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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Javanese|Javanese]]  → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Common Conjunctions</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Javanese|Javanese]]  → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Common Conjunctions</div>
 
In the enchanting world of the Javanese language, conjunctions play a crucial role in weaving together thoughts, ideas, and expressions. Just as a skilled artisan creates a beautiful tapestry, conjunctions tie together words, phrases, or clauses to form coherent and meaningful sentences. Whether you want to express addition, contrast, or alternatives, mastering conjunctions is essential for effective communication.
 
In this lesson, we will explore '''common conjunctions''' used in Javanese, including their meanings and how to use them in sentences. By the end of this lesson, you will feel more confident connecting your ideas and expressing yourself in Javanese.


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Importance of Conjunctions in Javanese ===
 
Conjunctions are the glue of language. They help you connect different parts of speech, allowing your sentences to flow smoothly. In Javanese, conjunctions not only facilitate sentence structure but also enhance the richness of expression. By understanding and using conjunctions, you will be able to engage in conversations more fluidly and express complex ideas with ease.


Welcome to the lesson on common conjunctions in Javanese grammar! In this lesson, we will explore how to use conjunctions to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. Conjunctions play a crucial role in constructing meaningful and coherent sentences, allowing us to express relationships between different parts of a sentence. By mastering the usage of conjunctions, you will be able to convey your thoughts and ideas more effectively in Javanese.
=== Overview of Common Conjunctions ===


Throughout the lesson, we will provide clear explanations, numerous examples, and interactive exercises to help you understand and practice using common conjunctions in Javanese. We will also delve into the cultural aspects of Javanese language and share interesting facts and anecdotes that relate to the topic. So, let's get started!
In Javanese, there are several conjunctions that are commonly used. Here, we will categorize them into three main types based on their function:


== Common Conjunctions ==
* '''Coordinating Conjunctions''': Used to connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance.


Conjunctions are words or phrases that join words, phrases, or clauses together. They serve as connectors to establish relationships between different elements in a sentence. In Javanese, there are several common conjunctions that you can use to express various relationships. Let's explore them one by one.
* '''Subordinating Conjunctions''': Used to connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.


=== Conjunction #1: "Lan" (And) ===
* '''Correlative Conjunctions''': Pairs of conjunctions that work together to connect equivalent elements.


The conjunction "lan" is used to connect two or more words, phrases, or clauses to express addition or continuation. It is equivalent to the English conjunction "and." Here are some examples:
== Coordinating Conjunctions ==
 
Coordinating conjunctions are the most commonly used connections in Javanese. They include words like '''"lan" (and)''', '''"nanging" (but)''', and '''"utawa" (or)'''. Let's take a closer look at each one:
 
=== "lan" (and) ===
 
The conjunction "lan" is used to add information or connect similar ideas. It is similar to the English word "and."


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Aku lan kowe || /ˈaku lan ˈkɔwe/ || I and you
|-
| Dhèwèké seneng mangan lan ngombe || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈsɛnəŋ ˈmaŋan lan ˈŋombɛ/ || He/She likes to eat and drink
|-
|-
| Banjur lan mangkono || bahn-joor lahn mung-koh-noh || First and then
 
| Wong-wong iku padha dolanan lan ngendikan || /ˈwɔŋˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈpadʱa ˈdɔlanan lan ˈŋɛndikan/ || Those people play and talk
 
|-
|-
| Saka Yogyakarta lan Surakarta || sah-kah yo-gyah-kar-ta lahn soo-rah-kar-ta || From Yogyakarta and Surakarta
 
| Aku arep tuku roti lan susu || /ˈaku ˈarɛp ˈtuku ˈroti lan ˈsusu/ || I want to buy bread and milk
 
|-
|-
| Sapa jenengmu lan jenengku? || sah-pah jeh-neng-moo lahn jeh-neng-koo || What is your name and my name?
 
| Kowe kudu sinau lan ngrampungake tugasmu || /ˈkɔwe ˈkudu ˈsinaʊ lan ˈŋrampuŋakɛ ˈtugasˌmu/ || You must study and finish your homework
 
|}
|}


In the first example, "banjur" means "first," and "mangkono" means "then." When we combine them with the conjunction "lan," we get "banjur lan mangkono," which means "first and then." This conjunction is useful when you want to list steps or actions in a sequential order.
=== "nanging" (but) ===


The second example demonstrates the use of "lan" to connect two place names, Yogyakarta and Surakarta. This conjunction allows us to express that something is from both Yogyakarta and Surakarta. It is similar to saying "from Yogyakarta and Surakarta" in English.
The conjunction "nanging" is used to introduce a contrast or exception, similar to the English word "but."


