Difference between revisions of "Language/Kabyle/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation"
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Dagi γur-wen isekkilen n tutlayt tamazight | Dagi γur-wen isekkilen n tutlayt tamazight | ||
Here you are letters of Berber language. | Here you are letters of Berber language. | ||
I/ TIΓRẠ/VOWELS (Voyelles) | I/ TIΓRẠ/VOWELS (Voyelles) | ||
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Ilem d asekkil ur γur-s ara azal. Neţţaru-t kan i wakken ad isifsus taγuri n wawalen. | Ilem d asekkil ur γur-s ara azal. Neţţaru-t kan i wakken ad isifsus taγuri n wawalen. | ||
The letter “e” has not a value. We write it just in order to make easier the reading of words. | The letter “e” has not a value. We write it just in order to make easier the reading of words. | ||
Ilem urğin yeţwaru di tagara n wawalen. | Ilem urğin yeţwaru di tagara n wawalen. | ||
The letter “e” is never written at the end of words. | The letter “e” is never written at the end of words. | ||
Neţţaru ilem γer tazwara n wemyag anaḍ win γur-s kan snat tergalin am (čč), (ğğ), (ns) d wiyaḍ… | Neţţaru ilem γer tazwara n wemyag anaḍ win γur-s kan snat tergalin am (čč), (ğğ), (ns) d wiyaḍ… | ||
We write “e” at the beginning of the infinitive verb that has only two consonants (čč/to eat), (ğğ/to leave), (ns/to spend the night)… | We write “e” at the beginning of the infinitive verb that has only two consonants (čč/to eat), (ğğ/to leave), (ns/to spend the night)… | ||
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Llan kraḍ n waggayen n tergalin. | Llan kraḍ n waggayen n tergalin. | ||
There are three groups of consonants. | There are three groups of consonants. | ||
1-tirgalin n timugna /normal consonants | 1-tirgalin n timugna /normal consonants | ||
2-imesla aggaγen akk d imesla izenzaγen/̣occlusive sounds and spirant sounds | 2-imesla aggaγen akk d imesla izenzaγen/̣occlusive sounds and spirant sounds | ||
3-imesla ufayen/emphatic sounds | 3-imesla ufayen/emphatic sounds | ||
1.Tirgalin n timugna/Normal consonants | 1.Tirgalin n timugna/Normal consonants | ||
Yal asekkil deg isekkilen-agi γur-s kan yiwen ususru. | Yal asekkil deg isekkilen-agi γur-s kan yiwen ususru. | ||
Each letter of these letters has just one pronunciation. | Each letter of these letters has just one pronunciation. | ||
/c/ (cha) amcic/cat/chat, acengu/enemy/ennemi | /c/ (cha) amcic/cat/chat, acengu/enemy/ennemi | ||
/č/ (yeč=yetch) ečč/to eat/manger, kečč/you/toi | /č/ (yeč=yetch) ečč/to eat/manger, kečč/you/toi | ||
/f/ (fa) yufa/he found/il a trouvé, afus/hand/main | /f/ (fa) yufa/he found/il a trouvé, afus/hand/main | ||
/ğ/ (yeğ=yedj) urğin/never/jamais, eğğ/to leave/laisser | /ğ/ (yeğ=yedj) urğin/never/jamais, eğğ/to leave/laisser | ||
/γ/ (γar=ghar) aγrum/bread/ekmek/pain, aγerbaz/school/école | /γ/ (γar=ghar) aγrum/bread/ekmek/pain, aγerbaz/school/école | ||
/h/ (ha) ahil/program/programme, hud/to destroy/détruire | /h/ (ha) ahil/program/programme, hud/to destroy/détruire | ||
/j/ (ja) ijdi/sand/sable, inijjel/anajel/bramble/roncier | /j/ (ja) ijdi/sand/sable, inijjel/anajel/bramble/roncier | ||
