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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Hausa|Hausa]]  → [[Language/Hausa/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Hausa/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Conjunctions</div>
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In the Hausa language, conjunctions play a vital role in connecting words, phrases, and clauses to create more complex sentences. Understanding how to use conjunctions effectively will greatly enhance your ability to communicate in Hausa. In this lesson, we will delve into the various types of conjunctions, their functions, and provide numerous examples to illustrate their usage. By the end of this lesson, you'll be equipped with the knowledge to link your ideas seamlessly and express yourself clearly in Hausa.


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
== Introduction to Conjunctions ==
 
Conjunctions are the unsung heroes of language. They weave together thoughts and ideas, allowing us to express more complex relationships between them. In English, we often rely on conjunctions like "and," "but," and "or." Similarly, Hausa employs its own set of conjunctions to perform these crucial functions. There are two main types of conjunctions in Hausa: '''coordinating conjunctions''' and '''subordinating conjunctions'''. Let's explore each category in detail, along with examples to clarify their usage.
 
=== Coordinating Conjunctions ===


In this lesson, we will explore the topic of conjunctions in Hausa grammar. Conjunctions are an essential part of any language as they allow us to connect sentences, clauses, and phrases. By understanding how conjunctions work in Hausa, you will be able to express complex ideas and thoughts more effectively. Throughout this lesson, we will cover the different types of conjunctions, their usage, and provide numerous examples to illustrate each point. So, let's dive into the fascinating world of Hausa conjunctions!
Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal importance. In Hausa, common coordinating conjunctions include:


== Types of Conjunctions ==
* '''da''' (and)


In Hausa, there are several types of conjunctions that serve different purposes. Let's take a look at the most common ones:
* '''amma''' (but)


=== Coordinating Conjunctions ===
* '''ko''' (or)
 
* '''sai''' (then, only)


Coordinating conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or independent clauses that are of equal importance. They create a relationship of coordination between the connected elements. The most frequently used coordinating conjunctions in Hausa are:
* '''ko dai''' (whether or)


* "da" - meaning "and"
Let's look at some examples of how these conjunctions are used in sentences.
* "ko" - meaning "or"
* "amma" - meaning "but"


Here are some examples:
==== Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions ====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Hausa !! Pronunciation !! English
! Hausa !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| "ni da na" || /ni da na/ || "me and you"
 
| Ina son kifi da shinkafa. || Ina sɔn kifi da ʃinkaːfa. || I want fish and rice.
 
|-
|-
| "mata ko yaro" || /mata ko yaro/ || "woman or child"
 
| Yana son karatu amma yana gaji. || Jɑnɑ sɔn kɑrɑtu ɑmmɑ jɑnɑ gaji. || He wants to study, but he is tired.
 
|-
|-
| "aure amma ba zai iya ba" || /aure amma ba zai iya ba/ || "marriage but not possible"
 
| Za mu tafi ko mu zauna. || Zɑ mu tɑfi kɔ mu zɑunɑ. || We will go or we will stay.
 
|-
 
| Sai mun kammala aikin. || Sɑɪ mʊn kɑmmɑlɑ ɑɪkɪn. || Then we will finish the work.
 
|-
 
| Ko dai kina son ruwan lemu? || Kɔ dɑɪ kɪnɑ sɔn ruwɑn lɛmʊ? || Do you want orange juice or not?
 
|}
|}


=== Subordinating Conjunctions ===
=== Subordinating Conjunctions ===


Subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce a subordinate clause, which depends on the main clause to make complete sense. These conjunctions establish a relationship of subordination between the clauses. Some common subordinating conjunctions in Hausa include:
Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. In Hausa, common subordinating conjunctions include:


* "bayan" - meaning "after"
* '''idan''' (if)
* "saboda" - meaning "because"
* "kuma" - meaning "and"


Here are a few examples:
* '''duk''' (although)
 
* '''saboda''' (because)
 
* '''idan har''' (as long as)
 
* '''kodayake''' (even though)
 
Let's see how these conjunctions function within sentences.
 
==== Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions ====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Hausa !! Pronunciation !! English
! Hausa !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| "na zauna bayan ina" || /na zauna bayan ina/ || "I sat after eating"
 
| Idan ka zo, zan yi murna. || Iɖɑn kɑ zɔ, zɑn jɪ mʊrnɑ. || If you come, I will be happy.
 
|-
|-
| "wani abu ya kamata mu yi saboda haka" || /wani abu ya kamata mu yi saboda haka/ || "we must do something because of that"
 
| Duk da haka, yana so ya tafi. || Dʊk dɑ hɑkɑ, jɑnɑ sɔ jɑ tɑfi. || Although he wants to go, he is staying.
 
|-
|-
| "mu je kuma mu je" || /mu je kuma mu je/ || "we came and we saw"
 
| Saboda raina, ba zan iya zuwa ba. || Sɑbɔdɑ rɑɪnɑ, bɑ zɑn ɪjɑ zʊwɑ bɑ. || Because I am tired, I cannot go.
 
|-
 
| Idan har ka yi ƙoƙari, za ka yi nasara. || Iɖɑn hɑr kɑ jɪ ɡɔkɑrɪ, zɑ kɑ jɪ nɑsɑrɑ. || As long as you try, you will succeed.
 
|-
 
| Kodayake yana da kudi, bai sayi sabulu ba. || Kɔdɑjɪkɛ jɑnɑ dɑ kʊdɪ, bɑɪ sɑjɪ sɑbʊlʊ bɑ. || Even though he has money, he did not buy soap.
 
|}
|}


=== Correlative Conjunctions ===
== Usage of Conjunctions ==
 
Understanding how to use conjunctions is critical for forming coherent sentences. Here are some key points to remember:
 
1. '''Connecting Ideas''': Conjunctions can help you connect similar ideas or contrast different ones.
 
2. '''Complex Sentences''': They allow the formation of complex sentences that convey more information.


Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs to connect two equal elements within a sentence. They work together to create a balanced and parallel structure. The most commonly used correlative conjunctions in Hausa are:
3. '''Clarifying Relationships''': Using conjunctions clarifies the relationship between the ideas you are expressing.


* "ko...ko" - meaning "either...or"
=== Examples of Complex Sentences ===
* "ko...sai" - meaning "both...and"
* "sai...ba" - meaning "not only...but also"


Here are some examples:
To illustrate the use of conjunctions in complex sentences, consider the following examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Hausa !! Pronunciation !! English
! Hausa !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| "ko na je ko na sha" || /ko na je ko na sha/ || "either I eat or I drink"
 
| Na je kasuwa da na sayi kayan abinci. || Nɑ jɛ kɑsʊwɑ dɑ nɑ sɑjɪ kɑjɑn ɑbɪnʧɪ. || I went to the market and bought groceries.
 
|-
|-
| "ko na yi sai na sake" || /ko na yi sai na sake/ || "both I did and I left"
 
| Ba zan tafi ba, amma zan yi aiki a gida. || Bɑ zɑn tɑfi bɑ, ɑmmɑ zɑn jɪ ɑɪkɪ ɑ gɪdɑ. || I will not go, but I will work at home.
 
|-
 
| Yi hakuri, ko zan dawo daga tafiya. || Jɪ hɑkʊrɪ, kɔ zɑn dɑwɔ dɑɡɑ tɑfɪjɑ. || Be patient, or I will return from the journey.
 
|-
|-
| "sai na zo ba na je" || /sai na zo ba na je/ || "not only I came but I also ate"
 
| Saboda rashin lafiya, ba zan tafi makaranta ba. || Sɑbɔdɑ rɑʃɪn lɑfɪjɑ, bɑ zɑn tɑfi mɑkɑrɑntɑ bɑ. || Because of illness, I will not go to school.
 
|-
 
| Kodayake yana da ilimi, bai yi nasara ba. || Kɔdɑjɪkɛ jɑnɑ dɑ ɪlɪmɪ, bɑɪ jɪ nɑsɑrɑ bɑ. || Even though he is educated, he did not succeed.
 
|}
|}


== Usage of Conjunctions ==
== Practice Exercises ==
 
Now that we've covered conjunctions and their usage, it's time to put your knowledge to the test. Below are some exercises to help you practice.
 
=== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ===
 
Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunction from the list provided: '''da, amma, ko, idan, saboda'''.
 
1. Ina son kifi ___ shinkafa.
 
2. Yana da kudi ___ yana son sayan sabulu.
 
3. ___ ka zo, zan yi murna.
 
4. Ba zan tafi ___ zan yi aiki.
 
5. ___ na gaji, zan huta.
 
=== Solutions for Exercise 1 ===
 
1. Ina son kifi '''da''' shinkafa. (I want fish '''and''' rice.)
 
2. Yana da kudi '''amma''' yana son sayan sabulu. (He has money '''but''' wants to buy soap.)
 
3. '''Idan''' ka zo, zan yi murna. ('''If''' you come, I will be happy.)
 
4. Ba zan tafi '''amma''' zan yi aiki. (I will not go '''but''' I will work.)
 
5. '''Saboda''' na gaji, zan huta. ('''Because''' I am tired, I will rest.)
 
=== Exercise 2: Create Complex Sentences ===
 
Using the conjunctions provided, create a complex sentence for each scenario.
 
1. Use '''da''' to link two actions you enjoy.
 
2. Use '''amma''' to show contrast between two statements.
 
3. Use '''ko''' to present a choice you face.
 
4. Use '''idan''' to express a condition.
 
5. Use '''saboda''' to explain a reason for your action.
 
=== Solutions for Exercise 2 ===
 
1. Na fi son karatu da rubutu. (I prefer studying '''and''' writing.)
 
2. Ina da kudi, amma ba zan sayi sabulu ba. (I have money, '''but''' I will not buy soap.)
 
3. Za mu je kasuwa ko mu zauna a gida? (Shall we go to the market '''or''' stay at home?)
 
4. Idan ka yi aiki, za ka sami kudi. (If you work, you will earn money.)
 
5. Saboda raina, na yi hutu. (Because I am tired, I took a break.)
 
=== Exercise 3: Match the Sentences ===
 
Match the Hausa sentences on the left with their corresponding English translations on the right.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Hausa Sentence !! English Translation
 
|-
 
| 1. Na tafi kasuwa, da na sayi sabulu. || A. I bought soap when I went to the market.


Now that we have explored the different types of conjunctions, let's dive deeper into their usage and how they can be used to connect sentences and clauses effectively.
|-


=== Connecting Independent Clauses ===
| 2. Idan har ka tafi, zan yi hakuri. || B. I will be patient as long as you go.


Coordinating conjunctions are commonly used to connect two independent clauses, which are complete sentences on their own. They allow us to express a relationship of coordination between the two clauses. For example:
|-


* "Mu je kuma mu je." (We came and we saw.)
| 3. Kodayake yana da ilimi, amma yana da gajiya. || C. Even though he is educated, he is tired.


In this sentence, the coordinating conjunction "kuma" is used to connect the two independent clauses "Mu je" (We came) and "mu je" (we saw).
|}


=== Introducing Subordinate Clauses ===
=== Solutions for Exercise 3 ===


Subordinating conjunctions are used to introduce subordinate clauses, which rely on the main clause to make complete sense. They establish a relationship of subordination between the two clauses. For example:
1. A (I bought soap when I went to the market.)


* "Ka zo bayan ina." (You came after I left.)
2. B (I will be patient as long as you go.)


In this sentence, the subordinating conjunction "bayan" is used to introduce the subordinate clause "bayan ina" (after I left). The main clause is "Ka zo" (You came).
3. C (Even though he is educated, he is tired.)


=== Creating Balanced Structures ===
=== Exercise 4: Rewrite the Sentences ===


Correlative conjunctions are used to create balanced and parallel structures within a sentence. They connect two equal elements and provide a sense of balance. For example:
Rewrite the following sentences using the provided conjunctions.


