Difference between revisions of "Language/Russian/Grammar/Russian-cases"

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Hi Russian learners,
Hi Russian learners,


There are 6 cases in Russian.


There are only 6 cases in Russian. These 6 cases, give all possible endings of words for all the functions they can have in the sentence, according to their genre and according to their number.
They give all the possible endings of words for all the functions they can have in the sentence, according to their genre and according to their number.
 
Here they are one by one with the main functions they give to words (noun, adjectives, pronoun ...).
 


With this lesson behind you, consider expanding your knowledge with these additional resources: [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Genitive-Case|Russian Grammar → Russian Nouns and Gender → Genitive Case ...]], [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Use-of-the-verb-%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8C-in-the-past|Use of the verb быть in the past]], [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Pronunciation-Rules|Pronunciation Rules]] & [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]].
==Nominative Case==
==Nominative Case==
The nominative case answers the questions кто/что, meaning who/what, and identifies the subject of a sentence. The nominative case exists in English, too.  
The nominative case answers the questions кто/что, meaning who/what, and identifies the subject of a sentence. The nominative case exists in English, too.  
Line 17: Line 16:
*Наташа сказала, что приедет попозже.
*Наташа сказала, что приедет попозже.
*Translation: Natasha said that she would come over later.
*Translation: Natasha said that she would come over later.


*Собака бежала по улице, виляя хвостом.
*Собака бежала по улице, виляя хвостом.
Line 26: Line 24:


It also answers the question откуда —from where.
It also answers the question откуда —from where.


Examples:
Examples:
Line 38: Line 35:
*Я достала из сумки книгу.
*Я достала из сумки книгу.
*I took out a book out of the bag.
*I took out a book out of the bag.


сумка (SOOMka) - "a bag" - becomes сумки - out of the bag.
сумка (SOOMka) - "a bag" - becomes сумки - out of the bag.
Line 49: Line 45:
*Я повернулся к человеку, который стоял справа от меня.
*Я повернулся к человеку, который стоял справа от меня.
*I turned to the person/man who was standing on my right.
*I turned to the person/man who was standing on my right.


человек (chelaVYEK) - "a man/a person" becomes человеку - "to a man/to a person."
человек (chelaVYEK) - "a man/a person" becomes человеку - "to a man/to a person."
Line 67: Line 62:
*Какую книгу ты сейчас читаешь?
*Какую книгу ты сейчас читаешь?
*Translation: What book are you reading right now?
*Translation: What book are you reading right now?


==Instrumental Case==
==Instrumental Case==
Line 85: Line 79:
*Я постараюсь проснуться на рассвете.
*Я постараюсь проснуться на рассвете.
*Translation: I will try to wake up at dawn.
*Translation: I will try to wake up at dawn.


== Other examples ==
== Other examples ==
.


=== '''NOMINATIVE''' ===
=== '''NOMINATIVE (OBJECTIVE)''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Word is in the beginning of the phrase, simple phrase'''
|'''Word is in the beginning of the phrase, simple phrase. The object that does something'''
|-
|-
|'''Palavra no início da frase, frase simple'''
|'''Palavra no início da frase, frase simple'''
|}
|}
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
Line 163: Line 154:
aberta  
aberta  
|}
|}
.


=== '''DATIVE''' ===
=== '''DATIVE''' ===
Line 171: Line 161:
|'''Para  (alguma coisa) ou (alguem)'''
|'''Para  (alguma coisa) ou (alguem)'''
|}
|}
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
Line 324: Line 313:
PRAIA
PRAIA
|}
|}
.


=== '''ACCUSATIVE''' ===
=== '''ACCUSATIVE''' ===
Line 332: Line 320:
|'''Alguém ou alguma coisa no final da frase'''
|'''Alguém ou alguma coisa no final da frase'''
|}
|}
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
Line 399: Line 386:
A MAÇà     
A MAÇà     
|}
|}
.


=== '''GENITIVE''' ===
=== '''GENITIVE''' ===
Line 407: Line 393:
|'''de, da, dos, das'''
|'''de, da, dos, das'''
|}
|}
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
Line 441: Line 426:


of the house
of the house
|'''''klyouh chih'''''
|'''''klyouh chih ot'''''


'''''doh mah'''''
'''''doh mah'''''
|'''<big>КЛЮЧ </big>'''
|'''<big>КЛЮЧ ОТ</big>'''


'''<big>ДОМА</big>'''
'''<big>ДОМА</big>'''
|'''''klíutch'''''
|'''''klíutch ot'''''


