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Icelandic has two types of articles, definite and indefinite. Articles are words that are used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Definite articles indicate a specific noun while indefinite articles indicate a general noun. Understanding the correct usage of definite and indefinite articles is important in Icelandic sentence structure.
In this lesson, we will delve into the correct usage of definite and indefinite articles in Icelandic. Understanding the importance of articles in sentence structure is crucial for developing your language skills. We will explore the various forms and functions of definite and indefinite articles, and provide numerous examples to help you grasp their usage. Additionally, we will delve into the cultural aspects of articles in Icelandic, including regional variations and historical reasons for these differences. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to use definite and indefinite articles effectively in your Icelandic sentences.


== Definite Articles ==
== Definite Articles ==


In Icelandic, definite articles are used before each noun that is specified, known, or familiar within the conversation. Definite articles are not used when we are talking in generalities. Although the Icelandic language does not have the concept of gender, the use of the definite article is determined by whether the modified word is a singular or plural noun. Definite articles are also declined according to noun cases.
Definite articles in Icelandic are used to specify a particular noun. In English, the definite article is "the," and it serves a similar purpose in Icelandic. However, unlike English, Icelandic definite articles are declined to match the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify. Let's take a closer look at the different forms of definite articles in Icelandic:
 
=== Masculine Nouns ===


Below you will find a table with the most common definite articles in Icelandic:
In Icelandic, definite articles for masculine nouns are divided into two main forms: strong and weak. The strong form is used when the noun is in the nominative case, while the weak form is used in all other cases. Here is a table showing the different forms of the definite article for masculine nouns:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Icelandic !! Pronunciation !! English
! Icelandic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Hinn || Hinn || The (singular masculine)
| || sau || the (nominative singular)
|-
| þessi || þes-si || the (nominative plural)
|-
| þann || þan || the (accusative singular)
|-
| þennan || þenn-an || the (accusative plural)
|-
|-
| Hin  || Hin  || The (singular feminine)
| þeir || þeir || the (nominative/accusative plural)
|}
 
Let's look at some examples of definite articles used with masculine nouns:
 
* Ég sá bókina í gær. (I saw the book yesterday.)
* Ég keypti þessa bók í bókasafninu. (I bought this book at the library.)
* Ég þakka þér fyrir það. (I thank you for that.)
* Ég sá þennan dreng í bókasafninu. (I saw this boy at the library.)
* Ég sá þá drengi í bókasafninu. (I saw those boys at the library.)
 
=== Feminine Nouns ===
 
For feminine nouns, the definite article in Icelandic is "sú" in the nominative singular and "þessi" in the nominative plural. In all other cases, the definite article is "hina." Here is a table showing the different forms of the definite article for feminine nouns:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Icelandic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Hitt || Hit  || The (singular neuter)
| || suu || the (nominative singular)
|-
|-
| Hinir || Hinir || The (plural masculine)
| þessi || þes-si || the (nominative plural)
|-
|-
| Hinar || Hinar || The (plural feminine)
| hina || hi-na || the (genitive/dative/accusative singular)
|-
|-
| Hin  || Hin  || The (plural neuter)
| þessa || þes-sa || the (genitive/dative/accusative plural)
|}
|}


Here are some examples of definite articles in use:
Let's look at some examples of definite articles used with feminine nouns:


* Ég þekki hestinn. (I know the horse.)
* Hún er sú stelpa sem ég fékk blómin frá. (She is the girl who gave me the flowers.)
* Konan er heima. (The woman is home.)
* Ég keypti þessar blóm í blómabúðinni. (I bought these flowers at the flower shop.)
* Drengirnir eru í skólanum. (The boys are at school.)
* Ég sá hina stelpuna í bókasafninu. (I saw that girl at the library.)
* Ég sá þessa stelpu í bókasafninu. (I saw this girl at the library.)


In all of these examples, we are talking about specific horses, a specific woman, and specific boys.
=== Neuter Nouns ===
 
For neuter nouns, the definite article in Icelandic is "það" in the nominative singular and "þessi" in the nominative plural. In all other cases, the definite article is "það." Here is a table showing the different forms of the definite article for neuter nouns:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Icelandic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| það || thaa-th || the (nominative singular)
|-
| þessi || þes-si || the (nominative plural)
|-
| það || thaa-th || the (genitive/dative/accusative singular)
|-
| þessi || þes-si || the (genitive/dative/accusative plural)
|}
 
Let's look at some examples of definite articles used with neuter nouns:
 
* Það er góð veður í dag. (The weather is good today.)
* Ég keypti þessi hús í bænum. (I bought these houses in the town.)
* Ég sá það hús í bókasafninu. (I saw that house at the library.)
* Ég sá þessi hús í bókasafninu. (I saw these houses at the library.)


