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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Javanese|Javanese]]  → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Nouns and Pronouns → Personal Pronouns</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Javanese|Javanese]]  → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Personal Pronouns</div>


== Introduction ==
In the rich tapestry of the Javanese language, personal pronouns play a vital role in effective communication. They are the building blocks that allow you to express yourself, refer to others, and navigate conversations with ease and clarity. In this lesson, we will delve deep into the world of Javanese personal pronouns, exploring their forms, uses, and nuances.


Welcome to the Javanese Grammar lesson on personal pronouns! In this lesson, we will explore the personal pronouns used in the Javanese language and how to use them in sentences to refer to different people or things. Personal pronouns are essential in any language as they allow us to communicate and refer to ourselves and others. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of Javanese personal pronouns and be able to use them confidently in your conversations.
Understanding personal pronouns is essential for any language learner, as they help establish relationships between the speaker, the listener, and the subject of conversation. In Javanese, personal pronouns can vary significantly based on the level of politeness required, reflecting the language's emphasis on respect and social hierarchy. This lesson will not only cover the basic forms of personal pronouns but will also provide you with practical examples and exercises to solidify your understanding.


To ensure a comprehensive understanding, this lesson will cover various aspects of personal pronouns, including their forms, usage, and how they relate to Javanese sentence structure. We will also provide plenty of examples and exercises to practice what you learn. Additionally, we will explore any regional variations or historical influences on personal pronoun usage, as well as share interesting cultural facts and anecdotes related to this topic.
'''Structure of the Lesson:'''


Let's dive into the fascinating world of Javanese personal pronouns!
* '''Introduction to Personal Pronouns'''
 
* '''Types of Personal Pronouns in Javanese'''
 
* '''Usage of Personal Pronouns in Sentences'''
 
* '''Examples of Personal Pronouns'''
 
* '''Practice Exercises'''
 
* '''Conclusion'''


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Forms of Personal Pronouns ==
=== Introduction to Personal Pronouns ===


Javanese personal pronouns are used to replace nouns or noun phrases in a sentence. They reflect the grammatical person, number, and gender of the noun they replace. Unlike English, Javanese personal pronouns have different forms based on the level of formality, politeness, and familiarity. The Javanese personal pronouns can be divided into three categories: first person, second person, and third person.
Personal pronouns are used to refer to specific people or things. In Javanese, these pronouns can change based on the formality of the situation and the relationship between the speaker and the listener. This makes mastering personal pronouns not just a matter of memorization but also of understanding social context.


=== First Person Pronouns ===
=== Types of Personal Pronouns in Javanese ===


First person pronouns refer to the speaker or the group the speaker belongs to. In Javanese, there are different forms for singular and plural first person pronouns.
In Javanese, personal pronouns can be categorized into several groups based on the level of politeness and the number of persons they refer to.  


Here are the Javanese first person pronouns:
==== Singular Pronouns ====
 
1. '''First Person Singular''': "Aku" (I)
 
2. '''Second Person Singular''': "Kowe" (You, informal)
 
3. '''Second Person Singular (formal)''': "Panjenengan" (You, formal)
 
4. '''Third Person Singular''': "Dheweke" (He/She)
 
==== Plural Pronouns ====
 
1. '''First Person Plural''': "Kami" (We, exclusive) / "Kita" (We, inclusive)
 
2. '''Second Person Plural''': "Sampeyan" (You, polite)
 
3. '''Third Person Plural''': "Dheweke" (They)
 
==== Table of Personal Pronouns ====


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| Aku || /aˈku/ || I
|-
|-
| Aku || ['aku] || I, me (singular)
 
| Kowe || /ˈkɔ.wɛ/ || You (informal)
 
|-
|-
| Kula || ['kula] || I, me (formal)
 
| Panjenengan || /pan.dʒəˈnɛŋ.ɡan/ || You (formal)
 
|-
|-
| Kita || ['kita] || We, us (inclusive)
 
| Dheweke || /dəˈwɛ.kɛ/ || He/She
 
|-
|-
| Kita || ['kita] || We, us (exclusive)
 
