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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Irish|Irish]]  → [[Language/Irish/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Irish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Overview of Irish History</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Irish|Irish]]  → [[Language/Irish/Culture|Culture]] → [[Language/Irish/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Overview of Irish History</div>
Welcome to this lesson on the "Overview of Irish History"! Understanding the history of Ireland is not just about dates and events; it's about connecting with the very essence of the Irish language and culture. Each word you learn and each phrase you practice is steeped in the rich tapestry of Ireland's past. From ancient times with its Celtic roots to the modern-day Republic, Ireland’s history is filled with stories of resilience, innovation, and a deep connection to the land and community.
In this lesson, we will embark on a journey through the key periods of Irish history, exploring significant events, influential figures, and cultural milestones that shaped the Ireland we know today. This will lay a foundation that enhances your understanding of the Irish language, as historical context often enriches the meaning of the words and phrases you will encounter later on.


__TOC__
__TOC__


== Introduction ==
=== Ancient Ireland ===
 
==== The Celtic Era ====
 
The story of Ireland begins long before recorded history, with the arrival of the Celts around 500 BC. They brought with them a vibrant culture characterized by intricate art, mythology, and a strong oral tradition.
 
* '''Celtic Tribes''': The Gaelic language emerged from this period, which you will find is the precursor to modern Irish.
 
* '''Druids''': The Celtic priests held immense power and influence, providing guidance on both spiritual and practical matters.
 
* '''Stone Structures''': Sites like Newgrange, a prehistoric monument, showcase the advanced engineering skills of the Celts.
 
Let's look at some examples of significant words and phrases from this era:
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Ceilteach || ˈkɛl̪ˠtʲax || Celtic
 
|-
 
| Druid || ˈd̪ɾˠuːɪd || Druid
 
|-
 
| Newgrange || nʲuːˈɡɾˠeɪndʒ || Newgrange
 
|}
 
==== Viking Invasions ====
 
Fast forward to the 8th and 9th centuries, when the Vikings began raiding Ireland. They established settlements that would lead to the development of towns like Dublin.
 
* '''Viking Influence''': Many towns we know today have names derived from Old Norse.
 
* '''Trade and Conflict''': The Vikings influenced Irish trade routes and brought new goods.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Lochlannach || ˈl̪ˠɔxˠl̪ˠan̪ˠəx || Viking
 
|-
 
| Baile Átha Cliath || ˈbˠalʲə ˈaːhə ˈklʲiːə || Dublin
 
|-
 
| Rí na nGael || ˈɾʲiː n̪ˠan̪ˠɡeːl || King of the Gaels
 
|}
 
=== Medieval Ireland ===
 
==== The Norman Invasion ====
 
In the 12th century, the Normans invaded, bringing feudalism and further altering the landscape of Irish society.
 
* '''Castle Building''': They constructed castles, many of which still stand today.
 
* '''Language and Culture''': The Normans introduced new terms and customs that blended with Irish culture.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Caisleán || ˈkaʃlʲaːn || Castle
 
|-
 
| Tír || tʲiːɾʲ || Land
 
|-
 
| Ríocht || ˈɾʲiːx̪tʲ || Kingdom
 
|}
 
==== The Gaelic Resurgence ====
 
By the 14th century, a Gaelic resurgence took place as local chieftains fought to reclaim their power, leading to the establishment of the Gaelic League.
 
* '''Language Revival''': The use of the Irish language flourished during this period.
 
* '''Cultural Identity''': This era emphasized Irish literature and folklore.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Gaeil || ɡeːlʲ || Gaels
 
|-
 
| Éire || ˈeːɾʲə || Ireland
 
|-
 
| Sionnach || ˈʃɪn̪ˠəx || Fox (symbol of cunning in folklore)
 
|}
 
=== Modern Ireland ===
 
==== The Great Famine ====
 
The mid-19th century brought the Great Famine, a tragic period that led to mass emigration and significant societal changes.
 
* '''Population Decline''': The population of Ireland dropped dramatically, altering its demographic landscape.
 