== Indefinite Articles ==
== Indefinite Articles ==


In Icelandic, indefinite articles are used to refer to a general aspect of a noun rather than a specific one. Indefinite articles are not declined according to noun cases. As with definite articles, the use of indefinite articles is determined by whether the modified word is a singular or plural noun.
Indefinite articles in Icelandic are used to refer to non-specific or unidentified nouns. In English, the indefinite article is "a" or "an," depending on the initial sound of the noun. In Icelandic, the indefinite article is "ein" for feminine nouns and "einn" for masculine and neuter nouns. Let's take a closer look at the usage of indefinite articles in Icelandic:


Below you will find a table with the most common indefinite articles in Icelandic:
=== Masculine and Neuter Nouns ===
 
For masculine and neuter nouns, the indefinite article in Icelandic is "einn" in the nominative singular and "eitt" in the nominative neuter. In all other cases, the indefinite article is "ein." Here is a table showing the different forms of the indefinite article for masculine and neuter nouns:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Icelandic !! Pronunciation !! English
! Icelandic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Ein || Ein || A (singular masculine and neuter)
| einn || ein || a/an (nominative singular masculine)
|-
|-
| Eitt || Eit  || A (singular neuter)
| eitt || ait || a/an (nominative singular neuter)
|-
|-
| Ei  || Ei  || A (singular feminine)
| ein || ain || a/an (genitive/dative/accusative singular)
|-
| ein || ain || a/an (nominative/accusative plural)
|}
|}


Here are some examples of indefinite articles in use:
Let's look at some examples of indefinite articles used with masculine and neuter nouns:


* Ég hef keypt einn hest. (I have bought a horse.)
* Ég keypti einn hest í gær. (I bought a horse yesterday.)
* Ég á eitt ljós. (I have a light.)
* Ég eitt tré í garðinum. (I saw a tree in the garden.)
* Hún kaupir ei bíl. (She's buying a car.)
* Ég keypti einn hest fyrir son minn. (I bought a horse for my son.)
* Ég sá ein hús í bænum. (I saw a house in the town.)


In all of these examples, we are talking about a general horse, a general light, and a general car.
=== Feminine Nouns ===


For feminine nouns, the indefinite article in Icelandic is "ein" in all cases. Here is a table showing the different forms of the indefinite article for feminine nouns:


== Definite vs Indefinite Articles ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Icelandic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| ein || ain || a/an (nominative singular)
|-
| ein || ain || a/an (genitive/dative/accusative singular)
|-
| ein || ain || a/an (nominative/accusative plural)
|}
 
Let's look at some examples of indefinite articles used with feminine nouns:
 
* Ég keypti ein bók í gær. (I bought a book yesterday.)
* Ég sá ein stelpu í bókasafninu. (I saw a girl at the library.)
* Ég keypti ein bók fyrir dóttur mína. (I bought a book for my daughter.)
* Ég sá ein stelpur í bókasafninu. (I saw some girls at the library.)
 
== Cultural Insights ==
 
In Icelandic culture, the usage of definite and indefinite articles reflects the importance placed on precision and specificity in language. Icelandic is known for its grammatical complexity and its adherence to grammatical rules, which is evident in the declension of definite articles to match the gender, number, and case of the noun. This attention to detail is rooted in the historical development of the Icelandic language, which has been largely preserved over the centuries due to Iceland's isolation and the efforts of its people to maintain the purity of their language.
 
Regional variations in the usage of definite and indefinite articles are minimal in Icelandic. However, there may be slight differences in pronunciation and intonation across different regions of Iceland. These variations can add charm and character to the language, and they are often celebrated as part of Iceland's linguistic heritage.
 
An interesting cultural fact about Icelandic is that it is one of the few languages in the world that still retains the use of definite and indefinite articles. Many languages, including English, have simplified their article systems over time, but Icelandic has held onto its rich grammatical structure. This linguistic feature contributes to the uniqueness and beauty of the Icelandic language.
 
== Exercises ==
 
Now it's time to put your knowledge of definite and indefinite articles to the test. Complete the following exercises and check your answers below:
 
Exercise 1: Choose the correct definite article for each noun.
 
1. Ég sá ___ bók í gær. (the)
2. Ég keypti ___ blóm í blómabúðinni. (these)
3. Ég þakka ___ fyrir hjálpina. (you)
4. Ég sá ___ dreng í bókasafninu. (this)
5. Ég sá ___ drengi í bókasafninu. (those)
 
Exercise 2: Choose the correct indefinite article for each noun.
 