| Kami || /ˈka.mi/ || We (exclusive)
 
|-
 
| Kita || /ˈki.ta/ || We (inclusive)
 
|-
 
| Sampeyan || /sam.pəˈjaŋ/ || You (polite)
 
|-
 
| Dheweke || /dəˈwɛ.kɛ/ || They
 
|}
|}


In Javanese, "aku" is the most commonly used first person singular pronoun, while "kula" is a more formal or polite alternative. "Kita" is the first person plural pronoun, which can be used to refer to both inclusive and exclusive "we." When used inclusively, "kita" refers to "we" including the listener, while when used exclusively, it refers to "we" excluding the listener.
=== Usage of Personal Pronouns in Sentences ===


Let's see these pronouns in action:
Using personal pronouns correctly in sentences is crucial for clear communication. Here are some basic structures to help you understand how to incorporate them into your conversations:


* Aku saka Jawa. (I am from Java.)
1. '''Subject Pronoun Usage''': The personal pronoun can often serve as the subject of the sentence.
* Kula pengin ngerti basa Jawa. (I want to learn Javanese.)
* Kita arep mlaku menyang pasar. (We are going to the market.)
* Kita ora bakal nampa sampeyan ing kene. (We won't meet you here.)


=== Second Person Pronouns ===
* Example: ''Aku arep mangan.'' (I want to eat.)


Second person pronouns are used to refer to the person or people being spoken to. Similar to first person pronouns, Javanese second person pronouns also have different forms based on the level of formality and politeness.
2. '''Object Pronoun Usage''': Personal pronouns can also function as the object of a verb.


Here are the Javanese second person pronouns:
* Example: ''Aku ndeleng kowe.'' (I see you.)
 
3. '''Possessive Pronoun Usage''': In some contexts, personal pronouns indicate possession.
 
* Example: ''Iki buku aku.'' (This is my book.)
 
==== Examples of Personal Pronouns in Context ====
 
To illustrate the usage, here are more examples in both Javanese and English.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Sampeyan || [sam'pɛjan] || You (formal)
 
| Aku seneng banget. || /aˈku səˈnəŋ ˈbaŋət/ || I am very happy.
 
|-
|-
| Kowé || ['kəwe] || You (informal)
 
| Kowe arep menyang ngendi? || /ˈkɔ.wɛ aˈrɛp mɛˈɲaŋ ˈɡɛn.di/ || Where are you going?
 
|-
|-
| Kowe || ['kəwɛ] || You (informal)
|}


In Javanese, "sampeyan" is the formal second person pronoun, used to show respect and politeness. "Kowé" or "kowe" is the informal second person pronoun, used among friends, family, or people of the same age group. "Kowé" is considered slightly more formal than "kowe."
| Panjenengan saking endi? || /pan.dʒəˈnɛŋ.ɡan ˈsa.kɪŋ ˈɛn.di/ || Where are you from (formal)?
 
|-


Let's see these pronouns in action:
| Dheweke seneng dolanan. || /dəˈwɛ.kɛ səˈnəŋ doˈla.nan/ || He/She enjoys playing.


* Sampeyan sapa? (Who are you?)
|-
* Kowé saka Manado? (Are you from Manado?)
* Kowe wis takon tetangga? (Have you asked the neighbor?)


=== Third Person Pronouns ===
| Kami arep longok bareng. || /ˈka.mi aˈrɛp ˈloŋ.ɔk ˈba.rɛŋ/ || We want to look together.


Third person pronouns are used to refer to someone or something that is not the speaker or the listener. Like the first and second person pronouns, Javanese third person pronouns also have multiple forms based on the level of formality and politeness.
|-


Here are the Javanese third person pronouns:
| Kita bakal ngumpul ing rumah. || /ˈki.ta ˈba.kal ˈŋum.pul iŋ ˈru.mah/ || We will gather at home.