/l/ (la) ili/to be/être, ilelli/free/libre | /l/ (la) ili/to be/être, ilelli/free/libre | ||
/m/ (ma) alemmas/middle/moyen, tameγra/feast (party)/fête | /m/ (ma) alemmas/middle/moyen, tameγra/feast (party)/fête | ||
/n/ (na) tanumi/habit/habitude , asigna/clouds/nuages | /n/ (na) tanumi/habit/habitude , asigna/clouds/nuages | ||
/q/ (qil) aqcic/boy/garçon, aqbur/ancient/ancien | /q/ (qil) aqcic/boy/garçon, aqbur/ancient/ancien | ||
/r/ (ra) arrac/children/enfants, aru/to write/écrire | /r/ (ra) arrac/children/enfants, aru/to write/écrire | ||
/s/ (sa) seksu/couscous , ussan/days/jours, asif/river/rivière | /s/ (sa) seksu/couscous , ussan/days/jours, asif/river/rivière | ||
/ţ/ (yeţ=yets) neţţa/he/il , ţţu/to forget/oublier, ţţru/to cry/pleurer | /ţ/ (yeţ=yets) neţţa/he/il , ţţu/to forget/oublier, ţţru/to cry/pleurer | ||
/w/ (wa) awal/word/mot, waren/twenty/vingt | /w/ (wa) awal/word/mot, waren/twenty/vingt | ||
/x/ (xa=kha) axxam/house/maison, ixef/head/tête | /x/ (xa=kha) axxam/house/maison, ixef/head/tête | ||
/y/ (ya) tayri/love/amour, yunyu/june/juin | /y/ (ya) tayri/love/amour, yunyu/june/juin | ||
/z/ (za) azekka/tomorrow/demain, izi/fly (insect)/mouche, | /z/ (za) azekka/tomorrow/demain, izi/fly (insect)/mouche, | ||
/zz/ (yezz=yedz) Lezzayer/Algeria/Algérie, agezzar/butcher/boucher | /zz/ (yezz=yedz) Lezzayer/Algeria/Algérie, agezzar/butcher/boucher | ||
2. Imesli aggaγ akk d imesli azenzaγ/Occlusive and spirant sounds | |||
Kra n isekkilen, di teqbaylit, γur-sen yiwet n tira maca sin n isusruten. | Kra n isekkilen, di teqbaylit, γur-sen yiwet n tira maca sin n isusruten. | ||
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Llan semmus isekkilen γur-sen sin isusruten. There are five letters which have two pronunciations. | Llan semmus isekkilen γur-sen sin isusruten. There are five letters which have two pronunciations. | ||
b, d, g, k, t | b, d, g, k, t | ||
Imedyaten/Examples | Imedyaten/Examples | ||
/b/ aggaγ = occlusive /b/ : bibb/to carry/porter, Rebbi/my God/mon Dieu | /b/ aggaγ = occlusive /b/ : bibb/to carry/porter, Rebbi/my God/mon Dieu | ||
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/d/ aggaγ = occlusive /d/ : amdan/human/homme, eddu/to walk, ldi/to open/d/ azenzaγ = spirant | /d/ aggaγ = occlusive /d/ : amdan/human/homme, eddu/to walk, ldi/to open/d/ azenzaγ = spirant | ||
/d/ : adrar/mountain/montagne, adrim/money/monnaie | /d/ : adrar/mountain/montagne, adrim/money/monnaie | ||
/g/ aggaγ = occlusive /g/ : agrud/kid/gamin, argaz/man/homme | /g/ aggaγ = occlusive /g/ : agrud/kid/gamin, argaz/man/homme | ||
/g/ azenzaγ = spirant /g/ : agraw/group/groupe, agim/thousand/mille | |||
/g/ azenzaγ = spirant /g/ : agraw/group/groupe, agim/thousand/mille | |||
/k/ aggaγ = occlusive /k/ : ibki/monkey/singe, ayefki/milk/lait nek/I, me/moi | /k/ aggaγ = occlusive /k/ : ibki/monkey/singe, ayefki/milk/lait nek/I, me/moi | ||
/k/ azenzaγ = spirant /k/ : akal/land/terre, akli/slave/esclave, kem/you (f)/toi | /k/ azenzaγ = spirant /k/ : akal/land/terre, akli/slave/esclave, kem/you (f)/toi | ||
