Difference between revisions of "Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Pronouns"
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| Line 12: | Line 12: | ||
====== No. ====== | ====== No. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Amharic | |Amharic | ||
|እኔ | |እኔ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|أَنَا | |أَنَا | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Language isolate | |||
|Basque | |Basque | ||
|ni | |ni | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Bengali | |Bengali | ||
|আমি | |আমি | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | |||
|Chinese | |Chinese | ||
|我 | |我 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Germanic | |||
|English | |English | ||
|I | |I | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|French | |French | ||
|je | |je | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Germanic | |||
|German | |German | ||
|ich | |ich | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | |||
|Hausa | |Hausa | ||
|ni | |ni | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|אֲנִי | |אֲנִי | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|मैं; हम | |मैं; हम | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Italian | |Italian | ||
|io | |io | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Javanese | |Javanese | ||
|aku | |aku | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Berber | |||
|Kabyle | |Kabyle | ||
|nekk | |nekk | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Kannada | |Kannada | ||
|ನಾನು | |ನಾನು | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Malayalam | |Malayalam | ||
|ഞാന് | |ഞാന് | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Marathi | |Marathi | ||
|मी | |मी | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic | |||
|Mon | |Mon | ||
|အဲ | |အဲ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Portuguese | |Portuguese | ||
|eu | |eu | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Punjabi | |Punjabi | ||
|ਮੈਂ | |ਮੈਂ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | |||
|Russian | |Russian | ||
|я | |я | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Spanish | |Spanish | ||
|yo | |yo | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | |||
|Swahili | |Swahili | ||
|mimi | |mimi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Tamil | |Tamil | ||
|நான் | |நான் | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Telugu | |Telugu | ||
|నేను | |నేను | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Tigrinya | |Tigrinya | ||
|ኣነ | |ኣነ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Turkic, Common Turkic | |||
|Turkish | |Turkish | ||
|ben | |ben | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Urdu | |Urdu | ||
|ہم; میں | |ہم; میں | ||
| Line 131: | Line 160: | ||
====== Yes. ====== | ====== Yes. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | |||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် | |ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် | ||
|formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite | |formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Indonesian | |Indonesian | ||
|saya; aku | |saya; aku | ||
|formal; informal | |formal; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japonic | |||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 | |私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 | ||
|common; formal; informal; female; male | |common; formal; informal; female; male | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic | |||
|Khmer | |Khmer | ||
|ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ | |ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ | ||
|common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female | |common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | |||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|나; 저 | |나; 저 | ||
|common; formal | |common; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Malay | |Malay | ||
|saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta | |saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta | ||
|formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties | |formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Kra–Dai, Tai | |||
|Thai | |Thai | ||
|ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู | |ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู | ||
|male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude | |male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Barbacoan, Southern Barbacoan | |||
|Tsafiki | |Tsafiki | ||
|la; čiʰké; če | |la; čiʰké; če | ||
|adult male; adult female; immature | |adult male; adult female; immature | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | |||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|tôi; tớ; ta; mình | |tôi; tớ; ta; mình | ||
| Line 177: | Line 216: | ||
====== No. ====== | ====== No. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Germanic | |||
|English | |English | ||
|you | |you | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|(Constructed language) | |||
|Esperanto | |Esperanto | ||
|vi | |vi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Malayalam | |Malayalam | ||
|നീ | |നീ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic | |||
|Mon | |Mon | ||
|ဗှ်ေ | |ဗှ်ေ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | |||
|Swahili | |Swahili | ||
|wewe | |wewe | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Kanauri | |||
|Tibetan | |Tibetan | ||
|ཁྱེད་རང | |ཁྱེད་རང | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | |||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|bạn | |bạn | ||
| Line 212: | Line 259: | ||
====== Yes. ====== | ====== Yes. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Amharic | |Amharic | ||
|አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ | |አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ | ||
|to male; to female; formal | |to male; to female; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|أَنْتَ ; أَنْتِ ; حَضْرَتَك ; حَضْرَتِك | |أَنْتَ ; أَنْتِ ; حَضْرَتَك ; حَضْرَتِك | ||
|to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal | |to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Bengali | |Bengali | ||
|তুই; তুমি; আপনি | |তুই; তুমি; আপনি | ||
|informal; intimate; formal | |informal; intimate; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | |||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် | |နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် | ||
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female | |informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | |||
|Chinese Mandarin | |Chinese Mandarin | ||
