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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Slovak|Slovak]]  → [[Language/Slovak/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Slovak/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Unit 8: Adjectives and Adverbs → The Imperfective and Perfective</div>
 
<div class="pg_page_title">Slovak Grammar → → The Imperfective and Perfective</div>


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== Introduction ==
As a Slovak language teacher, I have often found that students struggle with understanding the two aspects of Slovak verbs: the imperfective and perfective. However, once these concepts are grasped, they can greatly improve your Slovak language skills. In this lesson, we will explore these two aspects in depth and learn when to use them.
 
 
<span link>Don't miss the chance to check out these pages as you wrap up this lesson: [[Language/Slovak/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]] & [[Language/Slovak/Grammar/The-Locative-Case|The Locative Case]].</span>
== Understanding Verbal Aspects ==


In this lesson, we will explore the two aspects of Slovak verbs: the imperfective and perfective. Understanding these aspects is crucial for mastering the Slovak language, as they play an important role in expressing different actions and events. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of when and how to use the imperfective and perfective aspects in Slovak verbs.
First, it is important to understand what we mean by "verbal aspect." An aspect refers to how the verb action is viewed in relation to time, rather than to the actual time itself. In Slovak, we use two aspects: the imperfective and perfective.


== The Imperfective and Perfective Aspects ==
The imperfective aspect refers to ongoing, incomplete or habitual actions. It does not specify whether the action is completed or not. Think of it as a struggle or a process of a verb.


Verbs in Slovak can be classified into two main aspects: imperfective and perfective. The aspect of a verb indicates whether the action is ongoing or completed. The imperfective aspect portrays actions that are incomplete, continuous, or repeated, while the perfective aspect depicts actions that are finished or one-time events.
On the other hand, the perfective aspect refers to completed, finished or single actions. Think of it as a perfect finished process, without any complications.


Let's take a look at some examples to better understand the differences between the imperfective and perfective aspects:
== Examples of Verbal Aspects ==


=== Imperfective Aspect ===
Let's explore some examples to better understand the two aspects of Slovak verbs:


The imperfective aspect is used when the action is ongoing, continuous, or repeated. It doesn't indicate a specific endpoint or completion of the action. Here are some examples:
=== Imperfective ===
 
The Slovak verb "čítať," or "to read," is an example of the imperfective aspect. It refers to ongoing or incomplete reading, such as "reading a book" or "reading newspapers."
 
Here is a table to help you understand the usage:  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Slovak !! Pronunciation !! English
! Slovak !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Chodím do školy. || Chod-eem do shkol-y. || I go to school. (regularly)
| čítam  || CHI-tam || I am reading
|-
|-
| Robím úlohy. || Rob-eem oo-loh-y. || I am doing homework.
| čítajú  || CHI-ta-yu || They are reading
|-
|-
| Pozerám televíziu. || Poze-ram te-le-vee-ziu. || I am watching TV.
| čítame  || CHI-ta-me || We are reading
|}
|}


As you can see, the imperfective aspect is used to express ongoing actions or habits that do not have a clear endpoint.
Other examples of imperfective verbs in Slovak are:


=== Perfective Aspect ===
* hovoriť (to talk)
* jesť (to eat)
* pozerať sa (to look)


The perfective aspect is used when the action is completed, finished, or seen as a one-time event. It indicates that the action has a specific endpoint. Here are some examples:
=== Perfective ===
 
The Slovak verb "prečítať," or "to read through," is an example of the perfective aspect. It refers to a completed or finished action, such as "having read a book" or "having read newspapers."
 
