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<div class="pg_page_title">Tswana Grammar - Negation</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Tswana Grammar - Negation</div>
Hi [https://polyglotclub.com/language/tswana Tswana] learners! 😊<br>In this lesson, we will be discussing the basics of negation in Tswana. Negation is an important part of any language, and it is essential to understand how to use it correctly in order to communicate effectively. We will look at the different ways to express negation in Tswana, as well as some examples of how to use them. So let's get started! __TOC__


==Negation in Tswana==
Hi [https://polyglotclub.com/language/tswana Tswana] learners! 😊<br>In this lesson, we will learn about negation in Tswana. Negation is a crucial aspect of language learning, as it allows us to express negative ideas and concepts. With a good understanding of negation, you can make much more complex sentences!
Negation in Tswana is expressed in a few different ways. The most common way is by using the particle ''ke'' before the verb. This particle is used to indicate that the action or statement is not true. For example:  
 
__TOC__
 
 
<span link>Finish this lesson and explore these related pages: [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be|How to Use "Be"]], [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]] & [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]].</span>
== Negation Forms ==
In Tswana, negation is expressed through a variety of forms. Depending on the context, you'll need to use different forms to express negation. Here are the five negation forms in Tswana, along with their meanings and examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Tswana !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
! Tswana !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|nnyaa || ɲaː || not
|-
|-
| Ga ke tlaa || /ɡa ke tlaː/ || I will not go
|gore || ɣɔrɛ || that...not
|-
|-
| O tlaa ke || /o tlaː ke/ || He/she will not go
|ga  || xɑ || not
|-
|-
| Re tlaa ke || /re tlaː ke/ || We will not go
|se  || sɛ || not
|-
|-
| Ba tlaa ke || /ba tlaː ke/ || You (plural) will not go
|ke || kɛ || not
|-
| A tlaa ke || /a tlaː ke/ || They will not go
|}
|}


Another way to express negation in Tswana is by using the particle ''ga''. This particle is used to indicate that the action or statement is false. For example:
Let's examine each of these forms in more detail with examples.


{| class="wikitable"
=== Nnyaa ===
|-
Nnyaa is the most common form of negation in Tswana. It is placed immediately before the verb, adjective, or adverb being negated. Here are some examples:
! Tswana !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
 
|-
* Ke batla go ya kaofela. ('I want to go everywhere.') vs. Ke batla ga nnyaa go ya kaofela. ('I don't want to go everywhere.')
| Ga o tlaa || /ɡa o tlaː/ || He/she will not go
* O tsenya ngwana. ('You carry the baby.') vs. O tsenya ga nnyaa ngwana. ('You don't carry the baby.')
|-
 
| Ga re tlaa || /ɡa re tlaː/ || We will not go
=== Gore ===
|-
Gore is used to negate an entire clause or a phrase in a sentence. It is similar to the English word "that" used in negative sentences. Here are some examples:
| Ga ba tlaa || /ɡa ba tlaː/ || You (plural) will not go
 
|-
* O re ke itse sentle. ('He said I knew well.') vs. O re gore ke se itse sentle. ('He said that I did not know well.')
| Ga a tlaa || /ɡa a tlaː/ || They will not go
* Ke tlabe ke ya go utlwala mmogo. ('I want to listen to the radio longer.') vs. Ke tlabe ke ya gore ke ga go utlwale mmogo. ('I want to that I do not listen to the radio longer.')
|-
 
| Ga ke tlaa || /ɡa ke tlaː/ || I will not go
=== Ga ===
|}
Ga is used to negate a noun or a verb without an object. Here are some examples:


Finally, negation can also be expressed by using the particle ''ha''. This particle is used to indicate that the action or statement is not possible. For example:
* Ke mo Tswana. ('I am Tswana.') vs. Ke ga Tswana. ('I am not Tswana.')
* O mo ereng? ('Where is he?') vs. O se ko teng. ('He is not there.')


{| class="wikitable"
=== Se ===
|-
Se is used to negate verbs with an object. Here are some examples:
! Tswana !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| Ha o tlaa || /ha o tlaː/ || He/she cannot go
|-
| Ha re tlaa || /ha re tlaː/ || We cannot go
|-
| Ha ba tlaa || /ha ba tlaː/ || You (plural) cannot go
|-
| Ha a tlaa || /ha a tlaː/ || They cannot go
|-
| Ha ke tlaa || /ha ke tlaː/ || I cannot go
|}


It is important to note that the particles ''ke'', ''ga'', and ''ha'' can also be used in combination with other particles to express more complex negations. For example, the particle ''ga'' can be combined with the particle ''ha'' to form the particle ''gaha'', which is used to indicate that the action or statement is impossible.  
* Ba itshwaretse bosula. ('They prepared food for the homeless.') vs. Ba se itshwaretse bosula. ('They did not prepare food for the homeless.')
* Ke itse go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsame. ('I know how to solve our problems.') vs. Ke se itse go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsame. ('I do not know how to solve our problems.')