* "Ko na je ko na sha." (Either I eat or I drink.)
1. I want to eat rice. I want to eat beans. (Use '''da''')


In this sentence, the correlative conjunction "ko...ko" is used to connect the two equal elements "ko na je" (Either I eat) and "ko na sha" (or I drink).
2. She is happy. She is tired. (Use '''amma''')


== Cultural Insights ==
3. You can go. You can stay. (Use '''ko''')


The usage and understanding of conjunctions can vary across different regions and communities within the Hausa-speaking world. Regional variations in dialects and cultural practices can influence the choice and usage of certain conjunctions. For example, in some regions, the coordinating conjunction "ko" is used more frequently than "da" to mean "or." Similarly, the usage of correlative conjunctions may vary slightly from one region to another.
=== Solutions for Exercise 4 ===


Historically, the Hausa language has been influenced by Arabic and Islamic culture. This influence can be observed in the usage of certain conjunctions, particularly those related to religious or spiritual concepts. For example, the conjunction "kuma" is often used in religious contexts to emphasize unity and harmony.
1. Ina son cin shinkafa da wake. (I want to eat rice '''and''' beans.)


== Practice Exercises ==
2. Tana farin ciki amma tana gaji. (She is happy '''but''' she is tired.)
 
3. Za ka tafi ko za ka zauna. (You can go '''or''' you can stay.)


Now, let's put your knowledge of conjunctions into practice! Complete the following exercises by choosing the appropriate conjunction to connect the given sentences or clauses. Then, check your answers below.
=== Exercise 5: Create Your Own Sentences ===


1. "Mu zo _____ mu sha." (We came _____ we drank.)
Using the conjunctions you've learned, create five sentences of your own that include at least one conjunction each.
2. "Ina zauna _____ na yi." (I sat _____ I did.)
3. "Mata _____ yaro." (Woman _____ child.)
4. "Wani abu ya kamata mu yi _____ haka." (We must do something _____ that.)


Answers:
=== Solutions for Exercise 5 ===
1. kuma (and)
2. bayan (after)
3. ko (or)
4. saboda (because)


Explanation:
(Students will provide their own answers; responses will vary.)
1. "Mu zo kuma mu sha." (We came and we drank.)
2. "Ina zauna bayan na yi." (I sat after I did.)
3. "Mata ko yaro." (Woman or child.)
4. "Wani abu ya kamata mu yi saboda haka." (We must do something because of that.)


== Summary ==
== Conclusion ==


In this lesson, we explored the world of conjunctions in Hausa grammar. We learned about coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions, and how they can be used to connect sentences and clauses. We also discussed the cultural and regional variations in the usage of conjunctions within the Hausa-speaking world. By mastering the usage of conjunctions, you will be able to express complex ideas and thoughts more effectively in Hausa. Keep practicing and incorporating conjunctions into your speech and writing to enhance your language skills!
In this lesson, we explored the foundational elements of conjunctions in Hausa, including their types, usage, and practical examples. Remember that mastering conjunctions will enhance your ability to communicate effectively in Hausa, allowing you to construct more intricate sentences and share your thoughts clearly. Keep practicing with the exercises provided, and soon you'll find yourself using conjunctions with ease and confidence!


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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 08:31, 2 August 2024

◀️ Prepositions — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Asking for Directions ▶️

Hausa-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Hausa → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Conjunctions

In the Hausa language, conjunctions play a vital role in connecting words, phrases, and clauses to create more complex sentences. Understanding how to use conjunctions effectively will greatly enhance your ability to communicate in Hausa. In this lesson, we will delve into the various types of conjunctions, their functions, and provide numerous examples to illustrate their usage. By the end of this lesson, you'll be equipped with the knowledge to link your ideas seamlessly and express yourself clearly in Hausa.

