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{{Amharic-Page-Top}}
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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Amharic|Amharic]]  → [[Language/Amharic/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Adjectives and Adverbs</div>
Welcome to this exciting lesson on Amharic grammar, where we will dive into the colorful world of '''adjectives and adverbs'''! Understanding these two parts of speech is essential for expressing yourself clearly and vividly in Amharic. Adjectives help us describe nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, giving us the ability to add detail and nuance to our sentences.
In this lesson, we will explore:
* The definitions and functions of adjectives and adverbs in Amharic
* How adjectives and adverbs are formed and used in sentences
* A variety of examples to illustrate their usage


<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Amharic|Amharic]]  → [[Language/Amharic/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Basic Sentence Structure → Adjectives and Adverbs</div>
* Practice exercises to help solidify your understanding
 
By the end of this lesson, you will not only grasp the concepts of adjectives and adverbs in Amharic but also feel confident when using them in conversation. Let's embark on this journey together!


__TOC__
__TOC__


==Introduction to Adjectives and Adverbs in Amharic==
=== What are Adjectives? ===
 
Adjectives are words that describe nouns. They provide information about qualities, quantities, or states of the nouns they modify. In Amharic, adjectives typically come after the noun they describe, which is different from English, where adjectives usually precede the noun.
 
==== Examples of Adjectives ====
 
Here are some examples of adjectives in Amharic, showing how they modify nouns:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| ደኅን  || dähin || safe
 
|-
 
| ግሩም  || gɨrum || beautiful
 
|-
 
| ድንጋይ  || dɨngäy || hard
 
|-
 
| ዕድሜ  || ʕədmä || old
 
|-
 
| አዳዲስ  || ʔadadis || new
 
|-
 
| አስተዋይ  || ʔastäwayi || smart
 
|-
 
| ታላቅ  || talak || big
 
|-
 
| ትንሽ  || tɨnɨsh || small
 
|-
 
| ምርጥ  || mɨrɨt || best
 
|-
 
| ቀይ  || k'äy || red
 
|}
 
As you can see, adjectives in Amharic provide various qualities to the nouns they describe. Now, let’s explore how to use these adjectives in sentences!
 
=== Using Adjectives in Sentences ===
 
In Amharic, adjectives follow the nouns they modify. Here are some sentence examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| የደኅን ቤት  || yädähin bät || a safe house
 
|-
 
| አስተዋይ ሴት  || ʔastäwayi sät || a smart woman
 
|-
 
| ውብ ቤተሰብ  || wɨb bätäsäb || a beautiful family
 
|-
 
| ታላቅ መኪና  || talak mäk'ina || a big car
 
|-
 
| ዕድሜ ድንጋይ  || ʕədmä dɨngäy || an old wall
 
|}
 
Now that we've covered adjectives, let's move on to adverbs!
 
=== What are Adverbs? ===
 
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent something is done. In Amharic, adverbs can come before or after the verbs they modify.
 
==== Examples of Adverbs ====
 
Here are some examples of adverbs in Amharic:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| በጣም  || bät'äm || very
 
|-
 
| ወቅታዊ  || wäk'äṭawi || temporarily
 
|-
 
| አዝናለሁ  || ʔäzänalɨhu || sadly
 
|-
 
| እዚህ  || ʔɨzɨh || here
 
|-
 
| ወደ ፊት  || wädä fɨt || forward
 
|-
 
| አስተዋይ  || ʔastäwayi || wisely
 
|-
 
| ዝምድ  || zɨmɨd || quietly
 
|-
 
| አንዳንድ  || ʔänänɨd || sometimes
 
|-
 
| ቀደመ  || k'ädäme || earlier
 
|-
 
| በተመለከተ  || bät'ämäläk'ät || regarding
 
|}
 
Like adjectives, adverbs also add depth to our expressions. Let’s see how these adverbs work in sentences.
 