/t/ aggaγ = occlusive /t/ : ntu/to steack in, tasumta/pillow/oreiller | /t/ aggaγ = occlusive /t/ : ntu/to steack in, tasumta/pillow/oreiller | ||
/t/ azenzaγ = spirant /t/ : tamurt/country/pays, itri/star/étoile, tura/now | /t/ azenzaγ = spirant /t/ : tamurt/country/pays, itri/star/étoile, tura/now | ||
Tamawt/Remark : | Tamawt/Remark : | ||
Isekkilen “b”, “d”, “g”, “k” d “t” mi ara yilin d ussiden deg wawal ttwantaqen dayem d aggaγen. When the letters “b”, “d”, “g”, “k” and “t” are intensive in the word, they are pronounced always as occlusive sounds. | Isekkilen “b”, “d”, “g”, “k” d “t” mi ara yilin d ussiden deg wawal ttwantaqen dayem d aggaγen. When the letters “b”, “d”, “g”, “k” and “t” are intensive in the word, they are pronounced always as occlusive sounds. | ||
Taddart/village/village, Aseggas/year/année, Asekkil/letter/lettre | Taddart/village/village, Aseggas/year/année, Asekkil/letter/lettre | ||
3. Imesla ufayen/ Emphatic sounds | 3. Imesla ufayen/Emphatic sounds | ||
Tufayt/Emphasis/Stress accent/Accent d’intensité | Tufayt/Emphasis/Stress accent/Accent d’intensité | ||
Imesla ufayen ţwarun s umnes ddaw n usekkil. Llan semmus isekkilen ufayen : ḍ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ. | Imesla ufayen ţwarun s umnes ddaw n usekkil. Llan semmus isekkilen ufayen : ḍ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ. | ||
Emphatic sounds are written by adding a point (.) under the letter. There are five emphatic letters : ḍ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ. | Emphatic sounds are written by adding a point (.) under the letter. There are five emphatic letters : ḍ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ. | ||
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Amer ad nekkes umnes (.) yellan ddaw usekkil “ẓ” γef wawalen “aẓekka”, “iẓri” d “aẓrem”, kraḍ wawalen-agi ad bedlen inumak-nnsen : ad uγalen “azekka”, “izri” d “azrem”. | Amer ad nekkes umnes (.) yellan ddaw usekkil “ẓ” γef wawalen “aẓekka”, “iẓri” d “aẓrem”, kraḍ wawalen-agi ad bedlen inumak-nnsen : ad uγalen “azekka”, “izri” d “azrem”. | ||
If we delete the point (.) under the letter “ẓ” from the words “aẓekka/tomb/tombe”, “iẓri/view/vue” and “aẓrem/intestine/intestin”, these three words will change their meanings, they will become : “azekka/tomorrow/demain”, “izri/past/passé” and “azrem/snake/serpent”. | If we delete the point (.) under the letter “ẓ” from the words “aẓekka/tomb/tombe”, “iẓri/view/vue” and “aẓrem/intestine/intestin”, these three words will change their meanings, they will become : “azekka/tomorrow/demain”, “izri/past/passé” and “azrem/snake/serpent”. | ||
Same thing for : iẓi/gall-bladder/vésicule biliaire | Same thing for : iẓi/gall-bladder/vésicule biliaire | ||
izi/fly (insect)/mouche | |||
ṛwiγ/I am satiated/je suis rassasié | |||
rwiγ/I am disturbed/je suis perturbé | |||
Tamawt tamenzut/First remark : | Tamawt tamenzut/First remark : | ||
Asekkil /ḥ/ (ḥim) ur yelli ara d ufay γas akken γur-s umnes ddaw-as. Neţţaru-t akka iwakken ad t-nesemgarad d usekkil “h”. | Asekkil /ḥ/ (ḥim) ur yelli ara d ufay γas akken γur-s umnes ddaw-as. Neţţaru-t akka iwakken ad t-nesemgarad d usekkil “h”. | ||