'''''dô má'''''
'''''dô má'''''
Line 495: Line 480:
|-
|-
|the name  
|the name  
|'''''ih myah'''''
|'''''ih myah (naz va ni je)'''''
|<big>'''ИМЯ'''</big>
|<big>'''ИМЯ (НАЗВАНИЕ)'''</big>
|'''''i miá'''''
|'''''i miá (naz va ni je)'''''
|o nome
|o nome
|-
|-
Line 509: Line 494:


of the place
of the place
|'''''ih myah'''''
|'''''(ih myah) naz va ni je'''''


'''''myehs tah'''''
'''''myehs tah'''''
|'''<big>ИМЯ </big>'''
|'''<big>(ИМЯ) НАЗВАНИЕ</big>'''  


'''<big>МЕСТА</big>'''
'''<big>МЕСТА</big>'''
|'''''ímia '''''
|'''''(ímia) naz va ni je'''''  


'''''míesta'''''
'''''míesta'''''
Line 588: Line 573:
da  China
da  China
|}
|}
.


=== '''ABLATIVE''' ===
=== '''GENITIVE''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''from  (point of origin in the space or time)'''
|'''from  (point of origin in the space or time); made of (something)'''
|-
|-
|'''de, da, dos, das (ponto de origem no  espaço ou tempo),'''
|'''de, da, dos, das (ponto de origem no  espaço ou tempo),'''
|}
|}
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
Line 653: Line 636:
da Turquia
da Turquia
|}
|}
.


=== '''INSTRUMENTAL''' ===
=== '''INSTRUMENTAL''' ===
Line 661: Line 643:
|'''¨com¨ alguém ou ¨com¨ alguma coisa'''
|'''¨com¨ alguém ou ¨com¨ alguma coisa'''
|}
|}
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
Line 682: Line 663:
|I write with
|I write with
my pen
my pen
|'''''yah pih shoo s mah eem'''''
|'''''yah pih mah eem'''''


'''''kah rahn dah shohm'''''
'''''kah rahn dah shohm'''''
|'''Я ПИШУ С МОИМ'''
|'''Я ПИШУ МОИМ'''


'''КАРАНДАШОМ'''
'''КАРАНДАШОМ'''
|'''''iá pi chú s ma iim'''''
|'''''iá pi chú ma iim'''''


'''''ka ran dá chom'''''
'''''ka ran dá chom'''''
Line 694: Line 675:
com meu lápis
com meu lápis
|}
|}
.


=== '''<big>INCLUSIVE</big>''' ===
=== '''<big>INSTRUMENTAL (INCLUSIVE)</big>''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Use to mix  some  products'''
|'''Use to mix  some  products.'''  
|-
|-
|'''Use para misturar alguns produtos'''  
|'''Use para misturar alguns produtos'''  
|}
|}
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
Line 742: Line 721:
|'''''koh fyeh'''''  
|'''''koh fyeh'''''  


'''''sah sah Hah rohm'''''
'''''s sah Hah rohm'''''
|'''КОФЕ'''
|'''КОФЕ'''


'''СО САХАРОМ'''
'''С САХАРОМ'''
|'''''kôfie '''''
|'''''kôfie '''''


'''''sa sa Ha rôm'''''
'''''s sa Ha rôm'''''
|Café  com 
|Café  com 


Line 769: Line 748:
com gelo
com gelo
|}
|}
.


=== '''LOCATIVE''' ===
=== '''PREPOSITIONAL (LOCATIVE)''' ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|'''It shows the localization (in, on, at)'''
|'''It shows the localization (is used after prepositions "in", "on", "at"). And it is also used after preposition "about" - about somebody, about something'''
|-
|-
|'''Mostra a localização (no, na, em)'''  
|'''Mostra a localização (no, na, em)'''  
|}
|}
.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
!<big>'''ENGLISH'''</big>
Line 801: Line 778:
|'''''eh tah nah Hah dih  tsah '''''  
|'''''eh tah nah Hah dih  tsah '''''  


'''''v nih eyh  soum kyeh'''''
'''''v jejo eyh  soum kyeh'''''
|'''<big>ЭТО НАХОДИТСЯ</big>'''
|'''<big>ЭТО НАХОДИТСЯ</big>'''


'''<big>В НЕЙ СУМКЕ</big>'''
'''<big>В ЕЁ СУМКЕ</big>'''
|'''''é ta na Ha dí tsa'''''
|'''''é ta na Ha dí tsa'''''


'''''v niêi sum kíê'''''
'''''v jejo sum kíê'''''
|Isso está 
|Isso está 


Line 848: Line 825:
carros
carros
|}
|}
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/А-vs-Но|А vs Но]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Nouns|Nouns]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/The-verb-to-have|The verb to have]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Tricky-Adverbs|Tricky Adverbs]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/The-verb-to-be|The verb to be]]
* [[Language/Russian/Grammar/Gender|Gender]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 20:20, 26 March 2023

Cases in Russian
Cases in Russian

Hi Russian learners,

There are 6 cases in Russian.