=== Using Adverbs in Sentences ===
 
In Amharic, adverbs can be placed both before and after the verb. Here are some examples:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Amharic !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| እኔ በጣም አዝናለሁ  || ʔɨne bät'äm ʔäzänalɨhu || I am very sad
 
|-
 
| እርስዎ አስተዋይ ተግባር ነው  || ʔɨrswo ʔastäwayi tägbar new || You act wisely
 
|-
 
| እሱ ወቅታዊ ነው  || ʔɨsu wäq'tawi new || He is temporary
 
|-
 
| ወንድሜ እዚህ አደርጋለሁ  || wändämé ʔɨzɨh ʔädrɨgalɨhu || I do it here
 
|-
 
| እንደ ምርጥ ይወልዳሉ  || ʔɨndä mɨrɨt yɨwäldalu || They will do it best
 
|}
 
=== Summary ===
 
* Adjectives describe nouns and typically follow them in Amharic.
 
* Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and can appear before or after the verbs they modify.
 
Now that we've covered the key concepts of adjectives and adverbs, let's put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!
 
=== Practice Exercises ===
 
1. '''Translate the following sentences into Amharic:'''
 
* The beautiful girl is singing.
 
* He is very happy.
 
* I have a big house.
 
'''Answers:'''
 
* አስተዋይ ሴት እንባላለሁ || ʔastäwayi sät ʔɨnbalälu
 
* እሱ በጣም ደስ ይበላል || ʔɨsu bät'äm däs yɨbälal
 
* እኔ ታላቅ ቤት አለኝ || ʔɨne talak bät ʔaläñ
 
2. '''Identify the adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences:'''
 
* እሱ በጣም ደስ ይበላል
 
* ሴት አስተዋይ ናት
 
'''Answers:'''
 
* Adjectives: (none); Adverbs: በጣም
 
* Adjectives: አስተዋይ; Adverbs: (none)
 
3. '''Fill in the blanks with appropriate adjectives or adverbs:'''
 
* ይቀይሩ እንደ ታላቅ ዕድሜ ቤት
 
* አስተዋይ መልክ ነው እንዲህ በዝምድ እውነት
 
'''Answers:'''
 
* ይቀይሩ እንደ ታላቅ ዕድሜ ቤት || yɨk'äyɨru ʔɨndä talak ʕədmä bät
 
* አስተዋይ መልክ ነው እንዲህ በዝምድ እውነት || ʔastäwayi mälɨk' new ʔɨndɨh bəzɨmɨd ʔɨwänät
 
4. '''Match the Amharic adjectives with their English meanings:'''
 
* አዳዲስ
 
* ደኅን
 
* ድንጋይ
 
* ትንሽ
 
* ውብ
 
'''Answers:'''
 
* አዳዲስ - new
 
* ደኅን - safe
 
* ድንጋይ - hard
 
* ትንሽ - small
 
* ውብ - beautiful


<p>Welcome to the “Complete 0 to A1 Amharic Course”. In this lesson, you will learn about two essential components of speech in Amharic: adjectives and adverbs. Adjectives and adverbs are words that modify other words. Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Understanding how to use adjectives and adverbs correctly will help you to express yourself more precisely in Amharic.</p>
5. '''Create sentences using the following adjectives and adverbs:'''


==Adjectives in Amharic==
* ታላቅ (big)


===Formation of Adjectives===
* መነሻ (starting)


<p>Adjectives in Amharic are formed by adding suffixes to the stem of the noun they modify. There are two types of suffixes: one for masculine nouns and one for feminine nouns. Here are the suffixes:</p>
* በተመለከተ (regarding)


<table class="wikitable">
'''Sample Answers:'''
<tr>
<th>Gender</th>
<th>Suffix</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Male</td>
<td>-u</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Female</td>
<td>-et</td>
</tr>
</table>


<p>Here are some examples of adjectives in Amharic:</p>
* ታላቅ መኪና አለኝ || talak mäk'ina ʔaläñ (I have a big car)


