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==Transliteration ==
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Revision as of 23:29, 4 November 2021

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Tamil Finite Verbs Conjugation


Finite Verbs

Overview

Finite verb forms show tense, person and number (e.g. I go, she goes, we went, etc.)

In Tamil, Finite Verbs generally have a 3 part structure:

  • the "Verb Stem"
  • the "Tense Suffix" (to indicate past, present or future tense)
  • anda "Subject Marker" (to indicate Person, Number and Gender – i.e. I, We, He, She etc).


  • Example: The verb "varuven" means "I will come".

In this example:

  • Varu is the Verb Stem
  • v is used to indicate it is for future tense
  • en is used when referring to "I" (that is, the first person)

Types of Finite Verbs and Tense Suffixes

The Tamil language has 7 main types of finite verbs. These are classified according to their conjugation (i.e. according to the TENSE suffix used).


  • The tense suffix for the past and present tense also depends on the language register (high or colloquial)
  • The future time suffix is the same regardless of the register
  • The tables below show the time suffixes for each type of finite verb for each register


NB: Those rules are different for other kinds of verbs.

Tense Suffixes for High Tamil with the Tamil Script

Past Present Future Example Other Examples
Type 1 த் | dh கிற் | giR வ் | v sei (do)- செய் nei (weave)
Type 2 ந்த் | ndh கிற் | giR வ் | v aRi (know)- அறி vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),

sari (roll or tumble down)

Type 3 இன் | in கிற் | giR வ் | v vaangu (buy/get)- வாங்கு thoongu (sleep), ezhuthu (write), anuppu (send)
Type 4 End consonant doubling கிற் | giR வ் | v vidu ( leave)- விடு PiDi (Catch/hold), KeDu (spoil), peru (get)
Type 5 ட் | t/d கிற் | kiR/ giR ப் | p/b uN (eat) – உண் kaaN (see), keL (listen)
Type 6 த்த் | tth க்கிற் | kkiR ப்ப் | pp paDi(read/study)-படி koDu (give), eDu (take), paar (see)
Type 7 ந்த் | ndh க்கிற் | kkiR ப்ப் | pp naDa(walk)-நட para (fly), kala (mix), marA (forget)

 

Verb Stem Past Present Future (same as for Colloquial Tamil)
Type 1 – Sei (do) Seidhen (dh+en=dhen) SeigiRyen (giR+en= giRean) Seivean (Iv +en=vean)
Type 2 – Ari (know) Arindhean (ndh+en=dhean) ArigiRean (giR+en=giRean) Arivean (Iv +en=vean)
Type 3 – Vaangu (buy/get) Vaanginean (in+en=inean) VaangugiRean (giR+en=GiRean) Vaanguvean (Iv +en=vean)
Type 4 – Vidu (leave) Vittean (t+t+en) VidugiRean (giR+en=giRean) Viduvean (Iv +en=vean)
Type 5 – Un (eat) Undean (d+en) UngiRean (giR+en=giRean) Unbean (b+en=bean)
Type 6 – Padi (read/study) Paditthean (tth+en=tthean) Padikkirean (kkiR+en=kkirean) Padippean (pp+en=ppean)
Type 7 – Nada (walk) Nadandhean (ndh+ean=ndhean) NadakkiRean (kkir+en=kkirean) Nadappean (pp+en=ppean)

Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil with the Tamil Script

Past Present Future Example Other Examples
Type 1 ஞ்ச் | nj ற் | R வ் | v sei (do) - செய் nei (weave)
Type 2 ந்த் | ndh / ஞ்ச் | nj ற் | R வ் | v aRi (know) - அறி vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),

sari (roll or tumble down)

Type 3 உன் | u ற் | R வ் | v vaangu (buy/get) - வாங்கு thoongu (sleep), ezhuthu (write), anuppu (send)
Type 4 End consonant doubling ற் | R வ் | v vidu ( leave) - விடு PiDi (Catch/hold), KeDu (spoil), peru (get)
Type 5 ட் | t/d ற் | R ப் | p/b uN (eat) – உண் kaaN (see), keL (listen)
Type 6 த்த் | tth க்கிற் | kkiR ப்ப் | pp paDi (read/study) -படி koDu (give), eDu (take), paar (see)
Type 7 ந்த் | ndh க்கிற் | kkiR ப்ப் | pp naDa (walk) -நட para (fly), kala (mix), marA (forget)