They give all the possible endings of words for all the functions they can have in the sentence, according to their genre and according to their number.

With this lesson behind you, consider expanding your knowledge with these additional resources: Russian Grammar → Russian Nouns and Gender → Genitive Case ..., Use of the verb быть in the past, Pronunciation Rules & Adjectives.

Nominative Case[edit | edit source]

The nominative case answers the questions кто/что, meaning who/what, and identifies the subject of a sentence. The nominative case exists in English, too.

In Russian dictionaries, all nouns are given in the nominative case.

Examples:

  • Наташа сказала, что приедет попозже.
  • Translation: Natasha said that she would come over later.
  • Собака бежала по улице, виляя хвостом.
  • Translation: The dog was running down the street, wagging its tail.

Genitive Case[edit | edit source]

The genitive case answers the questions кого, meaning "whom" or "of whom," and чего, which means "what" or "of what." It shows possession, attribution, or absence (who, what, whose, or what/who is absent).

It also answers the question откуда —from where.

Examples:

  • У меня нет ни тетради, ни ручки.
  • I have neither a notebook nor a pen.

тетрадь - "a notebook" - becomes тетради - (absence of) a notebook ручка - "a pen" - becomes ручки - (absence of) a pen

  • Я достала из сумки книгу.
  • I took out a book out of the bag.

сумка (SOOMka) - "a bag" - becomes сумки - out of the bag.

Dative Case[edit | edit source]

The dative case answers the questions кому/чему – to whom/(to) what, and shows that something is given or addressed to the object.

Examples:

  • Я повернулся к человеку, который стоял справа от меня.
  • I turned to the person/man who was standing on my right.

человек (chelaVYEK) - "a man/a person" becomes человеку - "to a man/to a person."

Accusative Case[edit | edit source]

The accusative case answers the questions кого/что – whom/what, and куда – where.

Its equivalent in English is the accusative, or objective, case (him, her).

Examples:

  • Я покупаю новый телефон.
  • I am buying a new phone.

телефон - "a phone" - remains the same.

  • Какую книгу ты сейчас читаешь?
  • Translation: What book are you reading right now?

Instrumental Case[edit | edit source]

Answers the questions кем/чем – with whom/with what.

This case shows which instrument is used to do or make something, or with whom/with the help of what an action is completed. It can also be used to talk about something that you are interested in.

Example:

  • Иван интересуется китайской культурой.
  • Ivan is interested in Chinese culture.

Prepositional Case[edit | edit source]

Answers the questions о ком/о чем – about whom/about what, and the question где – where.

Example:

  • Я постараюсь проснуться на рассвете.
  • Translation: I will try to wake up at dawn.

Other examples[edit | edit source]

NOMINATIVE (OBJECTIVE)[edit | edit source]

Word is in the beginning of the phrase, simple phrase. The object that does something
Palavra no início da frase, frase simple
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH

RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

The student 

reads

ou cheh nihk

chih tah iht

YЧEHИK

ЧИTAET

u tche ník 

tchi ta ít

O aluno 

lê

The guide paid 

yesterday

giht fcheh rah

zah plah tihl

ГИД ВЧЕРА 

ЗAПЛATИЛ

guít  ftche rá  

za pla tíL

O guia  pagou 

ontem

The shop  

is  open

mah gah zihn  

aht kruh tih

MAГAЗИH  

OTKPЫTЫЙ

ma ga zín  

at krâ ti

A  loja  está  

aberta

DATIVE[edit | edit source]

For  (something)  or  (somebody)
Para  (alguma coisa) ou (alguem)
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH

RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

For one house kuh ahd nah mou

doh mou

К ОДНОМУ

ДОМУ

kâ adnamú

dômu

para uma casa
For the house kuh

dah mou

К 

ДОМУ

kâ

damú

para a casa
For some houses kuh nih kah tah rah mou

doh mou

К НЕКОТОРОМУ

ДОМУ

kâ nikataramú

dômu

para algumas casas
For the houses kuh

doh mahm

К

ДОМАМ

kâ

dômam

para as casas
For one man kuh ahd nah mou

tchih lah vyeh kou

К ОДНОМУ

ЧЕЛОВЕКУ

kâ adnamú

tchilaviêku

para um homem
For the man kuh

chih lah vyeh kou

К

ЧЕЛОВЕКУ

kâ

tchilaviêku

para o homem
For some men kuh nih kah tah rah mou

mouh zhih chih nahm

К НЕКОТОРОМУ

МУЖЧИНАМ

kâ nikataramú

mujitchinám

para alguns homens
For the men kuh

mouh zhih chih nahm

К

МУЖЧИНАМ

kâ

mujitchinam

para os homens
I WILL 

GO TO 

THE BEACH

yah pie dou

kuh  

plyah zhou

Я ПОЙДУ 

К 

ПЛЯЖУ

iá paidú 

kâ 

pliajú

EU IREI 

À 

PRAIA

ACCUSATIVE[edit | edit source]

Somebody or something at the  end of the phrase
Alguém ou alguma coisa no final da frase
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH

RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

DID YOU SEE

THIS  LUGGAGE ?

 vuh vih dyeh lih

eh taht bah gahsh ?

