Difference between revisions of "Language/German/Grammar/Declension"
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You may wonder if “-en” will lead to confusion. You can find the clue why it won't in this page. | |||
=== No declension === | === No declension === |
Revision as of 18:22, 2 February 2019
It is recommended to use a color temperature adjuster such as Redshift when viewing, because I choose the colors with it on.
The function of declension is to indicate the case, the number (grammatical) and the gender of the noun.
There should always be one or two words in the sentence showing the case, number and gender clearly. Not distinctively clear, but clear enough.
This lesson is nearing complete.
Adjective with determiner
Declensions happen to attributive adjectives.
It is more effective to memorise adjective declensions with determiners.
Weak declension
Weak declension is used when the preceding determiner indicates the case, gender and number of the noun.
For the determiner, it is a strong declension.
Definite article + adjective
der (definite article) neue
the new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | der neue | das neue | die neue | die neuen |
accusative | den neuen | das neue | die neue | die neuen |
dative | dem neuen | dem neuen | der neuen | den neuen |
genitive | des neuen | des neuen | der neuen | der neuen |
Mixed declension
Mixed declension is used when the preceding determiner is an indefinite article or a possessive pronoun.
For the determiner, it is a strong declension.
Indefinite article + adjective
ein (indefinite article) neuer
a new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | ein neuer | ein neues | eine neue |
accusative | einen neuen | ein neues | eine neue |
dative | einem neuen | einem neuen | einer neuen |
genitive | eines neuen | eines neuen | einer neuen |
kein (indefinite article) neuer
no new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | kein neuer | kein neues | keine neue | keine neuen |
accusative | keinen neuen | kein neues | keine neue | keine neuen |
dative | keinem neuen | keinem neuen | keiner neuen | keinen neuen |
genitive | keines neuen | keines neuen | keiner neuen | keiner neuen |
Possessive pronoun + adjective
mein neuer
my new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | mein neuer | mein neues | meine neue | meine neuen |
accusative | meinen neuen | mein neues | meine neue | meine neuen |
dative | meinem neuen | meinem neuen | meiner neuen | meinen neuen |
genitive | meines neuen | meines neuen | meiner neuen | meiner neuen |
dein neuer
your new (singular informal)
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | dein neuer | dein neues | deine neue | deine neuen |
accusative | dein neuen | dein neues | deine neue | deine neuen |
dative | deinem neuen | deinem neuen | deiner neuen | deinen neuen |
genitive | deines neuen | deines neuen | deiner neuen | deiner neuen |
sein neuer
his new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | sein neuer | sein neues | seine neue | seine neuen |
accusative | seinen neuen | sein neues | seine neue | seine neuen |
dative | seinem neuen | seinem neuen | seiner neuen | seinen neuen |
genitive | seines neuen | seines neuen | seiner neuen | seiner neuen |
ihr neuer
her new; its new; one's new; their new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | ihr neuer | ihr neues | ihre neue | ihre neuen |
accusative | ihren neuen | ihr neues | ihre neue | ihre neuen |
dative | ihrem neuen | ihrem neuen | ihrer neuen | ihren neuen |
genitive | ihres neuen | ihres neuen | ihrer neuen | ihrer neuen |
Ihr neuer
your new (formal)
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | Ihr neuer | Ihr neues | Ihre neue | Ihre neuen |
accusative | Ihren neuen | Ihr neues | Ihre neue | Ihre neuen |
dative | Ihrem neuen | Ihrem neuen | Ihrer neuen | Ihren neuen |
genitive | Ihres neuen | Ihres neuen | Ihrer neuen | Ihrer neuen |
unser neuer
our new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | unser neuer | unser neues | unsere neue
unsre neue |
unsere neuen
unsre neuen |
accusative | unseren neuen
unsern neuen unsren neuen |
unser neues | unsere neue
unsre neue |
unsere neuen
unsre neuen |
dative | unserem neuen
unserm neuen unsrem neuen |
unserem neuen
unserm neuen unsrem neuen |
unserer neuen
unsrer neuen |
unseren neuen
unsern neuen unsren neuen |
genitive | unseres neuen
unsres neuen |
unseres neuen
unsres neuen |
unserer neuen
unsrer neuen |
unserer neuen
unsrer neuen |
euer neuer
your new (plural informal)
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | euer neuer | euer neues | eure neue
euere neue |
eure neuen
euere neuen |
accusative | eueren neuen
euren neuen |
eueres neues
eures neues |
eure neue
euere neue |
eure neuen
euere neuen |
dative | euerem neuen
eurem neuen |
euerem neuen
eurem neuen |
euerer neuen
eurer neuen |
eueren neuen
euren neuen |
genitive | eueres neuen
eures neuen |
eueres neuen
eures neuen |
euerer neuen
eurer neuen |
euerer neuen
eurer neuen |
Strong declension
Strong declension is used when there is no preceding determiner or the determiner can't fully indicate the case, gender and number of the noun.
