Difference between revisions of "Language/Polish/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation"

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==Polish Alphabet and IPA Pronunciation==
==Polish Alphabet and IPA Pronunciation==
{| class="wikitable"
!Upper
case
!Lower
case
!Polish name
!Usual value
!Rough English (or
other) equivalent
!Other values
|-
|'''A'''
|'''a'''
|''a''
|/ä/
|l'''a'''rge
|More frontal [a] between palatal or palatalized consonants
|-
|'''Ą'''
|'''ą'''
|''ą''
|/ɔw̃/
|''nasal '''o''''', denouem'''ent'''
|[ɔn], [ɔŋ], [ɔm]; becomes /ɔ/ before /w/ (see ''Nasal vowels'')
|-
|'''B'''
|'''b'''
|''be''
|/b/
|'''b'''ed
|[p] when devoiced
|-
|'''C'''
|'''c'''
|''ce''
|/t̪͡s̪/
|pi'''ts'''
|[d̪͡z̪] if voiced. For ''ch, ci, cz'' see Digraphs
|-
|'''Ć'''
|'''ć'''
|''cie''
|/t͡ɕ/
|'''ch'''eap (alveolo-palatal)
|[d͡ʑ] if voiced
|-
|'''D'''
|'''d'''
|''de''
|/d̪/
|'''d'''og
|[d̺] before /d͡ʐ/; [t̪] when devoiced; [t̺] before /t͡ʂ/. For ''dz'' etc. see Digraphs
|-
|'''E'''
|'''e'''
|''e''
|/ɛ/
|b'''e'''d
|[e] between palatal or palatalized consonants
|-
|'''Ę'''
|'''ę'''
|''ę''
|/ɛw̃/
|''nasal '''e'''''
|[ɛn], [ɛŋ], [ɛm]; becomes /ɛ/ word-finally and before /w/ (see ''Nasal vowels'')
|-
|'''F'''
|'''f'''
|''ef''
|/f/
|'''f'''ingers
|[v] if voiced
|-
|'''G'''
|'''g'''
|''gie''
|/ɡ/
|'''g'''o
|[k] when devoiced. For ''gi'' see Digraphs
|-
|'''H'''
|'''h'''
|''ha''
|/x/
|Scots ''lo'''ch'''''
|[ɣ] if voiced, may be glottal [ɦ] in a small number of dialects. For ''ch'' and ''(c)hi'' see Digraphs
|-
|'''I'''
|'''i'''
|''i''
|/i/
|m'''ee'''t
|[j] before a consonant; marks palatization of the preceding consonant before a vowel (see ''Spelling rules'')
|-
|'''J'''
|'''j'''
|''jot''
|/j/
|'''y'''es
|
|-
|'''K'''
|'''k'''
|''ka''
|/k/
|'''k'''ing
|[ɡ] if voiced. For ''ki'' see Digraphs
|-
|'''L'''
|'''l'''
|''el''
|/l/
|'''l'''ight
|May be [lʲ] instead in eastern dialects
|-
|'''Ł'''
|'''ł'''
|''eł''
|/w/
|'''w'''ill
|May be [ɫ̪] instead in eastern dialects
|-
|'''M'''
|'''m'''
|''em''
|/m/
|'''m'''en
|[ɱ] before labiodental consonants
|-
|'''N'''
|'''n'''
|''en''
|/n̪/
|'''n'''ot
|[n̺] before /t͡ʂ d͡ʐ/; can be [ŋ] before /k ɡ/. For ''ni'' see Digraphs
|-
|'''Ń'''
|'''ń'''
|''eń''
|/ɲ̟/