ВЫ ВИДЕЛИ

ЭТОТ БАГАЖ ?

vâ vi diê li 

etát ba gash ?

VOCÊ  VIU

ESSA BAGAGEM ?

I SEE 

THE CAR

yah vih zhouh

mah shih nou

Я ВИЖУ

МАШИНУ

iá vijú

machinú

EU VEJO

O CARRO

I WANT

THE APPLE

yah  Hah chou

yah bloh kah

Я ХОЧУ

ЯБЛОКО

iá  Ha tchú

ia blô ka

EU QUERO 

A MAÇà     

GENITIVE[edit | edit source]

of the
de, da, dos, das
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH

RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

the key klyouh chih КЛЮЧ klíu tch a chave
the house dohm ДОМ dom a casa
the key

of the house

klyouh chih ot

doh mah

КЛЮЧ ОТ

ДОМА

klíutch ot

dô má

a chave

da casa

the window ahk noh ОКНО ah nó a janela
the school shkoh lah ШКОЛА ch kô la a escola
the window

of the school

ahk noh

shkoh lih

ОКНО

ШКОЛЫ

ak nô

ch kô li

a janela

da escola

the name ih myah (naz va ni je) ИМЯ (НАЗВАНИЕ) i miá (naz va ni je) o nome
the place myehs toh МЕСТО mies to o lugar
the name

of the place

(ih myah) naz va ni je

myehs tah

(ИМЯ) НАЗВАНИЕ

МЕСТА

(ímia) naz va ni je

míesta

o nome

do lugar

The bottle

of water

bou tihl kah

vah dih

БУТЫЛКА

ВОДЫ

bu tíL ka

va dí

A garrafa

de água

The juice

of  orange

sohk

ah pyehl sih nah

СОК

АПЕЛЬСИНА

sôk

a piêL ci na

O suco 

de laranja

The map

of China

kahr tah

kih tah yah

КАРТА

КИТАЯ

kár ta

ki tá ia

O mapa 

da  China

GENITIVE[edit | edit source]

from (point of origin in the space or time); made of (something)
de, da, dos, das (ponto de origem no espaço ou tempo),
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH

RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

I came 

from Brazil

yah prih yeh Hahl

ihz brah zee lih

Я ПРИЕХАЛ

ИЗ БРАЗИЛИИ

iá pri iê HaL

iz bra zi lii

Eu vim

do Brasil

We are

from Turkey

muh ihz

tour tsee

МЫ ИЗ

ТУРЦИИ

mâ iz

túr tsii

Nós somos

da Turquia

INSTRUMENTAL[edit | edit source]

¨with¨ somebody or ¨with¨ something
¨com¨ alguém ou ¨com¨ alguma coisa
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH

RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

I write with

my pen

yah pih mah eem

kah rahn dah shohm

Я ПИШУ МОИМ

КАРАНДАШОМ

iá pi chú ma iim

ka ran dá chom

Eu escrevo

com meu lápis

INSTRUMENTAL (INCLUSIVE)[edit | edit source]

Use to mix  some  products.
Use para misturar alguns produtos
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH

RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

Coffee 

with milk

koh fyeh 

s mah lah kohm

КОФЕ 

С МОЛОКОМ

kôfie

s ma la kôm

Café

com leite

Coffee 

with sugar

koh fyeh

s sah Hah rohm

КОФЕ

С САХАРОМ

kôfie 

s sa Ha rôm

Café  com 

açúcar

Water 

with ice

vah dah

sah lih dohm

ВОДА 

СО ЛЬДОМ

va dá

sa li dôm

Água

com gelo

PREPOSITIONAL (LOCATIVE)[edit | edit source]

It shows the localization (is used after prepositions "in", "on", "at"). And it is also used after preposition "about" - about somebody, about something
Mostra a localização (no, na, em)
ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

ENGLISH

RUSSIAN PRONUNCIATION

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

BRAZILIAN

PORTUGUESE

It is in

her bag

eh tah nah Hah dih tsah 

v jejo eyh  soum kyeh

ЭТО НАХОДИТСЯ

В ЕЁ СУМКЕ

é ta na Ha dí tsa

v jejo sum kíê

Isso está 

na bolsa dela

on the   street nah 

ou lih tseh

НА

УЛИЦЕ

na

u lí tse

na

rua                                 

In the 

cars

v

mah shih nahH

В

МАШИНАХ

v

ma chi náH

Nos

carros

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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