Here is a table to help you understand the usage:  


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Slovak !! Pronunciation !! English
! Slovak !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
|-
| Dopočul som. || Do-po-chul som. || I heard it. (and it's finished)
| prečítal som || preh-CHI-tal som || I have read through 
|-
|-
| Skočil som. || Sko-chil som. || I jumped. (and I'm done)
| prečítali sme  || preh-CHI-ta-li sme || We have read through
|-
|-
| Zapísala som to. || Za-pee-sa-la som to. || I wrote it down. (and it's done)
| prečítali ste  || preh-CHI-ta-li ste || You (plural) have read through
|}
|}


The perfective aspect is used to express actions that have been completed, finished, or seen as a one-time occurrence.
Other examples of perfective verbs in Slovak are:


== Usage of the Imperfective and Perfective Aspects ==
* zjesť (to eat up)
* rozpovedať (to tell completely)
* pozrieť sa (to completely look / watched thoroughly)


The choice between the imperfective and perfective aspects depends on the intended meaning and context of the sentence. Let's take a closer look at the situations where each aspect is commonly used:
== When to Use Imperfective and Perfective ==


=== Imperfective Aspect ===
The usage of verbal aspects can be tricky at first, but with practice you will begin to distinguish between the two more easily. Here are some quick tips on when to use the imperfective and perfective:


The imperfective aspect is commonly used in the following situations:
=== Imperfective ===


1. Ongoing or habitual actions: When you want to express actions that are ongoing or habitual, the imperfective aspect is used. For example:
* ongoing or incomplete actions
* habitual actions
* repeated actions
* duration of an action
* imperatives


* Chodievam do kina. (I go to the cinema regularly)
Here are some examples:
* Hovoríme po telefóne. (We are talking on the phone)


2. Descriptions and characteristics: The imperfective aspect is used to describe or express characteristics of a person, object, or situation. For example:
* Čítam knihu. (I am reading a book.) - ongoing action
* Každý deň cvičím. (I exercise every day.) - habitual action
* Chodieval som cez most každý deň. (I used to walk across the bridge every day.) - repeated past action
* Piatok trvá tri dni. (Friday lasts for three days.) - duration of the action
* Čítaj knihu! (Read the book!) - imperative for an ongoing action


* Ona je veľmi milá. (She is very nice)
=== Perfective ===
* Tento dom je starý. (This house is old)


3. Background information or setting the scene: The imperfective aspect is used to provide background information or set the scene in a narrative or storytelling context. For example:
* complete, finished or single actions
* completed actions
* the beginning or end of a process/action
* expressing new information


* Keď som bola malá, chodievala som na túto pláž. (When I was little, I used to go to this beach)
Here are some examples:


=== Perfective Aspect ===
* Prečítal som knihu. (I have finished reading a book.) - completed action
* Zjedol som koláčik. (I have eaten a small cake.) - completed single action
* Začal som písať knihu. (I have started writing a book.) - the beginning of the process
* Dokončil som písanie knihy. (I have finished writing my book.) - the end of the process
* Kúpil som si nový mobil. (I have bought a new phone. )- expressing new information


The perfective aspect is commonly used in the following situations:
== Conclusion ==


1. Completed actions: When you want to express actions that are completed or finished, the perfective aspect is used. For example:
By understanding the imperfective and perfective aspects of Slovak verbs, you will be better equipped to speak the language with accuracy and fluency. It may take time and practice to master, but with determination and perseverance you will be on your way to becoming a proficient speaker of Slovak. Remember to use the correct aspect depending on the context and meaning you want to convey.


* Prečítal som tú knihu. (I read that book)
Practice the examples above and you will find that, with practice, you will master these two complexities of Slovak language learning.  
* Skočil som cez prekážku. (I jumped over the obstacle)