For the determiner, it is not a strong declension.
Adjective
neuer
new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | neuer | neues | neue | neue |
accusative | neuen | neues | neue | neue |
dative | neuem | neuem | neuer | neuen |
genitive | neuen | neuen | neuer | neuer |
You may wonder if “-en” will lead to confusion. You can find the clue why it won't in this page.
No declension
Declension doesn't happen to predicative adjectives.
is new / are new
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | ist neu | sind neu | ||
accusative | ||||
dative | ||||
genitive |
Special adjective
Article
Definite article
Declension of definite article have been described above.
Indefinite article
Declension of indefinite article have been described above.
Noun
Regular declension
For masculine singular and neuter singular (both singular), an “-s” or “-es” is added in genitive accordingly. If it ends with “-z” or “-s”, that will likely be “-es”; otherwise “-s”. Sometimes both are accepted.
For plural, an “-n” or “-en” is often added in dative accordingly. If it ends with “-z” or “-s”, that will likely be “-en”; if it ends with “-n”, then “-n” or “-en” is not to be added; otherwise “-n”.
spoon, knife, fork, glasses
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | Löffel | Messer | Gabel | Gläser |
accusative | Löffel | Messer | Gabel | Gläser |
dative | Löffel | Messer | Gabel | Gläsern |
genitive | Löffels | Messers | Gabel | Gläser |
N-declension
For weak masculine singular nouns and several neuter singular nouns, the declension is adding “-n” or “-en” accordingly at the end in accusative, dative and genitive. If it ends with “-e”, that will likely be “-n”; otherwise “-en”.
student
masculine singular | |
---|---|
nominative | Student |
accusative | Studenten |
dative | Studenten |
genitive | Studenten |
Several words have an additional “regular declension” after common N-declension in single form.
name
masculine singular | |
---|---|
nominative | Name |
accusative | Namen |
dative | Namen |
genitive | Namens |
There is a notable exception, with accusative unchanged: Herz
heart
neuter singular | |
---|---|
nominative | Herz |
accusative | Herz |
dative | Herzen |
genitive | Herzens |
Pronoun
Personal pronoun
1st-person singular | 2nd-person singular informal | 3rd-person singular masculine singular | 3rd-person singular feminine singular | 3rd-person singular neuter singular | 1st-person plural | 2nd-person plural informal | 3rd-person plural | 2nd-person formal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | ich | du | er | sie | es | wir | ihr | sie | Sie |
accusative | mich | dich | ihn | sie | es | uns | euch | sie | Sie |
dative | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen |
genitive | meiner | deiner | seiner | ihrer | seiner | unser | euer | ihrer | Ihrer |
Reflexive pronoun
1st-person singular | 2nd-person singular informal | 3rd-person singular masculine singular | 3rd-person singular feminine singular | 3rd-person singular neuter singular | 1st-person plural | 2nd-person plural informal | 3rd-person plural | 2nd-person formal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | ich | du | er | sie | es | wir | ihr | sie | Sie |
accusative | mich | dich | sich | sich | sich | uns | euch | sich | sich |
dative | mir | dir | sich | sich | sich | uns | euch | sich | sich |
Reciprocal pronoun
1st-person | 2nd-person | 3rd-person | |
---|---|---|---|
accusative | einander | einander | einander |
dative | einander | einander | einander |
genitive | einander | einander | einander |
Possessive pronoun
Declensions of possessive pronouns is determined by its function:
- Weak declension: possessive pronoun is predicative and has a preceding declensional determiner.
- Mixed declension: possessive pronoun is predicative and has no preceding declensional determiner.
- Strong declension: possessive pronoun is attributive.
Declensions of possessive pronouns have been described above. Its differences of declensions follow the pattern of adjectives'. If you want to see the charts, go to GermanVeryEasy.