==Examples==
=== Ke ===
Now that we have looked at the different ways to express negation in Tswana, let's look at some examples of how to use them.
Ke is used to negate a phrase that has no subject. Here are some examples:


===Positive Sentences===
* Re kgonne go bona kgang e e ntle. ('We can see a beautiful scenery.') vs. Re tla kgonne ke nnyaa go bona kgang e e ntle. ('We won’t be able to see a beautiful scenery.')
First, let's look at some positive sentences.  
* Fa e le theledi, ga e tle e rata ntwa. ('If it is a snake, it will not love a bird.') 'vs. Fa e le theledi, ke nnyaa gore e tle a rata ntwa. ('If it is a snake, it will not love a bird.')


{| class="wikitable"
== Examples in Dialogue ==
|-
To help put these concepts into context, let's look at an example dialogue:
! Tswana !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| O tlaa || /o tlaː/ || He/she will go
|-
| Re tlaa || /re tlaː/ || We will go
|-
| Ba tlaa || /ba tlaː/ || You (plural) will go
|-
| A tlaa || /a tlaː/ || They will go
|-
| Ke tlaa || /ke tlaː/ || I will go
|}


===Negative Sentences===
* Person 1: O tla nna? ('Will you come?')
Now let's look at some negative sentences.  
* Person 2: Ga ke tla nna. ('I will not come.')
* Person 1: Ke a go tsenya kgang. ('I will take you to the scenery.')
* Person 2: Ke nna le ntwa, ga ke batle. ('I have a snake, I do not want to go.')


{| class="wikitable"
In this dialogue, we see four of the five negation forms in Tswana used: ga, nnyaa, gore, and ke.
|-
! Tswana !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| Ga ke tlaa || /ɡa ke tlaː/ || I will not go
|-
| O tlaa ke || /o tlaː ke/ || He/she will not go
|-
| Re tlaa ke || /re tlaː ke/ || We will not go
|-
| Ba tlaa ke || /ba tlaː ke/ || You (plural) will not go
|-
| A tlaa ke || /a tlaː ke/ || They will not go
|}


===Impossible Sentences===
== Summary ==
Finally, let's look at some sentences that express impossibility.  
In this lesson, we looked at negation in Tswana, exploring the different forms used and how they are applied in practice. With a good understanding of negation, you can make much more complex sentences.


{| class="wikitable"
Remember that you can use the [https://polyglotclub.com Polyglot Club] website to find native speakers and ask them any [https://polyglotclub.com/language/tswana/question questions] about Tswana. Additionally, there are great resources on Tswana [http://polyglotclub.com/language/tswana/grammar Grammar] on the Polyglot Club website.
|-
! Tswana !! Pronunciation !! English Translation
|-
| Gaha ke tlaa || /ɡa ha ke tlaː/ || I cannot go
|-
| Ha o tlaa || /ha o tlaː/ || He/she cannot go
|-
| Ha re tlaa || /ha re tlaː/ || We cannot go
|-
| Ha ba tlaa || /ha ba tlaː/ || You (plural) cannot go
|-
| Ha a tlaa || /ha a tlaː/ || They cannot go
|}


==Conclusion==
<span class='maj'></span>
In conclusion, negation in Tswana is expressed in a few different ways. The most common way is by using the particle ''ke'' before the verb, but it can also be expressed by using the particles ''ga'' and ''ha''. It is important to understand how to use these particles correctly in order to communicate effectively.
==Sources==
* [https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/graduate/Negation-in-Setswana/9912396007691 Negation in Setswana - University of Johannesburg]
* [https://files.peacecorps.gov/multimedia/audio/languagelessons/botswana/Bw_Setswana_Language_Lessons.pdf Peace Corps/ Botswana - An Introduction to the Setswana Language]


To improve your [[Language/Tswana|Tswana]] [[Language/Tswana/Grammar|Grammar]], you can also use the [https://polyglotclub.com Polyglot Club] website. [https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=110 Find native speakers] and ask them any [https://polyglotclub.com/language/tswana/question questions]!
{{#seo:
|title=Tswana Grammar - Negation
|keywords=Tswana, Negation, forms of negation, nnyaa, gore, ga, se, ke, Bantu languages, grammatical negation
|description=Negation is a crucial aspect of language learning, as it allows us to express negative ideas and concepts. In this lesson, we will learn about negation in Tswana, exploring the different forms used and how they are applied in practice.
}}