{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Iki || ['iki] || This, he, she, it
 
| Sampeyan punika pundi? || /sam.pəˈjaŋ ˈpu.nɪ.kə ˈpun.di/ || Where are you (polite)?
 
|-
|-
| Kene || ['kɛnɛ] || Here, he, she, it
 
|-
| Dheweke ana ing kene. || /dəˈwɛ.kɛ ˈa.na iŋ ˈkɛn.ɛ/ || They are here.
| Sakumna || [sa'kumna] || There, he, she, it
 
|}
|}


In Javanese, "iki" is used to refer to someone or something close to the speaker. "Kene" is used to refer to someone or something close to the listener. "Sakumna" is used to refer to someone or something far from both the speaker and the listener.
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
Now that you've explored personal pronouns, it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises designed to help reinforce what you've learned.
 
1. '''Fill in the Blanks''': Choose the correct personal pronoun to complete the sentences.
 
* a. _____ are going to the market. (Aku/Kowe)


Let's see these pronouns in action:
* b. _____ is my friend. (Dheweke/Sampeyan)


* Iki barang anyar. (This is a new item.)
* c. Where is _____? (Kowe/Panjenengan)
* Kene wong kang bade teka. (Here comes the person you've been waiting for.)
* Sakumna ora ana sing ngerti. (There is no one who understands.)


== Usage of Personal Pronouns ==
2. '''Translate the Sentences''': Translate the following sentences into Javanese.


Now that we have covered the different forms of Javanese personal pronouns, let's explore how to use them in sentences. Understanding the usage of personal pronouns is crucial for effective communication in Javanese.
* a. I want to drink.


=== Using Personal Pronouns as Subjects ===
* b. You are my teacher.


In Javanese, personal pronouns can be used as subjects of a sentence. When a personal pronoun is used as a subject, it replaces the noun that would typically be the subject of the sentence. Let's look at some examples:
* c. They will come tomorrow.


* Aku mangan. (I eat.)
3. '''Match the Pronouns''': Match the personal pronouns with their English translations.
* Kula arep nulis. (I am going to write.)
* Kita pindhah menyang kutha. (We are moving to the city.)
* Sampeyan duwe waktu luang? (Do you have free time?)
* Kowé wis takon tetangga? (Have you asked the neighbor?)
* Iki barang anyar. (This is a new item.)


In these sentences, the personal pronouns "aku," "kula," "kita," "sampeyan," "kowé," and "iki" are used as the subjects, replacing the nouns that would represent the same meaning.
* Column A:


=== Using Personal Pronouns as Objects ===
* 1. Aku


Javanese personal pronouns can also be used as objects in a sentence. When a personal pronoun is used as an object, it replaces the noun that would typically be the object of the sentence. Let's see some examples:
* 2. Panjenengan


* Aku melu menyang pasar. (I am going to the market.)
* 3. Kami
* Kula ngerti basa Jawa. (I understand Javanese.)
* Kita bakal nampa sampeyan ing kene. (We will meet you here.)
* Sampeyan wis mangan? (Have you eaten?)
* Kowé duwe kabeh sing dadi? (Do you have everything you need?)
* Iki sing tak bali. (This is what I bought.)


In these sentences, the personal pronouns "aku," "kula," "kita," "sampeyan," "kowé," and "iki" are used as objects, replacing the nouns that would have the same meaning.
* Column B:


=== Using Personal Pronouns with Possessive Pronouns ===
* a. We


Personal pronouns can also be used in combination with possessive pronouns to indicate ownership or possession. The possessive pronouns in Javanese agree with the person and number of the noun they modify. Let's see some examples:
* b. You (formal)


* Aku pitungipun. (This is mine.)
* c. I
* Kula dalanipun. (This is mine.)
* Kita pitungipun. (This is ours.)
* Sampeyan pitungipun. (This is yours.)
* Kowé pitungipun. (This is yours.)
* Iki pitungipun. (This is his/hers/its.)


In these sentences, the personal pronouns "aku," "kula," "kita," "sampeyan," "kowé," and "iki" are combined with the possessive pronoun "pitungipun" to indicate ownership or possession.
4. '''Correct the Mistakes''': Identify and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.


=== Using Personal Pronouns with Verbs ===
* a. Kowe arep lunga? (You want to go?)


