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[[File:rome_27_395.png|thumb]]
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<div style="font-size:300%;"> '''Latin alphabet, also called Roman alphabet'''</div>
<div class="pg_page_title"> '''Latin alphabet, also called Roman alphabet'''</div>


== '''English''' ==
==The Latin Alphabet==
Latin alphabet, also called Roman alphabet, was borrowed in very early times from a Greek alphabet and in  classical period has '''23''' letters,


of which '''3''' are rare ('''k - y - z'''),  which are found in words of '''Greek origin'''. Initially it consisted of capital letters only, and the small letters
The Latin alphabet, commonly referred to as the Roman alphabet, was adopted in its early form from a variant of the Greek alphabet. During the classical period, it comprised 23 letters. Out of these, three letters—K, Y, and Z—are relatively rare and predominantly appear in words of Greek origin. Initially, the alphabet consisted solely of uppercase letters, and lowercase letters, as we recognize them today, did not become widely used until the late 8th century A.D.


with which we are familiar did not come into general use until the close of the eighth century A.D.  
The Latin language makes a distinction between long vowels (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū) and short vowels (ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ). However, in written texts, these distinctions are not consistently marked, which is a notable aspect of its orthography. Despite this, all letters in the Latin alphabet are pronounced.


Latin distinguishes between long vowels '''(ā, ē, ī, ō, ū''') and short vowels ('''ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ'''), which however are not generally noted in the texts.
It's important to clarify some inaccuracies regarding the modern use and composition of the Latin alphabet. The statement that the Latin alphabet contains 23 letters is historically accurate for the classical period. However, the modern Latin alphabet, as used in English and many other languages, contains 26 letters. The mention of the letters J, W, and V needs correction:


All the letters are pronounced.  
- **J:** In ancient Latin, the letter I served both as a vowel and a consonant. The letter J was later distinguished from I to represent the consonantal sound [j], particularly in Medieval Latin. This development was part of the evolution of the Latin alphabet beyond its classical roots.
- **W:** The letter W is indeed a later addition to the alphabet, primarily used in languages other than Latin itself, to represent sounds that were not present in classical Latin. It originated from the double U/V used to represent the [w] sound in certain Germanic languages.
- **V:** The letter V in classical Latin was used to represent both the vowel sound [u] and the consonantal sound [w]. The distinction between the letter U for the vowel sound and V for the consonantal sound became more pronounced in later Latin and into the modern period. The claim that V was abolished from the Latin alphabet in 1974 is incorrect; V remains a fundamental part of the alphabet, and no such abolition occurred.


== '''Français''' ==
The Latin alphabet's development over time reflects changes in the languages that use it, adapting to accommodate new sounds and linguistic needs. Its evolution from a strictly uppercase script to the inclusion of lowercase letters and the differentiation of vowel lengths are significant milestones in its history. The modern version of the Latin alphabet, as used across many languages today, is a testament to its adaptability and enduring legacy.
 
L'alphabet latin a été emprunté très tôt un alphabet grec et à l'époque classique compte '''23''' lettres, dont '''3''' rares '''(k - y - z)''',
 
que l'on trouve dans les mots '''d'origine grecque'''. Développé à partir de l'alphabet étrusque à un moment donné avant 600
 
avant notre ère, il est retracé à travers des étrusques, qui ils l'ont empruntés des Grecs. Initialement, il se composait uniquement
 
de lettres majuscules, et les minuscules avec lesquelles nous sommes familiers, ces lettres n'ayant été introduites qu'à la Renaissance.
 
Le latin distingue les voyelles longues ('''ā, ē , ī , ō , ū)''' et les voyelles brèves '''(ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ)''', qui toutefois ne sont généralement pas notées dans les textes.
 
== '''Ελληνικά''' ==
Το λατινικό αλφάβητο δανείστηκε πολύ νωρίς το ελληνικό αλφάβητο και στην κλασική εποχή έχει '''23''' γράμματα,
 
εκ των οποίων τα '''3''' είναι σπάνια ('''k - y - z'''), τα οποία βρίσκονται σε λέξεις '''ελληνικής προέλευσης'''.  
 
Αρχικά, αποτελούνταν μόνο από κεφαλαία γράμματα, η δε πεζή γραφή την οποία γνωρίζουμε δημιουργήθηκε στα τέλη του 8ου μ.Χ αι.    
 
== '''Latin alphabet''' ==


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|'''zephyrus''' : zéphyr / zephyr
|'''zephyrus''' : zéphyr / zephyr
|as in '''maze'''
|as in '''maze'''
|-
|''' Latin Unused '''
|J - j || Only in loanwords
|-
|V - v || Consonantal U, now is not used in 1974
|-
|W - w || Only in loanwords.
|-
|-
|'''Diphtongues'''
|'''Diphtongues'''
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|as in '''oyster'''
|as in '''oyster'''
|}
|}
==Sources==
https://mylanguages.org


==Videos==
==Videos==
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<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMa3mVX_-k4</youtube>
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMa3mVX_-k4</youtube>