In the last example, "sapa" means "what," "jenengmu" means "your name," and "jenengku" means "my name." Using the conjunction "lan" between "jenengmu" and "jenengku," we can ask the question, "What is your name and my name?"
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English


=== Conjunction #2: "Utawa" (Or) ===
|-


The conjunction "utawa" is used to present alternatives or choices. It is equivalent to the English conjunction "or." Let's look at some examples:
| Aku pengin dolan, nanging aku sibuk || /ˈaku ˈpeŋin ˈdɔlan, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈaku ˈsibuk/ || I want to hang out, but I am busy
 
|-
 
| Dhèwèké pinter, nanging ora percaya diri || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈpintər, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈora pərˈtʃaɪ ˈdiri/ || He/She is smart, but lacks self-confidence
 
|-
 
| Wong iku seneng ngombe, nanging ora seneng mangan || /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈsɛnəŋ ˈŋombɛ, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈora ˈsɛnəŋ ˈmaŋan/ || That person likes to drink, but does not like to eat
 
|-
 
| Aku arep dolan, nanging hujan deres || /ˈaku ˈarɛp ˈdɔlan, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈhuʤan ˈdɛrɛs/ || I want to go out, but it’s raining heavily
 
|-
 
| Kowe bisa nindakake, nanging kudu konsentrasi || /ˈkɔwe ˈbisa ˈnindʱakɛ, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈkudu ˈkɔnsɛnˌtrɑsi/ || You can do it, but you need to concentrate
 
|}
 
=== "utawa" (or) ===
 
The conjunction "utawa" is used to present alternatives, much like the English word "or."


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Kowe arep mangan nasi utawa roti? || /ˈkɔwe ˈarɛp ˈmaŋan ˈnasi ˈutɔra ˈroti/ || Do you want to eat rice or bread?
|-
| Dhèwèké bisa milih buku utawa majalah || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈbisa ˈmiliɦ ˈbuku ˈutɔra ˈmad͡ʒaˌlaɦ/ || He/She can choose a book or a magazine
|-
|-
| Dheweke utawa aku || dheh-weh-kay oo-tah-wah ah-koo || He or I
 
| Aku pengin nonton film utawa dokumenter || /ˈaku ˈpeŋin ˈnɔntɔŋ ˈfilm ˈutɔra ˈdokuˈmɛntɛr/ || I want to watch a movie or a documentary
 
|-
|-
| Mangan nasi utawa mie || mung-gun nah-see oo-tah-wah mee-eh || Eat rice or noodles
 
| Kowe bisa ngunjungi kanca utawa kulawarga || /ˈkɔwe ˈbisa ˈŋunjungi ˈkantsa ˈutɔra kuˈlawarga/ || You can visit a friend or family
 
|-
|-
| Pilih kono utawa ngliwet || pee-leeh koh-noh oo-tah-wah nglee-wet || Choose here or there
 
| Apa kowe pengin ngombe teh utawa kopi? || /ˈapa ˈkɔwe ˈpeŋin ˈŋombɛ ˈtɛh ˈutɔra ˈkɔpi/ || Do you want to drink tea or coffee?
 
|}
|}


In the first example, "dheweke" means "he," and "aku" means "I." By using the conjunction "utawa" between "dheweke" and "aku," we can express the idea of "he or I." It indicates that there are two options, and one of them is either "he" or "I."
== Subordinating Conjunctions ==
 
Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. They help express relationships such as time, reason, or condition. Common subordinating conjunctions in Javanese include '''"amarga" (because)''', '''"nalika" (when)''', and '''"yèn" (if)'''.
 
=== "amarga" (because) ===
 
This conjunction is used to provide reasons or explanations, similar to "because" in English.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Aku ora teka amarga aku lali || /ˈaku ˈora ˈtɛka ˈamarga ˈaku ˈlali/ || I didn’t come because I forgot
 
|-


The second example shows how "utawa" can be used to present food choices. "Mangan" means "eat," "nasi" means "rice," and "mie" means "noodles." By using the conjunction "utawa" between "nasi" and "mie," we can say "eat rice or noodles."
| Dhèwèké seneng sinau amarga dhèwèké pengin sukses || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈsɛnəŋ ˈsinaʊ ˈamarga ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈpeŋin ˈsuksɛs/ || He/She likes to study because he/she wants to succeed


In the last example, "pilih" means "choose," "kono" means "here," and "ngliwet" means "there." With the conjunction "utawa" between "kono" and "ngliwet," we can express the idea of "choose here or there." It implies that there are two options, and one can choose either "here" or "there."
|-


=== Conjunction #3: "Nanging" (But) ===
| Wong iku ora bisa mlaku amarga sikilé lara || /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈora ˈbisa ˈmlaku ˈamarga ˈsikilə ˈlara/ || That person cannot walk because his/her leg hurts