The letter /ḥ/ (ḥim) is not emphatic in spite of the fact that it has a point (.) under it. We write it like this in order to differ it from the letter “h”. | The letter /ḥ/ (ḥim) is not emphatic in spite of the fact that it has a point (.) under it. We write it like this in order to differ it from the letter “h”. | ||
ḥud/to save/sauver, hud/to destroy/détruire | ḥud/to save/sauver, hud/to destroy/détruire. | ||
Isekkilen /ḥ/ (ḥim) akk d /ε/ (εil) d wid imu neqqar imesla ankaren. | Isekkilen /ḥ/ (ḥim) akk d /ε/ (εil) d wid imu neqqar imesla ankaren. | ||
The letters /ḥ / and /ε / are called pharyngeal sounds. | The letters /ḥ / and /ε / are called pharyngeal sounds. | ||
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Imesli ussid yeţwaru s sin isekkilen. | Imesli ussid yeţwaru s sin isekkilen. | ||
Intensive sound (double letter) is written with two letters. | Intensive sound (double letter) is written with two letters. | ||
Imedyaten/Examples | Imedyaten/Examples | ||
Axxam/house/maison | Axxam/house/maison | ||
Annar/stadium/stade | Annar/stadium/stade | ||
Uzzal/iron/fer | Uzzal/iron/fer | ||
Allav/brain, mind/cerveau | Allav/brain, mind/cerveau | ||
Uccen/wolf/loup | Uccen/wolf/loup | ||
Amgarad yellan gar isekkilen n timugna d yisekkilen ussiden : | Amgarad yellan gar isekkilen n timugna d yisekkilen ussiden : | ||
Difference between normal letters and intensive letters : | Difference between normal letters and intensive letters : | ||
Izi/fly (insect)/mouche | Izi/fly (insect)/mouche | ||
Ifer/leaf/feuille | |||
Izem/lion/lion | izzi/he surrounded/il a entouré | ||
Ifer/leaf/feuille | |||
iffer/he is hidden/il est caché | |||
Izem/lion/lion | |||
izzem/he closed/il a fermé | |||
Nezmar ad neg tamawt dakken inumak n wawalen (“izi”, “ifer” d “izem”) mgaraden γef inumak n wawalen (“izzi”, “iffer” d “izzem”). | Nezmar ad neg tamawt dakken inumak n wawalen (“izi”, “ifer” d “izem”) mgaraden γef inumak n wawalen (“izzi”, “iffer” d “izzem”). | ||
We can notice that the meanings of the words (“izi”, “ifer” and “izem”) are different from the meanings of the words (“izzi”, “iffer” and “izzem”). | We can notice that the meanings of the words (“izi”, “ifer” and “izem”) are different from the meanings of the words (“izzi”, “iffer” and “izzem”). | ||
Tamawt/Remark | Tamawt/Remark | ||
Asekkil ussid/Double letter | Asekkil ussid/Double letter | ||
Mi ara yili usekkil deg wawal gar yilem “e” d yilem “e” neγ gar yilem “e” d tiγri, yeţwaru d ussid. | Mi ara yili usekkil deg wawal gar yilem “e” d yilem “e” neγ gar yilem “e” d tiγri, yeţwaru d ussid. | ||
When a letter in the word is between “e” and “e” or between “e” and a vowel, it is written as double letter (double consonant). | When a letter in the word is between “e” and “e” or between “e” and a vowel, it is written as double letter (double consonant). | ||
Imedyaten/Examples | Imedyaten/Examples | ||
Yettef/he held/il tenait (e-e) | Yettef/he held/il tenait (e-e) | ||
