Difference between revisions of "Language/Italian/Culture/Italy-Historical-Events"

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Italo-Turkish War in Libya. The Ottoman Empire ceded in particular Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to the Italians.
Italo-Turkish War in Libya. The Ottoman Empire ceded in particular Tripolitania and Cyrenaica to the Italians.


=== 1915 ===
'''1915-1918''' : participates in the First World War alongside the Allies. 
'''May''' . Initially neutral in the world conflict, Italy goes to war, in exchange for territorial promises, alongside France, Great Britain and Russia.


=== 1919-1920 ===
'''1922''' : in a context of social crisis, Mussolini marches on  at the head of his militias, the black shirts. King Victor Emmanuel II entrusted him with the government. 
'''March 23''' . Benito Mussolini creates the Combat Bundles.


'''1919-1920''' Treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain. The promises made to Italy, which recovers among others Trentino and Istria, are largely unsatisfied.
'''1922-1943''' : Mussolini establishes a fascist regime. 


=== 1921 ===
'''1935-36''' : conquest of . 
'''January 21''' . Birth of the Italian Communist Party (PCI).


=== 1922 ===
'''1940''' :  goes to war alongside Nazi Germany. 
'''October 27''' . March of the fascists on . Mussolini was appointed chairman of the board two days later. He created the great council of fascism in December.


=== 1925-1926 ===
'''1943''' : Anglo-American landing. Mussolini takes refuge in the North where he creates the . 
With the "  fascist " laws  , the Duce becomes the absolute master of the . The fascist dictatorship replaces the constitutional state.


=== 1929 ===
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'''February 11''' . Signing of the Lateran Agreements between Mussolini and the Holy See. Catholicism becomes the official religion of the country.


=== 1935-1936 ===
'''1944''' : Victor Emmanuel II abdicates. 
Conquest of . The Italian Empire was proclaimed in May 1936.


=== 1940 ===
'''1945''' : Mussolini is arrested and shot. 
'''June 10''' .  takes part in the world conflict (...) 
 
'''1946''' : a referendum puts an end to royalty; the republic is proclaimed; The Christian Democracy (DC) dominates political life.  
 
'''1957''' :  is one of the six founding members of the . 
 
'''1963''' : Aldo Moro takes the head of a coalition government Christian Democracy-Italian Socialist Party (PSI). 
 
'''1968-1972''' : period of political instability and social unrest. beginning of the " years of lead ", marked by far-right and far-left terrorism. 
 
'''1976''' : "Historical compromise"; alliance between Christian democracy and the powerful Communist Party, until then ostracized.  
 
'''1978''' : assassination of former Council President Aldo Moro by the Red Brigades. 
 
'''1980''' : an attack, perpetrated by the extreme right, makes 84 dead in the station of .  
 
'''1983''' : thanks to the decline of the Christian Democracy Bettino Craxi is the first socialist president of the council. 
 
'''1991''' : the Communist Party transforms into the Democratic Party of the Left (PDS). 
 
'''February 1992''' : start of " Clean Mains " ( ''Mani pulite'' ), a legal operation launched against corruption in the political world. 
 
'''April 1992''' : decline of traditional political parties and emergence of the Northern League (an ultraconservative regionalist party) during the legislative elections. 
 
'''May 1992''' : Assassination of anti-mafia judge Giovanni Falcone. 
 
'''February 1993''' : implicated in the operation "Clean hands", the president of the Socialist Party Bettino Craxi resigns. He went into exile in  in 1994 to evade justice which sentenced him to 27 years in prison. 
 
'''April 1993''' : the electoral law is amended by referendum. A majority vote is introduced to put an end to government instability.  
 
'''1994''' : Victory in the legislative elections of the right-wing coalition led by businessman Silvio Berlusconi . It brings together his party Forza Italia, the Northern League of Umberto Bossi and the neo-fascists of the National Alliance, led by Gianfranco Fini. Umberto Bossi will break up the coalition a few months later. 
 
'''1996''' : victory of the " Olivier ", a center-left coalition in the legislative elections; Romano Prodi becomes Chairman of the Board. 
 
'''1998''' : Massimo d'Alema, leader of the Left Democrats (DS, ex-PDS), becomes President of the Council. 
 