The conjunction "nanging" is used to express contrast or contradiction. It is equivalent to the English conjunction "but." Let's take a look at some examples:
|-
 
| Aku ora mangan amarga aku ora lapar || /ˈaku ˈora ˈmaŋan ˈamarga ˈaku ˈora ˈlapar/ || I don’t eat because I am not hungry
 
|-
 
| Dhèwèké ora teka amarga ana ujian || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈora ˈtɛka ˈamarga ˈana ˈudʒian/ || He/She didn’t come because there is an exam
 
|}
 
=== "nalika" (when) ===
 
This conjunction indicates a specific time or condition, similar to "when" in English.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Kaya nanging loro || kah-yah nahn-ging law-roh || Rich but poor
 
| Aku mangan nalika aku keluwen || /ˈaku ˈmaŋan ˈnalika ˈaku ˈkəluˈwɛn/ || I eat when I am hungry
 
|-
|-
| Seneng nanging sedih || seh-nehng nahn-ging seh-deeh || Happy but sad
 
| Dhèwèké nulis nalika guru marahi || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈnulis ˈnalika ˈguru ˈmarahi/ || He/She writes when the teacher scolds
 
|-
|-
| Padhang nanging wani || pah-dhang nahn-ging wah-nee || Slow but steady
 
| Wong iku dolan nalika liburan || /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈdɔlan ˈnalika ˈlibuˈran/ || That person goes out when it’s vacation
 
|-
 
| Aku sinau nalika ana ujian || /ˈaku ˈsinaʊ ˈnalika ˈana ˈudʒian/ || I study when there is an exam
 
|-
 
| Dhèwèké mangkat nalika srengenge terbit || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈmaŋkat ˈnalika ˈsrɛŋɛŋə ˈtɛrbit/ || He/She leaves when the sun rises
 
|}
|}


In the first example, "kaya" means "rich," and "loro" means "poor." By using the conjunction "nanging" between "kaya" and "loro," we can express the contrast between being rich and being poor. It conveys the idea of "rich but poor."
=== "yèn" (if) ===


The second example demonstrates how "nanging" can be used to express contrasting emotions. "Seneng" means "happy," and "sedih" means "sad." By using the conjunction "nanging" between "seneng" and "sedih," we can convey the idea of "happy but sad."
This conjunction is used to express conditions, similar to "if" in English.


In the last example, "padhang" means "slow," and "wani" means "steady." With the conjunction "nanging" between "padhang" and "wani," we can express the concept of "slow but steady." It highlights the contrast between being slow and being steady.
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Yèn kowe ora teka, aku bakal lunga || /ˈjɛn ˈkɔwe ˈora ˈtɛka, ˈaku ˈbakal ˈluŋa/ || If you don’t come, I will leave
 
|-
 
| Dhèwèké bakal milih yèn ana pilihan liya || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈbakal ˈmiliɦ ˈjɛn ˈana ˈpilihan ˈliˌya/ || He/She will choose if there are other options


=== Conjunction #4: "Sarta" (And) ===
|-


The conjunction "sarta" is another word for "and" in Javanese. It is similar to the conjunction "lan" that we discussed earlier. However, "sarta" is often used in a more formal or literary context. Let's see some examples:
| Wong iku ora nggatekake yèn ora diundang || /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈora ˈŋgɑˈtɛkakɛ ˈjɛn ˈora diˈundang/ || That person does not pay attention if he/she is not invited
 
|-
 
| Aku bakal nindakake yèn kowe butuh bantuan || /ˈaku ˈbakal ˈnindʱakɛ ˈjɛn ˈkɔwe ˈbutuˈh ˈbantuan/ || I will do it if you need help
 
|-
 
| Dhèwèké ora seneng yèn ora ana musik || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈora ˈsɛnəŋ ˈjɛn ˈora ˈana ˈmusɪk/ || He/She does not like it if there is no music
 
|}
 
== Correlative Conjunctions ==
 
Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect equivalent elements. In Javanese, common pairs include '''"ora ... ora" (neither ... nor)''' and '''"kudu ... kudu" (both ... and)'''.
 