1. Ég keypti ___ hest í gær. (a/an)
2. Ég sá ___ tré í garðinum. (a/an)
3. Ég keypti ___ hest fyrir son minn. (a/an)
4. Ég sá ___ hús í bænum. (a/an)
 
Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate definite or indefinite article.
 
1. Ég keypti ___ bók í bókasafninu.
2. Ég sá ___ stelpu í bókasafninu.
3. Ég keypti ___ bók fyrir dóttur mína.
4. Ég sá ___ stelpur í bókasafninu.
 
Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences from English to Icelandic.
 
1. The cat is on the table.
2. I bought a car yesterday.
3. She saw a bird in the sky.
4. We have the books.
 
Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences from Icelandic to English.


The difference between definite and indefinite articles can be complex, especially for non-native speakers. In general, using the definite article draws attention to something specific, while the indefinite article does not specify anything in particular, but instead refers to something in general. It is important to use the correct article in order to convey your intended meaning.
1. Ég sá hundinn í garðinum.
2. Ég keypti bókina í gær.
3. Hann fékk blómin frá stelpunni.
4. Það er gott veður í dag.


Here are some examples contrasting the use of definite and indefinite articles:
== Answers ==


* Ég á lauginn. (I have the swimming pool.)
Exercise 1:
* Ég á laug. (I have a swimming pool.)
1. Ég sá __bókina__ í gær. (the)
* Ég datt á gólfið. (I fell on the floor.)
2. Ég keypti __þessi__ blóm í blómabúðinni. (these)
* Ég datt á gólf. (I fell on a floor.)
3. Ég þakka __þér__ fyrir hjálpina. (you)
4. Ég sá __þann__ dreng í bókasafninu. (this)
5. Ég sá __þá__ drengi í bókasafninu. (those)


As you can see, in the first example, we are talking about a specific, known swimming pool, while in the second example, we are talking about a general swimming pool. Similarly, in the third example, we are talking about a specific, known floor, while in the fourth example, we are talking about a general floor.
Exercise 2:
1. Ég keypti __einn__ hest í gær. (a/an)
2. Ég sá __eitt__ tré í garðinum. (a/an)
3. Ég keypti __einn__ hest fyrir son minn. (a/an)
4. Ég sá __eitt__ hús í bænum. (a/an)


It's important to note that in Icelandic, the definite article can sometimes be used in place of a possessive pronoun. For example, instead of saying "minn vinkill" (my friend), we can say "vinurinn minn" (my friend).
Exercise 3:
1. Ég keypti __eina__ bók í bókasafninu.
2. Ég sá __eina__ stelpu í bókasafninu.
3. Ég keypti __eina__ bók fyrir dóttur mína.
4. Ég sá __ein__ stelpur í bókasafninu.


== Conclusion ==
Exercise 4:
1. Kötturinn er á borðinu.
2. Ég keypti bílinn í gær.
3. Hún sá fuglinn á himninum.
4. Við höfum bækurnar.


Understanding the difference between definite and indefinite articles is a crucial aspect of learning Icelandic grammar. Make sure to use the right article for each noun, as it can have a significant impact on the meaning of the sentence. Practice using definite and indefinite articles in your everyday conversation and writing to become more comfortable with their correct usage. With time and practice, these concepts will become second nature to you.
Exercise 5:
1. I saw the dog in the garden.
2. I bought the book yesterday.
3. He got the flowers from the girl.
4. The weather is good today.


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|title=Icelandic Grammar → Pronouns and Articles → Definite and Indefinite Articles
|keywords=Icelandic grammar, definite articles, indefinite articles, Icelandic language, language learning
|description=In this lesson, you will learn the correct usage of definite and indefinite articles in Icelandic. Understand the importance of articles in sentence structure and explore the cultural aspects of articles in Icelandic.
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==Sources==
* [https://icelandicgrammar.com/docs/nouns/definite-article Definite article | Icelandic Grammar Reference]
* [https://langhok.com/icelandic-grammar/ Icelandic Grammar - Langhok]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_grammar Icelandic grammar - Wikipedia]




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* [[Language/Icelandic/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]
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* [[Language/Icelandic/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
* [[Language/Icelandic/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]


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Latest revision as of 12:19, 22 June 2023

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IcelandicGrammar0 to A1 Course → Pronouns and Articles → Definite and Indefinite Articles

In this lesson, we will delve into the correct usage of definite and indefinite articles in Icelandic. Understanding the importance of articles in sentence structure is crucial for developing your language skills. We will explore the various forms and functions of definite and indefinite articles, and provide numerous examples to help you grasp their usage. Additionally, we will delve into the cultural aspects of articles in Icelandic, including regional variations and historical reasons for these differences. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of how to use definite and indefinite articles effectively in your Icelandic sentences.