Yewwet/he beat/il a frappé (e-e) | Yewwet/he beat/il a frappé (e-e) | ||
Yennayer/January/janvier (e-a) | Yennayer/January/janvier (e-a) | ||
Yemma/mother/mère (e-a) | Yemma/mother/mère (e-a) | ||
Tilelli/freedom/libertie (e-i) | Tilelli/freedom/libertie (e-i) | ||
Agellid/king/roi (e-i) | Agellid/king/roi (e-i) | ||
Yeffud/he is thirsty/il a soif (e-u) | Yeffud/he is thirsty/il a soif (e-u) | ||
Ageffur/rain/pluie (e-u) | Ageffur/rain/pluie (e-u) | ||
Llan kra n wawalen γur-sen isekkilen d ussiden deg yifeggagen-nnsen.There are some words which have double letters in their roots (bases). | Llan kra n wawalen γur-sen isekkilen d ussiden deg yifeggagen-nnsen.There are some words which have double letters in their roots (bases). | ||
Imedyaten/Examples | Imedyaten/Examples | ||
ffeγ/to go out/sortir tuffγa/going out/sortie | |||
ffeγ/to go out/sortir tuffγa/going out/sortie | |||
dder/to live/vivre tameddurt/life/vie | |||
taddart/village/village/qarya | |||
̣ | ̣ | ||
Amawal/Dictionary | Amawal/Dictionary | ||
Tanga = subject/sujet, matière | Tanga = subject/sujet, matière | ||
Azwel = title/titre | Azwel = title/titre | ||
Awal = word/mot (Awalen = words/mots) | Awal = word/mot (Awalen = words/mots) | ||
Amedya = example/exemple (Imedyaten = examples/exemples) | |||
Amedya = example/exemple (Imedyaten = examples/exemples) | |||
Tiγri (tiγra) = vowel/voyelle (vowels/voyelles) | Tiγri (tiγra) = vowel/voyelle (vowels/voyelles) | ||
Targalt (tirgalin) = consonant/consonne (consonants/consonnes) | Targalt (tirgalin) = consonant/consonne (consonants/consonnes) | ||
Amagnu = normal/normal(e) | Amagnu = normal/normal(e) | ||
Aggay = group/groupe | Aggay = group/groupe | ||
Alugen = rule/règlẹ (ilugan/rules/règles) | Alugen = rule/règlẹ (ilugan/rules/règles) | ||
Azal = value/valeur | |||
Azal = value/valeur | |||
Asusru = pronunciation/pronociation (ususruten/pronunciations) | |||
Tira = writing/écriture | Tira = writing/écriture | ||
Imesli = sound/son (imesla = sounds/sons) | Imesli = sound/son (imesla = sounds/sons) | ||
Imesli aggaγ = occlusive sound/son occlusif̣ | Imesli aggaγ = occlusive sound/son occlusif̣ | ||
Imesli azenzaγ = spirant sound/son spiranṭ | Imesli azenzaγ = spirant sound/son spiranṭ | ||
Imesli ufay = emphatic sound/son emphatiquẹ | Imesli ufay = emphatic sound/son emphatiquẹ | ||
Imesli ankar = pharyngeal sound/son pharyngal | Imesli ankar = pharyngeal sound/son pharyngal | ||
Asekkil = letter/lettre (gram)̣ (Isekkilen = letters/lettres) | Asekkil = letter/lettre (gram)̣ (Isekkilen = letters/lettres) | ||
Tutlayt = language/langue | Tutlayt = language/langue | ||
Tamsirt = lesson/leçon | Tamsirt = lesson/leçon | ||
Afeggag = root, base/radical, racine (Ifeggagen/radicaux/,roots, bases) | Afeggag = root, base/radical, racine (Ifeggagen/radicaux/,roots, bases) | ||
Tafelwit = table/tableau | Tafelwit = table/tableau | ||
Umnes = point/point | Umnes = point/point |
Revision as of 15:52, 17 April 2020
Tanga/Subject : ILUGAN N TIRA/ORTHOGRAPHY (Spelling)
Azwel/Title : AGEMMAY/ALPHABET
Dagi γur-wen isekkilen n tutlayt tamazight
Here you are letters of Berber language.