* '''Cultural Impact''': The diaspora carried Irish culture and language around the world.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Gorta Mór || ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠa mˠoːɾ || Great Famine
 
|-
 
| Imigriú || ˈɪmʲɪɡɾʲuː || Emigration
 
|-
 
| Díshealbh || ˈdiːʃalʲv || Displacement
 
|}
 
==== Independence and Conflict ====
 
The early 20th century saw the struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922.
 
* '''Civil War''': Following independence, a civil war erupted, deeply affecting the nation.
 
* '''Cultural Renaissance''': This period also sparked a cultural revival in literature and the arts.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Saoirse || ˈsˠiːɾʲʃə || Freedom
 
|-
 
| Conradh na Gaeilge || ˈkʊn̪ˠɾˠə na ˈɡeːlʲɡə || Gaelic League
 
|-
 
| Éire Nua || ˈeːɾʲə ˈnˠuə || New Ireland
 
|}
 
=== Contemporary Ireland ===
 
==== The Celtic Tiger ====
 
In the late 20th century, Ireland experienced rapid economic growth known as the "Celtic Tiger."
 
* '''Globalization''': This period brought significant foreign investment and a rise in living standards.
 
* '''Cultural Fusion''': Modern Ireland is a blend of traditional and contemporary influences.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Tíogar Ceilteach || ˈtʲiːɡəɾʲ ˈkɛl̪ˠtʲaɪ̯k || Celtic Tiger
 
|-
 
| Cothú || ˈkɔːhʊ || Growth
 
|-
 
| Cultúr || ˈkʊl̪ˠtuːɾʲ || Culture
 
|}
 
==== Ireland Today ====
 
Today, Ireland is a vibrant country known for its rich cultural heritage, contributions to literature, and a growing global presence.
 
* '''EU Membership''': As a member of the European Union, Ireland plays a significant role in European politics and economy.
 
* '''Cultural Festivals''': Events like St. Patrick's Day celebrate Irish culture worldwide.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! Pronunciation !! English
 
|-
 
| Conradh na hÉireann || ˈkʊn̪ˠɾˠə na ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ || Irish Republic
 
|-
 
| Féile || ˈfeːlʲə || Festival
 
|-
 
| Conradh || ˈkʊn̪ˠɾˠə || League
 
|}
 
=== Summary ===
 
In this brief overview, we've explored the journey of Ireland from ancient to modern times. Understanding this historical context not only enriches your appreciation of the Irish language but also deepens your connection to the culture. As you continue your learning journey, remember that every word has a story, and every phrase is a piece of a larger narrative.
 
=== Exercises ===
 
Now that we've covered the basics, let’s reinforce what you've learned with some exercises.
 
==== Exercise 1: Vocabulary Match ====
 
Match the Irish words to their English translations.
 
{| class="wikitable"
 
! Irish !! English
 
|-


Welcome to the lesson on Irish history! In this lesson, we will take a journey through time to explore the rich and fascinating history of Ireland. Understanding Irish history is crucial to fully grasp the cultural context of the Irish language. By delving into the past, we can better appreciate the language's roots and its significance in Irish society.
| 1. Gorta Mór || a. Freedom


Throughout this lesson, we will cover various periods in Irish history, from ancient times to the modern day. We will examine key events, influential figures, and cultural developments that have shaped Ireland into the country it is today. By the end of this lesson, you will have gained a solid understanding of the major milestones in Irish history and their impact on the Irish language and culture.
|-


Let's begin our journey through time and uncover the captivating story of Ireland!
| 2. Caisleán || b. Great Famine


== Ancient Ireland ==
|-


Our exploration of Irish history starts in ancient times, long before the arrival of Christianity or the English. Ancient Ireland was inhabited by Celtic tribes, who established a rich and vibrant culture. One of the most significant aspects of this period was the development of the Irish language, which has its roots in the Celtic language family.
| 3. Saoirse || c. Castle


