Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots

Must-know words for polyglots.

Polyglots are really passionate about language learning and linguistics. Therefore it's important for them to learn all kinds of terms. On this page, you will find the most important ones.

[In progress]

For a full GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS, see:

• https://glossary.sil.org/term
• https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary

To know a relatively clear categorization of linguistics, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics

linguistics theoretical linguistics phonology morphology syntax sematics pragmatics descriptive linguistics anthropological linguistics historical linguistics phonetics etymology sociolinguistics applied linguistics computational linguistics neurolinguistics psycholinguistics rhetoric orthography lexicology lexicography stylistics semiotics	Linguistics and its best-known branches. Some are interdisciplinary. Semiotics is not a part of linguistics, but it is closely related to linguistics.
pidgin creole variety dialect register standard language	Language and its similar words in definition.
phone consonant pulmonic consonant non–pulmonic consonant ejective consonant click consonant implosive consonant place of articulation labial consonant bilabial consonant labial–velar consonant labial–coronal consonant labiodental consonant bidental consonant coronal consonant linguolabial consonant interdental consonant dental consonant denti–alveolar consonant alveolar consonant coronal–velar consonant postalveolar consonant palato–alveolar consonant retroflex consonant dorsal consonant postalveolar consonant alveolar–palatal consonant palatal consonant labio–palatal consonant uvular consonant uvular–epiglottal consonant laryngeal consonant pharyngeal consonant glottal consonant peripheral consonant manner of articulation obstruent stop consonant affricate consonant fricative consonant sibilant sonorant* nasal consonant approximant consonant semivowel vibrant consonant flap/tap consonant trill consonant liquid consonant rhotic consonant lateral consonant occlusive continuant vowel close vowel near-close vowel close-mid vowel mid vowel open-mid vowel near-open vowel open vowel front vowel central vowel back vowel unrounded vowel & rounded vowel nasal vowel nasalisation phoneme syllable letter letter case diacritic alphabet abjad abugida syllabary semi-syllabary logogram pictogram ideogram International Phonetic Alphabet	There are many words in this section. If you know them all, you can understand what those words in International Phonetic Alphabet mean. *sonorant also includes the vowel.
lemma lexeme root morpheme cognate false friend anglicism loadword	Some confusing similar words with “word”.
affix prefix suffix infix circumfix interfix duplifix transfix simulfix suprafix disfix	An affix is usually a morpheme, which is just mentioned above.
parse tree constituency-based parse tree dependency-based parse tree	If you understand parse trees, you can draw and learn sentence structures quickly.
function word content word	Two important concepts.
part of speech conjunction interjection contraction particle classifier clitic numeral cardinal number ordinal number multiplier distributive number nominal number adjective attributive adjective predicative adjective nominalized adjective adverb determiner article definite article indifinite article zero article demonstrative determiner possessive determiner quantifier adposition preposition postposition circumposition noun countable noun uncountable noun collective noun abstract noun concrete noun common noun proper noun pronoun personal pronoun reflexive pronoun reciprocal pronoun relative pronoun verb impersonal verb intransitive verb transitive verb ditransitive verb tritransitive verb modal verb reflexive verb auxiliary verb finite verb nonfinite verb infinitive participle gerund	PoS.
phrase adverbial phrase adjective phrase noun phrase adpositional phrase verb phrase clause argument clause adjuctive clause predicative clause dependent clause independent clause sentence simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence compound–complex sentence declaritive sentence interrogative sentence exclamatory sentence imperative sentence instructive sentence major sentence minor sentence	Notice the differences between “phrase”, “clause”, “sentence”.
punctuation comma period exclamation mark question mark colon semicolon quotation mark guillemet apostrophe hyphen dash ellipsis slash brackets round brackets curly brackets square brackets interpunct space	Punctuation. People often neglect it.
grammatical category person first person second person third person subject object predicate argument adjunct complement valency honorifics gender masculine feminine neuter animate inanimate case nominative case accusative case dative case ablative case genitive case vocative case locative case instrumental case oblique case tense past tense present tense future tense aspect simple aspect progressive aspect & continous aspect perfect aspect prospective aspect mood realis mood indicative mood energenic mood irrealis mood subjunctive mood conditional mood optative mood imperative mood interrogative mood jussive mood potential mood desiderative mood voice active voice passive voice inflection conjugation declension comparison positive comparative superlative polarity affirmation negation number singular plural clusivity animacy telicity serial verb construction	“Grammatical category”, you may haven't heard about it, but you know it. An “aspect” may also be considered as a “tense”.
linguistic typology word order analystic language isolating language synthetic language fusional language agglutinative language polysynthetic language language family dialect continuum language isolate proto-language constructed language	Languages can be differentiated by its structure.
grammar
attributive adverbial copula apposition
hyponym & hypernym
idiom
linguistic relativity
Rosetta Stone	It tells us the value of parallel text.

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