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<div class="pg_page_title">Welsh Grammar - Pronouns</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Comprehensive Guide to Welsh Grammar: Understanding Pronouns</div>


Hi [https://polyglotclub.com/language/welsh Welsh] learners! 😊<br>In this lesson, we will be exploring the fascinating world of Welsh pronouns. Pronouns are an essential part of any language as they help to replace nouns and make our communication more concise and efficient.
Hello, aspiring [https://polyglotclub.com/language/welsh Welsh] speakers! 😊<br>Today, we will delve into the captivating realm of Welsh pronouns. Pronouns serve as an integral part of any language, substituting for nouns to make our communication more concise and fluid.


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<span class="link">Before you proceed, you might also be interested in these related topics: [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]], [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]], [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use 'Have']], and [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]].</span>


== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Pronouns, also known as atebion or berfefeddion in Welsh, are words that stand in place of a noun or noun phrase. Welsh pronouns can be divided into personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and demonstrative pronouns. In this lesson, we will focus on personal pronouns as they are the most commonly used pronouns in Welsh.
Pronouns, known in Welsh as "atebion" or "berfefeddion," are words that replace nouns or noun phrases. This guide will primarily focus on personal pronouns, which are among the most commonly used pronouns in Welsh.




<span link>Take a moment to explore these relevant pages as you conclude this lesson: [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]], [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]], [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]] & [[Language/Welsh/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]].</span>
== Personal Pronouns ==
== Personal Pronouns ==
Welsh personal pronouns inflect according to number and gender. The first and second person pronouns have distinct singular and plural forms, whereas the third person pronouns are the same for both singular and plural. In addition, Welsh personal pronouns also have a distinction between formal and informal registers.
Welsh personal pronouns vary based on number, gender, and formality. Below is a table detailing these variations:
 
Here is a table showing the different forms of Welsh personal pronouns:


=== Singular Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| Fi || /vi/ || I (formal)
| i || ['i:] || I
|-
|-
| Fe / Fo || /ve/, /vo/ || He (formal), It (formal)
| ti || ['ti:] || you (informal)
|-
|-
| Hi || /hi/ || She (formal)
| e/o || [ɛ/ɔ] || he
|-
|-
| Ni || /ni/ || We (formal)
| hi || [hi:] || she
|}
 
=== Plural Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| Chwi || /xwi/ || You (formal, plural)
| ni || [ni:] || we
|-
|-
| Nhw || /n̥u/ || They (formal)
| chi || [χi:] || you (plural)
|-
|-
| Sut wyt ti? || /sɨt wɪt ti/ || How are you? (informal)
| nhw || [nʊ] || they
|}
 
=== Formal Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| Ti || /ti/ || You (informal, singular)
| chi || [χi:] || you (formal)
|-
| Fe / Fo || /ve/, /vo/ || He (informal), It (informal)
|-
| Hi || /hi/ || She (informal)
|-
| Ni || /nɪ/ || We (informal)
|-
| Chi || /xɪ/ || You (informal, plural)
|-
| Hwntw || /huːntuː/ || They (informal)
|}
|}


=== Examples in Context ===
Here are some examples of Welsh personal pronouns in context:
Here are some examples of Welsh personal pronouns in context:


Line 55: Line 55:
* Person 2: Dw i'n hoffi'r ci hwn. (I like this dog)
* Person 2: Dw i'n hoffi'r ci hwn. (I like this dog)


It is important to note that in Welsh, the verb agrees with the subject pronoun, and there are no articles (such as 'the' or 'a') in Welsh.
It is important to note that in Welsh, the verb agrees with the subject pronoun, and there is no general article ('a') in Welsh.


== Possessive Pronouns ==
== Possessive Pronouns ==
Possessive pronouns, also known as berfenwau eiddo in Welsh, are used to indicate ownership or possession. They agree in number and gender with the noun they modify.  
Possessive pronouns, known in Welsh as berfenwau eiddo, indicate ownership or possession. These pronouns must agree with the noun they modify in both number and gender. The following tables break down the different forms of possessive pronouns in Welsh:
 
Here is a table showing the different forms of possessive pronouns in Welsh:


=== Singular Possessive Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| fy || /və/ || my (singular, masculine)
| fy || /və/ || my (singular)
|-
|-
| ein || /n̥aɪn/ || our (singular)
| dy || /də/ || your (singular, informal)
|-
|-
| dy || /də/ || your (singular, masculine)
| ei || /eɪ/ || his, her, its (singular)
|}
 
=== Plural Possessive Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| eich || /eɪx/ || your (singular or plural, formal)
| ein || /n̥aɪn/ || our
|-
|-
| ei || /eɪ/ || his, her, its
| eich || /eɪx/ || your (plural, informal)
|-
|-
| eu || /eɪ/ || their
| eu || /eɪ/ || their
|}
|}
=== Formal Possessive Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
| eich || /eɪx/ || your (singular or plural, formal)
|}
=== Examples in Context ===


Here are some examples of Welsh possessive pronouns in context:
Here are some examples of Welsh possessive pronouns in context:
Line 86: Line 99:


== Reflexive Pronouns ==
== Reflexive Pronouns ==
Reflexive pronouns, also known as berfenwau adlewyrchol in Welsh, are used to indicate that the action of the verb reflects back onto the subject. They agree in number and gender with the noun they modify.
Reflexive pronouns in Welsh, known as berfenwau adlewyrchol, are used when the subject and object of a verb are the same. These pronouns must agree in number and gender with the noun they modify.
 