The ancient Irish society was organized into various kingdoms, each ruled by a local king or chieftain. These kingdoms often engaged in fierce battles and alliances with one another, shaping the political landscape of the time.
|}


Religion played a crucial role in ancient Ireland, with the Celtic people worshipping a pantheon of deities. The ancient Irish practiced rituals, held festivals, and believed in the existence of supernatural beings such as fairies and leprechauns.
* '''Solution''': 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - a


== Early Christian Period ==
==== Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks ====


The arrival of Christianity in Ireland in the 5th century brought about significant changes to the island. Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, is credited with bringing Christianity to the Irish people. The spread of Christianity led to the establishment of monasteries and the rise of monastic learning and scholarship.
Fill in the blanks with the correct Irish term.


During this period, Irish monks became renowned for their illuminated manuscripts, such as the Book of Kells and the Book of Durrow. These intricately decorated manuscripts showcased the artistic and intellectual achievements of the time and remain treasured cultural artifacts to this day.
1. The capital of Ireland is __________ (Dublin).


== Viking Invasions and Norman Conquest ==
2. The ancient priests in Celtic society were called __________ (Druids).


In the 8th and 9th centuries, Ireland faced invasions from Viking raiders, who established settlements along the coasts. These raids brought about significant changes in Irish society, as the Vikings introduced new trade routes and influenced the Irish language, particularly in the areas of Dublin, Waterford, and Limerick.
* '''Solution''': 1 - Baile Átha Cliath, 2 - Druid


Later, in the 12th century, the Normans invaded Ireland under the leadership of Strongbow. The Norman conquest had a lasting impact on Irish society, as the Normans introduced new political structures, such as the feudal system, and built castles and fortifications across the country.
==== Exercise 3: True or False ====


== English Rule and Irish Resistance ==
Determine if the following statements are true or false.


The 16th and 17th centuries marked a tumultuous period in Irish history, as England sought to establish control over Ireland. The English implemented policies that marginalized the native Irish population, leading to widespread unrest and resistance.
1. The Vikings established Dublin. (True)


The most famous rebellion against English rule was the 1916 Easter Rising, in which Irish nationalists proclaimed an independent Irish Republic. While the rebellion was ultimately suppressed, it marked a turning point in the fight for Irish independence and paved the way for the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922.
2. The Great Famine occurred in the 18th century. (False)


== The Troubles and Recent Developments ==
* '''Solution''': 1 - True, 2 - False


In the latter half of the 20th century, Ireland faced a period of violent conflict known as "The Troubles." The conflict, primarily between Irish nationalists and unionists in Northern Ireland, resulted in numerous casualties and political instability.
==== Exercise 4: Short Answer ====


In recent years, there have been significant developments in the peace process, leading to the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998. The agreement aimed to bring an end to the violence and establish a power-sharing government in Northern Ireland. While challenges remain, the peace process has brought about a more stable and peaceful Ireland.
What was the impact of the Norman invasion on Irish society?


== Cultural Significance of Irish History ==
* '''Solution''': The Norman invasion introduced feudalism, altered the social structure, and brought new customs and language.


The history of Ireland is deeply intertwined with its language and culture. The struggles and triumphs of the Irish people have shaped their identity and influenced the development of the Irish language. Studying Irish history allows us to understand the origins of certain phrases, idioms, and cultural traditions that are still prevalent today.
==== Exercise 5: Translation ====


For example, the Irish language is rich in storytelling traditions, and many ancient myths and legends have been passed down through generations. These tales often reflect the struggles and triumphs of the Irish people throughout history.
Translate the following sentence into Irish: "Ireland is a beautiful country."


Irish history also plays a significant role in Irish music and dance. Traditional Irish music often tells stories of rebellion, love, and the Irish way of life. Irish dance, with its intricate footwork and energetic rhythms, is a celebration of the resilience and spirit of the Irish people.
* '''Solution''': "Is tír álainn í Éire."