Demonstrative pronoun
der (demonstrative pronoun)
that
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | der | das | die | die |
accusative | den | das | die | die |
dative | dem | dem | der | denen |
genitive | dessen | dessen | deren | deren |
derselbe
the same
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | derselbe | dasselbe | dieselbe | dieselben |
accusative | denselben | dasselbe | dieselbe | dieselben |
dative | demselben | demselben | derselben | denselben |
genitive | desselben | desselben | derselben | derselben |
derjenige
the one
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | derjenige | dasjenige | diejenige | diejenige |
accusative | denjenige | dasjenige | diejenige | diejenige |
dative | demjenige | demjenige | derjenige | denjenige |
genitive | desjenige | desjenige | derjenige | derjenige |
dieser
this one; that one
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | dieser | dieses | diese | diese |
accusative | diesen | dieses | diese | diese |
dative | diesem | diesem | dieser | diesen |
genitive | dieses | dieses | dieser | dieser |
jener
that one (formal)
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | jener | jenes | jene | jene |
accusative | jenen | jenes | jene | jene |
dative | jenem | jenem | jener | jenen |
genitive | jenes | jenes | jener | jener |
solcher
such a, such
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | solcher | solches | solche | solche |
accusative | solchen | solches | solche | solche |
dative | solchem | solchem | solcher | solchen |
genitive | solchen | solchen | solcher | solcher |
Distributive pronoun
jeglicher neue
any; each, every
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | jeglicher | jegliches | jegliche |
accusative | jeglichen | jegliches | jegliche |
dative | jeglichem | jeglichem | jeglicher |
genitive | jegliches | jegliches | jeglicher |
jeder neue
each, every
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | jeder | jedes | jede |
accusative | jeden | jedes | jede |
dative | jedem | jedem | jeder |
genitive | jedes | jedes | jeder |
Interrogative pronoun
welcher neue
which, what
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | welcher | welches | welche | welche |
accusative | welchen | welches | welche | welche |
dative | welchem | welchem | welcher | welchen |
genitive | welches
welchen |
welches
welchen |
welcher | welcher |
wer / was
who / what
personal | impersonal | |
---|---|---|
nominative | wer | was |
accusative | wen | was |
dative | wem | |
genitive | wessen |
Indefinite pronoun
ein (indefinite pronoun)
one
masculine | neuter | feminine | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | einer | eines
eins |
eine |
accusative | einen | eines
eins |
eine |
dative | einem | einem | einer |
genitive | eines | eines | einer |
kein (indefinite pronoun)
no one
masculine | neuter | feminine | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | keiner | keines
keins |
keine |
accusative | keinen | keines
keins |
keine |
dative | keinem | keinem | keiner |
genitive | keines | keines | keiner |
man
one
singular | |
---|---|
nominative | man |
accusative | einen |
dative | einem |
genitive | sein |
jemand
someone, somebody
singular | |
---|---|
nominative | jemand |
accusative | jemanden
jemand |
dative | jemandem
jemand |
genitive | jemandes
jemands |
niemand
no one, nobody
singular | |
---|---|
nominative | niemand |
accusative | niemanden
niemand |
dative | niemandem
niemand |
genitive | niemandes
niemands |
aller
all
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | aller | alles | alle | alle |
accusative | allen | alles | alle | alle |
dative | allem | allem | aller | allen |
genitive | alles
allen |
alles
allen |
aller | aller |
beide
both
plural | |
---|---|
nominative | beide |
accusative | beide |
dative | beiden |
genitive | beider |
einige
some
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | einiger | einiges | einige | einige |
accusative | einigen | einiges | einige | einige |
dative | einigem | einigem | einiger | einigen |
genitive | einiges | einiges | einiger | einiger |
mancher
many a, many, some
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | mancher | manches | manche | manche |
accusative | manchen | manches | manche | manche |
dative | manchem | manchem | mancher | manchen |
genitive | manches
manchen |
manches
manchen |
mancher | mancher |
Relative pronoun
der (relative pronoun)
masculine singular | neuter singular | feminine singular | plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | der | das | die | die |
accusative | den | das | die | die |
dative | dem | dem | der | denen |
genitive | dessen | dessen | deren | deren |
More information
If you are interested, you can see what declensions of its early forms the look like:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_High_German#Grammar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German_declension
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaic_Dutch_declension
Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_declension
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nouns#Declension_for_case
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_adjectives#Weak,_mixed,_and_strong_inflection
https://deutsch.lingolia.com/en/grammar
https://www.germanveryeasy.com/noun-declension
https://www.germanveryeasy.com/adjective-declension