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{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Javanese/Grammar/Present-Tense|◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Javanese/Vocabulary/Common-Foods|Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️]]
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{{Javanese-Page-Top}}
{{Javanese-Page-Top}}
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Javanese|Javanese]]  → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Verbs and Tenses → Past Tense</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Javanese|Javanese]]  → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Verbs and Tenses → Past Tense</div>


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<h1>Introduction</h1>
== Introduction ==


In Javanese, the past tense is used to describe actions that were completed in the past. It is an essential aspect of Javanese grammar, and it is necessary to understand how to use it correctly. In this lesson, you will learn how to conjugate verbs in the past tense and how to use them in sentences.
In this lesson, we will delve into the intricacies of Javanese grammar and explore the past tense. Understanding how to conjugate and use verbs in the past tense is essential for describing completed actions in Javanese. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid grasp of the past tense and be able to construct meaningful sentences to express past events.


<h2>Conjugation in the Past Tense</h2>
== Conjugating Verbs in the Past Tense ==


To form the past tense in Javanese, you need to conjugate the verb according to the subject. In Javanese, there are two types of verbs: verbs that end in "-i" and verbs that end in "-a".
To conjugate verbs in the past tense in Javanese, we need to take into account the three different moods: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. Each mood has its own set of suffixes that are attached to the verb base.


<h3>Verbs Ending in "-i"</h3>
=== Indicative Mood ===


To conjugate verbs that end in "-i" in the past tense, you need to drop the "-i" and add the suffix "-a". The following table shows some examples of verbs in the past tense:
The indicative mood is used to express statements of fact or reality. To conjugate verbs in the indicative mood in the past tense, we add the suffix "-ne" to the verb base.
 
For example:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| mangan(i) || [maŋɡan] || ate
| nyedhakne  || [ɲəˈðaʔnə] || ate
|-
|-
| mbungkus(i) || [mbʊŋkus] || wrapped
| manganne  || [ˈmaŋaʔnə] || ate
|-
|-
| ngomong(i) || [ŋɔmoŋ] || spoke
| mlumpate  || [mɭʊmˈpʌʈə] || ran
|-
|-
| nyapu(i) || [ɲapu] || swept
| ngongsoke  || [ˈŋoŋsoʔkə] || slept
|}
|}


As you can see from the table, the "-i" at the end of the verbs is dropped, and the suffix "-a" is added. It is important to note that when conjugating verbs in the past tense, the root form of the verb should not be used.
=== Imperative Mood ===


<h3>Verbs Ending in "-a"</h3>
The imperative mood is used to give commands or make requests. To conjugate verbs in the imperative mood in the past tense, we add the suffix "-no" to the verb base.


To conjugate verbs that end in "-a" in the past tense, you need to add the suffix "-na". The following table shows some examples of verbs in the past tense:
For example:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| takon(a) || [takon] || asked
| nyedhakno  || [ɲəˈðaʔno] || eat!
|-
|-
| mriki(a) || [mrikɪ] || stayed
| manganno  || [ˈmaŋaʔno] || eat!
|-
|-
| krungu(a) || [krʊŋɡʊ] || heard
| mlumpatno  || [mɭʊmˈpʌʈno] || run!
|-
|-
| yudha(a) || [jʊdha] || fought
| ngongsono  || [ˈŋoŋsoʔno] || sleep!
|}
|}


As you can see from the table, the suffix "-na" is added at the end of the verb to form the past tense.
=== Subjunctive Mood ===


<h2>Using the Past Tense</h2>
The subjunctive mood is used to express desires, wishes, or hypothetical situations. To conjugate verbs in the subjunctive mood in the past tense, we add the suffix "-ke" to the verb base.


The past tense in Javanese is used to describe an action that was completed in the past. It can be used to talk about an activity that happened yesterday, last week, or even years ago. Here are some examples:
For example:


* Kulo mangan wong sing nduwe mripat kae. (I ate with someone who had a beard there.)
{| class="wikitable"
* Aku krungu suarane wong sing kondang. (I heard the voice of a famous person.)
! Javanese !! Pronunciation !! English
* Kowe nyapu omah arep lego. (You swept the house to be emptied [because you don't live there anymore].)
|-
| nyedhakke  || [ɲəˈðaʔkə] || would eat
|-
| manganke  || [ˈmaŋaʔkə] || would eat
|-
| mlumpatke  || [mɭʊmˈpʌʈkə] || would run
|-
| ngongsoke  || [ˈŋoŋsoʔkə] || would sleep
|}


In the first example, the past tense is used to describe an action that happened in the past. The speaker is talking about eating with someone who had a beard in a particular location. In the second example, the past tense is used to describe hearing the voice of a famous person. In the third example, the past tense is used to describe sweeping the house to be emptied because the speaker does not live there anymore.
== Usage of the Past Tense in Javanese ==


<h2>Irregular Verbs in the Past Tense</h2>
In Javanese, the past tense is commonly used to describe completed actions that occurred in the past. It is also used to talk about historical events, narrate stories, or reminisce about personal experiences.