=== "ora ... ora" (neither ... nor) ===
 
This conjunction is used to deny two options or choices.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Aku ora mangan ora ngombe || /ˈaku ˈora ˈmaŋan ˈora ˈŋombɛ/ || I neither eat nor drink
|-
|-
| Dheweke sarta aku || dheh-weh-kay sahr-tah ah-koo || He and I
 
| Dhèwèké ora nulis ora maca || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈora ˈnulis ˈora ˈmaca/ || He/She neither writes nor reads
 
|-
|-
| Mangan nasi sarta mie || mung-gun nah-see sahr-tah mee-eh || Eat rice and noodles
 
| Wong iku ora seneng olahraga ora mlaku || /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈora ˈsɛnəŋ ˈolahraga ˈora ˈmlaku/ || That person neither likes sports nor walks
 
|-
|-
| Pilih kono sarta ngliwet || pee-leeh koh-noh sahr-tah nglee-wet || Choose here and there
 
| Aku ora ngerti ora paham || /ˈaku ˈora ˈŋərˈti ˈora ˈpaham/ || I neither understand nor comprehend
 
|-
 
| Dhèwèké ora teka ora nelepon || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈora ˈtɛka ˈora ˈnɛlɛpɔŋ/ || He/She neither comes nor calls
 
|}
|}


In the first example, "dheweke" means "he," and "aku" means "I." By using the conjunction "sarta" between "dheweke" and "aku," we can express the idea of "he and I." It indicates that both "he" and "I" are involved or included.
=== "kudu ... kudu" (both ... and) ===


The second example shows how "sarta" can be used to connect different food items. "Mangan" means "eat," "nasi" means "rice," and "mie" means "noodles." By using the conjunction "sarta" between "nasi" and "mie," we can say "eat rice and noodles."
This conjunction emphasizes that both options or choices apply.


In the last example, "pilih" means "choose," "kono" means "here," and "ngliwet" means "there." With the conjunction "sarta" between "kono" and "ngliwet," we can express the idea of "choose here and there." It implies that both "here" and "there" are valid options for selection.
{| class="wikitable"


== Cultural Insights ==
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English


The usage of conjunctions in Javanese language reflects the cultural values and norms of the Javanese people. Javanese culture emphasizes harmony, balance, and interconnectedness. As a result, the Javanese language places great importance on expressing relationships between different elements in a sentence through the use of conjunctions.
|-


In Javanese society, cooperation and collaboration are highly valued. The conjunctions "lan" and "sarta" embody these values by connecting words, phrases, or clauses to express addition, continuation, or inclusion. By using these conjunctions, Javanese speakers emphasize the idea of working together and considering multiple perspectives.
| Kowe kudu sinau kudu kerja || /ˈkɔwe ˈkudu ˈsinaʊ ˈkudu ˈkərdʒa/ || You must study and work


On the other hand, the conjunctions "utawa" and "nanging" signify the existence of choices, contrasts, and contradictions. Javanese culture recognizes that life is not always straightforward and presents individuals with various options and challenges. These conjunctions allow Javanese speakers to acknowledge and express alternative possibilities and opposing ideas.
|-


== Practice Exercises ==
| Dhèwèké kudu mangan kudu ngombe || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈkudu ˈmaŋan ˈkudu ˈŋombɛ/ || He/She must eat and drink


Now, let's practice using common conjunctions in Javanese! Complete the following exercises by filling in the blanks with the appropriate conjunctions.
|-


Exercise 1: Connect the words or phrases using the correct conjunction:
| Wong iku kudu nggatekake kudu nindakake || /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈkudu ˈŋgɑˈtɛkakɛ ˈkudu ˈnindʱakɛ/ || That person must pay attention and do it
1. Kembang _____ bunga. (flower and fruit)
2. Mangan kanggo _____ ngombe. (eat for drink)
3. Aku _____ dheweke. (me and him)


Exercise 2: Choose the correct conjunction to complete the sentence:
|-
1. Aku suka ______ mlayu. (I like coffee or tea)
2. Dheweke cepet ______ wani. (He is fast but steady)
3. Mangan nasi ______ mie. (Eat rice and noodles)


Exercise 3: Translate the following sentences into Javanese:
| Aku kudu sinau kudu ngulang || /ˈaku ˈkudu ˈsinaʊ ˈkudu ˈŋulang/ || I must study and revise
1. She is beautiful but shy.
2. Choose between red or blue.
3. We eat rice and vegetables.


== Solutions ==
|-


Exercise 1:
| Dhèwèké kudu nyiapake kudu ngurus || /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈkudu ˈɲiaˈpake ˈkudu ˈŋurus/ || He/She must prepare and manage
1. Kembang lan bunga.
2. Mangan kanggo lan ngombe.
3. Aku lan dheweke.


Exercise 2:
|}
1. Aku suka utawa mlayu.
2. Dheweke cepet nanging wani.
3. Mangan nasi sarta mie.


Exercise 3:
== Exercises ==
1. Dheweke ayu nanging malu.
2. Pilih antara abang utawa biru.
3. Kita mangan nasi lan sayur.