Example of Tense Suffixes for the Colloquial Tamil

Verb Stem Past Present Future (same as for High Tamil)
Type 1 – Sei (do) Senjean (nj+ean=jean) Seirean (R+ean=rean) Seivean (Iv +ean=vean)
Type 2 – Ari (know) Arinjean (nj+ean=jean) Arirean(R+ean=rean) Arivean (Iv +ean=vean)
Type 3 – Vaangu (buy/get) Vaangunean (un+ean=unean) vaangurean(R+ean=iRean) Vaanguvean (Iv +ean=vean)
Type 4 – Vidu (leave) Vittean (t+t+ean=ttean) Vidrean (R+ean=Rean) Viduvean (Iv +ean=vean)
Type 5 – Un (eat) Undean (d+ean=dean) UngiRean (giR+ean=giRean) Unbean(b+ean=bean)
Type 6 – Padi (read/study) Padichchean (chch+ean=chen) Padikkirean (kkiR+ean=kkirean) Padippean(pp+ean=ppean)
Type 7 – Nada (walk) Nadandhean (ndh+ean=ndhean) NadakkiRean (kkiR+ean=kkirean) Nadappean(pp+ean=ppean)

Subject Markers

Subject Markers indicate PERSON / NUMBER / GENDER (i.e. I, We, He, She etc.).

The subject markers are the same for all of the 7 types of Finite Verbs, only the Tense suffixes for each Type differs.

Following are the Subject Markers used for both High and Colloquial Tamil. 

Subject Markers for High Tamil

Singular Plural
First person I

ஏன் | En

We

ஓம் | Om

Second person You (singular)

ஆய் | aay

You (plural/respect)

ஈர்கள் | iirkal / ஈர் | irr

Third Person He

ஆன் | aan

He /She (Polite)

ஆர் | aar

She

ஆள் | aal

They (Human)

அனர்/ஆர்கள்

anar*/ aarkal

It

அது | adhu

They (non human)

அன | ana#*

*indicates that in future tense , nonhuman nouns take the ending "-um" (instead of -v/-p/-pp) . E.g. athu varum (it"ll come)

*indicates that in present tense, kiR/kiRR changes kinR/KKinRR

E.g. SeikinRanar – They (human being) are doing.

Subject Markers for Colloquial Tamil

Singular Plural
First person I Eñ We O~m
Second person You dha You (Polite) eenga
Third Person He dhaañ She dhaa He (Polite) aarù She (Polite) aanga
It dhu/chu They dhunga / chunga