|你; 您 | |你; 您 | ||
|informal; formal | |informal; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|French | |French | ||
|tu; vous | |tu; vous | ||
|informal; formal | |informal; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Germanic | |||
|German | |German | ||
|du; Sie | |du; Sie | ||
|informal; formal | |informal; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|אַתָּה; אַתְּ | |אַתָּה; אַתְּ | ||
|to male; to female | |to male; to female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|तू; तुम; आप | |तू; तुम; आप | ||
|informal; polite; more polite | |informal; polite; more polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Italian | |Italian | ||
|tu; lei | |tu; lei | ||
|informal; formal | |informal; formal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japonic | |||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 | |貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 | ||
|polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting | |polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic | |||
|Khmer | |Khmer | ||
|លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក | |លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក | ||
|to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common | |to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | |||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|당신; 너; 네; 자네 | |당신; 너; 네; 자네 | ||
|common; informal; informal; to low social strata | |common; informal; informal; to low social strata | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Malay | |Malay | ||
|kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau | |kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau | ||
|common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal | |common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Portuguese | |Portuguese | ||
|tu; você | |tu; você | ||
|familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil | |familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | |||
|Russian | |Russian | ||
|ты; Вы; вы | |ты; Вы; вы | ||
|familiar; polite; polite | |familiar; polite; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Spanish | |Spanish | ||
|tú; usted; vos | |tú; usted; vos | ||
|familiar; polite; familiar | |familiar; polite; familiar | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Tamil | |Tamil | ||
|நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் | |நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் | ||
|familiar; polite; more polite | |familiar; polite; more polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Telugu | |Telugu | ||
|నీవు; మీరు | |నీవు; మీరు | ||
|familiar; polite | |familiar; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Kra–Dai, Tai | |||
|Thai | |Thai | ||
|คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา | |คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา | ||
|colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman | |colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Tigrinya | |Tigrinya | ||
|ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን | |ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን | ||
|informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female | |informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Turkic, Common Turkic | |||
|Turkish | |Turkish | ||
|sen; siz | |sen; siz | ||
|familiar; polite | |familiar; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Urdu | |Urdu | ||
|آپ; تم; تو | |آپ; تم; تو | ||
|formal; less informal; informal | |formal; less informal; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | |||
|Yoruba | |Yoruba | ||
|ìwọ; ệyin | |ìwọ; ệyin | ||
| Line 319: | Line 391: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|वह; यह | |वह; यह | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Persian | |Persian | ||
|او | |او | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Turkic, Common Turkic | |||
|Turkish | |Turkish | ||
|o | |o | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Urdu | |Urdu | ||
|وہ; يہ | |وہ; يہ | ||
| Line 341: | Line 418: | ||
====== Yes. ====== | ====== Yes. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Amharic | |Amharic | ||
|እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው | |እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው | ||
|male or non-human; female; polite | |male or non-human; female; polite | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|هُوَ; هِيَ | |هُوَ; هِيَ | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | |||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|သူ; သူမ | |သူ; သူမ | ||
|male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female | |male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | |||
|Chinese Mandarin | |Chinese Mandarin | ||
|他; 她; 它 | |他; 她; 它 | ||
|male; female; non-human | |male; female; non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Germanic | |||
|English | |English | ||
|he; she; it | |he; she; it | ||
|male; female; non-human | |male; female; non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|French | |French | ||
|il; elle; ce; ça | |il; elle; ce; ça | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Germanic | |||
|German | |German | ||
|er; sie; es | |er; sie; es | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת | |הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת | ||
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human | |male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Italian | |Italian | ||
|lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella | |lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella | ||
|male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary | |male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japonic | |||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|彼; 彼女 | |彼; 彼女 | ||
|male; female | |male; female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Kannada | |Kannada | ||
|ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು | |ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು | ||
|this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human | |this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic | |||
|Khmer | |Khmer | ||
|គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា | |គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា | ||
|polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank | |polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | |||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|그; 그이; 그녀 | |그; 그이; 그녀 | ||
|male or female; polite, male; female | |male or female; polite, male; female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Malay | |Malay | ||