Personal pronouns can also be used with verbs to indicate the subject of the action. In Javanese, verbs are conjugated based on the person and number of the subject. Let's see some examples:
* b. Aku seneng dheweke. (I like they.)


* Aku mangan. (I eat.)
* c. Panjenengan mangkat? (You (formal) are leaving?)
* Kula nulis. (I write.)
* Kita pindhah menyang kutha. (We are moving to the city.)
* Sampeyan mangan. (You eat.)
* Kowé nulis. (You write.)
* Iki mangan. (He/She/It eats.)


In these sentences, the personal pronouns "aku," "kula," "kita," "sampeyan," "kowé," and "iki" are used with verbs to indicate the subject of the action.
5. '''Create Your Own Sentences''': Write three sentences using different personal pronouns.


== Cultural Insights ==
6. '''Pronoun Identification''': Read the following sentences and identify the personal pronouns used.


The usage of personal pronouns in Javanese is influenced by cultural norms and social hierarchies. Javanese society places great emphasis on respect, politeness, and maintaining harmonious relationships. As a result, the choice of personal pronouns can vary based on the formalities and politeness levels required in different social contexts.
* a. Aku lan kowe kudu sinau. (I and you have to study.)


In formal or professional settings, it is common to use more polite or formal pronouns like "kula" and "sampeyan" to show respect to superiors or elders. These pronouns reflect the values of deference and hierarchy deeply ingrained in Javanese culture.
* b. Dheweke mangkat menyang sekolah. (He/She goes to school.)


On the other hand, when speaking with close friends, family members, or people of the same age group, it is more common to use less formal pronouns like "aku," "kowé," or "kowe." These pronouns reflect a sense of familiarity, intimacy, and equality in relationships.
* c. Kita kabeh seneng dolanan. (We all enjoy playing.)


Understanding and using the appropriate personal pronouns based on the social context is crucial for effective communication and building rapport in Javanese-speaking communities.
7. '''Choose the Correct Form''': Choose the correct personal pronoun based on the context.


== Exercises ==
* a. _____ (Dheweke/Dheweke) are going to the party. (He/She)


Now it's time to practice what you've learned! Below are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of Javanese personal pronouns. Try to answer the questions or complete the sentences using the correct pronouns. Solutions and explanations will be provided afterward.
* b. _____ (Kita/Kami) will play together. (We inclusive/We exclusive)


1. __________ saka Jawa. (I am from Java.)
* c. _____ (Kowe/Panjenengan) have a nice dress. (You informal/You formal)
2. __________ pengin ngerti basa Jawa. (I want to learn Javanese.)
3. __________ arep mlaku menyang pasar. (We are going to the market.)
4. __________ ora bakal nampa sampeyan ing kene. (We won't meet you here.)
5. __________ sapa? (Who are you?)
6. __________ saka Manado? (Are you from Manado?)
7. __________ wis takon tetangga? (Have you asked the neighbor?)
8. __________ mangan. (I eat.)
9. __________ ngerti basa Jawa. (I understand Javanese.)
10. __________ bakal nampa sampeyan ing kene. (We will meet you here.)


== Solutions ==
8. '''Role Play''': With a partner, create a short dialogue that includes various personal pronouns.


1. Aku saka Jawa.
9. '''Listening Exercise''': Listen to a Javanese speaker use personal pronouns in sentences. Write down what you hear and translate it.
2. Kula pengin ngerti basa Jawa.
3. Kita arep mlaku menyang pasar.
4. Kita ora bakal nampa sampeyan ing kene.
5. Sampeyan sapa?
6. Kowé saka Manado?
7. Kowe wis takon tetangga.
8. Aku mangan.
9. Kula ngerti basa Jawa.
10. Kita bakal nampa sampeyan ing kene.


== Conclusion ==
10. '''Reflection''': Write a short paragraph about why understanding personal pronouns is important in Javanese culture.


