Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots

Must-know words for polyglots.

Mainly about linguistic terms. Also other important things.

In progress.

Remember: you don't have to memorise them all in a single time.

If you are interested in terms, see https://glossary.sil.org/term

To know a relatively clear categorization of linguistics, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics#Branches_of_linguistics

linguistics theoretical linguistics phonology morphology syntax sematics pragmatics descriptive linguistics anthropological linguistics historical linguistics phonetics etymology sociolinguistics applied linguistics computational linguistics neurolinguistics psycholinguistics rhetoric orthography lexicology lexicography stylistics semiotics	Linguistics and its best-known branches. Some are interdisciplinary. Semiotics is not a part of linguistics, but it is closely related to linguistics.
pidgin creole variety dialect register standard language	Language and its similar words in definition.
phone consonant pulmonic consonant non–pulmonic consonant ejective consonant click consonant implosive consonant place of articulation labial consonant bilabial consonant labial–velar consonant labial–coronal consonant labiodental consonant bidental consonant coronal consonant linguolabial consonant interdental consonant dental consonant denti–alveolar consonant alveolar consonant coronal–velar consonant postalveolar consonant palato–alveolar consonant retroflex consonant dorsal consonant postalveolar consonant alveolar–palatal consonant palatal consonant labio–palatal consonant uvular consonant uvular–epiglottal consonant laryngeal consonant pharyngeal consonant glottal consonant peripheral consonant manner of articulation obstruent stop consonant affricate consonant fricative consonant sibilant sonorant* nasal consonant approximant consonant semivowel vibrant consonant flap/tap consonant trill consonant liquid consonant rhotic consonant lateral consonant occlusive continuant vowel close vowel near-close vowel close-mid vowel mid vowel open-mid vowel near-open vowel open vowel front vowel central vowel back vowel unrounded vowel & rounded vowel nasal vowel nasalisation phoneme syllable letter letter case diacritic alphabet abjad abugida syllabary semi-syllabary logogram
International Phonetic Alphabet

There are many words in this section. If you know them all, you can understand what those words in International Phonetic Alphabet mean.

*sonorant also includes the vowel.

lemma

lexeme

root

morpheme

cognate

false friend

anglicism

loadword

Some confusing similar words with “word”.

affix prefix suffix infix circumfix interfix duplifix transfix simulfix suprafix disfix

An affix is usually a morpheme, which is just mentioned above. parse tree

constituency-based parse tree

dependency-based parse tree

If you understand parse trees, you can draw and learn sentence structures quickly.

function word

content word

Two important concepts. part of speech

conjunction

interjection

contraction

particle

classifier

clitic

numeral cardinal number ordinal number multiplier distributive number nominal number

adjective attributive adjective predicative adjective nominalized adjective

adverb

determiner article definite article indifinite article zero article demonstrative determiner possessive determiner quantifier

adposition preposition postposition circumposition

noun countable noun uncountable noun collective noun abstract noun concrete noun common noun proper noun

pronoun personal pronoun reflexive pronoun reciprocal pronoun relative pronoun

verb impersonal verb intransitive verb transitive verb ditransitive verb tritransitive verb modal verb reflexive verb auxiliary verb finite verb nonfinite verb infinitive participle gerund

PoS.

phrase adverbial phrase adjective phrase noun phrase adpositional phrase verb phrase

clause argument clause adjuctive clause predicative clause dependent clause independent clause

sentence simple sentence compound sentence complex sentence compound–complex sentence declaritive sentence interrogative sentence exclamatory sentence imperative sentence instructive sentence major sentence minor sentence

Notice the differences between “phrase”, “clause”, “sentence”. punctuation

comma

period

exclamation mark

question mark

colon

semicolon

quotation mark guillemet

apostrophe

hyphen

dash

ellipsis

slash

brackets round brackets curly brackets square brackets

interpunct

space

Punctuation. People often neglect it. grammatical category

person first person second person third person

subject

object

valency

honorifics

gender masculine feminine neuter animate inanimate

case nominative case accusative case dative case ablative case genitive case vocative case locative case instrumental case oblique case

tense past tense present tense future tense

aspect simple aspect progressive aspect & continous aspect perfect aspect

mood realis mood indicative mood energenic mood irrealis mood subjunctive mood conditional mood optative mood imperative mood interrogative mood jussive mood potential mood desiderative mood

voice active voice passive voice

inflection conjugation declension

comparison positive comparative superlative

polarity affirmation negation

number singular plural

clusivity

animacy

telicity

serial verb construction

“Grammatical category”, you may haven't heard about it, but you know it.

An “aspect” may be considered as “tense”.

linguistic typology

word order

analystic language

isolating language

synthetic language fusional language agglutinative language polysynthetic language

language family

dialect continuum

language isolate

proto-language

constructed language

Languages can be differentiated by its structure. grammar

predicate

complement

attributive

adverbial

copula

apposition

hyponym & hypernym idiom linguistic relativity Rosetta Stone It tells us the value of parallel text.

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