I/ TIΓRẠ/VOWELS (Voyelles)
/a/ (aγra) : baba/father/père, aman/water/eau
/i/ (iγri) : Tamaziγt/Berber language, iri/side/bord, ini/to tell/dire
/u/ (uγru) : ul/heart/coeur, ussan/days/jours, azul/hello/merhaba/salut
/e/ ( ilem, tiγri tilemt/empty vowel) : aselmad/teacher/enseignant, els/to wear, ečč/to eat/manger (we can write “e” as we can dont write it because if we delete it from the word, the sound of this word doesnt change : aselmad=aslmad, els= ls, ečč= čč. Generally we write it in order to make easier the pronunciation of words).
Tamawt/Remark :
Ilem d asekkil ur γur-s ara azal. Neţţaru-t kan i wakken ad isifsus taγuri n wawalen.
The letter “e” has not a value. We write it just in order to make easier the reading of words. Ilem urğin yeţwaru di tagara n wawalen.
The letter “e” is never written at the end of words.
Neţţaru ilem γer tazwara n wemyag anaḍ win γur-s kan snat tergalin am (čč), (ğğ), (ns) d wiyaḍ…
We write “e” at the beginning of the infinitive verb that has only two consonants (čč/to eat), (ğğ/to leave), (ns/to spend the night)…
Ečč/to eat/manger, Eğğ/to leave/laisser, Ens/to spend the night/passer la nuit
II/ TIRGALIN/CONSONANTS (Consonnes)
Llan kraḍ n waggayen n tergalin.
There are three groups of consonants.
1-tirgalin n timugna /normal consonants
2-imesla aggaγen akk d imesla izenzaγen/̣occlusive sounds and spirant sounds
3-imesla ufayen/emphatic sounds
1.Tirgalin n timugna/Normal consonants
Yal asekkil deg isekkilen-agi γur-s kan yiwen ususru.
Each letter of these letters has just one pronunciation.
/c/ (cha) amcic/cat/chat, acengu/enemy/ennemi
/č/ (yeč=yetch) ečč/to eat/manger, kečč/you/toi
/f/ (fa) yufa/he found/il a trouvé, afus/hand/main
/ğ/ (yeğ=yedj) urğin/never/jamais, eğğ/to leave/laisser
/γ/ (γar=ghar) aγrum/bread/ekmek/pain, aγerbaz/school/école
/h/ (ha) ahil/program/programme, hud/to destroy/détruire
/j/ (ja) ijdi/sand/sable, inijjel/anajel/bramble/roncier
/l/ (la) ili/to be/être, ilelli/free/libre
/m/ (ma) alemmas/middle/moyen, tameγra/feast (party)/fête
/n/ (na) tanumi/habit/habitude , asigna/clouds/nuages
/q/ (qil) aqcic/boy/garçon, aqbur/ancient/ancien
/r/ (ra) arrac/children/enfants, aru/to write/écrire
/s/ (sa) seksu/couscous , ussan/days/jours, asif/river/rivière
/ţ/ (yeţ=yets) neţţa/he/il , ţţu/to forget/oublier, ţţru/to cry/pleurer
/w/ (wa) awal/word/mot, waren/twenty/vingt
/x/ (xa=kha) axxam/house/maison, ixef/head/tête
/y/ (ya) tayri/love/amour, yunyu/june/juin
/z/ (za) azekka/tomorrow/demain, izi/fly (insect)/mouche,
/zz/ (yezz=yedz) Lezzayer/Algeria/Algérie, agezzar/butcher/boucher
2. Imesli aggaγ akk d imesli azenzaγ/Occlusive and spirant sounds
Kra n isekkilen, di teqbaylit, γur-sen yiwet n tira maca sin n isusruten. Some Berber (kabyle) letters have one writing but two different pronunciations. Llan semmus isekkilen γur-sen sin isusruten. There are five letters which have two pronunciations.