Congratulations on completing the Javanese Grammar lesson on personal pronouns! You have learned the different forms and usage of Javanese personal pronouns, as well as their cultural significance. By using personal pronouns correctly, you can enhance your communication skills and navigate social interactions more effectively in Javanese-speaking communities.
=== Conclusion ===


Don't forget to practice using personal pronouns in your conversations to reinforce your learning. The more you practice, the more natural and fluent you will become in using Javanese personal pronouns.
In this lesson, you have learned about personal pronouns in Javanese, their forms, and how to use them in sentences. By mastering personal pronouns, you are taking a significant step towards effective communication in Javanese. Remember that the context and level of politeness play crucial roles in determining which pronoun to use. Practice regularly, engage in conversations, and don’t hesitate to experiment with the language.  


Keep up the great work and continue your journey to mastering the Javanese language!
As you continue on your journey to mastering Javanese, keep these personal pronouns in mind—they are your keys to connecting with others in this beautiful language!


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|title=Learn Javanese Personal Pronouns
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about Javanese personal pronouns and how to use them to refer to different people or things. Explore the forms, usage, and cultural insights of Javanese personal pronouns.
 
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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 04:41, 2 August 2024

◀️ Telling Time — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Possessive Pronouns ▶️

Javanese-language-polyglotclub.jpg
Javanese → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Personal Pronouns

In the rich tapestry of the Javanese language, personal pronouns play a vital role in effective communication. They are the building blocks that allow you to express yourself, refer to others, and navigate conversations with ease and clarity. In this lesson, we will delve deep into the world of Javanese personal pronouns, exploring their forms, uses, and nuances.

Understanding personal pronouns is essential for any language learner, as they help establish relationships between the speaker, the listener, and the subject of conversation. In Javanese, personal pronouns can vary significantly based on the level of politeness required, reflecting the language's emphasis on respect and social hierarchy. This lesson will not only cover the basic forms of personal pronouns but will also provide you with practical examples and exercises to solidify your understanding.

Structure of the Lesson:

  • Introduction to Personal Pronouns
  • Types of Personal Pronouns in Javanese
  • Usage of Personal Pronouns in Sentences
  • Examples of Personal Pronouns
  • Practice Exercises
  • Conclusion

Introduction to Personal Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Personal pronouns are used to refer to specific people or things. In Javanese, these pronouns can change based on the formality of the situation and the relationship between the speaker and the listener. This makes mastering personal pronouns not just a matter of memorization but also of understanding social context.

Types of Personal Pronouns in Javanese[edit | edit source]

In Javanese, personal pronouns can be categorized into several groups based on the level of politeness and the number of persons they refer to.

Singular Pronouns[edit | edit source]

1. First Person Singular: "Aku" (I)

2. Second Person Singular: "Kowe" (You, informal)

3. Second Person Singular (formal): "Panjenengan" (You, formal)

4. Third Person Singular: "Dheweke" (He/She)

Plural Pronouns[edit | edit source]

1. First Person Plural: "Kami" (We, exclusive) / "Kita" (We, inclusive)

2. Second Person Plural: "Sampeyan" (You, polite)

3. Third Person Plural: "Dheweke" (They)

Table of Personal Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Javanese Pronunciation English
Aku /aˈku/ I
Kowe /ˈkɔ.wɛ/ You (informal)
Panjenengan /pan.dʒəˈnɛŋ.ɡan/ You (formal)
Dheweke /dəˈwɛ.kɛ/ He/She
Kami /ˈka.mi/ We (exclusive)
Kita /ˈki.ta/ We (inclusive)
Sampeyan /sam.pəˈjaŋ/ You (polite)
Dheweke /dəˈwɛ.kɛ/ They

Usage of Personal Pronouns in Sentences[edit | edit source]

Using personal pronouns correctly in sentences is crucial for clear communication. Here are some basic structures to help you understand how to incorporate them into your conversations:

1. Subject Pronoun Usage: The personal pronoun can often serve as the subject of the sentence.

  • Example: Aku arep mangan. (I want to eat.)

2. Object Pronoun Usage: Personal pronouns can also function as the object of a verb.

  • Example: Aku ndeleng kowe. (I see you.)

3. Possessive Pronoun Usage: In some contexts, personal pronouns indicate possession.

  • Example: Iki buku aku. (This is my book.)