Congratulations on completing the exercises! You are making great progress in learning Javanese grammar. Keep practicing and exploring the cultural aspects of the language to deepen your understanding and fluency.
Now that you've learned about common conjunctions in Javanese, let's put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises to help you practice using these conjunctions effectively.
 
=== Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks ===
 
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate conjunction (lan, nanging, or utara).
 
1. Aku seneng dolan _____ aku ora duwe dhuwit.
 
2. Dhèwèké pinter, _____ ora seneng sinau.
 
3. Kowe bisa milih kopi _____ teh.
 
4. Aku arep mangan _____ aku lagi laper.
 
5. Wong iku ora teka, _____ ana masalah.
 
=== Exercise 2: Translate the Sentences ===
 
Translate the following sentences into Javanese using the right conjunctions.
 
1. I want to eat, but I am not hungry.
 
2. Do you want to drink tea or coffee?
 
3. He likes to play, but he doesn’t like to study.
 
4. If you come, I will be happy.
 
5. I neither understand nor comprehend.
 
=== Exercise 3: Sentence Construction ===
 
Create sentences using the conjunctions given.
 
1. (lan) - "Aku, kowe, lan dhèwèké..."
 
2. (nanging) - "Aku arep lunga, nanging..."
 
3. (utawa) - "Kowe milih buku utawa..."
 
4. (amarga) - "Aku ora teka amarga..."
 
5. (nalika) - "Dhèwèké nulis nalika..."
 
=== Exercise 4: Match the Sentences ===
 
Match the Javanese sentences with their English translations.
 
| Javanese Sentence | English Translation |
 
|---|---|
 
| Aku ora mangan ora ngombe. | A. I will do it if you need help. |
 
| Yèn kowe ora teka, aku bakal lunga. | B. He/She neither eats nor drinks. |
 
| Aku ora ngerti ora paham. | C. I neither understand nor comprehend. |
 
| Kowe ora seneng olahraga nanging... | D. You must study and work. |
 
=== Exercise 5: Create a Dialogue ===
 
Write a short dialogue between two characters using at least five conjunctions learned in this lesson.
 
== Solutions and Explanations ==
 
=== Solution to Exercise 1 ===
 
1. lan
 
2. nanging
 
3. utawa
 
4. lan
 
5. nanging
 
=== Solution to Exercise 2 ===
 
1. Aku arep mangan, nanging aku ora laper.
 
2. Kowe pengin ngombe teh utawa kopi?
 
3. Dhèwèké seneng dolan, nanging ora seneng sinau.
 
4. Yèn kowe teka, aku bakal seneng.
 
5. Aku ora ngerti ora paham.
 
=== Solution to Exercise 3 ===
 
1. Aku, kowe, lan dhèwèké arep dolan bareng.
 
2. Aku arep lunga, nanging aku ora ngerti dalan.
 
3. Kowe milih buku utawa majalah.
 
4. Aku ora teka amarga aku lali.
 
5. Dhèwèké nulis nalika guru marahi.
 
=== Solution to Exercise 4 ===
 
| Javanese Sentence | English Translation |
 
|---|---|
 
| Aku ora mangan ora ngombe. | B. He/She neither eats nor drinks. |
 
| Yèn kowe ora teka, aku bakal lunga. | A. I will do it if you need help. |
 
| Aku ora ngerti ora paham. | C. I neither understand nor comprehend. |
 
| Kowe ora seneng olahraga nanging... | D. You must study and work. |
 
=== Solution to Exercise 5 ===
 
*Character 1: Aku arep dolan, nanging aku ora duwe dhuwit.
 
*Character 2: Kowe bisa milih buku utawa majalah.
 
*Character 1: Aku kudu sinau, nanging aku pengin ngunjungi kanca.
 
*Character 2: Yèn kowe ora teka, aku bakal lunga dhewe.
 
As we conclude this lesson on common conjunctions in Javanese, remember that practice makes perfect! Keep using these conjunctions in your conversations, and soon enough, you’ll be connecting your thoughts with ease. Happy learning!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Javanese Grammar → Prepositions and Conjunctions → Common Conjunctions
 
|keywords=Javanese grammar, Javanese conjunctions, common conjunctions in Javanese, Javanese language, Javanese culture
|title=Javanese Grammar: Common Conjunctions
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use common conjunctions in Javanese to connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence. Explore the cultural insights and practice exercises to enhance your understanding of Javanese grammar.
 
|keywords=Javanese conjunctions, learn Javanese, Javanese language, coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about common conjunctions in Javanese, including their meanings and how to use them in sentences to connect ideas effectively.
 
