Difference between revisions of "Language/Armenian/Grammar/The-Passive-and-Active-Voice"

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==How to form the passive voice in Armenian==
==How to form the passive voice in Armenian==


In Armenian, the passive voice is formed by adding the letter “վ” right after the verb stem and before the corresponding verb ending. Here are a few examples: սպանել - սպանվել (to kill and to be killed), կառուցել - կառուցվել (to build and to be built), վնասել - վնասվել (to harm and to be harmed).  
In Armenian, the passive voice is formed by adding the letter “վ” right after the verb stem and before the corresponding verb ending. Here are a few examples: սպանել - սպանվել (to kill and to be killed), կառուցել - կառուցվել (to build and to be built), վնասել - վնասվել (to harm and to be harmed).  


This rule of adding “վ” right after the verb stem works not only for present, but also for past and future tenses, not only for the indicative mood, but also for the imperative, subjunctive, obligatory and the conditional.  
This rule of adding “վ” right after the verb stem works not only for present, but also for past and future tenses, not only for the indicative mood, but also for the imperative, subjunctive, obligatory and the conditional.  


==Examples: passive voice in Armenian==
==Examples: passive voice in Armenian==


For example: “սպանեցին մեկին” changes to “մեկը սպանվեց”, “կառուցելու են տներ” to “կառուցվելու են տներ”, “վնասեցի նրան” to “նա վնասվեց”, “վաճառեցինք տանձ” to “տանձ վաճառվեց”, “պետք է պատռեմ” to “պետք է պատռվի” etc.  
For example: “սպանեցին մեկին” changes to “մեկը սպանվեց”, “կառուցելու են տներ” to “կառուցվելու են տներ”, “վնասեցի նրան” to “նա վնասվեց”, “վաճառեցինք տանձ” to “տանձ վաճառվեց”, “պետք է պատռեմ” to “պետք է պատռվի” etc.  


Here are a few sentences using the passive voice.  
Here are a few sentences using the passive voice.  
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# Բոլոր հանցագործները կախվելու են։ All criminals will be hanged.  
# Բոլոր հանցագործները կախվելու են։ All criminals will be hanged.  
# Երանի բոլոր հիվանդները բուժվեին։ If only all patients were cured.  
# Երանի բոլոր հիվանդները բուժվեին։ If only all patients were cured.  


==Subject: passive voice in Armenian==
==Subject: passive voice in Armenian==


Very often sentences in passive voice, as four sentences just listed, have no subject. But they can have subject, which is introduced via the following structure: the structure <code>“word in genitive + կողմից” - “by …”</code>
Very often sentences in passive voice, as four sentences just listed, have no subject. But they can have subject, which is introduced via the following structure: the structure <code>“word in genitive + կողմից” - “by …”</code>


Here are two examples:  
Here are two examples:  


Active Voice: Վարդանը վճարեց ամբողջ գումարը։ Vardan paid the whole amount.  
Active Voice: Վարդանը վճարեց ամբողջ գումարը։ Vardan paid the whole amount.  


Passive Voice: Ամբողջ գումարը վճարվեց Վարդանի կողմից։ The whole amount was paid by Vardan.  
Passive Voice: Ամբողջ գումարը վճարվեց Վարդանի կողմից։ The whole amount was paid by Vardan.  


Active Voice: Գործարարը խաբեց Սուրենին։ The businessman lied to Suren.  
Active Voice: Գործարարը խաբեց Սուրենին։ The businessman lied to Suren.  
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Passive Voice: Նա սպանվեց կայծակից: He was killed by lightning.  
Passive Voice: Նա սպանվեց կայծակից: He was killed by lightning.  


==Irregular verbs at the passive voice==
==Irregular verbs at the passive voice==
There are a few verbs which are irregular in the passive voice. Here is a partial list:
There are a few verbs which are irregular in the passive voice. Here is a partial list:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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# Այս գիրքը դժվարությամբ է կարդացվում։ This book is read with difficulty.  
# Այս գիրքը դժվարությամբ է կարդացվում։ This book is read with difficulty.  
# Քո զայրույթն զգացվեց։ Your anger was felt.  
# Քո զայրույթն զգացվեց։ Your anger was felt.  


==Verbs forming their passive voice in a special manner==
==Verbs forming their passive voice in a special manner==
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|to be understood
|to be understood
|}
|}


Here are two examples:  
Here are two examples:  
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Some verbs gain a reflexive meaning (taking action upon yourself) when changed into the passive voice:  
Some verbs gain a reflexive meaning (taking action upon yourself) when changed into the passive voice:  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|to shave oneself 
|to shave oneself 
|}
|}


# Նա երբեք չի սափրվում։ He never shaves (himself).  
# Նա երբեք չի սափրվում։ He never shaves (himself).  
# Հայերը կարողանում են պաշտպանվել։ Armenians are able to defend themselves.
# Հայերը կարողանում են պաշտպանվել։ Armenians are able to defend themselves.