<table class="wikitable">
* መነሻ እቅድ ነው || mänäsha ʔɨq'ɨd new (It is a starting plan)
<tr>
<th>Amharic</th>
<th>Pronunciation</th>
<th>English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ገብስ-ስም</td>
<td>Gebis-sim</td>
<td>Tall tree</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>እልፍ-አንድ</td>
<td>Ilif-And</td>
<td>One leaf</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>የብሩክ-በር</td>
<td>Yiburuk-ber</td>
<td>White goat</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>በሬ-ነሽ</td>
<td>Bere-nashi</td>
<td>My house</td>
</tr>
</table>


===Position of Adjectives in Amharic Sentences===
* በተመለከተ ምንጭ ነው || bät'ämäläk'ät mɨnɨch new (It is a source regarding)


<p>In Amharic, adjectives usually come after the noun they modify. Here are some examples:</p>
6. '''Rearrange the words to form correct sentences:'''


<ul>
* ቤት ውብ እኔ አለኝ
<li>እንደ ስምኝ ቤት (Ende simenye bet) - Beautiful house</li>
<li>እንደ ጥናት ቆልጦ መስራት (Ende tinit qoljo mesrat) - Difficult task</li>
</ul>


<p>However, in some cases, the adjective can come before the noun:</p>
* ቀይ ድንጋይ ይኖር ይገኙ


<ul>
'''Answers:'''
<li>የጠማማ ወንድማማ ልጅ (Yete'mama wendimama lij) - Tallest boy</li>
<li>በከፍተኛው ወንድ (Bekifetegnaw wend) - Oldest child</li>
</ul>


===Comparison of Adjectives in Amharic===
* እኔ አለኝ ውብ ቤት || ʔɨne ʔaläñ wɨb bät (I have a beautiful house)


<p>Like many other languages, in Amharic, you can compare adjectives using comparative and superlative forms. To form the comparative, you use the word “ብዛት” (bizat), which means “more than”. To form the superlative, you use the word “በዙሪያው” (bezuriyaw), which means “the most”. Here are examples:</p>
* ይኖር ቀይ ድንጋይ ይገኙ || yɨnɨr k'äy dɨngäy yɨgänu (There will be a red wall)


<ul>
7. '''Choose the correct adjective or adverb to complete the sentence:'''
<li>ቀለበት ብዛት በእንቅልፍ ላይ (qelebiba bizat benqilif lay) - Taller than a palm tree</li>
<li>ጠቅላይ ብዛት በማንነት መስዋዕት (teqlay bizat benanet mesweat) - More difficult than science</li>
<li>ብዛት በዙሪያው ጥልቅ ቀለበት (bizat bezuriyaw t'ilk qulebiba) - The tallest mountain</li>
</ul>


==Adverbs in Amharic==
* እሱ በጣም/ታላቅ ነው || ʔɨsu bät'äm/talak new


===Formation of Adverbs===
'''Answer:'''


<p>Adverbs in Amharic are usually formed by adding the suffix “-n” or “-en” to the stem of the adjective they modify. In some cases, however, the adverb form is identical to the adjective form.</p>
* እሱ በጣም ነው || ʔɨsu bät'äm new (He is very)


<p>Here are some examples of adverbs in Amharic:</p>
8. '''Translate the following amharic sentences to English:'''


<table class="wikitable">
* ውብ ቤተሰብ አለኝ
<tr>
<th>Amharic Adverb</th>
<th>Amharic Adjective</th>
<th>English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ጠብሳም</td>
<td>ጠብስ</td>
<td>Quickly</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>አልባሳም</td>
<td>አልባስ</td>
<td>Slowly</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ማህበረሰብ</td>
<td>ማህበረት</td>
<td>Cleverly</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>መሃረም</td>
<td>መሃረ</td>
<td>Long ago</td>
</tr>
</table>


===Position of Adverbs in Amharic Sentences===
* እናቱ አስተዋይ ናት


<p>In Amharic, adverbs can be placed in various positions within a sentence. Here are some examples:</p>
'''Answers:'''