}}
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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 04:50, 2 August 2024

◀️ Basic Prepositions — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Politeness Levels ▶️

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Javanese → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Common Conjunctions

In the enchanting world of the Javanese language, conjunctions play a crucial role in weaving together thoughts, ideas, and expressions. Just as a skilled artisan creates a beautiful tapestry, conjunctions tie together words, phrases, or clauses to form coherent and meaningful sentences. Whether you want to express addition, contrast, or alternatives, mastering conjunctions is essential for effective communication.

In this lesson, we will explore common conjunctions used in Javanese, including their meanings and how to use them in sentences. By the end of this lesson, you will feel more confident connecting your ideas and expressing yourself in Javanese.

Importance of Conjunctions in Javanese[edit | edit source]

Conjunctions are the glue of language. They help you connect different parts of speech, allowing your sentences to flow smoothly. In Javanese, conjunctions not only facilitate sentence structure but also enhance the richness of expression. By understanding and using conjunctions, you will be able to engage in conversations more fluidly and express complex ideas with ease.

Overview of Common Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

In Javanese, there are several conjunctions that are commonly used. Here, we will categorize them into three main types based on their function:

  • Coordinating Conjunctions: Used to connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal importance.
  • Subordinating Conjunctions: Used to connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.
  • Correlative Conjunctions: Pairs of conjunctions that work together to connect equivalent elements.

Coordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Coordinating conjunctions are the most commonly used connections in Javanese. They include words like "lan" (and), "nanging" (but), and "utawa" (or). Let's take a closer look at each one:

"lan" (and)[edit | edit source]

The conjunction "lan" is used to add information or connect similar ideas. It is similar to the English word "and."

Javanese Pronunciation English
Aku lan kowe /ˈaku lan ˈkɔwe/ I and you
Dhèwèké seneng mangan lan ngombe /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈsɛnəŋ ˈmaŋan lan ˈŋombɛ/ He/She likes to eat and drink
Wong-wong iku padha dolanan lan ngendikan /ˈwɔŋˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈpadʱa ˈdɔlanan lan ˈŋɛndikan/ Those people play and talk
Aku arep tuku roti lan susu /ˈaku ˈarɛp ˈtuku ˈroti lan ˈsusu/ I want to buy bread and milk
Kowe kudu sinau lan ngrampungake tugasmu /ˈkɔwe ˈkudu ˈsinaʊ lan ˈŋrampuŋakɛ ˈtugasˌmu/ You must study and finish your homework

"nanging" (but)[edit | edit source]

The conjunction "nanging" is used to introduce a contrast or exception, similar to the English word "but."

Javanese Pronunciation English
Aku pengin dolan, nanging aku sibuk /ˈaku ˈpeŋin ˈdɔlan, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈaku ˈsibuk/ I want to hang out, but I am busy
Dhèwèké pinter, nanging ora percaya diri /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈpintər, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈora pərˈtʃaɪ ˈdiri/ He/She is smart, but lacks self-confidence
Wong iku seneng ngombe, nanging ora seneng mangan /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈsɛnəŋ ˈŋombɛ, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈora ˈsɛnəŋ ˈmaŋan/ That person likes to drink, but does not like to eat
Aku arep dolan, nanging hujan deres /ˈaku ˈarɛp ˈdɔlan, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈhuʤan ˈdɛrɛs/ I want to go out, but it’s raining heavily
Kowe bisa nindakake, nanging kudu konsentrasi /ˈkɔwe ˈbisa ˈnindʱakɛ, ˈnaŋiŋ ˈkudu ˈkɔnsɛnˌtrɑsi/ You can do it, but you need to concentrate

"utawa" (or)[edit | edit source]

The conjunction "utawa" is used to present alternatives, much like the English word "or."

Javanese Pronunciation English
Kowe arep mangan nasi utawa roti? /ˈkɔwe ˈarɛp ˈmaŋan ˈnasi ˈutɔra ˈroti/ Do you want to eat rice or bread?
Dhèwèké bisa milih buku utawa majalah /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈbisa ˈmiliɦ ˈbuku ˈutɔra ˈmad͡ʒaˌlaɦ/ He/She can choose a book or a magazine
Aku pengin nonton film utawa dokumenter /ˈaku ˈpeŋin ˈnɔntɔŋ ˈfilm ˈutɔra ˈdokuˈmɛntɛr/ I want to watch a movie or a documentary
Kowe bisa ngunjungi kanca utawa kulawarga /ˈkɔwe ˈbisa ˈŋunjungi ˈkantsa ˈutɔra kuˈlawarga/ You can visit a friend or family
Apa kowe pengin ngombe teh utawa kopi? /ˈapa ˈkɔwe ˈpeŋin ˈŋombɛ ˈtɛh ˈutɔra ˈkɔpi/ Do you want to drink tea or coffee?

