine noun always begins with a letter “t” in the singular and in the plural.

Imedyaten/Examples

Unti n wasuf/Feminine singular

Unti n wesget/Feminine plural

• Tamγart/old woman/vieille
• Tuccent/she-wolf/louve
• Taqcict/girl/fille
• Tamcict/female cat/chatte
• Tileft/wild sow/laie
• Tawtult/doe (female rabbit)/lapine
• Tamurt/country/pays
• Tala/fountain/fontaine
• Taseṭṭa/branch (of tree)/branche
• Talγa/form, shape/forme
• Targa/stream/ruisseau
• Taxxamt/room/chambre
• Tazla/running/course
• Timγarin/old women/vieilles
• Tuccanin/she-wolfs/louves
• Tiqcicin/girls/filles
• Timcac/female cats/chattes
• Tilfatin/wild sows/laies
• Tiwtal/does (female rabbits) /lapines
• Timura/countries/pays
• Tiliwa/fountains/fontaines
• Tiseṭwa/branchs/branches
• Talγiwin/forms, shapes/formes
• Tiregwa/streams/ruisseaux
• Tixxamin/rooms/chambres
• Tazliwin/runnings/course

S umata, isem unti asuf yeţmaga-d s tmerniwt n usekkil “t” γer tazwara d tagara n umalya asuf anmaγru. Generally, the singular feminine noun is formed by adding the letter “t” at the beginning and the end of the singular corresponding masculine noun.

Unti = t + amalay + t

Feminine = t + masculine + t

Imedyaten/Examples

Isem amalay/Masculine noun

Isem unti/Feminine noun

• aqcic/boy/garçon
• amcic/cat/chat
• amγar/old man/vieux
• amedyaz/poet/poète
• awtul/rabbit/lapin
• alγem/camel/chameau
• aqjun/dog/chien
• afrux/bird/oiseau
• amaziγ/Berber/Berbère
• aṭurki/Turk/Turc

• isli/engaged man/fiancé
• ilemẓi/teenager/adolescent
• izimer/lamb/agneau
• ilef/wild boar/sanglier
• itbir/pigeon/pigeon
• isegni/awl, bradawl/alêne, poinçon
• iγil/mount, hill/mont
• imenγi/fighting/bagarre

• uccen/wolf/loup
• udem/face/visage
• učči/food/nourriture
• ungif/idiot/idiot

• taqcict/girl/fille
• tamcict/female cat/chatte
• tamγart/old woman/vieille
• tamedyazt/poetess/poétesse
• tawtult/doe (female rabbit)/lapine
• talγemt/female camel/chamelle
• taqjunt/bitch (female dog)/chienne
• tafruxt/hen-bird (f.bird)/oiseau femelle
• tamaziγt/Berber(fem. Berber)/Berbère
• taṭurkit/Turkish woman/Turque

• tislit/engaged woman/fiancée
• tilemẓit/female teenager/adolescente
• tizimert/female lamb/agnelle
• tileft/wild sow/laie
• titbirt/pigeonne/hen-pigeon
• tisegnit/needle/aiguille
• tiγilt/hill/colline
• timenγit/killing/meurtre, tuerie

• tuccent/she-wolf/louve
• tudemt/little face/petit visage
• tuččit/food/nourriture
• tungift/female idiot/idiote

Maca llan kra n yismawen untiyen ibeddun s “t” ţfakan s teγri “a” neγ “i”.

But there are some feminine nouns that begin with “t” and end with the vowel “a” or “i”.

Imedyaten/Examples

• tasekla = literature/literature (t-a)
• tameγra = feast, party/fête (t-a)
• tala = fountain/fontaine (t-a)
• tasa = liver/foie (t-a)
• targa = stream/ruisseau (t-a)
• tamda = lake/lac (t-a)
• tira = writing/écriture (t-a)
• tudma = take, taking/prise (t-a)
• tulsa = shearing/tondaison, tonte (t-a)

• tiziri = moonlight/clair de lune (t-i)
• tikci = offer/offre, don (t-i)
• tili = shadow/ombre (t-i)
• tilelli = freedom/liberté (t-i)
• tiniri = desert/désert (t-i)
• tiyiti = beating/frappement (t-i)
• tanumi = habit/habitude (t-i)

     G.M/N.B :  Isem unti urğin yeţfaka s teγri “u”.
                       The feminine noun is never ended with a vowel “u”.

     Llan ismawen untiyen nniḍen ibeddun s usekkil “t” ţfakan s usekkil “ţ”.
     There are other feminine nouns that begin with the letter “t” and end with the 
     letter “ţ”.
     