<ul>
* I have a beautiful family.
<li>ስምኝ ብቻ ተደረገ ጥንቃቄ ጠብሳም ያለበት ስታደርገው ድርጅቶችን ምን እንደሚሰማ (Simenye bicha tederege tenqaqi qibsam yalebet setadergaw dirijitochnen min ende misa) - Beautifully singing birds are hard to find.</li>
<li>ሀበሻው ቁጥሩን ለብቻው ማሳየት አለበት (Habeshaw k'ut'uru lencha'aw masayet alebat) - Habesha speaks fluently</li>
</ul>


===Comparison of Adverbs in Amharic===
* She is a smart woman.


<p>Adverbs in Amharic can be compared using similar structures used to compare adjectives. Here are some examples:</p>
9. '''Identify the verbs in the sentence: "በጣም እተዋይ እንባላለሁ"'''


<ul>
'''Answer:'''
<li>ብዙም ጠብሳም የበለጸጉ ጥንቃቄ ነው (Bezum tebsam yebletsugu tenqaqi new) - Working quickly is always beneficial</li>
<li>በተሰማ ጋራ በዙሪያው መንሳፈር ላይ ተደሰተ (Beteseuma gara bezuriyaw mennasafar lay t'edesit) - She travels the fastest in the universe.</li>
</ul>


==Conclusion==
* ይበላል (is sad)


<p>Congratulations! You have learned about adjectives and adverbs in Amharic. You now understand how to modify nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. You have also learned about the formation, position, and comparison of adjectives and adverbs. Keep practicing your Amharic, and stay tuned for the next lesson!</p>
10. '''Write a short paragraph describing your family using at least three adjectives and two adverbs.'''


By practicing these exercises, you'll reinforce your understanding of adjectives and adverbs in Amharic. Remember, the more you use them, the more natural it will feel!
Congratulations! You've made it through this lesson on adjectives and adverbs in Amharic. Keep practicing, and soon you'll be using these parts of speech with confidence in your conversations.


<span link>Excellent job on conquering this lesson! Consider delving into these related pages: [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/The-Possessive-Adjectives|The Possessive Adjectives]] & [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Negative-Present-Future-Tense|Negative Present Future Tense]].</span>
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Amharic Grammar -> Basic Sentence Structure -> Adjectives and Adverbs
 
|keywords=amharic grammar, amharic adjectives, amharic adverbs, amharic adjectives formation, amharic adverbs formation, amharic adverbs comparison, amharic adjectives position
|title=Learn Amharic Adjectives and Adverbs
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about adjectives and adverbs in Amharic. Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Understanding how to use adjectives and adverbs correctly will help you to express yourself more precisely in Amharic.
 
|keywords=Amharic grammar, adjectives, adverbs, language learning, Amharic for beginners
 
|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to use adjectives and adverbs in Amharic, including examples, exercises, and practical applications for beginners.
 
}}
}}


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<span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-3.5-turbo></span> <span temperature=1></span>
<span openai_correct_model></span> <span gpt></span> <span model=gpt-4o-mini></span> <span temperature=0.7></span>
 
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic Amharic - Wikipedia]
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Introductory_Grammar_of_Amharic.html?id=FwGRQChZ91oC Introductory Grammar of Amharic - Wolf Leslau - Google Books]
* [https://aclanthology.org/W13-5712.pdf Development of Amharic Grammar Checker Using Morphological ...]
 
 


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Simple-Past-Tense-Forms-of-Other-Verbs-(Negative)|Simple Past Tense Forms of Other Verbs (Negative)]]
* [[Language/Amharic/Grammar/Simple-Past-Tense-Forms-of-Other-Verbs-(Negative)|Simple Past Tense Forms of Other Verbs (Negative)]]


<span class='maj'></span>
 
==Sources==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amharic Amharic - Wikipedia]
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Introductory_Grammar_of_Amharic.html?id=FwGRQChZ91oC Introductory Grammar of Amharic - Wolf Leslau - Google Books]
* [https://aclanthology.org/W13-5712.pdf Development of Amharic Grammar Checker Using Morphological ...]