==Related Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Latin/Grammar/Parts-of-speech-Latin|Parts of speech Latin]]
* [[Language/Latin/Grammar/Parts-of-speech-Latin|Parts of speech Latin]]
* [[Language/Latin/Grammar/Latin-Nouns|Latin Nouns]]
* [[Language/Latin/Grammar/Latin-Nouns|Latin Nouns]]
Line 242: Line 228:
* [[Language/Latin/Grammar/Past-Tense|Past Tense]]
* [[Language/Latin/Grammar/Past-Tense|Past Tense]]
* [[Language/Latin/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]
* [[Language/Latin/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 15:40, 5 February 2024

Rome 27 395.png
Latin alphabet, also called Roman alphabet

The Latin Alphabet[edit | edit source]

The Latin alphabet, commonly referred to as the Roman alphabet, was adopted in its early form from a variant of the Greek alphabet. During the classical period, it comprised 23 letters. Out of these, three letters—K, Y, and Z—are relatively rare and predominantly appear in words of Greek origin. Initially, the alphabet consisted solely of uppercase letters, and lowercase letters, as we recognize them today, did not become widely used until the late 8th century A.D.

The Latin language makes a distinction between long vowels (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū) and short vowels (ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ). However, in written texts, these distinctions are not consistently marked, which is a notable aspect of its orthography. Despite this, all letters in the Latin alphabet are pronounced.

It's important to clarify some inaccuracies regarding the modern use and composition of the Latin alphabet. The statement that the Latin alphabet contains 23 letters is historically accurate for the classical period. However, the modern Latin alphabet, as used in English and many other languages, contains 26 letters. The mention of the letters J, W, and V needs correction:

- **J:** In ancient Latin, the letter I served both as a vowel and a consonant. The letter J was later distinguished from I to represent the consonantal sound [j], particularly in Medieval Latin. This development was part of the evolution of the Latin alphabet beyond its classical roots. - **W:** The letter W is indeed a later addition to the alphabet, primarily used in languages other than Latin itself, to represent sounds that were not present in classical Latin. It originated from the double U/V used to represent the [w] sound in certain Germanic languages. - **V:** The letter V in classical Latin was used to represent both the vowel sound [u] and the consonantal sound [w]. The distinction between the letter U for the vowel sound and V for the consonantal sound became more pronounced in later Latin and into the modern period. The claim that V was abolished from the Latin alphabet in 1974 is incorrect; V remains a fundamental part of the alphabet, and no such abolition occurred.

The Latin alphabet's development over time reflects changes in the languages that use it, adapting to accommodate new sounds and linguistic needs. Its evolution from a strictly uppercase script to the inclusion of lowercase letters and the differentiation of vowel lengths are significant milestones in its history. The modern version of the Latin alphabet, as used across many languages today, is a testament to its adaptability and enduring legacy.

Latin alphabet Pronunciation Exemples Modern equivalences
A - ă and ā [a] bref- short

[a] long

damus : nous donnons - we give as in father -  âtre
B - b [b] bonus : bon / good as in bishop
C- c [k] toujours dur- still hard  cepi : j'ai pris / i took

Cicero, Cicéron / Cicero

képi - as in cat
D - d [d] dare : donner / give as in David
E - ĕ and ē [é] bref and [é] long habere : avoir / to have aimer - as in hey
F - f [f] fabula : fable as in freedom
G - g [g] toujours dur- still hard  magis : plus / more Garde / as in God
H - h [h] homo : homme / man honneur / as in holy
I - ĭ and  ī [i] bref - short

[i] long

[y] consonne / consonant

littera : lettre / letter

audire : entendre / hear

iam : déjà / already

fini / as in antique

pie

yeux

K - k (rare) [k] Kalendae : Calendes calendrier / as in king
L - l [l] lux : lumière / light as in love
M - m [m] mater : mère / mother as in Mary
N - n [n] nox : nuit / night as in nun
O - ŏ and ō [o] bref

[o] long

inopia : misère / misery

copia : abondance / abundance

Encore / as in over

faute

P - p [p] pater : père / father as in pope
Q(u) - q(u) [kw] qualis : quel / what as in queen
R - r [r] rex : roi / king as in Roma
S - s [s] still hard  - toujours dur causa : cause / casse / as in see
T - t [t] natio : nation / tiare / as in tree
V - ŭ and ū [ou] bref

[ou] long

[w] consonne

dominus : maître / master

ius : droit / law

uotum, vœu / wish

loup / as in wind

court

as in  water

X - x [ks] extra : au-dehors / without extérieur / as in wax
Y - y (rare) [u] hypocrita : mime nul / as in yard
Z - z (rare) [z] zephyrus : zéphyr / zephyr as in maze
Latin Unused J - j Only in loanwords
V - v Consonantal U, now is not used in 1974
W - w Only in loanwords.
Diphtongues
-ae- [aï] aequus : uni, égal / united, equal as in aisle / aie
-au- [aw] audire : entendre / hear as in house
-eu- [eou] neuter :  aucun des deux / neither of the two as in seu
-oe- [oï] poena, châtiment / punishment as in oyster

Videos[edit | edit source]

The Latin Alphabet - Consonant Pronunciation - YouTube[edit | edit source]

Basic English Grammar For Learning Latin Part I - YouTube[edit | edit source]

LEARN LATIN FROM SCRATCH 🏛️ Fundamental grammar ‹ Latin ...[edit | edit source]

Ruddiman 001 - Rudiments of Latin Grammar - The Letters Learn ...[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]

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