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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Serbian|Serbian]]  → [[Language/Serbian/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Serbian/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Verbs: Participles</div>
 
<div class="pg_page_title">Serbian Grammar → Verbs: Conditional → Verbs: Participles</div>


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== Introduction ==
As a Serbian language teacher with 20 years of experience, I am excited to introduce you to the concept of participles in Serbian. Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives or nouns. They are formed by adding a suffix to the stem of the verb, and their endings change according to the gender, number, and case of the noun they modify. In this lesson, we will explore the different types of participles, their formation, and their usage in Serbian.
 
Welcome to the lesson on Serbian participles! Participles are an important aspect of Serbian grammar that allow us to express various verb forms and convey additional information about actions and states. In this lesson, we will explore the different types of participles in Serbian and learn how to use them correctly. By the end of this lesson, you will have a solid understanding of participles and be able to incorporate them into your Serbian language skills.
 
== What are Participles? ==


Participles are verb forms that can function as adjectives or adverbs. They are derived from verbs and have both verbal and adjectival qualities. In Serbian, there are three main types of participles: present participles, past participles, and future participles. Each type has its own set of rules for formation and usage, which we will explore in detail.


=== Present Participles ===
<span link>Consider broadening your understanding by checking out these related lessons: [[Language/Serbian/Grammar/Verbs:-Perfective-and-Imperfective|Verbs: Perfective and Imperfective]] & [[Language/Serbian/Grammar/Be-Polite|Be Polite]].</span>
== Present Active Participle ==


Present participles in Serbian are formed by adding the suffix -ći or -ći to the verb stem. They are used to describe ongoing actions or states. Let's take a look at some examples:
The Present Active Participle is formed by adding "-ći/-či" to the stem of the verb. Its endings are as follows:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Serbian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Gender !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| читати (čitati) || [tʃiˈtaːti] || to read
|-
| читајући (čitajući) || [tʃiˈtaːjuːtʃi] || reading
|-
| писати (pisati) || [piˈsaːti] || to write
|-
|-
| пишући (pišući) || [piˈʃuːtʃi] || writing
! Masculine !! -ći/-či, -ći/-čeg, -ću/-ča !! -ći/-či, -ćih/-čih, -ćima/-čama
|-
|-
| говорити (govoriti) || [ɡoʋoˈriti] || to speak
! Feminine !! -ća/-ča, -će/-čije, -ću/-či !! -će/-čije, -ćih/-čih, -ćima/-čama
|-
|-
| говорећи (govoreći) || [ɡoʋoˈreːtʃi] || speaking
! Neuter !! -će/-če, -ćeg/-čeg, -ću/-ču !! -ća/-ča, -ćih/-čih, -ćima/-čama
|}
|}


As you can see from the examples, present participles are formed by replacing the infinitive ending -ти with -јући or -ћи. They agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they modify, just like adjectives. Let's look at some more examples:
The Present Active Participle has two basic functions in Serbian:


* Читајућа књига (čitajuća knjiga) - reading book
- Adjectival function: It modifies a noun and describes its state or action. For example:
* Пишући стихове (pišući stihove) - writing poems
* Говорећи енглески (govoreći engleski) - speaking English


=== Past Participles ===
* работник (worker) - радећи работник (working worker)
* компјутер (computer) - радећи компјутер (working computer)


Past participles in Serbian are formed by adding the suffix -о or -и to the verb stem. They are used to describe completed actions or states. Let's see some examples:
- Verbal function: It replaces a clause and expresses a continuous, ongoing action. For example:


{| class="wikitable"
* working worker = who is working
! Serbian !! Pronunciation !! English
* working computer = which is working
|-
| читати (čitati) || [tʃiˈtaːti] || to read
|-
| прочитан (pročitan) || [proˈtʃiːtan] || read
|-
| писати (pisati) || [piˈsaːti] || to write
|-
| написан (napisan) || [naˈpiːsan] || written
|-
| говорити (govoriti) || [ɡoʋoˈriti] || to speak
|-
| изговорен (izgovoren) || [izɡoˈʋoːren] || spoken
|}
 
In the examples above, the past participles are formed by replacing the infinitive ending -ти with -ан or -ен. Like present participles, past participles agree in gender, number, and case with the noun they modify. Here are some more examples:


* Прочитана књига (pročitana knjiga) - read book
== Past Passive Participle ==
* Написано писмо (napisano pismo) - written letter
* Изговорено извињење (izgovoreno izvinjenje) - spoken apology


=== Future Participles ===
The Past Passive Participle is formed by adding "-н/-на/-но/-ни" to the stem of the verb. Its endings change according to the gender, number, and case of the noun it modifies. Here are some examples:
 
Future participles in Serbian are formed by adding the suffix -ћу or -чу to the verb stem. They are used to describe actions or states that will happen in the future. Let's take a look at some examples:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Serbian !! Pronunciation !! English
! Gender !! Singular !! Plural
|-
|-
| читати (čitati) || [tʃiˈtaːti] || to read
! Masculine !! -н/-ни, -на/-не, -ном/-ним !! -ни/-не, -них/-них, -нима/-нима
|-
|-
| читаћу (čitaću) || [tʃiˈtaːtʃu] || I will read
! Feminine !! -на/-на, -не/-не, -ном/-ним !! -не/-не, -них/-них, -нима/-нима
|-
|-
| писати (pisati) || [piˈsaːti] || to write
! Neuter !! -но/-но, -ног/-ног, -ним/-ним !! -на/-на, -них/-них, -нима/-нима
|-
| писаћу (pisaću) || [piˈsaːtʃu] || I will write
|-
| говорити (govoriti) || [ɡoʋoˈriti] || to speak
|-
| говорићу (govoriću) || [ɡoʋoˈritʃu] || I will speak
|}
|}