Subordinating Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Subordinating conjunctions are used to connect a dependent clause to an independent clause. They help express relationships such as time, reason, or condition. Common subordinating conjunctions in Javanese include "amarga" (because), "nalika" (when), and "yèn" (if).

"amarga" (because)[edit | edit source]

This conjunction is used to provide reasons or explanations, similar to "because" in English.

Javanese Pronunciation English
Aku ora teka amarga aku lali /ˈaku ˈora ˈtɛka ˈamarga ˈaku ˈlali/ I didn’t come because I forgot
Dhèwèké seneng sinau amarga dhèwèké pengin sukses /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈsɛnəŋ ˈsinaʊ ˈamarga ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈpeŋin ˈsuksɛs/ He/She likes to study because he/she wants to succeed
Wong iku ora bisa mlaku amarga sikilé lara /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈora ˈbisa ˈmlaku ˈamarga ˈsikilə ˈlara/ That person cannot walk because his/her leg hurts
Aku ora mangan amarga aku ora lapar /ˈaku ˈora ˈmaŋan ˈamarga ˈaku ˈora ˈlapar/ I don’t eat because I am not hungry
Dhèwèké ora teka amarga ana ujian /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈora ˈtɛka ˈamarga ˈana ˈudʒian/ He/She didn’t come because there is an exam

"nalika" (when)[edit | edit source]

This conjunction indicates a specific time or condition, similar to "when" in English.

Javanese Pronunciation English
Aku mangan nalika aku keluwen /ˈaku ˈmaŋan ˈnalika ˈaku ˈkəluˈwɛn/ I eat when I am hungry
Dhèwèké nulis nalika guru marahi /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈnulis ˈnalika ˈguru ˈmarahi/ He/She writes when the teacher scolds
Wong iku dolan nalika liburan /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈdɔlan ˈnalika ˈlibuˈran/ That person goes out when it’s vacation
Aku sinau nalika ana ujian /ˈaku ˈsinaʊ ˈnalika ˈana ˈudʒian/ I study when there is an exam
Dhèwèké mangkat nalika srengenge terbit /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈmaŋkat ˈnalika ˈsrɛŋɛŋə ˈtɛrbit/ He/She leaves when the sun rises

"yèn" (if)[edit | edit source]

This conjunction is used to express conditions, similar to "if" in English.

Javanese Pronunciation English
Yèn kowe ora teka, aku bakal lunga /ˈjɛn ˈkɔwe ˈora ˈtɛka, ˈaku ˈbakal ˈluŋa/ If you don’t come, I will leave
Dhèwèké bakal milih yèn ana pilihan liya /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈbakal ˈmiliɦ ˈjɛn ˈana ˈpilihan ˈliˌya/ He/She will choose if there are other options
Wong iku ora nggatekake yèn ora diundang /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈora ˈŋgɑˈtɛkakɛ ˈjɛn ˈora diˈundang/ That person does not pay attention if he/she is not invited
Aku bakal nindakake yèn kowe butuh bantuan /ˈaku ˈbakal ˈnindʱakɛ ˈjɛn ˈkɔwe ˈbutuˈh ˈbantuan/ I will do it if you need help
Dhèwèké ora seneng yèn ora ana musik /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈora ˈsɛnəŋ ˈjɛn ˈora ˈana ˈmusɪk/ He/She does not like it if there is no music

Correlative Conjunctions[edit | edit source]

Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect equivalent elements. In Javanese, common pairs include "ora ... ora" (neither ... nor) and "kudu ... kudu" (both ... and).

"ora ... ora" (neither ... nor)[edit | edit source]

This conjunction is used to deny two options or choices.

Javanese Pronunciation English
Aku ora mangan ora ngombe /ˈaku ˈora ˈmaŋan ˈora ˈŋombɛ/ I neither eat nor drink
Dhèwèké ora nulis ora maca /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈora ˈnulis ˈora ˈmaca/ He/She neither writes nor reads
Wong iku ora seneng olahraga ora mlaku /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈora ˈsɛnəŋ ˈolahraga ˈora ˈmlaku/ That person neither likes sports nor walks
Aku ora ngerti ora paham /ˈaku ˈora ˈŋərˈti ˈora ˈpaham/ I neither understand nor comprehend
Dhèwèké ora teka ora nelepon /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈora ˈtɛka ˈora ˈnɛlɛpɔŋ/ He/She neither comes nor calls

"kudu ... kudu" (both ... and)[edit | edit source]

This conjunction emphasizes that both options or choices apply.