Introduction to Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Conjunctions are the unsung heroes of language. They weave together thoughts and ideas, allowing us to express more complex relationships between them. In English, we often rely on conjunctions like "and," "but," and "or." Similarly, Hausa employs its own set of conjunctions to perform these crucial functions. There are two main types of conjunctions in Hausa: coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Let's explore each category in detail, along with examples to clarify their usage.

Coordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Coordinating conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses that are of equal importance. In Hausa, common coordinating conjunctions include:

  • da (and)
  • amma (but)
  • ko (or)
  • sai (then, only)
  • ko dai (whether or)

Let's look at some examples of how these conjunctions are used in sentences.

Examples of Coordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Hausa Pronunciation English
Ina son kifi da shinkafa. Ina sɔn kifi da ʃinkaːfa. I want fish and rice.
Yana son karatu amma yana gaji. Jɑnɑ sɔn kɑrɑtu ɑmmɑ jɑnɑ gaji. He wants to study, but he is tired.
Za mu tafi ko mu zauna. Zɑ mu tɑfi kɔ mu zɑunɑ. We will go or we will stay.
Sai mun kammala aikin. Sɑɪ mʊn kɑmmɑlɑ ɑɪkɪn. Then we will finish the work.
Ko dai kina son ruwan lemu? Kɔ dɑɪ kɪnɑ sɔn ruwɑn lɛmʊ? Do you want orange juice or not?

Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Subordinating conjunctions connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. In Hausa, common subordinating conjunctions include:

  • idan (if)
  • duk (although)
  • saboda (because)
  • idan har (as long as)
  • kodayake (even though)

Let's see how these conjunctions function within sentences.

Examples of Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Hausa Pronunciation English
Idan ka zo, zan yi murna. Iɖɑn kɑ zɔ, zɑn jɪ mʊrnɑ. If you come, I will be happy.
Duk da haka, yana so ya tafi. Dʊk dɑ hɑkɑ, jɑnɑ sɔ jɑ tɑfi. Although he wants to go, he is staying.
Saboda raina, ba zan iya zuwa ba. Sɑbɔdɑ rɑɪnɑ, bɑ zɑn ɪjɑ zʊwɑ bɑ. Because I am tired, I cannot go.
Idan har ka yi ƙoƙari, za ka yi nasara. Iɖɑn hɑr kɑ jɪ ɡɔkɑrɪ, zɑ kɑ jɪ nɑsɑrɑ. As long as you try, you will succeed.
Kodayake yana da kudi, bai sayi sabulu ba. Kɔdɑjɪkɛ jɑnɑ dɑ kʊdɪ, bɑɪ sɑjɪ sɑbʊlʊ bɑ. Even though he has money, he did not buy soap.

Usage of Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Understanding how to use conjunctions is critical for forming coherent sentences. Here are some key points to remember:

1. Connecting Ideas: Conjunctions can help you connect similar ideas or contrast different ones.

2. Complex Sentences: They allow the formation of complex sentences that convey more information.

3. Clarifying Relationships: Using conjunctions clarifies the relationship between the ideas you are expressing.

Examples of Complex Sentences[edit | edit source]

To illustrate the use of conjunctions in complex sentences, consider the following examples:

Hausa Pronunciation English
Na je kasuwa da na sayi kayan abinci. Nɑ jɛ kɑsʊwɑ dɑ nɑ sɑjɪ kɑjɑn ɑbɪnʧɪ. I went to the market and bought groceries.
Ba zan tafi ba, amma zan yi aiki a gida. Bɑ zɑn tɑfi bɑ, ɑmmɑ zɑn jɪ ɑɪkɪ ɑ gɪdɑ. I will not go, but I will work at home.
Yi hakuri, ko zan dawo daga tafiya. Jɪ hɑkʊrɪ, kɔ zɑn dɑwɔ dɑɡɑ tɑfɪjɑ. Be patient, or I will return from the journey.
Saboda rashin lafiya, ba zan tafi makaranta ba. Sɑbɔdɑ rɑʃɪn lɑfɪjɑ, bɑ zɑn tɑfi mɑkɑrɑntɑ bɑ. Because of illness, I will not go to school.
Kodayake yana da ilimi, bai yi nasara ba. Kɔdɑjɪkɛ jɑnɑ dɑ ɪlɪmɪ, bɑɪ jɪ nɑsɑrɑ bɑ. Even though he is educated, he did not succeed.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we've covered conjunctions and their usage, it's time to put your knowledge to the test. Below are some exercises to help you practice.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunction from the list provided: da, amma, ko, idan, saboda.