Here is a table showing the different forms of reflexive pronouns in Welsh:


=== Singular Reflexive Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| fy hun || /və hɪn/ || myself
| fy hun || /və hɪn/ || myself
|-
|-
| ein hunain || /n̥aɪn hɪnaɪn/ || ourselves
| dy hun || /də hɪn/ || yourself (singular, informal)
|-
|-
| dy hun || /də hɪn/ || yourself (singular, masculine)
| ei hunan || /eɪ hɪnan/ || himself, herself, itself
|}
 
=== Plural Reflexive Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| eich hunan || /eɪx hɪnan/ || yourself (singular or plural, formal)
| ein hunain || /n̥aɪn hɪnaɪn/ || ourselves
|-
|-
| ei hunan || /eɪ hɪnan/ || himself, herself, itself
| eich hunan || /eɪx hɪnan/ || yourselves (plural, informal)
|-
|-
| eu hunain || /eɪ hɪnaɪn/ || themselves
| eu hunain || /eɪ hɪnaɪn/ || themselves
|}
|}


Here are some examples of Welsh reflexive pronouns in context:
=== Formal Reflexive Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
| eich hunan || /eɪx hɪnan/ || yourself/yourselves (singular or plural, formal)
|}


* Person 1: Dw i'n barod iawn ar gyfer y cyfweliad. (I am ready for the interview)
=== Examples in Context ===
* Person 1: Dw i'n barod iawn ar gyfer y cyfweliad. (I am very ready for the interview)
* Person 2: Gadewch i mi drefnu'r dyddiadur ar gyfer eich hun. (Let me schedule the diary for yourself)
* Person 2: Gadewch i mi drefnu'r dyddiadur ar gyfer eich hun. (Let me schedule the diary for yourself)
* Person 1: A ydych chi'n teimlo'n iawn? (Are you feeling okay?)
* Person 1: A ydych chi'n teimlo'n iawn? (Are you feeling okay?)
Line 114: Line 137:


== Demonstrative Pronouns ==
== Demonstrative Pronouns ==
Demonstrative pronouns, also known as berfenwau dangosol in Welsh, are used to point out specific people, places, or things. They agree in number and proximity with the noun they modify.
Demonstrative pronouns, known as berfenwau dangosol in Welsh, help in identifying or pointing out specific people, places, or things. These pronouns must agree in number and proximity with the noun they modify.
 
Here is a table showing the different forms of demonstrative pronouns in Welsh:


=== Singular Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| hwn || /huːn/ || this (masculine singular)
| hwn || /huːn/ || this (masculine singular)
|-
|-
| hon || /hɔn/ || this (feminine singular)
| hon || /hɔn/ || this (feminine singular)
|-
| hyn || /hɨn/ || this (plural)
|-
|-
| hwnna || /huːna/ || that (masculine singular)
| hwnna || /huːna/ || that (masculine singular)
|-
|-
| honna || /hɔna/ || that (feminine singular)
| honna || /hɔna/ || that (feminine singular)
|}
=== Plural Demonstrative Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent
|-
|-
| honno || /hɔnɔ/ || that (feminine singular, distant)
| hyn || /hɨn/ || these
|-
|-
| y rhain || /ə r̥ai̯n/ || these
| y rhain || /ə r̥ai̯n/ || these (emphatic)
|-
|-
| y rheinau || /ə r̥aɪnaɪ/ || those
| y rheinau || /ə r̥aɪnaɪ/ || those
|}
|}


Here are some examples of Welsh demonstrative pronouns in context:
=== Examples in Context ===
 
* Person 1: Mae hwn yn ysgubor. (This is a barn)
* Person 1: Mae hwn yn ysgubor. (This is a barn)
* Person 2: Nac yw hon yn stafell haul? (Isn't this a sunny room?)
* Person 2: Nac yw hon yn stafell haul? (Isn't this a sunny room?)

Latest revision as of 13:29, 18 September 2023

Welsh-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Comprehensive Guide to Welsh Grammar: Understanding Pronouns

Hello, aspiring Welsh speakers! 😊
Today, we will delve into the captivating realm of Welsh pronouns. Pronouns serve as an integral part of any language, substituting for nouns to make our communication more concise and fluid.