Definite Articles[edit | edit source]

Definite articles in Icelandic are used to specify a particular noun. In English, the definite article is "the," and it serves a similar purpose in Icelandic. However, unlike English, Icelandic definite articles are declined to match the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify. Let's take a closer look at the different forms of definite articles in Icelandic:

Masculine Nouns[edit | edit source]

In Icelandic, definite articles for masculine nouns are divided into two main forms: strong and weak. The strong form is used when the noun is in the nominative case, while the weak form is used in all other cases. Here is a table showing the different forms of the definite article for masculine nouns:

Icelandic Pronunciation English
sau the (nominative singular)
þessi þes-si the (nominative plural)
þann þan the (accusative singular)
þennan þenn-an the (accusative plural)
þeir þeir the (nominative/accusative plural)

Let's look at some examples of definite articles used with masculine nouns:

  • Ég sá bókina í gær. (I saw the book yesterday.)
  • Ég keypti þessa bók í bókasafninu. (I bought this book at the library.)
  • Ég þakka þér fyrir það. (I thank you for that.)
  • Ég sá þennan dreng í bókasafninu. (I saw this boy at the library.)
  • Ég sá þá drengi í bókasafninu. (I saw those boys at the library.)

Feminine Nouns[edit | edit source]

For feminine nouns, the definite article in Icelandic is "sú" in the nominative singular and "þessi" in the nominative plural. In all other cases, the definite article is "hina." Here is a table showing the different forms of the definite article for feminine nouns:

Icelandic Pronunciation English
suu the (nominative singular)
þessi þes-si the (nominative plural)
hina hi-na the (genitive/dative/accusative singular)
þessa þes-sa the (genitive/dative/accusative plural)

Let's look at some examples of definite articles used with feminine nouns:

  • Hún er sú stelpa sem ég fékk blómin frá. (She is the girl who gave me the flowers.)
  • Ég keypti þessar blóm í blómabúðinni. (I bought these flowers at the flower shop.)
  • Ég sá hina stelpuna í bókasafninu. (I saw that girl at the library.)
  • Ég sá þessa stelpu í bókasafninu. (I saw this girl at the library.)

Neuter Nouns[edit | edit source]

For neuter nouns, the definite article in Icelandic is "það" in the nominative singular and "þessi" in the nominative plural. In all other cases, the definite article is "það." Here is a table showing the different forms of the definite article for neuter nouns:

Icelandic Pronunciation English
það thaa-th the (nominative singular)
þessi þes-si the (nominative plural)
það thaa-th the (genitive/dative/accusative singular)
þessi þes-si the (genitive/dative/accusative plural)

Let's look at some examples of definite articles used with neuter nouns:

  • Það er góð veður í dag. (The weather is good today.)
  • Ég keypti þessi hús í bænum. (I bought these houses in the town.)
  • Ég sá það hús í bókasafninu. (I saw that house at the library.)
  • Ég sá þessi hús í bókasafninu. (I saw these houses at the library.)

Indefinite Articles[edit | edit source]

Indefinite articles in Icelandic are used to refer to non-specific or unidentified nouns. In English, the indefinite article is "a" or "an," depending on the initial sound of the noun. In Icelandic, the indefinite article is "ein" for feminine nouns and "einn" for masculine and neuter nouns. Let's take a closer look at the usage of indefinite articles in Icelandic:

Masculine and Neuter Nouns[edit | edit source]

For masculine and neuter nouns, the indefinite article in Icelandic is "einn" in the nominative singular and "eitt" in the nominative neuter. In all other cases, the indefinite article is "ein." Here is a table showing the different forms of the indefinite article for masculine and neuter nouns:

Icelandic Pronunciation English
einn ein a/an (nominative singular masculine)
eitt ait a/an (nominative singular neuter)
ein ain a/an (genitive/dative/accusative singular)
ein ain a/an (nominative/accusative plural)

Let's look at some examples of indefinite articles used with masculine and neuter nouns:

  • Ég keypti einn hest í gær. (I bought a horse yesterday.)
  • Ég sá eitt tré í garðinum. (I saw a tree in the garden.)
  • Ég keypti einn hest fyrir son minn. (I bought a horse for my son.)
  • Ég sá ein hús í bænum. (I saw a house in the town.)