==Verbs without any Passive Voice==
==Verbs without any Passive Voice==


Some verbs simply do not have the passive voice. Here is a partial list of such verbs.  
Some verbs simply do not have the passive voice. Here is a partial list of such verbs.  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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* https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/handbook_of_armenian.pdf
* https://slaviccenters.duke.edu/sites/slaviccenters.duke.edu/files/handbook_of_armenian.pdf


==Related Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/present-simple-and-present-continuous|present simple and present continuous]]
* [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/present-simple-and-present-continuous|present simple and present continuous]]
* [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/The-Verb-to-Have|The Verb to Have]]
* [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/The-Verb-to-Have|The Verb to Have]]
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* [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/Indefinite-Pronouns|Indefinite Pronouns]]
* [[Language/Armenian/Grammar/Indefinite-Pronouns|Indefinite Pronouns]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 13:12, 27 March 2023

The Passive and Active Voice in Armenian
Armenian-Language-Polyglotclub.png

How to form the passive voice in Armenian[edit | edit source]

In Armenian, the passive voice is formed by adding the letter “վ” right after the verb stem and before the corresponding verb ending. Here are a few examples: սպանել - սպանվել (to kill and to be killed), կառուցել - կառուցվել (to build and to be built), վնասել - վնասվել (to harm and to be harmed).

This rule of adding “վ” right after the verb stem works not only for present, but also for past and future tenses, not only for the indicative mood, but also for the imperative, subjunctive, obligatory and the conditional.

Examples: passive voice in Armenian[edit | edit source]

For example: “սպանեցին մեկին” changes to “մեկը սպանվեց”, “կառուցելու են տներ” to “կառուցվելու են տներ”, “վնասեցի նրան” to “նա վնասվեց”, “վաճառեցինք տանձ” to “տանձ վաճառվեց”, “պետք է պատռեմ” to “պետք է պատռվի” etc.

Here are a few sentences using the passive voice.

  1. Արքիմեդը սպանվեց։ Archimedes was killed.
  2. Շեքսպիրի գիրքն այվեց։ Shakespeare’s book was burnt.
  3. Բոլոր հանցագործները կախվելու են։ All criminals will be hanged.
  4. Երանի բոլոր հիվանդները բուժվեին։ If only all patients were cured.

Subject: passive voice in Armenian[edit | edit source]

Very often sentences in passive voice, as four sentences just listed, have no subject. But they can have subject, which is introduced via the following structure: the structure “word in genitive + կողմից” - “by …”

Here are two examples:

Active Voice: Վարդանը վճարեց ամբողջ գումարը։ Vardan paid the whole amount.

Passive Voice: Ամբողջ գումարը վճարվեց Վարդանի կողմից։ The whole amount was paid by Vardan.

Active Voice: Գործարարը խաբեց Սուրենին։ The businessman lied to Suren.

Passive Voice: Սուրենը խաբվեց գործարարի կողմից։ Suren was deceived by the businessman.

Instrumental case[edit | edit source]

In some cases the instrumental case may be used. For example:

Active Voice: Կայծակը սպանեց նրան: The lightning killed him.

Passive Voice: Նա սպանվեց կայծակից: He was killed by lightning.

Irregular verbs at the passive voice[edit | edit source]

There are a few verbs which are irregular in the passive voice. Here is a partial list:

կարդալ  to read  կարդացվել  to be read
զգալ  to feel  զգացվել  to be felt 
դնել  to put  դրվել  to be put 
տանել  to carry  տարվել  to be carried 
տալ  to give  տրվել  to be given
  1. Ոչ մի լավ բան հեշտությամբ չի տրվում։ Nothing good is given easily.
  2. Այս գիրքը դժվարությամբ է կարդացվում։ This book is read with difficulty.
  3. Քո զայրույթն զգացվեց։ Your anger was felt.

Verbs forming their passive voice in a special manner[edit | edit source]

Verbs that end in -անալ or -ենալ replace these endings with -ացվել and -եցվել in passive voice. Here are a few often used verbs that form their passive voice in this manner.

միանալ  to join  միացվել  to be united 
քաղցրանալ  to become  sweet քաղցրացվել  to be made sweet 
մեծանալ  to become big  մեծացվել  to be made big 
փոքրանալ  to become small  փոքրացվել  to be made small 
հասկանալ  to understand  հասկացվել  to be understood

Here are two examples:

  1. Նկարը հինգ անգամ մեծացվել էր։ The picture was made five times bigger.
  2. Դանիելի ասածը չհասկացվեց։ Whatever Daniel said was not understood.

Verb gaining reflexive meaning[edit | edit source]

Some verbs gain a reflexive meaning (taking action upon yourself) when changed into the passive voice:

լվանալ  to wash something  լվացվել  to wash oneself 
սանրել  to comb something  սանրվել  to comb oneself 
հագնել  to put on something  հագնվել  to dress oneself 
պաշտպանել  to defend someone/thing  պաշտպանվել  to defend oneself 
սափրել  to shave someone/thing  սափրվել  to shave oneself 
  1. Նա երբեք չի սափրվում։ He never shaves (himself).
  2. Հայերը կարողանում են պաշտպանվել։ Armenians are able to defend themselves.

Verbs without any Passive Voice[edit | edit source]

Some verbs simply do not have the passive voice. Here is a partial list of such verbs.

ունենալ  to have 
խնդրել  to ask, to make a request 
մասնակցել  to participate 
երևալ  to appear 
հասնել  to reach to a place 
լալ  to cry 
սուլել  to whistle 
դառնալ  to become 
լինել  to be 
ծիծաղել  to lough

Sources[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]