Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns"
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|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | |Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | ||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|chúng ta | |chúng ta; chúng tôi | ||
|inclusive; exclusive | |inclusive; exclusive | ||
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Revision as of 20:39, 10 December 2018
If you have learned some languages, you will want to ask a question like this: what can I do to express something in this language.
Different languages have different answers.
Far from being completed.
pronoun
Note: every “word” is in nominative case.
How to indicate the speaker?
By the first-person singular pronoun.
Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | እኔ | |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | أَنَا | |
Language isolate | Basque | ni | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Bengali | আমি | |
Indo-European, Germanic | English | I | |
Indo-European, Italic | French | je | |
Indo-European, Germanic | German | ich | |
Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | Hausa | ni | |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Hebrew | אֲנִי | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Hindi | मैं; हम | |
Indo-European, Italic | Italian | io | |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Javanese | aku | |
Afro-Asiatic, Berber | Kabyle | nekk | |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Kannada | ನಾನು | |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Malayalam | ഞാന് | |
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | Mandarin Chinese | 我 | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Marathi | मी | |
Austro-Asiatic, Monic | Mon | အဲ | |
Indo-European, Italic | Portuguese | eu | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Punjabi | ਮੈਂ | |
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Russian | я | |
Indo-European, Italic | Spanish | yo | |
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | Swahili | mimi | |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Tamil | நான் | |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Telugu | నేను | |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | ኣነ | |
Turkic, Common Turkic | Turkish | ben | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Urdu | ہم; میں |
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | Burmese | ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် | formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Indonesian | saya; aku | formal; informal |
Japonic | Japanese | 私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 | common; formal; informal; female; male |
Austro-Asiatic | Khmer | ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ | common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female |
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 나; 저 | common; formal |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Malay | saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta | formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties |
Kra–Dai, Tai | Thai | ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู | male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude |
Barbacoan, Southern Barbacoan | Tsafiki | la; čiʰké; če | adult male; adult female; immature |
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | tôi; tớ; ta; mình | common; informal; informal; intimate |
How to indicate the listener?
By the second-person singular pronoun.
Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Indo-European, Germanic | English | you | |
(Constructed language) | Esperanto | vi | |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Malayalam | നീ | |
Austro-Asiatic, Monic | Mon | ဗှ်ေ | |
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | Swahili | wewe | |
Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Kanauri | Tibetan | ཁྱེད་རང | |
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | bạn |
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ | to male; to female; formal |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | أَنْتَ ; أَنْتِ ; حَضْرَتَك ; حَضْرَتِك | to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Bengali | তুই; তুমি; আপনি | informal; intimate; formal |
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | Burmese | နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် | informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female |
Indo-European, Italic | French | tu; vous | informal; formal |
Indo-European, Germanic | German | du; Sie | informal; formal |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Hebrew | אַתָּה; אַתְּ | to male; to female |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Hindi | तू; तुम; आप | informal; polite; more polite |
Indo-European, Italic | Italian | tu; lei | informal; formal |
Japonic | Japanese | 貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 | polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting |
Austro-Asiatic | Khmer | លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក | to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common |
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 당신; 너; 네; 자네 | common; informal; informal; to low social strata |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Malay | kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau | common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal |
Mandarin Chinese | 你; 您 | informal; formal | |
Indo-European, Italic | Portuguese | tu; você | familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil |
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Russian | ты; Вы; вы | familiar; polite; polite |
Indo-European, Italic | Spanish | tú; usted; vos | familiar; polite; familiar |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Tamil | நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் | familiar; polite; more polite |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Telugu | నీవు; మీరు | familiar; polite |
Kra–Dai, Tai | Thai | คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา | colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን | informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female |
Turkic, Common Turkic | Turkish | sen; siz | familiar; polite |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Urdu | آپ; تم; تو | formal; less informal; informal |
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | Yoruba | ìwọ; ệyin | informal; formal |
How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener?
By the third-person singular pronoun.
Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Hindi | वह; यह | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Persian | او | |
Turkic, Common Turkic | Turkish | o | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Urdu | وہ; يہ |
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው | male or non-human; female; polite |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | هُوَ; هِيَ | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human |
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | Burmese | သူ; သူမ | male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female |
Indo-European, Germanic | English | he; she; it | male; female; non-human |
Indo-European, Italic | French | il; elle; ce; ça | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human |
Indo-European, Germanic | German | er; sie; es | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Hebrew | הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת | male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human |
Indo-European, Italic | Italian | lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella | male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary |
Japonic | Japanese | 彼; 彼女 | male; female |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Kannada | ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು | this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human |
Austro-Asiatic | Khmer | គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា | polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank |
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 그; 그이; 그녀 | male or female; polite, male; female |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Malay | dia; ia; baginda; beliau | male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people |
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | Mandarin Chinese | 他; 她; 它 | male; female; non-human |
Indo-European, Italic | Portuguese | ele; ela | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human |
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Russian | он; она́; оно́ | male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
Indo-European, Italic | Spanish | él; ella; ello | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | ንሱ; ንሳ | male or non-human; female |
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó | young male; older or respected male; young female or older than the speaker; young female; older or respected female; informal or pejorative; child or non-human |
How to indicate non-human in languages without third-person non-human pronoun?
By demonstrative pronouns.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Japonic | Japanese | それ | thing near the listener |
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 그것 | thing near the listener |
How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener?
By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”).
Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use?
No.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | እኛ | |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | نَحْنُ | |
Language isolate | Basque | gu | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Bengali | আমরা | |
Indo-European, Germanic | English | we | |
Indo-European, Germanic | German | wir | |
Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | Hausa | múu | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Hindi | हम | |
Indo-European, Italic | Italian | noi | |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Kannada | ನಾವು | |
Austro-Asiatic | Khmer | យើង | |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Malay | kami | |
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | Mandarin Chinese | 我們/我们 | |
Austro-Asiatic, Monic | Mon | ပိုဲ | |
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Russian | мы | |
Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | Swahili | sisi | |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Tamil | நாங்கள் | |
Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Telugu | మేము | |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | ንሕና | |
Turkic, Common Turkic | Turkish | biz | |
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Urdu | ہم | |
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | chúng ta |
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
English Creole, Pacific | Bislama | mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | dual; trial; plural* |
Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | Burmese | ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့ | informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal |
Indo-European, Italic | French | nous; on | formal; informal |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Hawaiian | māua; mākou | dual; plural* |
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Hebrew | אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ | formal; informal |
Japonic | Japanese | 私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら | common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used |
Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 우리; 저희 | common; humble |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Maori | māua; mātou | dual; plural* |
Uralic, Sami | Northern Sami | moai; mii | dual; plural* |
Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Old Church Slavonic | вѣ; мꙑ | dual; plural* |
Indo-European, Italic | Portuguese | nós; a gente | common; informal |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Rapa Nui | maua; matou | dual; plural* |
Indo-European, Italic | Spanish | nosotros; nosotras | masculine; feminine |
English Creole, Pacific | Tok Pisin | mitupela; mitripela; mipela | dual; trial; plural* |
*“plural” in these languages means more than two or more than three.
How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener?
By the second-person plural pronoun.
Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener?
By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”).
Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use?
No.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | نَحْنُ | |
Yes.
How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener?
By the third-person plural pronoun.
Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words?
No.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
Indo-European, Germanic | English | we | |
Uralic, Finnic | Finnish | me | |
Indo-European, Germanic | German | wir | |
Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | Mandarin Chinese | 我們/我们 |
Yes.
family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
---|---|---|---|
English Creole, Pacific | Bislama | yumitu; yumitri; yumi; mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | inclusive dual; inclusive trial; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive trial; exclusive plural |
Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Hawaiian | kāua; kākou; māua; mākou | inclusive dual; inclusive plural; exclusive dual; exclusive plural |
Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | chúng ta; chúng tôi | inclusive; exclusive |