Before you proceed, you might also be interested in these related topics: Adjectives, Plurals, How to Use 'Have', and Conditional Mood.

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Pronouns, known in Welsh as "atebion" or "berfefeddion," are words that replace nouns or noun phrases. This guide will primarily focus on personal pronouns, which are among the most commonly used pronouns in Welsh.


Personal Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh personal pronouns vary based on number, gender, and formality. Below is a table detailing these variations:

Singular Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
i ['i:] I
ti ['ti:] you (informal)
e/o [ɛ/ɔ] he
hi [hi:] she

Plural Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
ni [ni:] we
chi [χi:] you (plural)
nhw [nʊ] they

Formal Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
chi [χi:] you (formal)

Examples in Context[edit | edit source]

Here are some examples of Welsh personal pronouns in context:

  • Person 1: Dw i eisiau cig oen. (I want lamb)
  • Person 2: Dw i eisiau cig eidion. (I want beef)
  • Person 1: Dw i'n hoffi y gath hwn. (I like this cat)
  • Person 2: Dw i'n hoffi'r ci hwn. (I like this dog)

It is important to note that in Welsh, the verb agrees with the subject pronoun, and there is no general article ('a') in Welsh.

Possessive Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Possessive pronouns, known in Welsh as berfenwau eiddo, indicate ownership or possession. These pronouns must agree with the noun they modify in both number and gender. The following tables break down the different forms of possessive pronouns in Welsh:

Singular Possessive Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
fy /və/ my (singular)
dy /də/ your (singular, informal)
ei /eɪ/ his, her, its (singular)

Plural Possessive Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
ein /n̥aɪn/ our
eich /eɪx/ your (plural, informal)
eu /eɪ/ their

Formal Possessive Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
eich /eɪx/ your (singular or plural, formal)

Examples in Context[edit | edit source]

Here are some examples of Welsh possessive pronouns in context:

  • Person 1: Mae fy nhŷ yn y dref. (My house is in the town)
  • Person 2: Mae ein tai ni ar y bryn. (Our houses are on the hill)
  • Person 1: Ble mae dy gar? (Where is your car?)
  • Person 2: Mae eich car chi yn y garej. (Your car is in the garage)

Reflexive Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Reflexive pronouns in Welsh, known as berfenwau adlewyrchol, are used when the subject and object of a verb are the same. These pronouns must agree in number and gender with the noun they modify.

Singular Reflexive Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
fy hun /və hɪn/ myself
dy hun /də hɪn/ yourself (singular, informal)
ei hunan /eɪ hɪnan/ himself, herself, itself

Plural Reflexive Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
ein hunain /n̥aɪn hɪnaɪn/ ourselves
eich hunan /eɪx hɪnan/ yourselves (plural, informal)
eu hunain /eɪ hɪnaɪn/ themselves

Formal Reflexive Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
eich hunan /eɪx hɪnan/ yourself/yourselves (singular or plural, formal)

Examples in Context[edit | edit source]

  • Person 1: Dw i'n barod iawn ar gyfer y cyfweliad. (I am very ready for the interview)
  • Person 2: Gadewch i mi drefnu'r dyddiadur ar gyfer eich hun. (Let me schedule the diary for yourself)
  • Person 1: A ydych chi'n teimlo'n iawn? (Are you feeling okay?)
  • Person 2: Dw i'n teimlo'n iawn fy hun. (I'm feeling okay myself)

Demonstrative Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Demonstrative pronouns, known as berfenwau dangosol in Welsh, help in identifying or pointing out specific people, places, or things. These pronouns must agree in number and proximity with the noun they modify.

Singular Demonstrative Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
hwn /huːn/ this (masculine singular)
hon /hɔn/ this (feminine singular)
hwnna /huːna/ that (masculine singular)
honna /hɔna/ that (feminine singular)

Plural Demonstrative Pronouns[edit | edit source]

Welsh Pronunciation English Equivalent
hyn /hɨn/ these
y rhain /ə r̥ai̯n/ these (emphatic)
y rheinau /ə r̥aɪnaɪ/ those

Examples in Context[edit | edit source]

  • Person 1: Mae hwn yn ysgubor. (This is a barn)
  • Person 2: Nac yw hon yn stafell haul? (Isn't this a sunny room?)
  • Person 1: Mae hyn yn beth da! (These are good things!)
  • Person 2: Pwy yw'r chwaraewr hwnna? (Who is that player?)

Practice makes perfect![edit | edit source]

Now that we have explored the different types of Welsh pronouns, it is important to practice and use them in context. Practice with your friends, family, or Polyglot Club friends by engaging in conversation and asking questions. Don't be afraid to make mistakes, as they are all part of the learning process. Remember to be patient with yourself and enjoy the journey!

Remember, to improve your Welsh Grammar, you can also use the Polyglot Club website. Find native speakers and ask them any questions!

Sources[edit | edit source]

➡ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.
➡ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]


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