     Imedyaten/Examples :

     tabraţ = letter, missive/lettre, missive/risala (in Arabic)    (t-ţ)
     tiziţ = mosquito/moustique (izi/fly/mouche ---> tiziţ/mosquito/moustique)
     tulmuţ = young elm (plant)/ormeau (ulmu/elm/orme ---> tulmuţ/young elm 
                    some linguists said that the latin noun “Ulmus” came from Berber 
                    “Ulmu” that why in English is “Elm” and in French is “Orme”). 
     tazzuţ = broom (plant)/genêt (plante) (azzu/broom ---> tazzuţ/broom
     tibkiţ = a female monkey/une guenon (ibki/monkey/singe ---> tibkiţ/a female 
                                                                                          monkey/une guenon
     taẓruţ = a stone/ une pierre (aẓru/stone/pierre ---> taẓruţ/a stone/une pierre) 

     tiferreţ = a wing (bird)/une aile (oiseau)
     taxuxeţ = peach tree (fruit)/pêcher (arbre de pêche)
     tačineţ = orange tree/oranger (arbre d’orange)
     tawizeţ = goose (bird)/une oie
     tifeγweţ = artichoke/artichaut
     tayeţ = shoulder/épaule
     tureţ = lung/poumon

     Llan daγen ismawen untiyen ibeddun s usekkil “t” ţfakan s isekkillen 
      “wt” neγ “yt”.
      There are also feminine nouns that begin with the letter “t” and end with the 
      letters “wt” or “yt”.

Imedyaten/Examples :

ameksa/shepherd/berger ---> tameksawt/shepherdess/bergère (t-wt)

     aγenğa/ladle/louche        ---> taγenğawt/spoon/cuillère                      (t-wt)
     inebgi/guest/invité          --->  tinebgiwt/female guest/invitée              (t-wt)

     aγerda/mouse/souris       --->  taγerdayt/mouse (fem.)/souris (fem.)    (t-yt)
     aγenğa/ladle/louche        --->  taγenğayt/spoon/cuillère                      (t-yt)
     (there are some Berber people who say “taγenğayt” and some others who say 
     taγenğawt, so there are two options for that.)
                                                                     
     Timawin/Remarks

      1- Llan kra n yismawen untiyen i d-yekkan seg Taεrabt ur nbeddu yara 
    s usekkil “t”.
    There are some feminine nouns which came from Arabic that don’t begin with  
    the letter “t”.

MD/EX: Leḥmala = love/amour/aşk (in Turkish)
              Lemḥiba = love/amour/aşk (in Turkish)
             Ṣṣifa = beauty/beauté
            Ṣṣura = face/visage 
            Ssebba = pretext, excuse, reason,motive, cause/prétexte, excuse, 
                                                                                      raison,motif, cause                                                        
            Lmeεna = kindness, upbringing, good manners/gentillesse, politesse, 
                                                                       gallantry  galanterie, éducation
            Lefhama = understanding, comprehension/compréhension
            Lehna = peace/paix
      (All these words are from Arabic origin and we use them in our daily life but we 
have also a corresponding real Berber nouns of these words :
      Leḥmala = Lemḥiba = Tayri, Ṣṣifa = tafulkit, tahuski, taγuda, Ṣṣura = udem
      , Ssebba = asnuruf, amentil, Lmeεna = asenber, Lefhama = tigzi, 
      Lehna = talwit.
       
      2- Llan kra n yismawen untiyen ur γur-sen ara amalay anmaγru.
           There are some feminine nouns which don’t have a corresponding masculine
           nouns. 
     
      MD/EX:
                  Tafat/light/lumière, Tasa/liver/foie, Tala/fountain/fontaine, 
                 Tamurt/country/pays, Tira/writing/écriture, Tilelli/freedom/liberté,
                 Tideţ/truth/vérité, Tignewt/weather, atmosphere/tepms, atmosphere,
                 Tiṭ/eye/oeil, Tussna/wasp’s nest/guêpier (nid de guêpes),
                 Tazla/running/course, Tisist/spider/araignée, Tamart/beard/barbe,
                 Tazmart/health/santé, Taḍsa/laugh/rire, Times/fire/feu
                 Tameddit/evening/soir, Tugdi/fear/peur, Tezdeg/cleanness/propreté,
                 Tadimt/lid/couvercle, Tisri/complexity/complication, 
                 Tuzya/peer, equality/pair, égalité, Tanafa/dream/rève, 
                 Tasemt/fat/graisse, Taga/cardoon/cardon, Tiskert/garlic/ail
                 Tili/shadow/ombre, Taḍuṭ/wool/laine,…atg (etc)
        
       3- Isem unti yeţfakan s usekkil “ṭ” : 
            The feminine noun that ends with the letter “ṭ” :

        -  Asekkil “ṭ” yekka-d si “ḍ + t”. 
          The letter “ṭ” is formed from“ḍ + t”.