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{{Amharic-Page-Bottom}}
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Latest revision as of 03:27, 2 August 2024

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AmharicGrammar0 to A1 Course → Adjectives and Adverbs

Welcome to this exciting lesson on Amharic grammar, where we will dive into the colorful world of adjectives and adverbs! Understanding these two parts of speech is essential for expressing yourself clearly and vividly in Amharic. Adjectives help us describe nouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, giving us the ability to add detail and nuance to our sentences.

In this lesson, we will explore:

  • The definitions and functions of adjectives and adverbs in Amharic
  • How adjectives and adverbs are formed and used in sentences
  • A variety of examples to illustrate their usage
  • Practice exercises to help solidify your understanding

By the end of this lesson, you will not only grasp the concepts of adjectives and adverbs in Amharic but also feel confident when using them in conversation. Let's embark on this journey together!

What are Adjectives?[edit | edit source]

Adjectives are words that describe nouns. They provide information about qualities, quantities, or states of the nouns they modify. In Amharic, adjectives typically come after the noun they describe, which is different from English, where adjectives usually precede the noun.

Examples of Adjectives[edit | edit source]

Here are some examples of adjectives in Amharic, showing how they modify nouns:

Amharic Pronunciation English
ደኅን dähin safe
ግሩም gɨrum beautiful
ድንጋይ dɨngäy hard
ዕድሜ ʕədmä old
አዳዲስ ʔadadis new
አስተዋይ ʔastäwayi smart
ታላቅ talak big
ትንሽ tɨnɨsh small
ምርጥ mɨrɨt best
ቀይ k'äy red

As you can see, adjectives in Amharic provide various qualities to the nouns they describe. Now, let’s explore how to use these adjectives in sentences!

Using Adjectives in Sentences[edit | edit source]

In Amharic, adjectives follow the nouns they modify. Here are some sentence examples:

Amharic Pronunciation English
የደኅን ቤት yädähin bät a safe house
አስተዋይ ሴት ʔastäwayi sät a smart woman
ውብ ቤተሰብ wɨb bätäsäb a beautiful family
ታላቅ መኪና talak mäk'ina a big car
ዕድሜ ድንጋይ ʕədmä dɨngäy an old wall

Now that we've covered adjectives, let's move on to adverbs!

What are Adverbs?[edit | edit source]

Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They often provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent something is done. In Amharic, adverbs can come before or after the verbs they modify.

Examples of Adverbs[edit | edit source]

Here are some examples of adverbs in Amharic:

Amharic Pronunciation English
በጣም bät'äm very
ወቅታዊ wäk'äṭawi temporarily
አዝናለሁ ʔäzänalɨhu sadly
እዚህ ʔɨzɨh here
ወደ ፊት wädä fɨt forward
አስተዋይ ʔastäwayi wisely
ዝምድ zɨmɨd quietly
አንዳንድ ʔänänɨd sometimes
ቀደመ k'ädäme earlier
በተመለከተ bät'ämäläk'ät regarding

Like adjectives, adverbs also add depth to our expressions. Let’s see how these adverbs work in sentences.

Using Adverbs in Sentences[edit | edit source]

In Amharic, adverbs can be placed both before and after the verb. Here are some examples:

Amharic Pronunciation English
እኔ በጣም አዝናለሁ ʔɨne bät'äm ʔäzänalɨhu I am very sad
እርስዎ አስተዋይ ተግባር ነው ʔɨrswo ʔastäwayi tägbar new You act wisely
እሱ ወቅታዊ ነው ʔɨsu wäq'tawi new He is temporary
ወንድሜ እዚህ አደርጋለሁ wändämé ʔɨzɨh ʔädrɨgalɨhu I do it here
እንደ ምርጥ ይወልዳሉ ʔɨndä mɨrɨt yɨwäldalu They will do it best

Summary[edit | edit source]

  • Adjectives describe nouns and typically follow them in Amharic.
  • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and can appear before or after the verbs they modify.