In Javanese, some verbs are irregular in the past tense. This means that instead of following the standard conjugation rules, they have their own unique forms. Here are some examples:
Examples:
* Aku mlumpate nanging ora sapa-sapa ngerti. (I ran, but no one noticed.)
* Nanging aku ora mlumpate. (But I didn't run.)
* Mbokne nyedhakne kanggo aku. (Please eat for me.)


* Sampun (past tense of "esuk"): yesterday
== Cultural Insights ==
* Dados (past tense of "dadi"): became
* Lali (past tense of "lali"): forgot
* Parane (past tense of "pari"): had said


As you can see from the examples, the past tense of these verbs is unique and does not follow the standard conjugation rules. It is essential to memorize these irregular verbs to use them correctly in sentences.
The usage and understanding of the past tense in Javanese may vary slightly between different regions or social groups. This can be attributed to historical factors and cultural influences. For example, in some areas of Java, the past tense is used more frequently in everyday conversations, while in others, it may be reserved for more formal or literary contexts.


<h2>Practice</h2>
Interesting Fact: Javanese culture places a strong emphasis on storytelling and oral traditions. The past tense is often used extensively in folktales, poetry, and traditional performances to transport listeners back in time and evoke a sense of nostalgia.


Now that you have learned how to conjugate verbs in the past tense and how to use them in sentences, it's time to practice. Here are some exercises to help you practice:
== Practice Exercises ==


<b>Exercise 1:</b> Translate the following English sentences into Javanese using the past tense.
Now, let's put your knowledge of Javanese past tense verbs to the test with some practice exercises. Translate the following sentences into Javanese using the appropriate past tense verb forms.


* She watched a movie last night.
1. I ate a delicious meal yesterday.
* They ate dinner together two days ago.
2. He ran to catch the train.
* I wrote a letter to my friend last week.
3. Did you sleep well last night?
* He saw a beautiful sunset on the beach.
4. She would always sing at family gatherings.


<b>Exercise 2:</b> Rewrite the following Javanese sentences in the past tense.
Answers:
1. Aku mangan njawani enak wingi.
2. Dheweke mlumpat munggah kanggo nangkep kereta.
3. Apa kowe mlaku mumpung wingi?
4. Dheweke bakal nyanyi terus ing acara keluarga.


* Kula arep nangis. (I want to cry.)
Explanation:
* Luwih becik mundut dhuwur. (Better to squat higher.)
1. The verb "ate" is conjugated as "mangan" in the past tense.
* Ene ora saged watu. (This does not require a stone.)
2. The verb "ran" is conjugated as "mlumpat" in the past tense.
* Esuk aku tangi omah pukul sepuluh. (Yesterday, I left home at ten o'clock.)
3. The verb "sleep" is conjugated as "ngongso" in the past tense.
4. The verb "sing" is conjugated as "nyanyi" in the past tense.


<h2>Conclusion</h2>
== Conclusion ==


In this lesson, you have learned how to conjugate and use verbs in the past tense in Javanese. You have seen how to conjugate verbs that end in "-i" and verbs that end in "-a". You have also learned how to use the past tense to describe actions that were completed in the past. Finally, you have seen some examples of irregular verbs in the past tense and how to practice using them. By mastering the past tense, you will be able to describe completed actions accurately and effectively in Javanese.
Congratulations! You have successfully learned how to conjugate and use Javanese verbs in the past tense. This knowledge will greatly enhance your ability to express completed actions and engage in conversations about the past in Javanese. Keep practicing and expanding your vocabulary to become even more proficient in the Javanese language. Selamat nggoleki! (Good luck!)


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|title=Javanese Grammar → Verbs and Tenses → Past Tense
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|keywords=Javanese grammar, Javanese verbs, Javanese past tense, Javanese conjugation, Javanese language
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|description=In this lesson, you will learn how to conjugate and use Javanese verbs in the past tense to describe completed actions. Explore the cultural insights and practice exercises to enhance your understanding.
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==Sources==
* [http://learn101.org/javanese_grammar.php Javanese Grammar | LEARN101.ORG]




==Related Lessons==
 
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/Adverbs-of-Manner|Adverbs of Manner]]
* [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/Adverbs-of-Manner|Adverbs of Manner]]
* [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/Present-Tense|Present Tense]]
* [[Language/Javanese/Grammar/Present-Tense|Present Tense]]
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==Sources==
* [http://learn101.org/javanese_grammar.php Javanese Grammar | LEARN101.ORG]


{{Javanese-Page-Bottom}}
{{Javanese-Page-Bottom}}
<span pgnav>
{| class="wikitable pg_template_nav"
|[[Language/Javanese/Grammar/Present-Tense|◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson]]
|[[Language/Javanese/Vocabulary/Common-Foods|Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️]]
|}
</span>

Latest revision as of 00:38, 22 June 2023

◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️

Javanese-language-polyglotclub.jpg
Javanese → Grammar → 0 to A1 Course → Verbs and Tenses → Past Tense

Introduction[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we will delve into the intricacies of Javanese grammar and explore the past tense. Understanding how to conjugate and use verbs in the past tense is essential for describing completed actions in Javanese. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid grasp of the past tense and be able to construct meaningful sentences to express past events.