       MD/EX:
        ayaziḍ/cock/coq ---> tayaziṭ/hen/poule (tayaziṭ = tayaziḍt)
        asemmiḍ/coldness/froid ---> tasemmiṭ/coldness (tasemmiṭ = tasemmiḍt)
        axeyyaḍ/tailor,couturier/tailleur,couturier ---> taxeyyaṭ 
                                                                                (taxeyyaṭ = taxeyyaḍt)

       -  Asekkil “ṭ” yekka-d si “d + t”.  
         The letter “ṭ” is formed from“d + t”.
                                                                              
       MD/EX:        
       agellid/king/roi ---> tagelliṭ/queen/reine (tagelliṭ = tagellidt) 
       iγid/roe deer/chevreuil ---> taγaṭ/goat/chèvre (taγaṭ = taγadt)

       Ismawen untiyen deg wesget/The feminine nouns in the plural :

Amalay asget/Masculine plural Unti asget/Feminine plural

 anzaren/noses/nez
 arrac/boys/garçons

 ixxamen/houses/maisons
 izamaren/lambs/agneaux

 udmawen/faces/visages
 uccanen/wolfs/loups

tanzarin/noses (small)/nez (petits) tarracin/girls/filles

tixxamin/rooms/chambres tizamarin/female lambs/agnelles

tudmawin/faces (small)/visages (petits) tuccanin/she-wolfs/louves

      Alugen/rule:
    
     Isem unti γur-s kraḍ inumak :
      The feminine noun has three meanings :

      1-Tawtemt/Feminization :
      
      MD/EX:
                    anelmad/student/étudiant ---> tanelmadt/student/étudiante
                   ageldun/prince/prince      ---> tageldunt/princess/princesse
                   aqcic/boy/garçon             ---> taqcict/girl/fille
                   aserdun/mule/mulet        ---> taserdunt/female mule/mule

      2- Asemẓi/Miniaturization :
       
      MD/EX:
                    aqeṛṛuy/head/tête ---> taqeṛṛuyt/small head/petite tête
                   axxam/house/maison ---> taxxamt/room/chambre
                   asenduq/coffer/coffre ---> tasenduqt/small coffer/petit coffre
                   afus/hand/main          ---> tafuseţ/small hand/petite main
                   aγenğa/ladle/louche   ---> taγenğawt/spoon/cuillère

      3- Acemmet/Underestimation :

            Mi ara ad nekkes azal i yisem yeţţuγal d ucmit.
            When we delete the value of the noun, it becomes an 
            underestimated noun.
                               
      MD/EX:
                   argaz/man/homme ---> targazt/underestimated man/homme sous-
                                                                                                 estimé
         
      4- Aferdis deg wegraw/Unit (element) in the group :

      MD/EX:
                   aslen/ash (tree)/frêne ---> taslent/one ash tree/un arbre de frêne
                  azumba/pine (tree)/pin ---> tazumbaţ/one pine tree/un arbre de pin
                  akermus/prickly pear (tree)/figuier de Barbarie ---> 
                   --->takermust/prickly pear (fruit)/figue de Barbarie
                  azemmur/olive (fruit)/olive ---> tazemmurt/one olive tree/un olivier
                  (azemmur/a lot of olive trees/oliviers, tazemmurt/one olive tree/olivier)
                  aweṭṭuf/ants/fourmis ---> taweṭṭuft/ant (one)/une fourmi

                  azzu/broom (plant)/genêt ---> tazzuţ/one plant of broom/une plante 
                                                                                                       de genêt
                  ifires/pear tree/poirier ---> tifirest/one pear (fruit)/une poire (fruit)
                  Lebṣel/onion (vegetable)/oignon ---> tibṣelt/bulb of onion/un bulbe
                                                                                                        d’oignon
                  (this word “Lebṣel” is from Arabic language “Al-baṣl”).

                  Čina/orange (fruit)/fruit d’orange ---> tačinaţ/one orange/une orange

                  (this word “Čina” came from the word “China (the asian country)” 
                  because this fruit is brought from China, so it called like this “Čina”    
                  according to the original land of orange which is “China/la Chine”, 
                  same thing for the Arabic word “Bourtuqal/orange”, the origin of this 
                  word is “Portugal” (european country) because Portuguese people
                  were the first European people who brought this fruit (orange) from 
                  China, so they called it according to their country which is “Portugal”). 
                  
                  
        

Amawal/Dictionary

Acemmet = Underestimation/Sous-estimation Aferdis = Unit/Unité (dans un ensemble) Agraw = Group/Groupe Amalay = Masculine/Masculin Anamek = Meaning/Signification (Inumak/Meanings/Significations) Anmaγru = Corresponding/Correspondant Asget = Plural/pluriel Asemẓi = Miniaturization/Miniaturisation Asuf = Singular/singulier Tagara = End/Fin Talγa = Form, Shape/Forme Tawsit = Gender/Genre (Tiwsatin/Genders/Genres) Tawtemt = Feminization/Féminisation Tazwara = Beginning/Début Tazwart = Introduction/Introduction Unti = Feminine/Féminin