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<div class="pg_page_title">Classical Quechua Grammar - Plurals</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Classical Quechua Grammar - Plurals</div>
Hi Classical Quechua learners!😊<br>Learning [https://polyglotclub.com/language/classical-quechua Classical Quechua] Grammar can be a challenging task, but with the right approach and dedication, you can master it in no time! In this lesson, we will focus on plurals in Classical Quechua. __TOC__


== What are Plurals? ==
Hi [https://polyglotclub.com/language/classical-quechua Classical Quechua] learners! 😊<br>In this lesson, we will learn about plurals in Classical Quechua. Plurals are very important in any language, and it is essential for a learner to understand them. First, we will look at the general rules for forming plurals, after which we will give some exceptions and irregularities. Then we will look at some cultural facts about how Quechua speakers use plurals in their lives. Finally, we will have a conversation where you can see how plurals are used in context. So grab a pen and paper, get comfortable and let's get started!
Plurals are words that refer to more than one person, place, or thing. In Classical Quechua, plurals are formed by adding suffixes to the end of the word. The suffixes used depend on the type of word being pluralized.  


=== Nouns ===
__TOC__
Nouns are words that refer to people, places, or things. In Classical Quechua, nouns are pluralized by adding the suffix -kuna to the end of the word. For example, the word ''p'unchaw'' (person) becomes ''p'unchawkuna'' (people).


=== Verbs ===
Verbs are words that describe an action. In Classical Quechua, verbs are pluralized by adding the suffix -shka to the end of the word. For example, the word ''qillqay'' (to write) becomes ''qillqayshka'' (to write).


=== Adjectives ===
<span link>After mastering this lesson, these related pages might interest you: [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Negation|Negation]], [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Gramatical-generalities|Gramatical generalities]], [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be|How to Use Be]] & [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Questions|Questions]].</span>
Adjectives are words that describe a quality or characteristic of a person, place, or thing. In Classical Quechua, adjectives are pluralized by adding the suffix -shpa to the end of the word. For example, the word ''allin'' (good) becomes ''allinshpa'' (good).
== Forming plurals ==
In Classical Quechua, there are different ways to form plurals depending on the context, but generally speaking, to form a plural, we add the suffix -kuna to the singular noun. This suffix is invariable, meaning that it is the same for all genders and cases. Let's see some examples:


== Exceptions ==
{| class="wikitable"
There are some exceptions to the rules for forming plurals in Classical Quechua. For example, some nouns are pluralized by adding the suffix -kama to the end of the word instead of -kuna. Additionally, some verbs are pluralized by adding the suffix -rka to the end of the word instead of -shka.  
! Classical Quechua !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| runa  || /'runa/ || person
|-
| runakuna  || /'runa.ku.na/ || people (plural)
|-
| qhapaq  || /'qa.paʔ/ || emperor
|-
| qhapaqkuna  || /'qa.paʔ.ku.na/ || emperors (plural)
|-
| puma  || /'pu.ma/ || puma (mountain cat)
|-
| pumakuna  || /'pu.ma.ku.na/ || pumas (plural)
|}


It is important to note that the rules for forming plurals in Classical Quechua can vary depending on the dialect. It is best to consult a native speaker or a qualified teacher if you are unsure about how to form plurals in a particular dialect.  
As you can see, the singular noun is followed by the plural suffix -kuna, which signals that there is more than one of the thing being referred to. It's important to note that this suffix does not change according to the gender or case, so it's always -kuna.


== Practice ==
== Exceptions and irregularities ==
Now that you know the basics of forming plurals in Classical Quechua, it's time to practice! Here are some examples of words that can be pluralized:  
As with any grammatical rule, there are exceptions and irregularities to the rule for forming plurals. Here are some examples:


* ''q'ente'' (house)  
=== Words that don't use -kuna ===
* ''yachay'' (to learn)  
Some words don't follow the -kuna rule in forming plurals. For example, the word "hanan" (upper) forms the plural "hananpacha" (upper worlds). Other examples include "usa" (brother) which forms the plural "usakuna" and "wanu" (corn) which forms the plural "wanukuna".
* ''muna'' (beautiful)  


Try to form the plurals of these words and then check your answers with a native speaker or a qualified teacher.  
=== Words that double the final consonant ===
Some words double the final consonant before -kuna. This happens when the final consonant is a voiceless plosive (p, t, k, q) or a sibilant (s, š). For example:


<hr>If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.<br>Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Quechua !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| sipas  || /si'pas/  || bars
|-
| sipaskuna  || /si'pas.ku.na/  || bars (plural)
|-
| panqa  || /pa'ŋ.ka/  || ear
|-
| panqakuna  || /pa'ŋ.ka.ku.na/  || ears (plural)
|}
 
=== Words that change their stem ===
Some words change their stem in forming the plural. These changes may affect just a vowel or the whole stem. For example:
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Classical Quechua !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| hatun  || /ha'tun/  || big
|-
| hatuq  || /ha'tuq/  || the big one
|-
| hatukuna  || /ha'tu.ku.na/  || the big ones (plural)
|-
| wirti  || /'wir.ti/  || tail
|-
| wirpikuna  || /'wir.pi.ku.na/  || tails (plural)
|}
 
As you can see, the stem of "hatuq" changes to "hatu-" in the plural, and the stem of "wirti" changes to "wirpi-" in the plural.
 
== Cultural Facts ==
Quechua speakers use plurals in many interesting and unique ways. For example, plurals can be used to indicate the "duality" of things that come in pairs, such as eyes, ears, hands, and feet. Instead of saying "two eyes" or "two hands", they say "blind eyes" or "thin hands" to indicate duality. In addition, pluralization can also be influenced by the animacy of the noun. For example, in Quechua, the plural form of "panka" (hill) is "panqaq" if the hill is alive (such as if it is considered to be home to a huaca, a sacred being), and "pankakuna" if it is not alive.
 