'''April 2000''' : the defeat of the center-left coalition in the regional elections leads to the resignation of Massimo d'Alema who is replaced by Giuliano Amato. 
 
'''2001''' 
 
'''May''' : victory for the right-wing coalition, the Maison des Libertés, led by Silvio Berlusconi who wins an absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.
 
'''August''' : adoption by the parliament of the decriminalization of the offense of forgery in balance sheet.
 
'''October''' : referendum on federalism. 64% of voters approve the law strengthening the power of regions and local communities.  
 
'''2002''' 
 
'''March''' : assassination of Marco Biagi, adviser to the Ministry of Labor, claimed by the "Red Brigades for the constitution of the fighting Communist Party".
 
'''April''' : the first general strike in 20 years, called to protest against the social reforms of the Berlusconi government, in particular the relaxation of dismissal rules, paralyzes with 13 million strikers.
 
'''July''' : adoption of a law toughening immigration legislation. At the same time, 700,000 undocumented migrants are regularized. 
 
'''2003''' 
 
'''January''' : alongside the heads of state of eight European countries (, , , , , , and ) supports , which pleads for military intervention in .
 
'''September''' : a blackout paralyzes the whole country for several hours.  imports 20% of its electricity consumption.
 
'''November''' : 18 Italian soldiers are killed in a car bomb attack on a military base in Nassiriyah (southern ). 
 
'''2004''' 
 
'''January''' : the invalidates a law, adopted in June 2003, which grants immunity, during their mandate, to the five most senior officials of the State.
 
'''June 2004''' : victory of the center-left opposition in local elections; it now controls ten of the twenty regions and 52 of the 63 provinces. 
 
'''2005''' 
 
'''April''' : the center-left wins the regional by-elections, winning 11 out of 13 regions. The ruling coalition loses six of the eight regions it led.
 
'''December''' : adoption of a new electoral law restoring the proportional system with a majority bonus.  
 
'''2006''' 
 
'''January''' : the Minister of Defense announces the total withdrawal of Italian troops from  before the end of 2006.
 
'''February''' : Parliament approves the "Pecorella law", which removes the possibility for the prosecution to appeal in case of acquitted or acquitted during a trial. Silvio Berlusconi comes out unscathed, thanks to this law, from a trial in for corruption of a judge.
 
'''April''' : short victory for the center-left coalition, the Unione, led by Romano Prodi, against the House of Freedoms of Silvio Berlusconi, during the legislative elections (49.8% against 49.7%).
 
Arrest of Bernardo Provenzano , the supreme leader of the Sicilian mafia, on the run for 43 years.
 
'''May''' :Giorgio Napolitano (Left Democrats) as President of the Republic.
 
The new head of government, Romano Prodi, announces that he will propose to Parliament the withdrawal of the 2,500 soldiers still present in .
 
'''June''' : the Italians reject by 61% of "no" the constitutional revision project wanted by the previous government of Silvio Berluscon which granted more powers to the President of the Council and reinforced the autonomy of the regions.  
 
'''2008''' 
 
'''January''' : " waste crisis " in . Nearly 100,000 tons of garbage pile up in the streets, due to malfunctioning treatment centers. Littering in the streets of Neapolitan has been a recurring problem since 1994.
 
'''February''' : dissolution of parliament after Romano Prodi lost a vote of confidence in the Senate and resigned in January. His room for maneuver was very narrow since his short legislative victory in 2006 and the establishment of a coalition ranging from the far left to centrist Catholics, made up of thirteen parties.
 
''''''April'''''' : legislative and senatorial elections; the right-wing coalition (People of Freedom) of Silvio Berlusconiwins an absolute majority in both Chambers.
 
'''May''' : Silvio Berlusconi is appointed Chairman of the Board; it presents a government strongly anchored to the right.
 
Vast operation against the crime linked to illegal immigration. nearly 400 people, mainly from and the , are arrested. This security policy has aroused criticism, in particular from the European Union, which is worried about a xenophobic drift .
 
'''June''' : MPs pass a billknown as "Alfano law" providing for the "temporary suspension" of legal proceedings against the highest officials of the State, when Silvio Berlusconi is tried in Milan on a corruption case.
 