Now that we've covered the key concepts of adjectives and adverbs, let's put your knowledge to the test with some exercises!

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

1. Translate the following sentences into Amharic:

  • The beautiful girl is singing.
  • He is very happy.
  • I have a big house.

Answers:

  • አስተዋይ ሴት እንባላለሁ || ʔastäwayi sät ʔɨnbalälu
  • እሱ በጣም ደስ ይበላል || ʔɨsu bät'äm däs yɨbälal
  • እኔ ታላቅ ቤት አለኝ || ʔɨne talak bät ʔaläñ

2. Identify the adjectives and adverbs in the following sentences:

  • እሱ በጣም ደስ ይበላል
  • ሴት አስተዋይ ናት

Answers:

  • Adjectives: (none); Adverbs: በጣም
  • Adjectives: አስተዋይ; Adverbs: (none)

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate adjectives or adverbs:

  • ይቀይሩ እንደ ታላቅ ዕድሜ ቤት
  • አስተዋይ መልክ ነው እንዲህ በዝምድ እውነት

Answers:

  • ይቀይሩ እንደ ታላቅ ዕድሜ ቤት || yɨk'äyɨru ʔɨndä talak ʕədmä bät
  • አስተዋይ መልክ ነው እንዲህ በዝምድ እውነት || ʔastäwayi mälɨk' new ʔɨndɨh bəzɨmɨd ʔɨwänät

4. Match the Amharic adjectives with their English meanings:

  • አዳዲስ
  • ደኅን
  • ድንጋይ
  • ትንሽ
  • ውብ

Answers:

  • አዳዲስ - new
  • ደኅን - safe
  • ድንጋይ - hard
  • ትንሽ - small
  • ውብ - beautiful

5. Create sentences using the following adjectives and adverbs:

  • ታላቅ (big)
  • መነሻ (starting)
  • በተመለከተ (regarding)

Sample Answers:

  • ታላቅ መኪና አለኝ || talak mäk'ina ʔaläñ (I have a big car)
  • መነሻ እቅድ ነው || mänäsha ʔɨq'ɨd new (It is a starting plan)
  • በተመለከተ ምንጭ ነው || bät'ämäläk'ät mɨnɨch new (It is a source regarding)

6. Rearrange the words to form correct sentences:

  • ቤት ውብ እኔ አለኝ
  • ቀይ ድንጋይ ይኖር ይገኙ

Answers:

  • እኔ አለኝ ውብ ቤት || ʔɨne ʔaläñ wɨb bät (I have a beautiful house)
  • ይኖር ቀይ ድንጋይ ይገኙ || yɨnɨr k'äy dɨngäy yɨgänu (There will be a red wall)

7. Choose the correct adjective or adverb to complete the sentence:

  • እሱ በጣም/ታላቅ ነው || ʔɨsu bät'äm/talak new

Answer:

  • እሱ በጣም ነው || ʔɨsu bät'äm new (He is very)

8. Translate the following amharic sentences to English:

  • ውብ ቤተሰብ አለኝ
  • እናቱ አስተዋይ ናት

Answers:

  • I have a beautiful family.
  • She is a smart woman.

9. Identify the verbs in the sentence: "በጣም እተዋይ እንባላለሁ"

Answer:

  • ይበላል (is sad)

10. Write a short paragraph describing your family using at least three adjectives and two adverbs.

By practicing these exercises, you'll reinforce your understanding of adjectives and adverbs in Amharic. Remember, the more you use them, the more natural it will feel!

Congratulations! You've made it through this lesson on adjectives and adverbs in Amharic. Keep practicing, and soon you'll be using these parts of speech with confidence in your conversations.

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



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