1. Ina son kifi ___ shinkafa.

2. Yana da kudi ___ yana son sayan sabulu.

3. ___ ka zo, zan yi murna.

4. Ba zan tafi ___ zan yi aiki.

5. ___ na gaji, zan huta.

Solutions for Exercise 1[edit | edit source]

1. Ina son kifi da shinkafa. (I want fish and rice.)

2. Yana da kudi amma yana son sayan sabulu. (He has money but wants to buy soap.)

3. Idan ka zo, zan yi murna. (If you come, I will be happy.)

4. Ba zan tafi amma zan yi aiki. (I will not go but I will work.)

5. Saboda na gaji, zan huta. (Because I am tired, I will rest.)

Exercise 2: Create Complex Sentences[edit | edit source]

Using the conjunctions provided, create a complex sentence for each scenario.

1. Use da to link two actions you enjoy.

2. Use amma to show contrast between two statements.

3. Use ko to present a choice you face.

4. Use idan to express a condition.

5. Use saboda to explain a reason for your action.

Solutions for Exercise 2[edit | edit source]

1. Na fi son karatu da rubutu. (I prefer studying and writing.)

2. Ina da kudi, amma ba zan sayi sabulu ba. (I have money, but I will not buy soap.)

3. Za mu je kasuwa ko mu zauna a gida? (Shall we go to the market or stay at home?)

4. Idan ka yi aiki, za ka sami kudi. (If you work, you will earn money.)

5. Saboda raina, na yi hutu. (Because I am tired, I took a break.)

Exercise 3: Match the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Match the Hausa sentences on the left with their corresponding English translations on the right.

Hausa Sentence English Translation
1. Na tafi kasuwa, da na sayi sabulu. A. I bought soap when I went to the market.
2. Idan har ka tafi, zan yi hakuri. B. I will be patient as long as you go.
3. Kodayake yana da ilimi, amma yana da gajiya. C. Even though he is educated, he is tired.

Solutions for Exercise 3[edit | edit source]

1. A (I bought soap when I went to the market.)

2. B (I will be patient as long as you go.)

3. C (Even though he is educated, he is tired.)

Exercise 4: Rewrite the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Rewrite the following sentences using the provided conjunctions.

1. I want to eat rice. I want to eat beans. (Use da)

2. She is happy. She is tired. (Use amma)

3. You can go. You can stay. (Use ko)

Solutions for Exercise 4[edit | edit source]

1. Ina son cin shinkafa da wake. (I want to eat rice and beans.)

2. Tana farin ciki amma tana gaji. (She is happy but she is tired.)

3. Za ka tafi ko za ka zauna. (You can go or you can stay.)

Exercise 5: Create Your Own Sentences[edit | edit source]

Using the conjunctions you've learned, create five sentences of your own that include at least one conjunction each.

Solutions for Exercise 5[edit | edit source]

(Students will provide their own answers; responses will vary.)

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we explored the foundational elements of conjunctions in Hausa, including their types, usage, and practical examples. Remember that mastering conjunctions will enhance your ability to communicate effectively in Hausa, allowing you to construct more intricate sentences and share your thoughts clearly. Keep practicing with the exercises provided, and soon you'll find yourself using conjunctions with ease and confidence!

Table of Contents - Hausa Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Nouns and Pronouns


Numbers and Time


Verbs and Conjugation


Everyday Activities


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Travel and Tourism


Hausa Customs and Traditions


Shopping and Bargaining


Negation and Questions


Hausa Proverbs and Sayings

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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