<hr>➡ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.<br>➡ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎
<hr>➡ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.<br>➡ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
* [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/Gender|Gender]]
* [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/Questions|Questions]]
* [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/Pronouns|Pronouns]]
* [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]]
* [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/How-to-Use-Be|How to Use Be]]
* [[Language/Tswana/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]]


{{Tswana-Page-Bottom}}
{{Tswana-Page-Bottom}}
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 21:27, 27 March 2023

Botswana-Timeline-PolyglotClub.png
Tswana Grammar - Negation

Hi Tswana learners! 😊
In this lesson, we will learn about negation in Tswana. Negation is a crucial aspect of language learning, as it allows us to express negative ideas and concepts. With a good understanding of negation, you can make much more complex sentences!


Finish this lesson and explore these related pages: How to Use "Be", Plurals & How to Use Have.

Negation Forms[edit | edit source]

In Tswana, negation is expressed through a variety of forms. Depending on the context, you'll need to use different forms to express negation. Here are the five negation forms in Tswana, along with their meanings and examples:

Tswana Pronunciation English
nnyaa ɲaː not
gore ɣɔrɛ that...not
ga xɑ not
se sɛ not
ke kɛ not

Let's examine each of these forms in more detail with examples.

Nnyaa[edit | edit source]

Nnyaa is the most common form of negation in Tswana. It is placed immediately before the verb, adjective, or adverb being negated. Here are some examples:

  • Ke batla go ya kaofela. ('I want to go everywhere.') vs. Ke batla ga nnyaa go ya kaofela. ('I don't want to go everywhere.')
  • O tsenya ngwana. ('You carry the baby.') vs. O tsenya ga nnyaa ngwana. ('You don't carry the baby.')

Gore[edit | edit source]

Gore is used to negate an entire clause or a phrase in a sentence. It is similar to the English word "that" used in negative sentences. Here are some examples:

  • O re ke itse sentle. ('He said I knew well.') vs. O re gore ke se itse sentle. ('He said that I did not know well.')
  • Ke tlabe ke ya go utlwala mmogo. ('I want to listen to the radio longer.') vs. Ke tlabe ke ya gore ke ga go utlwale mmogo. ('I want to that I do not listen to the radio longer.')

Ga[edit | edit source]

Ga is used to negate a noun or a verb without an object. Here are some examples:

  • Ke mo Tswana. ('I am Tswana.') vs. Ke ga Tswana. ('I am not Tswana.')
  • O mo ereng? ('Where is he?') vs. O se ko teng. ('He is not there.')

Se[edit | edit source]

Se is used to negate verbs with an object. Here are some examples:

  • Ba itshwaretse bosula. ('They prepared food for the homeless.') vs. Ba se itshwaretse bosula. ('They did not prepare food for the homeless.')
  • Ke itse go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsame. ('I know how to solve our problems.') vs. Ke se itse go tlhokomela dithulaganyo tsame. ('I do not know how to solve our problems.')

Ke[edit | edit source]

Ke is used to negate a phrase that has no subject. Here are some examples:

  • Re kgonne go bona kgang e e ntle. ('We can see a beautiful scenery.') vs. Re tla kgonne ke nnyaa go bona kgang e e ntle. ('We won’t be able to see a beautiful scenery.')
  • Fa e le theledi, ga e tle e rata ntwa. ('If it is a snake, it will not love a bird.') 'vs. Fa e le theledi, ke nnyaa gore e tle a rata ntwa. ('If it is a snake, it will not love a bird.')

Examples in Dialogue[edit | edit source]

To help put these concepts into context, let's look at an example dialogue:

  • Person 1: O tla nna? ('Will you come?')
  • Person 2: Ga ke tla nna. ('I will not come.')
  • Person 1: Ke a go tsenya kgang. ('I will take you to the scenery.')
  • Person 2: Ke nna le ntwa, ga ke batle. ('I have a snake, I do not want to go.')

In this dialogue, we see four of the five negation forms in Tswana used: ga, nnyaa, gore, and ke.

Summary[edit | edit source]

In this lesson, we looked at negation in Tswana, exploring the different forms used and how they are applied in practice. With a good understanding of negation, you can make much more complex sentences.

Remember that you can use the Polyglot Club website to find native speakers and ask them any questions about Tswana. Additionally, there are great resources on Tswana Grammar on the Polyglot Club website.

Sources[edit | edit source]

➡ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.
➡ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]


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