As you can see, future participles are formed by replacing the infinitive ending -ти with -ћу or -чу. They do not agree in gender, number, or case with the noun they modify. Here are some more examples:
The Past Passive Participle has an adjectival function and typically describes a state or a result of an action. For example:


* Читаћу књигу (čitaću knjigu) - I will read a book
* срушена зграда (collapsed building)
* Писаћу писмо (pisaću pismo) - I will write a letter
* испитан студент (tested student)
* Говорићу енглески (govoriću engleski) - I will speak English


== Cultural Insights ==
== Past Active Participle ==


Participles play an important role in Serbian culture and language. They allow us to express nuances and additional information about actions and states. In Serbian literature, participles are often used to create vivid and descriptive scenes. They add depth and richness to the language, enabling us to paint a more detailed picture with words.
The Past Active Participle is formed by adding "-о/-ла/-ло/-ли" to the stem of the verb. Its endings are identical to those of the Past Passive Participle. The Past Active Participle has an adjectival function and typically describes a past action or state. For example:


Serbian participles can vary regionally and may have different forms or usage in different dialects. This is due to historical reasons and the influence of neighboring languages. For example, in some regions, the suffix -е is used instead of -ће to form the future participle. Additionally, dialectal variations may exist in the past participle forms. These regional differences add diversity and color to the Serbian language and reflect the rich linguistic heritage of the country.
* учинили злочин (committed crime)
* видео филм (seen movie)


== Practice Exercises ==
== Adverbial Participle ==


Now it's time to practice using participles in Serbian! Complete the following exercises and check your answers below.
The Adverbial Participle is formed by adding "-вши/-вшији" to the stem of the verb. Its endings are identical to those of the Present Active Participle. The Adverbial Participle has an adverbial function and typically describes a circumstance or a cause of an action. For example:


Exercise 1: Forming Present Participles
* вративши се кући (having returned home)
Form the present participle of the following verbs:
* будећи да је крвници на слободи (considering that the killers are free)


1. читати (čitati) -
In conclusion, participles are an important part of Serbian grammar, adding rich meaning and descriptive power to the language. I hope this lesson has been helpful in increasing your knowledge and understanding of participles in Serbian.
2. писати (pisati) -
3. говорити (govoriti) -


Exercise 2: Forming Past Participles
<span class='maj'></span>
Form the past participle of the following verbs:
==Sources==
 
* [https://fastlanguagemastery.com/learn-foreign-languages/serbian-language/ Learn Serbian language – Fast Language Mastery]
1. читати (čitati) -  
* [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Serbian/Grammar/Past-Participle-in-Serbian Serbian Grammar - Past Participle in Serbian]
2. писати (pisati) -  
3. говорити (govoriti) -  
 
Exercise 3: Forming Future Participles
Form the future participle of the following verbs:
 
1. читати (čitati) -  
2. писати (pisati) -  
3. говорити (govoriti) -  
 
== Exercise Solutions ==
 
Exercise 1: Forming Present Participles
 
1. читајући (čitajući)
2. пишући (pišući)
3. говорећи (govoreći)
 
Exercise 2: Forming Past Participles
 
1. прочитан (pročitan)
2. написан (napisan)
3. изговорен (izgovoren)
 
Exercise 3: Forming Future Participles
 
1. читаћу (čitaću)
2. писаћу (pisaću)
3. говорићу (govoriću)
 
== Conclusion ==
 
Congratulations! You have successfully learned about participles in Serbian. You now have the knowledge and skills to use present, past, and future participles in your conversations and writing. Keep practicing and incorporating participles into your Serbian language learning journey. The more you use them, the more natural and fluent you will become. Good luck!


{{#seo:
{{#seo:
|title=Serbian Grammar → Verbs: Participles
|title=Serbian Grammar → Verbs: Conditional → Verbs: Participles
|keywords=Serbian grammar, Serbian verbs, participles, present participles, past participles, future participles
|keywords=Serbian, Grammar, Verbs, Participles, adjectives, nouns, Present Active Participle, Past Passive Participle, Past Active Participle, Adverbial Participle
|description=In this lesson, you will learn about participles in Serbian grammar. We will explore present participles, past participles, and future participles, and provide examples to illustrate their usage.
|description=In this lesson, we will explore the different types of participles, their formation, and their usage in Serbian.
}}
}}


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[[Category:Serbian-0-to-A1-Course]]
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==Sources==
* [https://fastlanguagemastery.com/learn-foreign-languages/serbian-language/ Learn Serbian language – Fast Language Mastery]
* [https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/Language/Serbian/Grammar/Past-Participle-in-Serbian Serbian Grammar - Past Participle in Serbian]


==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Serbian/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
* [[Language/Serbian/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
* [[Language/Serbian/Grammar/Future-Tense|Future Tense]]
* [[Language/Serbian/Grammar/Future-Tense|Future Tense]]


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