|dia; ia; baginda; beliau | |dia; ia; baginda; beliau | ||
|male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people | |male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Portuguese | |Portuguese | ||
|ele; ela | |ele; ela | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | |||
|Russian | |Russian | ||
|он; она́; оно́ | |он; она́; оно́ | ||
|male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | |male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Spanish | |Spanish | ||
|él; ella; ello | |él; ella; ello | ||
|male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | |male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Tigrinya | |Tigrinya | ||
|ንሱ; ንሳ | |ንሱ; ንሳ | ||
|male or non-human; female | |male or non-human; female | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | |||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó | |anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó | ||
| Line 425: | Line 522: | ||
====== By demonstrative pronouns. ====== | ====== By demonstrative pronouns. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japonic | |||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|それ | |それ | ||
|thing near the listener | |thing near the listener | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | |||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|그것 | |그것 | ||
| Line 443: | Line 543: | ||
====== No. ====== | ====== No. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Amharic | |Amharic | ||
|እኛ | |እኛ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|نَحْنُ | |نَحْنُ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Language isolate | |||
|Basque | |Basque | ||
|gu | |gu | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Bengali | |Bengali | ||
|আমরা | |আমরা | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | |||
|Chinese Mandarin | |Chinese Mandarin | ||
|我們/我们 | |我們/我们 | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Germanic | |||
|English | |English | ||
|we | |we | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Germanic | |||
|German | |German | ||
|wir | |wir | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | |||
|Hausa | |Hausa | ||
|múu | |múu | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Hindi | |Hindi | ||
|हम | |हम | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Italian | |Italian | ||
|noi | |noi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Kannada | |Kannada | ||
|ನಾವು | |ನಾವು | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic | |||
|Khmer | |Khmer | ||
|យើង | |យើង | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Malay | |Malay | ||
|kami | |kami | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic, Monic | |||
|Mon | |Mon | ||
|ပိုဲ | |ပိုဲ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | |||
|Russian | |Russian | ||
|мы | |мы | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | |||
|Swahili | |Swahili | ||
|sisi | |sisi | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Tamil | |Tamil | ||
|நாங்கள் | |நாங்கள் | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | |||
|Telugu | |Telugu | ||
|మేము | |మేము | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Tigrinya | |Tigrinya | ||
|ንሕና | |ንሕና | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Turkic, Common Turkic | |||
|Turkish | |Turkish | ||
|biz | |biz | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | |||
|Urdu | |Urdu | ||
|ہم | |ہم | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | |||
|Vietnamese | |Vietnamese | ||
|chúng ta | |chúng ta | ||
| Line 537: | Line 660: | ||
====== Yes. ====== | ====== Yes. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|English Creole, Pacific | |||
|Bislama | |Bislama | ||
|mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | |mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | ||
|dual; trial; plural* | |dual; trial; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | |||
|Burmese | |Burmese | ||
|ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့ | |ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့ | ||
|informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal | |informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|French | |French | ||
|nous; on | |nous; on | ||
|formal; informal | |formal; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Hawaiian | |Hawaiian | ||
|māua; mākou | |māua; mākou | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Hebrew | |Hebrew | ||
|אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ | |אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ | ||
|formal; informal | |formal; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Japonic | |||
|Japanese | |Japanese | ||
|私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら | |私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら | ||
|common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used | |common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | |||
|Korean | |Korean | ||
|우리; 저희 | |우리; 저희 | ||
|common; humble | |common; humble | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Maori | |Maori | ||
|māua; mātou | |māua; mātou | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Uralic, Sami | |||
|Northern Sami | |Northern Sami | ||
|moai; mii | |moai; mii | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | |||
|Old Church Slavonic | |Old Church Slavonic | ||
|вѣ; мꙑ | |вѣ; мꙑ | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Portuguese | |Portuguese | ||
|nós; a gente | |nós; a gente | ||
|common; informal | |common; informal | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | |||
|Rapa Nui | |Rapa Nui | ||
|maua; matou | |maua; matou | ||
|dual; plural* | |dual; plural* | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Indo-European, Italic | |||
|Spanish | |Spanish | ||
|nosotros; nosotras | |nosotros; nosotras | ||
|masculine; feminine | |masculine; feminine | ||
|- | |- | ||
|English Creole, Pacific | |||
|Tok Pisin | |Tok Pisin | ||
|mitupela; mitripela; mipela | |mitupela; mitripela; mipela | ||
| Line 610: | Line 748: | ||
====== No. ====== | ====== No. ====== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
!note | !note | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | |||
|Arabic | |Arabic | ||
|نَحْنُ | |نَحْنُ | ||
| Line 634: | Line 774: | ||
==== Yes. ==== | ==== Yes. ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
!family & 1st-level branch | |||
!language | !language | ||
!word | !word | ||
Revision as of 19:01, 30 October 2018
If you have learned some languages, you will want to ask a question like this: what can I do to express something in this language.