Examples of Personal Pronouns in Context[edit | edit source]

To illustrate the usage, here are more examples in both Javanese and English.

Javanese Pronunciation English
Aku seneng banget. /aˈku səˈnəŋ ˈbaŋət/ I am very happy.
Kowe arep menyang ngendi? /ˈkɔ.wɛ aˈrɛp mɛˈɲaŋ ˈɡɛn.di/ Where are you going?
Panjenengan saking endi? /pan.dʒəˈnɛŋ.ɡan ˈsa.kɪŋ ˈɛn.di/ Where are you from (formal)?
Dheweke seneng dolanan. /dəˈwɛ.kɛ səˈnəŋ doˈla.nan/ He/She enjoys playing.
Kami arep longok bareng. /ˈka.mi aˈrɛp ˈloŋ.ɔk ˈba.rɛŋ/ We want to look together.
Kita bakal ngumpul ing rumah. /ˈki.ta ˈba.kal ˈŋum.pul iŋ ˈru.mah/ We will gather at home.
Sampeyan punika pundi? /sam.pəˈjaŋ ˈpu.nɪ.kə ˈpun.di/ Where are you (polite)?
Dheweke ana ing kene. /dəˈwɛ.kɛ ˈa.na iŋ ˈkɛn.ɛ/ They are here.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that you've explored personal pronouns, it's time to put your knowledge to the test! Below are some exercises designed to help reinforce what you've learned.

1. Fill in the Blanks: Choose the correct personal pronoun to complete the sentences.

  • a. _____ are going to the market. (Aku/Kowe)
  • b. _____ is my friend. (Dheweke/Sampeyan)
  • c. Where is _____? (Kowe/Panjenengan)

2. Translate the Sentences: Translate the following sentences into Javanese.

  • a. I want to drink.
  • b. You are my teacher.
  • c. They will come tomorrow.

3. Match the Pronouns: Match the personal pronouns with their English translations.

  • Column A:
  • 1. Aku
  • 2. Panjenengan
  • 3. Kami
  • Column B:
  • a. We
  • b. You (formal)
  • c. I

4. Correct the Mistakes: Identify and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.

  • a. Kowe arep lunga? (You want to go?)
  • b. Aku seneng dheweke. (I like they.)
  • c. Panjenengan mangkat? (You (formal) are leaving?)

5. Create Your Own Sentences: Write three sentences using different personal pronouns.

6. Pronoun Identification: Read the following sentences and identify the personal pronouns used.

  • a. Aku lan kowe kudu sinau. (I and you have to study.)
  • b. Dheweke mangkat menyang sekolah. (He/She goes to school.)
  • c. Kita kabeh seneng dolanan. (We all enjoy playing.)

7. Choose the Correct Form: Choose the correct personal pronoun based on the context.

  • a. _____ (Dheweke/Dheweke) are going to the party. (He/She)
  • b. _____ (Kita/Kami) will play together. (We inclusive/We exclusive)
  • c. _____ (Kowe/Panjenengan) have a nice dress. (You informal/You formal)

8. Role Play: With a partner, create a short dialogue that includes various personal pronouns.

9. Listening Exercise: Listen to a Javanese speaker use personal pronouns in sentences. Write down what you hear and translate it.

10. Reflection: Write a short paragraph about why understanding personal pronouns is important in Javanese culture.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, you have learned about personal pronouns in Javanese, their forms, and how to use them in sentences. By mastering personal pronouns, you are taking a significant step towards effective communication in Javanese. Remember that the context and level of politeness play crucial roles in determining which pronoun to use. Practice regularly, engage in conversations, and don’t hesitate to experiment with the language.

As you continue on your journey to mastering Javanese, keep these personal pronouns in mind—they are your keys to connecting with others in this beautiful language!

Table of Contents - Javanese Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Sentence Structure


Numbers and Time


Nouns and Pronouns


Family and Relationships


Verbs and Tenses


Food and Drinks


Adjectives and Adverbs


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Javanese Customs and Etiquette

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Telling Time — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Possessive Pronouns ▶️

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