'''August''' : Silvio Berlusconi apologizes "in the name of the Italian people" to Libya for the atrocities committed during the colonial occupation (1912-1945).  will pay $ 5 billion in compensation spread over twenty years.  wants in return that collaborates in the fight against illegal immigration.  
 
'''2009 ''' 
 
'''January''' : Alitalia, threatened with bankruptcy, chooses Air France-KLM as a future partner to acquire a 25% stake in its capital.
 
'''February''' : after the dismal failure of the left in regional elections in , Walter Veltroni resigns from the leadership of the Democratic Party.
 
Silvio Berlusconi concludes with  an agreement relating to the construction of nuclear power stations, more than twenty years after the decision to close them, by referendum in 1987.
 
The government adopts a decree-law establishing the principle of unarmed popular militias , to fight against insecurity.
 
'''Mars''' : merger of the two main right-wing formations, Forza Italia, the movement of Silvio Berlusconi, and the National Alliance, the party of Gianfranco Fini.
 
'''April''' : an earthquake strikes the Abruzzo region, particularly the city of L'Aquila, leaving nearly 40,000 dead and nearly 40,000 homeless.
 
Fiat takes 20% of the capital of the American Chrysler , which has placed itself under the protection of Chapter 11 of the bankruptcy law.
 
'''May''' : the deputies adopt the " security package ", which creates an offense of illegal immigration, prolongs the stay of illegal immigrants in detention centers from two to six months and legalizes "citizens' rounds" to report to the police breaches of public order.
 
<nowiki>:</nowiki> the European Commission announces its intention to examine the "security package" adopted by the Senate to verify its "compatibility" with Community law.
 
'''October''' : 23 people are killed in in a landslide , angering the population who denounce the failure to respect construction standards on the island.
 
Silvio Berlusconi's holding company, Fininvest , is ordered to pay 750 million euros in damages to a competitor for its controversial takeover of publisher Mondadori in the 1990s.
 
The invalidates the immunity law who has protected Silvio Berlusconi since his return to power in April 2008.
 
'''December''' : Silvio Berlusconi is attacked by an imbalance during a meeting in . 
 
'''2010''' 
 
'''January''' : more than a thousand African immigrants, who have come to pick fruit in Calabria , are forced into exodus after being victims of manhunts.
 
'''February''' : the Chamber of Deputies approves a law allowing the postponement of the trials against Silvio Berlusconi for 18 months.
 
'''March''' : regional elections . Silvio Berlusconi's coalition seizes four regions controlled by the left, in particular thanks to his ally the Northern League. Silvio Berlusconi had adopted, a few days before the election, a decree relaxing the criteria for the registration of electoral lists , in order to allow registration, after the legal deadline,his party lists .
 
'''July''' : Silvio Berlusconi calls for the resignation of his ally Gianfranco Fini from the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies, the president of the Chamber of Deputies who is increasingly distancing himself from the head of government, in particular on corruption cases. Gianfranco Fini announces that he will regain his independence.
 
'''November''' : a few days after the revelation of a new Silvio Berlusconi scandal , Gianfranco Fini calls for the resignation of Silvio Berlusconi, in a speech delivered to the members of his new party, called Avenir et Liberté, but the Cavaliere escapes two motions from censorship . 
 
=== 2011 ===
'''February''' : the prosecution requests the immediate judgment of the Cavaliere , under investigation for recourse to underage prostitution and abuse of office, in the context of the so-called "Rubygate" case.
 
'''June''' : after its failure in municipal and regional elections , Berlusconi was disowned in four referendums on nuclear power, water and judicial immunity.
 
'''July-October''' : Under pressure from the IMF, the European Union and rating agencies,  adopts an austerity plan to bring public finances back to balance in 2014. The austerity plan, 54 billion euros,This prevents 2 rating agencies degrade the rating of Italy .
 
'''October''' : a demonstration in on the occasion of the world day of the "indignant" is punctuated by violence. 135 people are injured, including 105 police officers. the damage is estimated at one million euros.
 
'''November''' : dropped by his main ally in the Northern League , Berlusconi loses the absolute majority in Parliament. He announces that he will leave power , after the adoption of budgetary measures and economic reforms promised to the European Union.   
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