Different languages have different answers.
Far from being completed.
pronoun
Note: every “word” is in nominative case.
How to indicate the speaker?
By the first-person singular pronoun.
Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | እኔ | |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | أَنَا | |
| Language isolate | Basque | ni | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Bengali | আমি | |
| Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | Chinese | 我 | |
| Indo-European, Germanic | English | I | |
| Indo-European, Italic | French | je | |
| Indo-European, Germanic | German | ich | |
| Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | Hausa | ni | |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Hebrew | אֲנִי | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Hindi | मैं; हम | |
| Indo-European, Italic | Italian | io | |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Javanese | aku | |
| Afro-Asiatic, Berber | Kabyle | nekk | |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Kannada | ನಾನು | |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Malayalam | ഞാന് | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Marathi | मी | |
| Austro-Asiatic, Monic | Mon | အဲ | |
| Indo-European, Italic | Portuguese | eu | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Punjabi | ਮੈਂ | |
| Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Russian | я | |
| Indo-European, Italic | Spanish | yo | |
| Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | Swahili | mimi | |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Tamil | நான் | |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Telugu | నేను | |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | ኣነ | |
| Turkic, Common Turkic | Turkish | ben | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Urdu | ہم; میں |
Yes.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | Burmese | ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ် | formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Indonesian | saya; aku | formal; informal |
| Japonic | Japanese | 私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺 | common; formal; informal; female; male |
| Austro-Asiatic | Khmer | ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់ | common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female |
| Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 나; 저 | common; formal |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Malay | saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta | formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties |
| Kra–Dai, Tai | Thai | ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู | male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude |
| Barbacoan, Southern Barbacoan | Tsafiki | la; čiʰké; če | adult male; adult female; immature |
| Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | tôi; tớ; ta; mình | common; informal; informal; intimate |
How to indicate the listener?
By the second-person singular pronoun.
Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indo-European, Germanic | English | you | |
| (Constructed language) | Esperanto | vi | |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Malayalam | നീ | |
| Austro-Asiatic, Monic | Mon | ဗှ်ေ | |
| Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | Swahili | wewe | |
| Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Kanauri | Tibetan | ཁྱེད་རང | |
| Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | bạn |
Yes.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ | to male; to female; formal |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | أَنْتَ ; أَنْتِ ; حَضْرَتَك ; حَضْرَتِك | to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Bengali | তুই; তুমি; আপনি | informal; intimate; formal |
| Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | Burmese | နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင် | informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female |
| Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | Chinese Mandarin | 你; 您 | informal; formal |
| Indo-European, Italic | French | tu; vous | informal; formal |
| Indo-European, Germanic | German | du; Sie | informal; formal |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Hebrew | אַתָּה; אַתְּ | to male; to female |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Hindi | तू; तुम; आप | informal; polite; more polite |
| Indo-European, Italic | Italian | tu; lei | informal; formal |
| Japonic | Japanese | 貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様 | polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting |
| Austro-Asiatic | Khmer | លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក | to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common |
| Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 당신; 너; 네; 자네 | common; informal; informal; to low social strata |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Malay | kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau | common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal |
| Indo-European, Italic | Portuguese | tu; você | familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil |
| Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Russian | ты; Вы; вы | familiar; polite; polite |
| Indo-European, Italic | Spanish | tú; usted; vos | familiar; polite; familiar |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Tamil | நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள் | familiar; polite; more polite |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Telugu | నీవు; మీరు | familiar; polite |
| Kra–Dai, Tai | Thai | คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา | colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን | informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female |
| Turkic, Common Turkic | Turkish | sen; siz | familiar; polite |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Urdu | آپ; تم; تو | formal; less informal; informal |
| Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | Yoruba | ìwọ; ệyin | informal; formal |
How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener?
By the third-person singular pronoun.
Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Hindi | वह; यह | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Persian | او | |
| Turkic, Common Turkic | Turkish | o | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Urdu | وہ; يہ |
Yes.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | እሱ; እሷ; እሳቸው | male or non-human; female; polite |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | هُوَ; هِيَ | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human |
| Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | Burmese | သူ; သူမ | male or colloquial female or non-human; formal female |
| Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | Chinese Mandarin | 他; 她; 它 | male; female; non-human |
| Indo-European, Germanic | English | he; she; it | male; female; non-human |
| Indo-European, Italic | French | il; elle; ce; ça | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; non-human; non-human |
| Indo-European, Germanic | German | er; sie; es | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Hebrew | הוא; היא; זֶה; זֹאת | male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human |
| Indo-European, Italic | Italian | lui; lei; esso; essa; egli; ella | male; female; masculine non-human; feminine non-human; male, literary; female, literary |
| Japonic | Japanese | 彼; 彼女 | male; female |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Kannada | ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು; ಇದು; ಅದು | this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female; this non-human; that non-human |
| Austro-Asiatic | Khmer | គាត់; គេ; នាង; វា | polite; polite, male or female; referring to a younger woman; non-human or referring to young children or people of lower rank |
| Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 그; 그이; 그녀 | male or female; polite, male; female |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Malay | dia; ia; baginda; beliau | male or female; male or female or non-human; for kings, queens and Muslim prophets; for notable people |
| Indo-European, Italic | Portuguese | ele; ela | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human |
| Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Russian | он; она́; оно́ | male of masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
| Indo-European, Italic | Spanish | él; ella; ello | male or masculine non-human; female or feminine non-human; neuter non-human |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | ንሱ; ንሳ | male or non-human; female |
| Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | anh ấy; ông ấy; chị ấy; cô ấy; bà ấy; hắn; nó | young male; older or respected male; young female or older than the speaker; young female; older or respected female; informal or pejorative; child or non-human |
How to indicate non-human in languages without third-person non-human pronoun?
By demonstrative pronouns.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Japonic | Japanese | それ | thing near the listener |
| Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 그것 | thing near the listener |
How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener?
By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”).
Are there different first-person plural pronouns (exclusive “we”) for different use?
No.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Amharic | እኛ | |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | نَحْنُ | |
| Language isolate | Basque | gu | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Bengali | আমরা | |
| Sino-Tibetan, Sinitic | Chinese Mandarin | 我們/我们 | |
| Indo-European, Germanic | English | we | |
| Indo-European, Germanic | German | wir | |
| Afro-Asiatic, Chadic | Hausa | múu | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Hindi | हम | |
| Indo-European, Italic | Italian | noi | |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Kannada | ನಾವು | |
| Austro-Asiatic | Khmer | យើង | |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Malay | kami | |
| Austro-Asiatic, Monic | Mon | ပိုဲ | |
| Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Russian | мы | |
| Niger–Congo, Atlantic–Congo | Swahili | sisi | |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Tamil | நாங்கள் | |
| Dravidian, Southern Dravidian | Telugu | మేము | |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Tigrinya | ንሕና | |
| Turkic, Common Turkic | Turkish | biz | |
| Indo-European, Indo-Iranian | Urdu | ہم | |
| Austro-Asiatic, Vietic | Vietnamese | chúng ta |
Yes.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| English Creole, Pacific | Bislama | mitufala; mitrifala; mifala | dual; trial; plural* |
| Sino-Tibetan, Lolo-Burmese | Burmese | ကျုပ်တို့; တို့; ကျွန်တော်တို့; ကျွန်မတို့; ငါတို့ | informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female; informal |
| Indo-European, Italic | French | nous; on | formal; informal |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Hawaiian | māua; mākou | dual; plural* |
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Hebrew | אֲנַחְנוּ; אָנוּ | formal; informal |
| Japonic | Japanese | 私達; 僕ら; 僕達; 我ら | common; informal, humble; informal; formal, rarely used |
| Language isolate/Koreanic, Buyeo | Korean | 우리; 저희 | common; humble |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Maori | māua; mātou | dual; plural* |
| Uralic, Sami | Northern Sami | moai; mii | dual; plural* |
| Indo-European, Balto-Slavic | Old Church Slavonic | вѣ; мꙑ | dual; plural* |
| Indo-European, Italic | Portuguese | nós; a gente | common; informal |
| Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian | Rapa Nui | maua; matou | dual; plural* |
| Indo-European, Italic | Spanish | nosotros; nosotras | masculine; feminine |
| English Creole, Pacific | Tok Pisin | mitupela; mitripela; mipela | dual; trial; plural* |
*“plural” in these languages means more than two or more than three.
How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener?
By the second-person plural pronoun.
Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.
How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener?
By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”).
Are there different first-person plural pronouns (inclusive “we”) for different use?
No.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afro-Asiatic, Semitic | Arabic | نَحْنُ | |
Yes.
How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener?
By the third-person plural pronoun.
Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.
Are “exclusive we” and “inclusive we” different words?
No.
Yes.
| family & 1st-level branch | language | word | note |
|---|---|---|---|