|ca'''ny'''on (alveolo-palatal)
|Can be [j̃] in syllable coda
|-
|'''O'''
|'''o'''
|''o''
|/ɔ/
|(for accents without the cot-caught merger) l'''o'''ng
|[o] between palatal or palatalized consonants
|-
|'''Ó'''
|'''ó'''
|''ó'', ''o z kreską'', ''u kreskowane'' or ''u zamknięte''
|/u/
|b'''oo'''t
|[ʉ] between palatal or palatalized consonants
|-
|'''P'''
|'''p'''
|''pe''
|/p/
|s'''p'''ot
|[b] if voiced
|-
|('''Q''')
|('''q''')
|''ku''
|/k/
|'''q'''uestion
|Only in some traditional loanwords as ''quasi-'' and recent as ''quad'', ''quiz''.
|-
|'''R'''
|'''r'''
|''er''
|/ɾ/
|American English be'''tt'''er
|Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. See Polish phonology. For ''rz'' see Digraphs
|-
|'''S'''
|'''s'''
|''es''
|/s̪/
|'''s'''ea
|For ''sz, si'' see Digraphs
|-
|'''Ś'''
|'''ś'''
|''eś''
|/ɕ/
|'''sh'''eep (alveolo-palatal)
|[ʑ] (cf. Ź) if voiced
|-
|'''T'''
|'''t'''
|''te''
|/t̪/
|s'''t'''art
|[t̺] before /t͡ʂ/; [d̪] if voiced; [d̺] before /d͡ʐ/.
|-
|'''U'''
|'''u'''
|''u'', ''u zwykłe'' or ''u otwarte''
|/u/
|b'''oo'''t
|[ʉ] between palatal or palatalized consonants, sometimes [w] after vowels
|-
|('''V''')
|('''v''')
|''fał''
|/v/
|'''v'''ow
|Only in some traditional loanwords as ''varsaviana'', ''vel'', ''vide'', recent as ''van'', ''Vanuatu'', ''vlog'', some acronyms as ''TVP'', ''VAT'' and in artistic forms, as ''vlepka''.
|-
|'''W'''
|'''w'''
|''wu''
|/v/
|'''v'''ow
|[f] when devoiced
|-
|('''X''')
|('''x''')
|''iks''
|/ks/
|fo'''x'''
|Only in some loanwords as ''xenia'', also historical letter for native words prior to 19th century, e.g. ''xiążę'', ''xięstwo'' (now ''książę'' 'prince', ''księstwo'' 'duchy'), which remains in abbreviations of these words (sometimes used ''x.'' instead of ''ks.'') and some names, as Xymena, Xawery, surnames as Xiężopolski, Axentowicz, Axer and names of some companies in Poland with ''-ex'' suffix.
|-
|'''Y'''
|'''y'''
|''y ''or ''igrek''
|/ɨ/
|b'''i'''t
|
|-
|'''Z'''
|'''z'''
|''zet''
|/z̪/
|'''z'''oo
|[s̪] when devoiced. For digraphs see Digraphs
|-
|'''Ź'''
|'''ź'''
|''ziet''
|/ʑ/
|vi'''si'''on (alveolo-palatal)
|[ɕ] when devoiced. For ''dź'' see Digraphs
|-
|'''Ż'''
|'''ż'''
|''żet'' or ''zet z kropką''
|/ʐ/
|vi'''si'''on
|[ʂ] when devoiced. For ''dż'' see Digraphs
|}