b, d, g, k, t
Imedyaten/Examples
/b/ aggaγ = occlusive /b/ : bibb/to carry/porter, Rebbi/my God/mon Dieu /b/ azenzaγ = spirant /b/ : abrid/street (way)/rue, baba/father/père
/d/ aggaγ = occlusive /d/ : amdan/human/homme, eddu/to walk, ldi/to open/d/ azenzaγ = spirant
/d/ : adrar/mountain/montagne, adrim/money/monnaie
/g/ aggaγ = occlusive /g/ : agrud/kid/gamin, argaz/man/homme
/g/ azenzaγ = spirant /g/ : agraw/group/groupe, agim/thousand/mille
/k/ aggaγ = occlusive /k/ : ibki/monkey/singe, ayefki/milk/lait nek/I, me/moi
/k/ azenzaγ = spirant /k/ : akal/land/terre, akli/slave/esclave, kem/you (f)/toi
/t/ aggaγ = occlusive /t/ : ntu/to steack in, tasumta/pillow/oreiller
/t/ azenzaγ = spirant /t/ : tamurt/country/pays, itri/star/étoile, tura/now
Tamawt/Remark :
Isekkilen “b”, “d”, “g”, “k” d “t” mi ara yilin d ussiden deg wawal ttwantaqen dayem d aggaγen. When the letters “b”, “d”, “g”, “k” and “t” are intensive in the word, they are pronounced always as occlusive sounds. Taddart/village/village, Aseggas/year/année, Asekkil/letter/lettre
3. Imesla ufayen/Emphatic sounds
Tufayt/Emphasis/Stress accent/Accent d’intensité
Imesla ufayen ţwarun s umnes ddaw n usekkil. Llan semmus isekkilen ufayen : ḍ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ.
Emphatic sounds are written by adding a point (.) under the letter. There are five emphatic letters : ḍ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ.
Imedyaten/Examples
/ḍ/ (ḍar) : emphatic /d/: iḍelli/yesterday/hier, aḍar/foot/pied, iḍ/night/nuit
/ṛ/ (ṛar) : emphatic /r/ : ṛwiγ/I am satiated/je suis rassasié, iwṛiγ/to turn yellow/jaunir
/ṣ/ (ṣar) : emphatic /s/ : ṣṣur/wall/mur, ṣa/seven/sept, ṣber/patience/patience
/ṭ/ (ṭar) : emphatic /t/: tiṭ/eye/oeil, aṭas/a lot/beaucoup/bezzaf/çok, iṭij/sun
/ẓ/ (ẓar) : emphatic /z/ : aẓar/root/racine, aẓekka/tomb/tombe, iẓri/view/vue
Tamawt/Remark :
Amer ad nekkes umnes (.) yellan ddaw usekkil “ẓ” γef wawalen “aẓekka”, “iẓri” d “aẓrem”, kraḍ wawalen-agi ad bedlen inumak-nnsen : ad uγalen “azekka”, “izri” d “azrem”.
If we delete the point (.) under the letter “ẓ” from the words “aẓekka/tomb/tombe”, “iẓri/view/vue” and “aẓrem/intestine/intestin”, these three words will change their meanings, they will become : “azekka/tomorrow/demain”, “izri/past/passé” and “azrem/snake/serpent”.
Same thing for : iẓi/gall-bladder/vésicule biliaire
izi/fly (insect)/mouche ṛwiγ/I am satiated/je suis rassasié rwiγ/I am disturbed/je suis perturbé
Tamawt tamenzut/First remark :
Asekkil /ḥ/ (ḥim) ur yelli ara d ufay γas akken γur-s umnes ddaw-as. Neţţaru-t akka iwakken ad t-nesemgarad d usekkil “h”.
