Difference between revisions of "Language/Welsh/Grammar/Pronouns"
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== Reflexive Pronouns == | == Reflexive Pronouns == | ||
Reflexive pronouns, | Reflexive pronouns in Welsh, known as berfenwau adlewyrchol, are used when the subject and object of a verb are the same. These pronouns must agree in number and gender with the noun they modify. | ||
=== Singular Reflexive Pronouns === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English | ! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent | ||
|- | |- | ||
| fy hun || /və hɪn/ || myself | | fy hun || /və hɪn/ || myself | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | dy hun || /də hɪn/ || yourself (singular, informal) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ei hunan || /eɪ hɪnan/ || himself, herself, itself | ||
|} | |||
=== Plural Reflexive Pronouns === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | ein hunain || /n̥aɪn hɪnaɪn/ || ourselves | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | eich hunan || /eɪx hɪnan/ || yourselves (plural, informal) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| eu hunain || /eɪ hɪnaɪn/ || themselves | | eu hunain || /eɪ hɪnaɪn/ || themselves | ||
|} | |} | ||
=== Formal Reflexive Pronouns === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent | |||
|- | |||
| eich hunan || /eɪx hɪnan/ || yourself/yourselves (singular or plural, formal) | |||
|} | |||
* Person 1: Dw i'n barod iawn ar gyfer y cyfweliad. (I am ready for the interview) | ==== Examples in Context ==== | ||
* Person 1: Dw i'n barod iawn ar gyfer y cyfweliad. (I am very ready for the interview) | |||
* Person 2: Gadewch i mi drefnu'r dyddiadur ar gyfer eich hun. (Let me schedule the diary for yourself) | * Person 2: Gadewch i mi drefnu'r dyddiadur ar gyfer eich hun. (Let me schedule the diary for yourself) | ||
* Person 1: A ydych chi'n teimlo'n iawn? (Are you feeling okay?) | * Person 1: A ydych chi'n teimlo'n iawn? (Are you feeling okay?) | ||
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== Demonstrative Pronouns == | == Demonstrative Pronouns == | ||
Demonstrative pronouns, | Demonstrative pronouns, known as berfenwau dangosol in Welsh, help in identifying or pointing out specific people, places, or things. These pronouns must agree in number and proximity with the noun they modify. | ||
=== Singular Demonstrative Pronouns === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English | ! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hwn || /huːn/ || this (masculine singular) | | hwn || /huːn/ || this (masculine singular) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hon || /hɔn/ || this (feminine singular) | | hon || /hɔn/ || this (feminine singular) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| hwnna || /huːna/ || that (masculine singular) | | hwnna || /huːna/ || that (masculine singular) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| honna || /hɔna/ || that (feminine singular) | | honna || /hɔna/ || that (feminine singular) | ||
|} | |||
=== Plural Demonstrative Pronouns === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Welsh !! Pronunciation !! English Equivalent | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | | hyn || /hɨn/ || these | ||
|- | |- | ||
| y rhain || /ə r̥ai̯n/ || these | | y rhain || /ə r̥ai̯n/ || these (emphatic) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| y rheinau || /ə r̥aɪnaɪ/ || those | | y rheinau || /ə r̥aɪnaɪ/ || those | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== Examples in Context ==== | |||
* Person 1: Mae hwn yn ysgubor. (This is a barn) | * Person 1: Mae hwn yn ysgubor. (This is a barn) | ||
* Person 2: Nac yw hon yn stafell haul? (Isn't this a sunny room?) | * Person 2: Nac yw hon yn stafell haul? (Isn't this a sunny room?) | ||
* Person 1: Mae hyn yn beth da! (These are good things!) | * Person 1: Mae hyn yn beth da! (These are good things!) | ||
* Person 2: Pwy yw'r chwaraewr hwnna? (Who is that player?) | * Person 2: Pwy yw'r chwaraewr hwnna? (Who is that player?) | ||
== Practice makes perfect! == | == Practice makes perfect! == | ||
Revision as of 13:27, 18 September 2023
Hello, aspiring Welsh speakers! 😊
Today, we will delve into the captivating realm of Welsh pronouns. Pronouns serve as an integral part of any language, substituting for nouns to make our communication more concise and fluid.
Introduction
Pronouns, known in Welsh as "atebion" or "berfefeddion," are words that replace nouns or noun phrases. This guide will primarily focus on personal pronouns, which are among the most commonly used pronouns in Welsh.
Before you proceed, you might also be interested in these related topics: Adjectives, Plurals, How to Use 'Have', and Conditional Mood.