== Exercises ==
==== Exercise 6: Identify the Era ====


Now that you have gained a brief understanding of Irish history, it's time to test your knowledge! Complete the following exercises to apply what you have learned:
Identify which era the following events belong to:


Exercise 1: Match the historical period with the corresponding description:
1. The establishment of castles.
1. Ancient Ireland
2. Early Christian Period
3. Viking Invasions and Norman Conquest
4. English Rule and Irish Resistance
5. The Troubles and Recent Developments


a. This period marked the arrival of Christianity in Ireland and the rise of monastic learning and scholarship.
2. The Great Famine.
b. The Irish language developed during this period, and the society was organized into various kingdoms.
c. The Norman conquest introduced new political structures and fortifications across Ireland.
d. England sought to establish control over Ireland, leading to widespread resistance and rebellion.
e. A period of violent conflict in Northern Ireland, which eventually led to the signing of the Good Friday Agreement.


Exercise 2: Fill in the blanks with the correct answer:
* '''Solution''': 1 - Medieval Ireland, 2 - Modern Ireland
1. The spread of ____________ in Ireland led to the establishment of monasteries and the rise of monastic learning and scholarship.
2. The ____________ introduced new trade routes and influenced the Irish language.
3. The ____________ was a rebellion against English rule that marked a turning point in the fight for Irish independence.
4. The signing of the ____________ aimed to bring an end to the violence and establish a power-sharing government in Northern Ireland.


== Solutions ==
==== Exercise 7: Multiple Choice ====


Exercise 1:
What was the Celtic Tiger?
1. b
2. a
3. c
4. d
5. e


Exercise 2:
a) A period of economic decline 
1. Christianity
2. Vikings
3. 1916 Easter Rising
4. Good Friday Agreement


== Conclusion ==
b) A period of rapid economic growth 


Congratulations! You have completed the overview of Irish history. By understanding the historical context of the Irish language, you can better appreciate its cultural significance and the stories it tells. Irish history is a complex and rich tapestry that has shaped the Irish people and their language over centuries.
c) A famous Irish festival 


In the next lesson, we will explore another fascinating aspect of Irish culture: Irish music and dance. Get ready to tap your feet to the rhythm and learn about the traditional instruments and styles that make Irish music and dance so unique.
* '''Solution''': b) A period of rapid economic growth
 
==== Exercise 8: Create a Sentence ====
 
Use the word "Éire" in a sentence.
 
* '''Solution''': "Is breá liom Éire." (I love Ireland.)
 
==== Exercise 9: Discussion ====
 
Discuss with a partner the significance of the Irish language in preserving culture.
 
* '''Solution''': Encourage students to share their thoughts on how language connects to their identity and traditions.
 
==== Exercise 10: Research Assignment ====
 
Choose one historical figure from Irish history and prepare a short presentation.
 
* '''Solution''': Students will research and present on figures like W.B. Yeats, Michael Collins, or Maud Gonne.
 
This lesson on the "Overview of Irish History" serves as a stepping stone to deeper knowledge and appreciation of the Irish language and culture. As you progress, keep in mind the stories and experiences that have shaped Ireland and its people.


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==Sources==
==Sources==

Latest revision as of 13:17, 2 August 2024

◀️ Seasons and Months — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Irish Music and Dance ▶️

Irish-language-polyglotclub.jpg
Irish → Culture → 0 to A1 Course → Overview of Irish History

Welcome to this lesson on the "Overview of Irish History"! Understanding the history of Ireland is not just about dates and events; it's about connecting with the very essence of the Irish language and culture. Each word you learn and each phrase you practice is steeped in the rich tapestry of Ireland's past. From ancient times with its Celtic roots to the modern-day Republic, Ireland’s history is filled with stories of resilience, innovation, and a deep connection to the land and community.

In this lesson, we will embark on a journey through the key periods of Irish history, exploring significant events, influential figures, and cultural milestones that shaped the Ireland we know today. This will lay a foundation that enhances your understanding of the Irish language, as historical context often enriches the meaning of the words and phrases you will encounter later on.