Feminine Nouns[edit | edit source]

For feminine nouns, the indefinite article in Icelandic is "ein" in all cases. Here is a table showing the different forms of the indefinite article for feminine nouns:

Icelandic Pronunciation English
ein ain a/an (nominative singular)
ein ain a/an (genitive/dative/accusative singular)
ein ain a/an (nominative/accusative plural)

Let's look at some examples of indefinite articles used with feminine nouns:

  • Ég keypti ein bók í gær. (I bought a book yesterday.)
  • Ég sá ein stelpu í bókasafninu. (I saw a girl at the library.)
  • Ég keypti ein bók fyrir dóttur mína. (I bought a book for my daughter.)
  • Ég sá ein stelpur í bókasafninu. (I saw some girls at the library.)

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

In Icelandic culture, the usage of definite and indefinite articles reflects the importance placed on precision and specificity in language. Icelandic is known for its grammatical complexity and its adherence to grammatical rules, which is evident in the declension of definite articles to match the gender, number, and case of the noun. This attention to detail is rooted in the historical development of the Icelandic language, which has been largely preserved over the centuries due to Iceland's isolation and the efforts of its people to maintain the purity of their language.

Regional variations in the usage of definite and indefinite articles are minimal in Icelandic. However, there may be slight differences in pronunciation and intonation across different regions of Iceland. These variations can add charm and character to the language, and they are often celebrated as part of Iceland's linguistic heritage.

An interesting cultural fact about Icelandic is that it is one of the few languages in the world that still retains the use of definite and indefinite articles. Many languages, including English, have simplified their article systems over time, but Icelandic has held onto its rich grammatical structure. This linguistic feature contributes to the uniqueness and beauty of the Icelandic language.

Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now it's time to put your knowledge of definite and indefinite articles to the test. Complete the following exercises and check your answers below:

Exercise 1: Choose the correct definite article for each noun.

1. Ég sá ___ bók í gær. (the) 2. Ég keypti ___ blóm í blómabúðinni. (these) 3. Ég þakka ___ fyrir hjálpina. (you) 4. Ég sá ___ dreng í bókasafninu. (this) 5. Ég sá ___ drengi í bókasafninu. (those)

Exercise 2: Choose the correct indefinite article for each noun.

1. Ég keypti ___ hest í gær. (a/an) 2. Ég sá ___ tré í garðinum. (a/an) 3. Ég keypti ___ hest fyrir son minn. (a/an) 4. Ég sá ___ hús í bænum. (a/an)

Exercise 3: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate definite or indefinite article.

1. Ég keypti ___ bók í bókasafninu. 2. Ég sá ___ stelpu í bókasafninu. 3. Ég keypti ___ bók fyrir dóttur mína. 4. Ég sá ___ stelpur í bókasafninu.

Exercise 4: Translate the following sentences from English to Icelandic.

1. The cat is on the table. 2. I bought a car yesterday. 3. She saw a bird in the sky. 4. We have the books.

Exercise 5: Translate the following sentences from Icelandic to English.

1. Ég sá hundinn í garðinum. 2. Ég keypti bókina í gær. 3. Hann fékk blómin frá stelpunni. 4. Það er gott veður í dag.

Answers[edit | edit source]

Exercise 1: 1. Ég sá __bókina__ í gær. (the) 2. Ég keypti __þessi__ blóm í blómabúðinni. (these) 3. Ég þakka __þér__ fyrir hjálpina. (you) 4. Ég sá __þann__ dreng í bókasafninu. (this) 5. Ég sá __þá__ drengi í bókasafninu. (those)

Exercise 2: 1. Ég keypti __einn__ hest í gær. (a/an) 2. Ég sá __eitt__ tré í garðinum. (a/an) 3. Ég keypti __einn__ hest fyrir son minn. (a/an) 4. Ég sá __eitt__ hús í bænum. (a/an)

Exercise 3: 1. Ég keypti __eina__ bók í bókasafninu. 2. Ég sá __eina__ stelpu í bókasafninu. 3. Ég keypti __eina__ bók fyrir dóttur mína. 4. Ég sá __ein__ stelpur í bókasafninu.

Exercise 4: 1. Kötturinn er á borðinu. 2. Ég keypti bílinn í gær. 3. Hún sá fuglinn á himninum. 4. Við höfum bækurnar.

Exercise 5: 1. I saw the dog in the garden. 2. I bought the book yesterday. 3. He got the flowers from the girl. 4. The weather is good today.

Table of Contents - Icelandic Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Pronouns and Articles


Numbers and Time


Present Tense Verbs


Everyday Activities


Adjectives and Adverbs


Food and Dining


Questions and Negation


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions


Weather and Seasons


Icelandic Culture and Traditions


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Other Lessons[edit | edit source]




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