Conjugating Verbs in the Past Tense[edit | edit source]

To conjugate verbs in the past tense in Javanese, we need to take into account the three different moods: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. Each mood has its own set of suffixes that are attached to the verb base.

Indicative Mood[edit | edit source]

The indicative mood is used to express statements of fact or reality. To conjugate verbs in the indicative mood in the past tense, we add the suffix "-ne" to the verb base.

For example:

Javanese Pronunciation English
nyedhakne [ɲəˈðaʔnə] ate
manganne [ˈmaŋaʔnə] ate
mlumpate [mɭʊmˈpʌʈə] ran
ngongsoke [ˈŋoŋsoʔkə] slept

Imperative Mood[edit | edit source]

The imperative mood is used to give commands or make requests. To conjugate verbs in the imperative mood in the past tense, we add the suffix "-no" to the verb base.

For example:

Javanese Pronunciation English
nyedhakno [ɲəˈðaʔno] eat!
manganno [ˈmaŋaʔno] eat!
mlumpatno [mɭʊmˈpʌʈno] run!
ngongsono [ˈŋoŋsoʔno] sleep!

Subjunctive Mood[edit | edit source]

The subjunctive mood is used to express desires, wishes, or hypothetical situations. To conjugate verbs in the subjunctive mood in the past tense, we add the suffix "-ke" to the verb base.

For example:

Javanese Pronunciation English
nyedhakke [ɲəˈðaʔkə] would eat
manganke [ˈmaŋaʔkə] would eat
mlumpatke [mɭʊmˈpʌʈkə] would run
ngongsoke [ˈŋoŋsoʔkə] would sleep

Usage of the Past Tense in Javanese[edit | edit source]

In Javanese, the past tense is commonly used to describe completed actions that occurred in the past. It is also used to talk about historical events, narrate stories, or reminisce about personal experiences.

Examples:

  • Aku mlumpate nanging ora sapa-sapa ngerti. (I ran, but no one noticed.)
  • Nanging aku ora mlumpate. (But I didn't run.)
  • Mbokne nyedhakne kanggo aku. (Please eat for me.)

Cultural Insights[edit | edit source]

The usage and understanding of the past tense in Javanese may vary slightly between different regions or social groups. This can be attributed to historical factors and cultural influences. For example, in some areas of Java, the past tense is used more frequently in everyday conversations, while in others, it may be reserved for more formal or literary contexts.

Interesting Fact: Javanese culture places a strong emphasis on storytelling and oral traditions. The past tense is often used extensively in folktales, poetry, and traditional performances to transport listeners back in time and evoke a sense of nostalgia.

Practice Exercises[edit | edit source]

Now, let's put your knowledge of Javanese past tense verbs to the test with some practice exercises. Translate the following sentences into Javanese using the appropriate past tense verb forms.

1. I ate a delicious meal yesterday. 2. He ran to catch the train. 3. Did you sleep well last night? 4. She would always sing at family gatherings.

Answers: 1. Aku mangan njawani enak wingi. 2. Dheweke mlumpat munggah kanggo nangkep kereta. 3. Apa kowe mlaku mumpung wingi? 4. Dheweke bakal nyanyi terus ing acara keluarga.

Explanation: 1. The verb "ate" is conjugated as "mangan" in the past tense. 2. The verb "ran" is conjugated as "mlumpat" in the past tense. 3. The verb "sleep" is conjugated as "ngongso" in the past tense. 4. The verb "sing" is conjugated as "nyanyi" in the past tense.

Conclusion[edit | edit source]

Congratulations! You have successfully learned how to conjugate and use Javanese verbs in the past tense. This knowledge will greatly enhance your ability to express completed actions and engage in conversations about the past in Javanese. Keep practicing and expanding your vocabulary to become even more proficient in the Javanese language. Selamat nggoleki! (Good luck!)

Table of Contents - Javanese Course - 0 to A1[edit source]


Greetings and Introductions


Sentence Structure


Numbers and Time


Nouns and Pronouns


Family and Relationships


Verbs and Tenses


Food and Drinks


Adjectives and Adverbs


Travel and Transportation


Prepositions and Conjunctions


Javanese Customs and Etiquette


Sources[edit | edit source]


Other Lessons[edit | edit source]



◀️ Present Tense — Previous Lesson Next Lesson — Common Foods ▶️

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