Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots

Must-know words for polyglots.

[Lesson in progress]

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics, therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

If you need a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:

• https://glossary.sil.org/term
• https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary

If you need a clear categorization of linguistics, see:

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics

linguistics theoretical linguistics phonology morphology syntax semantics pragmatics descriptive linguistics anthropological linguistics historical linguistics phonetics etymology sociolinguistics applied linguistics computational linguistics neurolinguistics psycholinguistics rhetoric orthography lexicology lexicography stylistics semiotics

pidgin creole variety dialect standard language

phone consonant pulmonic consonant non–pulmonic consonant ejective consonant click consonant implosive consonant place of articulation labial consonant bilabial consonant labiodental consonant coronal consonant linguolabial consonant interdental consonant denti-alveolar consonant dental consonant apical consonant alveolar consonant postalveolar consonant palato-alveolar consonant retroflex consonant dorsal consonant postalveolar consonant alveolo-palatal consonant palatal consonant velar consonant uvular consonant laryngeal consonant pharyngeal consonant glottal consonant manner of articulation obstruent stop consonant affricate consonant fricative consonant sibilant sonorant* nasal consonant approximant consonant semivowel vibrant consonant flap/tap consonant trill consonant liquid consonant rhotic consonant lateral consonant occlusive continuant vowel close vowel near-close vowel close-mid vowel mid vowel open-mid vowel near-open vowel open vowel front vowel central vowel back vowel unrounded vowel & rounded vowel nasal vowel nasalisation phoneme syllable letter letter case diacritic alphabet abjad abugida syllabary semi-syllabary logogram pictogram ideogram International Phonetic Alphabet sound change

seme sememe

glyph grapheme

morpheme bound morpheme & free morpheme clitic

lexeme word

lemma

cognate

word formation loanword anglicism derivation compound blend word acronym calque neologism backward-formation

root

stem affix prefix suffix infix circumfix interfix duplifix transfix simulfix suprafix disfix

idiom proverb

parse tree constituency-based parse tree dependency-based parse tree

function word content word

part of speech conjunction interjection contraction particle classifier numeral cardinal number ordinal number multiplier distributive number nominal number adjective attributive adjective predicative adjective nominalized adjective adverb determiner article definite article indifinite article zero article demonstrative determiner possessive determiner quantifier adposition preposition postposition circumposition noun countable noun uncountable noun collective noun abstract noun concrete noun common noun proper noun pronoun personal pronoun reflexive pronoun reciprocal pronoun relative pronoun verb impersonal verb intransitive verb transitive verb ditransitive verb tritransitive verb modal verb reflexive verb auxiliary verb finite verb nonfinite verb infinitive participle gerund

phrase adverbial phrase adjective phrase noun phrase adpositional phrase verb phrase clause argument clause adjuctive clause predicative clause dependent clause independent clause sentence simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence compound–complex sentence declaritive sentence interrogative sentence exclamatory sentence imperative sentence instructive sentence major sentence minor sentence

grammar

typography punctuation comma period exclamation mark question mark colon semicolon quotation mark guillemet apostrophe hyphen dash ellipsis slash brackets round brackets curly brackets square brackets interpunct space typeface roman type sans-serif serif character encoding ASCII Unicode emphasis italic bold underline

grammatical category person first person second person third person subject object predicate argument adjunct complement valency honorifics gender masculine feminine neuter animate inanimate case nominative case accusative case dative case ablative case genitive case vocative case locative case instrumental case oblique case tense past tense present tense future tense aspect simple aspect progressive aspect & continous aspect perfect aspect prospective aspect mood realis mood indicative mood energenic mood irrealis mood subjunctive mood conditional mood optative mood imperative mood interrogative mood jussive mood potential mood desiderative mood voice active voice passive voice inflection conjugation declension comparison positive comparative superlative polarity affirmation negation number singular plural clusivity animacy telicity topic & comment serial verb construction

linguistic typology word order analystic language isolating language synthetic language fusional language agglutinative language polysynthetic language language family dialect continuum language isolate proto-language constructed language

collocation

register

attributive adverbial copula apposition

hyponym & hypernym meronym holonym

linguistic relativity

Kurgan hypothesis

Rosetta Stone

Swadesh list

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