Javanese Pronunciation English
Kowe kudu sinau kudu kerja /ˈkɔwe ˈkudu ˈsinaʊ ˈkudu ˈkərdʒa/ You must study and work
Dhèwèké kudu mangan kudu ngombe /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈkudu ˈmaŋan ˈkudu ˈŋombɛ/ He/She must eat and drink
Wong iku kudu nggatekake kudu nindakake /ˈwɔŋ ˈiku ˈkudu ˈŋgɑˈtɛkakɛ ˈkudu ˈnindʱakɛ/ That person must pay attention and do it
Aku kudu sinau kudu ngulang /ˈaku ˈkudu ˈsinaʊ ˈkudu ˈŋulang/ I must study and revise
Dhèwèké kudu nyiapake kudu ngurus /ˈdʱɛwɛˈkɛ ˈkudu ˈɲiaˈpake ˈkudu ˈŋurus/ He/She must prepare and manage

Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that you've learned about common conjunctions in Javanese, let's put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises to help you practice using these conjunctions effectively.

Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate conjunction (lan, nanging, or utara).

1. Aku seneng dolan _____ aku ora duwe dhuwit.

2. Dhèwèké pinter, _____ ora seneng sinau.

3. Kowe bisa milih kopi _____ teh.

4. Aku arep mangan _____ aku lagi laper.

5. Wong iku ora teka, _____ ana masalah.

Exercise 2: Translate the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentences into Javanese using the right conjunctions.

1. I want to eat, but I am not hungry.

2. Do you want to drink tea or coffee?

3. He likes to play, but he doesn’t like to study.

4. If you come, I will be happy.

5. I neither understand nor comprehend.

Exercise 3: Sentence Construction[edit | edit source]

Create sentences using the conjunctions given.

1. (lan) - "Aku, kowe, lan dhèwèké..."

2. (nanging) - "Aku arep lunga, nanging..."

3. (utawa) - "Kowe milih buku utawa..."

4. (amarga) - "Aku ora teka amarga..."

5. (nalika) - "Dhèwèké nulis nalika..."

Exercise 4: Match the Sentences[edit | edit source]

Match the Javanese sentences with their English translations.

| Javanese Sentence | English Translation |

|---|---|

| Aku ora mangan ora ngombe. | A. I will do it if you need help. |

| Yèn kowe ora teka, aku bakal lunga. | B. He/She neither eats nor drinks. |

| Aku ora ngerti ora paham. | C. I neither understand nor comprehend. |

| Kowe ora seneng olahraga nanging... | D. You must study and work. |

Exercise 5: Create a Dialogue[edit | edit source]

Write a short dialogue between two characters using at least five conjunctions learned in this lesson.

Solutions and Explanations[edit | edit source]

Solution to Exercise 1[edit | edit source]

1. lan

2. nanging

3. utawa

4. lan

5. nanging

Solution to Exercise 2[edit | edit source]

1. Aku arep mangan, nanging aku ora laper.

2. Kowe pengin ngombe teh utawa kopi?

3. Dhèwèké seneng dolan, nanging ora seneng sinau.

4. Yèn kowe teka, aku bakal seneng.

5. Aku ora ngerti ora paham.

Solution to Exercise 3[edit | edit source]

1. Aku, kowe, lan dhèwèké arep dolan bareng.

2. Aku arep lunga, nanging aku ora ngerti dalan.

3. Kowe milih buku utawa majalah.

4. Aku ora teka amarga aku lali.

5. Dhèwèké nulis nalika guru marahi.

Solution to Exercise 4[edit | edit source]

| Javanese Sentence | English Translation |

|---|---|

| Aku ora mangan ora ngombe. | B. He/She neither eats nor drinks. |

| Yèn kowe ora teka, aku bakal lunga. | A. I will do it if you need help. |

| Aku ora ngerti ora paham. | C. I neither understand nor comprehend. |

| Kowe ora seneng olahraga nanging... | D. You must study and work. |

Solution to Exercise 5[edit | edit source]

  • Character 1: Aku arep dolan, nanging aku ora duwe dhuwit.
  • Character 2: Kowe bisa milih buku utawa majalah.
  • Character 1: Aku kudu sinau, nanging aku pengin ngunjungi kanca.
  • Character 2: Yèn kowe ora teka, aku bakal lunga dhewe.

As we conclude this lesson on common conjunctions in Javanese, remember that practice makes perfect! Keep using these conjunctions in your conversations, and soon enough, you’ll be connecting your thoughts with ease. Happy learning!

Table of Contents - Javanese Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Sentence Structure


Numbers and Time


Nouns and Pronouns


Family and Relationships


Verbs and Tenses


Food and Drinks


Adjectives and Adverbs


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Javanese Customs and Etiquette

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Basic Prepositions — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Politeness Levels ▶️

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