Revision as of 18:17, 12 October 2021

Alphabet and Pronunciation in Polish
Alphabet and Pronunciation in Polish
Polish Alphabet, IPA Pronuncation, Video, Virtual Keyboard...

Hello Polyglots,


In today's lesson, you will learn how to write the different letters of the Polish alphabet, how to pronounce these letters whether it is through the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), or through a video with the pronunciation of the letters by a native speaker.


You will also find at the end of this lesson a virtual keyboard to be able to type each special character of this language.

Polish Alphabet and IPA Pronunciation

Upper

case

Lower

case

Polish name Usual value Rough English (or

other) equivalent

Other values
A a a /ä/ large More frontal [a] between palatal or palatalized consonants
Ą ą ą /ɔw̃/ nasal o, denouement [ɔn], [ɔŋ], [ɔm]; becomes /ɔ/ before /w/ (see Nasal vowels)
B b be /b/ bed [p] when devoiced
C c ce /t̪͡s̪/ pits [d̪͡z̪] if voiced. For ch, ci, cz see Digraphs
Ć ć cie /t͡ɕ/ cheap (alveolo-palatal) [d͡ʑ] if voiced
D d de /d̪/ dog [d̺] before /d͡ʐ/; [t̪] when devoiced; [t̺] before /t͡ʂ/. For dz etc. see Digraphs
E e e /ɛ/ bed [e] between palatal or palatalized consonants
Ę ę ę /ɛw̃/ nasal e [ɛn], [ɛŋ], [ɛm]; becomes /ɛ/ word-finally and before /w/ (see Nasal vowels)
F f ef /f/ fingers [v] if voiced
G g gie /ɡ/ go [k] when devoiced. For gi see Digraphs
H h ha /x/ Scots loch [ɣ] if voiced, may be glottal [ɦ] in a small number of dialects. For ch and (c)hi see Digraphs
I i i /i/ meet [j] before a consonant; marks palatization of the preceding consonant before a vowel (see Spelling rules)
J j jot /j/ yes
K k ka /k/ king [ɡ] if voiced. For ki see Digraphs
L l el /l/ light May be [lʲ] instead in eastern dialects
Ł ł eł /w/ will May be [ɫ̪] instead in eastern dialects
M m em /m/ men [ɱ] before labiodental consonants
N n en /n̪/ not [n̺] before /t͡ʂ d͡ʐ/; can be [ŋ] before /k ɡ/. For ni see Digraphs
Ń ń eń /ɲ̟/ canyon (alveolo-palatal) Can be [j̃] in syllable coda
O o o /ɔ/ (for accents without the cot-caught merger) long [o] between palatal or palatalized consonants
Ó ó ó, o z kreską, u kreskowane or u zamknięte /u/ boot [ʉ] between palatal or palatalized consonants
P p pe /p/ spot [b] if voiced
(Q) (q) ku /k/ question Only in some traditional loanwords as quasi- and recent as quad, quiz.
R r er /ɾ/ American English better Can also sometimes be an approximant, a fricative, and rarely - a trill. See Polish phonology. For rz see Digraphs
S s es /s̪/ sea For sz, si see Digraphs
Ś ś eś /ɕ/ sheep (alveolo-palatal) [ʑ] (cf. Ź) if voiced
T t te /t̪/ start [t̺] before /t͡ʂ/; [d̪] if voiced; [d̺] before /d͡ʐ/.
U u u, u zwykłe or u otwarte /u/ boot [ʉ] between palatal or palatalized consonants, sometimes [w] after vowels
(V) (v) fał /v/ vow Only in some traditional loanwords as varsaviana, vel, vide, recent as van, Vanuatu, vlog, some acronyms as TVP, VAT and in artistic forms, as vlepka.
W w wu /v/ vow [f] when devoiced
(X) (x) iks /ks/ fox Only in some loanwords as xenia, also historical letter for native words prior to 19th century, e.g. xiążę, xięstwo (now książę 'prince', księstwo 'duchy'), which remains in abbreviations of these words (sometimes used x. instead of ks.) and some names, as Xymena, Xawery, surnames as Xiężopolski, Axentowicz, Axer and names of some companies in Poland with -ex suffix.
Y y y or igrek /ɨ/ bit
Z z zet /z̪/ zoo [s̪] when devoiced. For digraphs see Digraphs
Ź ź ziet /ʑ/ vision (alveolo-palatal) [ɕ] when devoiced. For dź see Digraphs
Ż ż żet or zet z kropką /ʐ/ vision [ʂ] when devoiced. For dż see Digraphs


Polish alphabet is based on the Latin aplhabet, but also includes letters with diacritics:

  • acute accent/kreska: ń, ś, ź, ć, ó
  • overdot/kropka: ż
  • tail/ogonek: ą, ę
  • stroke: ł

Letters

  • A a - a - /ä/
  • Ą ą - ą - /ɔ̃/
  • B b - be - /b/
  • C C - ce - /t̪͡s̪/
  • Ć ć - cie - /t͡ɕ/
  • D d - de - /d̪/
  • E e - e - /ɛ/
  • Ę ę - ę - /ɛ̃/
  • F f - ef - /f/
  • G g - gie - /ɡ/
  • H h - ha/cha - /x/
  • I i - i - /i/
  • J j - jot - /j/
  • K k - ka - /k/
  • L l - el - /l/
  • Ł ł - eł - /w/
  • M m - em - /m/
  • N n - en - /n̪/
  • Ń ń - eń - /ɲ̟/
  • O o - o - /ɔ/
  • Ó ó - ó zamknięte/ó z kreską - /u/
  • P p - pe - /p/
  • R r - er - /r/
  • S s - es - /s̪/
  • Ś ś - eś - /ɕ/
  • T t - te - /t̪/
  • U u - u - /u/
  • W w - wu - /v/
  • Y y - igrek - /ɘ̟/
  • Z z - zet - /z̪/
  • Ź ź - ziet - /ʑ/
  • Ż ż - żet - /ʐ/

Digraphs and Trigaphs

  • cz - czy
  • dz - dzy
  • dzi - dzi
  • dż - dży
  • dź - dzi
  • sz - szy
  • rz - rzy/ży

English equivalents

  • a as in large
  • b as in bed
  • c as in pits
  • d as in dog
  • e as in bed
  • f as in fingers
  • g as in go
  • i as in meet but shorter
  • j as in yes
  • k as in king
  • l as in light
  • ł as in will
  • m as in men
  • n as in not
  • o as in long
  • ó as in boot
  • p as in spot
  • s as in sea
  • t as in start
  • u as in boot
  • w as in vow
  • z as in zoo

Remember, that polish consonants are never aspirated!

Sounds without english equivalents

  • ą - French français
  • ć - cheap but softer
  • cz - cheap but less softer
  • dz - voised c
  • dź - voised c but softer
  • dż - John but less softer
  • ę - nasal e
  • ch/h - Scots loch or German macht
  • ń - canyon but softer
  • sz - sheep
  • ś - sheep but softer
  • rz/ż - vision but less softer
  • ź - vision but softer

I after consonants and befor vowel

Letter i after consonats make it palatalized. It's like a adding y as in yes after the consonant (V - vowel):

  • biV biały
  • ciV ciepły (ciV = ćV)
  • dziV dzień (dziV = dżV)
  • fiV fiat
  • giV gierka
  • kiV kiedy
  • miV mięso
  • niV nienawiść (niV = ńV)
  • piV pieprz
  • siV siekiera (siV = śV)
  • ziV ziemia (ziV = źV)


Alphabet and Pronunciation Equivalent in Different Languages

LETTERS IN

POLISH

PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH SPEAKERS

PRONUNCIATION

PORTUGUESE SPEAKERS

     
A ah a
Ą ohn on
B b b
C ts ts
Ć ch tch
CH h r
CZ ch tch
D d d
DZ dz / ts dz / ts
DŹ dz / ts dz / ts
DŻ dz / ts dz / ts
E eh e
Ę ehn en
F f f
GE / GI geh / gih gue / gui
GA / GO / GU gah / goh / gou ga / go / gu
H h r
I ih i
J ih i
K k k
L l l
Ł ou u
M m m
N n n
Ń ny nh
O oh o
Ó oo uu
P p p
Q q q
R r r
RZ sh ch
S s s
S sh ch
T t t
U ou u
V v / b v – b
W v v
X sh ch
Y eh eh
Z z z
Ź z z
Ż zh j

Video - Polish Alphabet Pronunciation by a Native Speaker

Authors

Chronoperates

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