Ancient Ireland[edit | edit source]

The Celtic Era[edit | edit source]

The story of Ireland begins long before recorded history, with the arrival of the Celts around 500 BC. They brought with them a vibrant culture characterized by intricate art, mythology, and a strong oral tradition.

  • Celtic Tribes: The Gaelic language emerged from this period, which you will find is the precursor to modern Irish.
  • Druids: The Celtic priests held immense power and influence, providing guidance on both spiritual and practical matters.
  • Stone Structures: Sites like Newgrange, a prehistoric monument, showcase the advanced engineering skills of the Celts.

Let's look at some examples of significant words and phrases from this era:

Irish Pronunciation English
Ceilteach ˈkɛl̪ˠtʲax Celtic
Druid ˈd̪ɾˠuːɪd Druid
Newgrange nʲuːˈɡɾˠeɪndʒ Newgrange

Viking Invasions[edit | edit source]

Fast forward to the 8th and 9th centuries, when the Vikings began raiding Ireland. They established settlements that would lead to the development of towns like Dublin.

  • Viking Influence: Many towns we know today have names derived from Old Norse.
  • Trade and Conflict: The Vikings influenced Irish trade routes and brought new goods.
Irish Pronunciation English
Lochlannach ˈl̪ˠɔxˠl̪ˠan̪ˠəx Viking
Baile Átha Cliath ˈbˠalʲə ˈaːhə ˈklʲiːə Dublin
Rí na nGael ˈɾʲiː n̪ˠan̪ˠɡeːl King of the Gaels

Medieval Ireland[edit | edit source]

The Norman Invasion[edit | edit source]

In the 12th century, the Normans invaded, bringing feudalism and further altering the landscape of Irish society.

  • Castle Building: They constructed castles, many of which still stand today.
  • Language and Culture: The Normans introduced new terms and customs that blended with Irish culture.
Irish Pronunciation English
Caisleán ˈkaʃlʲaːn Castle
Tír tʲiːɾʲ Land
Ríocht ˈɾʲiːx̪tʲ Kingdom

The Gaelic Resurgence[edit | edit source]

By the 14th century, a Gaelic resurgence took place as local chieftains fought to reclaim their power, leading to the establishment of the Gaelic League.

  • Language Revival: The use of the Irish language flourished during this period.
  • Cultural Identity: This era emphasized Irish literature and folklore.
Irish Pronunciation English
Gaeil ɡeːlʲ Gaels
Éire ˈeːɾʲə Ireland
Sionnach ˈʃɪn̪ˠəx Fox (symbol of cunning in folklore)

Modern Ireland[edit | edit source]

The Great Famine[edit | edit source]

The mid-19th century brought the Great Famine, a tragic period that led to mass emigration and significant societal changes.

  • Population Decline: The population of Ireland dropped dramatically, altering its demographic landscape.
  • Cultural Impact: The diaspora carried Irish culture and language around the world.
Irish Pronunciation English
Gorta Mór ˈɡɔɾˠt̪ˠa mˠoːɾ Great Famine
Imigriú ˈɪmʲɪɡɾʲuː Emigration
Díshealbh ˈdiːʃalʲv Displacement

Independence and Conflict[edit | edit source]

The early 20th century saw the struggle for independence from British rule, culminating in the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922.

  • Civil War: Following independence, a civil war erupted, deeply affecting the nation.
  • Cultural Renaissance: This period also sparked a cultural revival in literature and the arts.
Irish Pronunciation English
Saoirse ˈsˠiːɾʲʃə Freedom
Conradh na Gaeilge ˈkʊn̪ˠɾˠə na ˈɡeːlʲɡə Gaelic League
Éire Nua ˈeːɾʲə ˈnˠuə New Ireland

Contemporary Ireland[edit | edit source]

The Celtic Tiger[edit | edit source]

In the late 20th century, Ireland experienced rapid economic growth known as the "Celtic Tiger."