2. Specific events or occurrences: The perfective aspect is used to express specific events or occurrences that are seen as one-time events. For example:
* Videla som včera film. (I saw a movie yesterday)
* Pozdravil som ju na ulici. (I greeted her on the street)
3. Future actions or intentions: The perfective aspect can also be used to express future actions or intentions. For example:
* Budem pozerať nový film. (I will watch a new movie)
* Urobím to zajtra. (I will do it tomorrow)
== Cultural Insights ==
In Slovak culture, the distinction between the imperfective and perfective aspects is deeply ingrained in the language. It reflects the importance of precision and clarity in communication. The choice of aspect can convey subtle nuances and shades of meaning, allowing for more precise expression of actions and events.
Slovak literature, poetry, and folklore often make use of the imperfective and perfective aspects to create vivid imagery and evoke specific emotions. The aspects are also present in traditional Slovak songs, where the choice of aspect can contribute to the overall mood and atmosphere of the song.
Historically, the imperfective and perfective aspects can be traced back to the Slavic language family, which includes Slovak. These aspects have evolved over time and have been preserved in the Slovak language as an integral part of its grammar and syntax.
== Practice Exercises ==
Now it's time to put your knowledge into practice! Complete the following exercises to reinforce your understanding of the imperfective and perfective aspects in Slovak verbs. Don't worry if you make mistakes - learning is all about practice!
Exercise 1: Choose the correct aspect
For each sentence, choose the correct aspect (imperfective or perfective) to complete the sentence.
1. Dneska ____(pozerať) nový film v kine.
2. Každý týždeň ____(cvičiť) jogu.
3. Už ____(prečítať) tú knihu, je veľmi dobrá.
4. Chcela by som ____(navštíviť) Paríž.
5. ____(vidieť) som ju včera na námestí.
Exercise 2: Translate into Slovak
Translate the following sentences into Slovak, using the appropriate aspect (imperfective or perfective).
1. I am reading a book.
2. We visited Prague last summer.
3. She is learning to play the piano.
4. They watched a movie yesterday.
5. I will write an email to my friend.
== Solutions ==
Exercise 1: Choose the correct aspect
1. Dneska __budem pozerať__ nový film v kine.
2. Každý týždeň __cvičím__ jogu.
3. Už __som prečítal__ tú knihu, je veľmi dobrá.
4. Chcela by som __navštíviť__ Paríž.
5. __Videl__ som ju včera na námestí.
Exercise 2: Translate into Slovak
1. __Čítam__ knihu.
2. Minulé leto sme __navštívili__ Prahu.
3. __Učí__ sa hrať na klavíri.
4. Včera __pozerali__ film.
5. __Napíšem__ email svojmu priateľovi.
== Conclusion ==
Congratulations! You have completed the lesson on the imperfective and perfective aspects in Slovak verbs. You now have a solid understanding of when and how to use these aspects to express different actions and events. Keep practicing and incorporating the imperfective and perfective aspects in your language learning journey to further enhance your Slovak language skills.


<span link>Well done on mastering this lesson! Don't miss these related pages to expand your knowledge: [[Language/Slovak/Grammar/How-to-Use-Have|How to Use Have]] & [[Language/Slovak/Grammar/Negation|Negation]].</span>
{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Slovak Grammar → Unit 8: Adjectives and Adverbs → The Imperfective and Perfective
|title=Slovak Grammar: The Imperfective and Perfective | Learn Slovak Online |keywords=Slovak grammar, Imperfective, perfective |description=In this lesson, you will learn about the two aspects of Slovak verbs: the imperfective and the perfective. We will explore examples of each, when to use them, and some useful tips to remember.
|keywords=Slovak grammar, Slovak adjectives, Slovak adverbs, imperfective aspect, perfective aspect
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about the two aspects of Slovak verbs, the imperfective and perfective, and when to use them.
}}
}}


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==Sources==
* [https://www.colanguage.com/slovak-perfective-and-imperfective-verbs Slovak perfective and imperfective verbs | coLanguage]
* [https://quizlet.com/141973968/slovak-imperfectiveperfective-verb-pairs-flash-cards/ Slovak - Imperfective/Perfective Verb Pairs Flashcards | Quizlet]


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Slovak/Grammar/The-Locative-Case|The Locative Case]]
* [[Language/Slovak/Grammar/The-Locative-Case|The Locative Case]]


 
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==Sources==
* [https://www.colanguage.com/slovak-perfective-and-imperfective-verbs Slovak perfective and imperfective verbs | coLanguage]
* [https://quizlet.com/141973968/slovak-imperfectiveperfective-verb-pairs-flash-cards/ Slovak - Imperfective/Perfective Verb Pairs Flashcards | Quizlet]


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