== Conversation ==
Here's a conversation where you can practice using plurals in context. It is between Juan and Maria, who are looking at different animal pictures.
 
* Juan: Qhapaqkuna riqsichik.
* Maria: Riqsucha pumakuna kani.
 
Translation:
* Juan: Emperors are powerful.
* Maria: Pumas are beautiful.
 
As you can see, Juan uses the plural form "qhapaqkuna" to refer to more than one emperor, and Maria uses the plural form "pumakuna" to refer to more than one puma.
 
== Sources ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages Quechuan_languages]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_langauges_and_the_Spanish_conquest Quechuan_languages_and_the_Spanish_conquest]
 
{{#seo:
|title=Classical Quechua Grammar - Plurals
|keywords=Classical Quechua, Plurals, language learning, Quechua grammar, Quechuan languages, examples, exceptions, conversation, cultural facts
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about plurals in Classical Quechua. We will look at the general rules for forming plurals, give some exceptions and irregularities, look at some cultural facts about how Quechua speakers use plurals in their lives and finally, have a conversation where you can see how plurals are used in context.}}
<hr>➡ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.<br>➡ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎
 
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be|How to Use Be]]
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]]
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Questions|Questions]]
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Gramatical-generalities|Gramatical generalities]]
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Give-your-Opinion|Give your Opinion]]
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Pronouns|Pronouns]]
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Negation|Negation]]
* [[Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]


{{Classical-quechua-Page-Bottom}}
{{Classical-quechua-Page-Bottom}}
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 21:05, 27 March 2023

Quechua-Language-PolyglotClub.png
Classical Quechua Grammar - Plurals

Hi Classical Quechua learners! 😊
In this lesson, we will learn about plurals in Classical Quechua. Plurals are very important in any language, and it is essential for a learner to understand them. First, we will look at the general rules for forming plurals, after which we will give some exceptions and irregularities. Then we will look at some cultural facts about how Quechua speakers use plurals in their lives. Finally, we will have a conversation where you can see how plurals are used in context. So grab a pen and paper, get comfortable and let's get started!


After mastering this lesson, these related pages might interest you: Negation, Gramatical generalities, How to Use Be & Questions.

Forming plurals[edit | edit source]

In Classical Quechua, there are different ways to form plurals depending on the context, but generally speaking, to form a plural, we add the suffix -kuna to the singular noun. This suffix is invariable, meaning that it is the same for all genders and cases. Let's see some examples:

Classical Quechua Pronunciation English
runa /'runa/ person
runakuna /'runa.ku.na/ people (plural)
qhapaq /'qa.paʔ/ emperor
qhapaqkuna /'qa.paʔ.ku.na/ emperors (plural)
puma /'pu.ma/ puma (mountain cat)
pumakuna /'pu.ma.ku.na/ pumas (plural)

As you can see, the singular noun is followed by the plural suffix -kuna, which signals that there is more than one of the thing being referred to. It's important to note that this suffix does not change according to the gender or case, so it's always -kuna.

Exceptions and irregularities[edit | edit source]

As with any grammatical rule, there are exceptions and irregularities to the rule for forming plurals. Here are some examples:

Words that don't use -kuna[edit | edit source]

Some words don't follow the -kuna rule in forming plurals. For example, the word "hanan" (upper) forms the plural "hananpacha" (upper worlds). Other examples include "usa" (brother) which forms the plural "usakuna" and "wanu" (corn) which forms the plural "wanukuna".

Words that double the final consonant[edit | edit source]

Some words double the final consonant before -kuna. This happens when the final consonant is a voiceless plosive (p, t, k, q) or a sibilant (s, š). For example:

Classical Quechua Pronunciation English
sipas /si'pas/ bars
sipaskuna /si'pas.ku.na/ bars (plural)
panqa /pa'ŋ.ka/ ear
panqakuna /pa'ŋ.ka.ku.na/ ears (plural)

Words that change their stem[edit | edit source]

Some words change their stem in forming the plural. These changes may affect just a vowel or the whole stem. For example:

Classical Quechua Pronunciation English
hatun /ha'tun/ big
hatuq /ha'tuq/ the big one
hatukuna /ha'tu.ku.na/ the big ones (plural)
wirti /'wir.ti/ tail
wirpikuna /'wir.pi.ku.na/ tails (plural)

As you can see, the stem of "hatuq" changes to "hatu-" in the plural, and the stem of "wirti" changes to "wirpi-" in the plural.

Cultural Facts[edit | edit source]

Quechua speakers use plurals in many interesting and unique ways. For example, plurals can be used to indicate the "duality" of things that come in pairs, such as eyes, ears, hands, and feet. Instead of saying "two eyes" or "two hands", they say "blind eyes" or "thin hands" to indicate duality. In addition, pluralization can also be influenced by the animacy of the noun. For example, in Quechua, the plural form of "panka" (hill) is "panqaq" if the hill is alive (such as if it is considered to be home to a huaca, a sacred being), and "pankakuna" if it is not alive.

Conversation[edit | edit source]

Here's a conversation where you can practice using plurals in context. It is between Juan and Maria, who are looking at different animal pictures.

  • Juan: Qhapaqkuna riqsichik.
  • Maria: Riqsucha pumakuna kani.

Translation:

  • Juan: Emperors are powerful.
  • Maria: Pumas are beautiful.

As you can see, Juan uses the plural form "qhapaqkuna" to refer to more than one emperor, and Maria uses the plural form "pumakuna" to refer to more than one puma.

Sources[edit | edit source]

➡ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.
➡ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]


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