  • Globalization: This period brought significant foreign investment and a rise in living standards.
  • Cultural Fusion: Modern Ireland is a blend of traditional and contemporary influences.
Irish Pronunciation English
Tíogar Ceilteach ˈtʲiːɡəɾʲ ˈkɛl̪ˠtʲaɪ̯k Celtic Tiger
Cothú ˈkɔːhʊ Growth
Cultúr ˈkʊl̪ˠtuːɾʲ Culture

Ireland Today[edit | edit source]

Today, Ireland is a vibrant country known for its rich cultural heritage, contributions to literature, and a growing global presence.

  • EU Membership: As a member of the European Union, Ireland plays a significant role in European politics and economy.
  • Cultural Festivals: Events like St. Patrick's Day celebrate Irish culture worldwide.
Irish Pronunciation English
Conradh na hÉireann ˈkʊn̪ˠɾˠə na ˈheːɾʲən̪ˠ Irish Republic
Féile ˈfeːlʲə Festival
Conradh ˈkʊn̪ˠɾˠə League

Summary[edit | edit source]

In this brief overview, we've explored the journey of Ireland from ancient to modern times. Understanding this historical context not only enriches your appreciation of the Irish language but also deepens your connection to the culture. As you continue your learning journey, remember that every word has a story, and every phrase is a piece of a larger narrative.

Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now that we've covered the basics, let’s reinforce what you've learned with some exercises.

Exercise 1: Vocabulary Match[edit | edit source]

Match the Irish words to their English translations.

Irish English
1. Gorta Mór a. Freedom
2. Caisleán b. Great Famine
3. Saoirse c. Castle
  • Solution: 1 - b, 2 - c, 3 - a

Exercise 2: Fill in the Blanks[edit | edit source]

Fill in the blanks with the correct Irish term.

1. The capital of Ireland is __________ (Dublin).

2. The ancient priests in Celtic society were called __________ (Druids).

  • Solution: 1 - Baile Átha Cliath, 2 - Druid

Exercise 3: True or False[edit | edit source]

Determine if the following statements are true or false.

1. The Vikings established Dublin. (True)

2. The Great Famine occurred in the 18th century. (False)

  • Solution: 1 - True, 2 - False

Exercise 4: Short Answer[edit | edit source]

What was the impact of the Norman invasion on Irish society?

  • Solution: The Norman invasion introduced feudalism, altered the social structure, and brought new customs and language.

Exercise 5: Translation[edit | edit source]

Translate the following sentence into Irish: "Ireland is a beautiful country."

  • Solution: "Is tír álainn í Éire."

Exercise 6: Identify the Era[edit | edit source]

Identify which era the following events belong to:

1. The establishment of castles.

2. The Great Famine.

  • Solution: 1 - Medieval Ireland, 2 - Modern Ireland

Exercise 7: Multiple Choice[edit | edit source]

What was the Celtic Tiger?

a) A period of economic decline

b) A period of rapid economic growth

c) A famous Irish festival

  • Solution: b) A period of rapid economic growth

Exercise 8: Create a Sentence[edit | edit source]

Use the word "Éire" in a sentence.

  • Solution: "Is breá liom Éire." (I love Ireland.)

Exercise 9: Discussion[edit | edit source]

Discuss with a partner the significance of the Irish language in preserving culture.

  • Solution: Encourage students to share their thoughts on how language connects to their identity and traditions.

Exercise 10: Research Assignment[edit | edit source]

Choose one historical figure from Irish history and prepare a short presentation.

  • Solution: Students will research and present on figures like W.B. Yeats, Michael Collins, or Maud Gonne.

This lesson on the "Overview of Irish History" serves as a stepping stone to deeper knowledge and appreciation of the Irish language and culture. As you progress, keep in mind the stories and experiences that have shaped Ireland and its people.

Table of Contents - Irish Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Basic Sentence Structure


Numbers and Time


Questions and Answers


Family and Relationships


Possession and Pronouns


Food and Drink


Verb Conjugation


Hobbies and Activities


Adjectives and Adverbs


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions


Weather and Seasons


Irish History and Culture


Irish Literature and Folklore

Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]




◀️ Seasons and Months — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Irish Music and Dance ▶️

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