EXAMPLE

padi read or study
padikka to read
vaasi read
High colloquial English meaning
Past Tense naan padiththaen Naañ Padichæñ I read (past)
Present Tense Naan padikkiRaen Naañ Padikiræñ I am reading
Future Tense naan padaippaen Naañ padipæñ I will read
Past Informal nii padiththaai Nii padichæ you read (past) – informal
Past Formal niingaL padiththiirgaL Niinga padichiinga you read (past) – formal
Present Informal nii padikkiRaa Nii padikiræ you are reading – informal
Present Formal niingaL padikkiRiirgaL Niinga padikireenga you are reading – formal
Future Informal nii padippaai Nii padipæ you will read – informal
Future Formal niingaL padippiirgaL Niinga padipiinga you are reading – formal
Imperative informal nii padi Nii padi you read ... (order statement) – informal
Imperative Formal Niinga padinga Niinga padipiinga you read ... (order statement) – formal
Past Informal avan padiththaan avañ Padichchaañ he read – informal
Past Formal avar padiththaar avrù padichchaarù he read – formal
Present Informal avan padikkiRaan avañ padikkiraañ He is reading – informal
Present Formal avar padikkiRaar avrù padikiraar he is reading – formal
Future Informal avan padippaan avañ padippaañ he will read – informal
Future Formal avar padippaar avar padippaarù he will read – formal
Past Informal avaL padiththaaL ava(L) padichchaa(L) she read – informal
Past Formal avargaaL padiththaargaL avanga padichchaanga she read – formal
Past Formal avargaaL padiththaargaL avanga padichchaanga she read – formal
Present Informal avaL padikkiraaL ava(L) padikkiraa(L) she is reading – informal
Present Formal avargaL padikkiraargaL avanga padikkiraanga she is reading – formal
Future Informal avaL padippaaL ava(L) padippaa(L) she will read – informal
Future Formal avargaL padippaargaL avanga padippaanga she will read – formal
Past Informal naam padiththoam naama padichcho~m we read – listener included
Past formal naangaL padiththoam naanga padichcho~m we read – listener excluded
Present Informal naam padikiroam naama padikiroa~m we are reading – listener included
Present Formal naangaL paddikkiroam naanga padikkiroa~m we are reading – listener excluded
Future Informal naam paddippoam naama paddippoa~m we will read – listener included
Future Formal naangaL paddippoam naanga paddippoa~m we will read – listener excluded

Tense Suffixes for High Tamil without the Tamil Script

Past Present Future Example Other Examples
Type 1 dh giR v sei (do)- செய்
  • nei (weave)
Type 2 ndh giR v aRi (know)
  • vizhu (fall), ezhu (rise),
  • sari (roll or tumble down)
Type 3 in giR v vaangu (buy/get)
  • thoongu (sleep),
  • ezhuthu (write),
  • anuppu (send)
Type 4 End consonant doubling giR v vidu ( leave)
  • PiDi (Catch/hold),
  • KeDu (spoil),
  • peru (get)
Type 5 t/d kiR/ giR p/b uN (eat)
  • kaaN (see),
  • keL (listen)
Type 6 tth kkiR pp paDi(read/study)
  • koDu (give),
  • eDu (take),
  • paar (see)
Type 7 ndh kkiR pp naDa(walk)
  • para (fly),
  • kala (mix),
  • marA (forget)

Tense Suffixes for Colloquial Tamil without Tamil Script

Past Present Future Example Other Examples
Type 1 nj R v sei (do)- செய்
  • nei (weave)
Type 2 ndh / nj R v aRi (know)
  • vizhu (fall),
  • ezhu (rise),
  • sari (roll or tumble down)
Type 3 un R v vaangu (buy/get)
  • thoongu (sleep),
  • ezhuthu (write),
  • anuppu (send)
Type 4 End consonant doubling R v vidu ( leave)
  • PiDi (Catch/hold),
  • KeDu (spoil),
  • peru (get)
Type 5 t/d R p/b uN (eat)
  • kaaN (see),
  • keL (listen)
Type 6 chch / tth kkiR pp paDi(read/study)
  • koDu (give),
  • eDu (take),
  • paar (see)
Type 7 ndh kkiR pp naDa(walk)
  • para (fly),
  • kala (mix),
  • marA (forget)

Transliteration

VOWELS CONSONANTS
Tamil script Transliteration Tamil script Transliteration
அ A க ka

ga

ஆ Aa ங nga
இ I ச cha

sa

ஈ Ii
உ U ஞ nja
ஊ Uu

E

ட ta

da

எ E/ae ண Na
ஏ Ai த tha

dha

ஐ O ந na
ஒ O/oa ப pa

ba

ஔ Au ம ma
ய ya
ர ra
ல la
வ va
ள Au
ழ Azha
ள La
ற Ra
ன na

 

Vowels in Spoken Tamil

æ

ŭ | ù ñ / ~m

The vowel sound "E" at end of words is often pronounced as "æ".

half-u nasalisation of vowel

æ is sound of "a" in the english word "bat".

 

Grantha Letters

ஹ ha
ஜ ja
ஸ sa
ஷ sha
ஶ ś
க்ஷ ksha
ஸ்ரீ\ Sri

Sources

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