The letter /ḥ/ (ḥim) is not emphatic in spite of the fact that it has a point (.) under it. We write it like this in order to differ it from the letter “h”.
ḥud/to save/sauver, hud/to destroy/détruire.
Isekkilen /ḥ/ (ḥim) akk d /ε/ (εil) d wid imu neqqar imesla ankaren.
The letters /ḥ / and /ε / are called pharyngeal sounds.
Imedyaten/Examples
εiwen/to help/aider, aεebbuḍ/stomach/estomac tibḥirt/garden/jardin/djnina, ḥemmel/to love/aimer
Tamawt tis snat/Second remark :
Imesla ussiden/ Intensive sounds
Tussda/Doubling of the consonant/Doublement de la consonne
Imesli ussid yeţwaru s sin isekkilen.
Intensive sound (double letter) is written with two letters.
Imedyaten/Examples
Axxam/house/maison
Annar/stadium/stade
Uzzal/iron/fer
Allav/brain, mind/cerveau
Uccen/wolf/loup
Amgarad yellan gar isekkilen n timugna d yisekkilen ussiden :
Difference between normal letters and intensive letters :
Izi/fly (insect)/mouche
izzi/he surrounded/il a entouré
Ifer/leaf/feuille
iffer/he is hidden/il est caché
Izem/lion/lion
izzem/he closed/il a fermé
Nezmar ad neg tamawt dakken inumak n wawalen (“izi”, “ifer” d “izem”) mgaraden γef inumak n wawalen (“izzi”, “iffer” d “izzem”).
We can notice that the meanings of the words (“izi”, “ifer” and “izem”) are different from the meanings of the words (“izzi”, “iffer” and “izzem”).
Tamawt/Remark
Asekkil ussid/Double letter
Mi ara yili usekkil deg wawal gar yilem “e” d yilem “e” neγ gar yilem “e” d tiγri, yeţwaru d ussid.
When a letter in the word is between “e” and “e” or between “e” and a vowel, it is written as double letter (double consonant).
Imedyaten/Examples
Yettef/he held/il tenait (e-e)
Yewwet/he beat/il a frappé (e-e)
Yennayer/January/janvier (e-a)
Yemma/mother/mère (e-a)
Tilelli/freedom/libertie (e-i)
Agellid/king/roi (e-i)
Yeffud/he is thirsty/il a soif (e-u)
Ageffur/rain/pluie (e-u)
Llan kra n wawalen γur-sen isekkilen d ussiden deg yifeggagen-nnsen.There are some words which have double letters in their roots (bases).
Imedyaten/Examples
ffeγ/to go out/sortir tuffγa/going out/sortie
dder/to live/vivre tameddurt/life/vie
taddart/village/village/qarya
̣
Amawal/Dictionary
Tanga = subject/sujet, matière
Azwel = title/titre
Awal = word/mot (Awalen = words/mots)
Amedya = example/exemple (Imedyaten = examples/exemples)
Tiγri (tiγra) = vowel/voyelle (vowels/voyelles)
Targalt (tirgalin) = consonant/consonne (consonants/consonnes)
Amagnu = normal/normal(e)
Aggay = group/groupe
Alugen = rule/règlẹ (ilugan/rules/règles)
Azal = value/valeur
Asusru = pronunciation/pronociation (ususruten/pronunciations)
Tira = writing/écriture
Imesli = sound/son (imesla = sounds/sons)
Imesli aggaγ = occlusive sound/son occlusif̣
Imesli azenzaγ = spirant sound/son spiranṭ
Imesli ufay = emphatic sound/son emphatiquẹ
Imesli ankar = pharyngeal sound/son pharyngal
Asekkil = letter/lettre (gram)̣ (Isekkilen = letters/lettres)
Tutlayt = language/langue
Tamsirt = lesson/leçon
Afeggag = root, base/radical, racine (Ifeggagen/radicaux/,roots, bases)
Tafelwit = table/tableau
Umnes = point/point