Personal Pronouns
Welsh personal pronouns vary based on number, gender, and formality. Below is a table detailing these variations:
Singular Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| i | ['i:] | I |
| ti | ['ti:] | you (informal) |
| e/o | [ɛ/ɔ] | he |
| hi | [hi:] | she |
Plural Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| ni | [ni:] | we |
| chi | [χi:] | you (plural) |
| nhw | [nʊ] | they |
Formal Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| chi | [χi:] | you (formal) |
Here are some examples of Welsh personal pronouns in context:
- Person 1: Dw i eisiau cig oen. (I want lamb)
- Person 2: Dw i eisiau cig eidion. (I want beef)
- Person 1: Dw i'n hoffi y gath hwn. (I like this cat)
- Person 2: Dw i'n hoffi'r ci hwn. (I like this dog)
It is important to note that in Welsh, the verb agrees with the subject pronoun, and there is no general article ('a') in Welsh.
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns, known in Welsh as berfenwau eiddo, indicate ownership or possession. These pronouns must agree with the noun they modify in both number and gender. The following tables break down the different forms of possessive pronouns in Welsh:
Singular Possessive Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| fy | /və/ | my (singular) |
| dy | /də/ | your (singular, informal) |
| ei | /eɪ/ | his, her, its (singular) |
Plural Possessive Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| ein | /n̥aɪn/ | our |
| eich | /eɪx/ | your (plural, informal) |
| eu | /eɪ/ | their |
Formal Possessive Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| eich | /eɪx/ | your (singular or plural, formal) |
Here are some examples of Welsh possessive pronouns in context:
- Person 1: Mae fy nhŷ yn y dref. (My house is in the town)
- Person 2: Mae ein tai ni ar y bryn. (Our houses are on the hill)
- Person 1: Ble mae dy gar? (Where is your car?)
- Person 2: Mae eich car chi yn y garej. (Your car is in the garage)
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns in Welsh, known as berfenwau adlewyrchol, are used when the subject and object of a verb are the same. These pronouns must agree in number and gender with the noun they modify.
Singular Reflexive Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| fy hun | /və hɪn/ | myself |
| dy hun | /də hɪn/ | yourself (singular, informal) |
| ei hunan | /eɪ hɪnan/ | himself, herself, itself |
Plural Reflexive Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| ein hunain | /n̥aɪn hɪnaɪn/ | ourselves |
| eich hunan | /eɪx hɪnan/ | yourselves (plural, informal) |
| eu hunain | /eɪ hɪnaɪn/ | themselves |
Formal Reflexive Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| eich hunan | /eɪx hɪnan/ | yourself/yourselves (singular or plural, formal) |
Examples in Context
- Person 1: Dw i'n barod iawn ar gyfer y cyfweliad. (I am very ready for the interview)
- Person 2: Gadewch i mi drefnu'r dyddiadur ar gyfer eich hun. (Let me schedule the diary for yourself)
- Person 1: A ydych chi'n teimlo'n iawn? (Are you feeling okay?)
- Person 2: Dw i'n teimlo'n iawn fy hun. (I'm feeling okay myself)
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns, known as berfenwau dangosol in Welsh, help in identifying or pointing out specific people, places, or things. These pronouns must agree in number and proximity with the noun they modify.
Singular Demonstrative Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| hwn | /huːn/ | this (masculine singular) |
| hon | /hɔn/ | this (feminine singular) |
| hwnna | /huːna/ | that (masculine singular) |
| honna | /hɔna/ | that (feminine singular) |
Plural Demonstrative Pronouns
| Welsh | Pronunciation | English Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| hyn | /hɨn/ | these |
| y rhain | /ə r̥ai̯n/ | these (emphatic) |
| y rheinau | /ə r̥aɪnaɪ/ | those |
Examples in Context
- Person 1: Mae hwn yn ysgubor. (This is a barn)
- Person 2: Nac yw hon yn stafell haul? (Isn't this a sunny room?)
- Person 1: Mae hyn yn beth da! (These are good things!)
- Person 2: Pwy yw'r chwaraewr hwnna? (Who is that player?)
Practice makes perfect!
Now that we have explored the different types of Welsh pronouns, it is important to practice and use them in context. Practice with your friends, family, or Polyglot Club friends by engaging in conversation and asking questions. Don't be afraid to make mistakes, as they are all part of the learning process. Remember to be patient with yourself and enjoy the journey!
Remember, to improve your Welsh Grammar, you can also use the Polyglot Club website. Find native speakers and ask them any questions!
Sources
- Welsh/Grammar/Pronouns - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
- Colloquial Welsh morphology - Wikipedia
- Welsh Grammar: Using pronouns with verb-nouns - { i (to) + ei / eu + ...
➡ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.
➡ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎
Other Lessons
- How to Use Have
- Negation
- How to Use Be
- Plurals
- The article
- Adjectives
- Future Tense
- Conditional Mood
- Give your Opinion