Editing Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Logic

{{Sci-Tech-Index-Intro}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! cmn-Hans-CN: 科目
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: kēmù
! deu-Latn-DE: Fach [n]
! eng-Latn-US: subject
! fra-Latn-FR: matière [f]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 科目
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: か↑もく
! rus-Cyrl-RU: предме́т
|-
| 逻辑学
| luóji xué
| Logik [f]
| logic
| logique [f]
| 論理学
| ろ↑んり↓がく
| ло́гика
|-
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|-
| 形式逻辑
| xíngshì luóji
| formale Logik
| formal logic
| logique formelle
| 形式論理
| け↑いしきろ↓んり
| форма́льная ло́гика
|-
| 经典逻辑，标准逻辑
| jǐngdiǎn luóji, biǎozhǔn luóji
| klassische Logik
| classical logic, standard logic
| logique [f] classique
| 古典論理，標準論理
| こ↑てんろ↓んり，ひょ↑うじゅんろ↓んり
| класси́ческая ло́гика
|-
| 非经典逻辑，替代逻辑
| fēi jīngdiǎn luóji, tìdài luóji
| nichtklassische Logik
| non-classical logic, alternative logic
| logique [f] non classique
| 非古典論理
| ひ↑こてんろ↓んり
| некласси́ческие ло́гики
|-
| 非形式逻辑
| fēi xíngshì luóji
| informelle Logik
| informal logic
| logique informelle
| 非形式論理
| ひ↑けいしきろ↓んり
| неформа́льная ло́гика
|-
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|}

== Formal Logic ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
| 矛盾 || 
| máodùn || 
| Kontradiktion [f] || 
| contradiction || proposition
| contradiction [f], antilogie [f] || 
| 矛盾 || 
| む↑じゅん || 
| противоре́чие || 
|-
| 解释 || 
| jiěshì || 
| Interpretation [f] || 
| interpretation || symbol; formal language
| interprétation [f] || 
| 解釈 || 
| か↓いしゃく || 
| толкова́ние || 
|-
| 形式语言 || 
| xíngshì yǔyán || 
| formale Sprache || 
| formal language || 
| langage formel || 
| 形式言語 || 
| け↑いしきげ↓んご || 
| форма́льный язы́к || 
|-
| 必要条件 || 
| bìyào tiáojiàn || 
| notwendige Bedingung || 
| necessary condition || necessity
| condition nécessaire || 
| 必要条件 || 
| ひ↑つようじょ↓うけん || 
| необходи́мое усло́вие || 
|-
| 充分必要条件 || 
| chōngfèn bìyào tiáojiàn || 
| notwendige und hinreichende Bedingung || 
| necessary and sufficient condition || sufficiency
| condition nécessaire et suffisante || 
| 必要十分条件 || 
| ひ↑つよう↓じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん || 
| необходи́мое усло́вие и доста́точное усло́вие || 
|-
| 必要性 || 
| bìyào xìng || 
| Notwendigkeit [f] || 
| necessity || statement; material implimentation
| nécessité  [f] || 
| 必要性 || 
| ひ↑つようせい || 
| необходи́мость || 
|-
| 充分性 || 
| chōngfèn xìng || 
| Hinlänglichkeit [f] || 
| sufficiency || statement; material implimentation
| suffisance [f] || 
| 十分性 || 
| じゅ↑うぶんせい || 
| доста́точность || 
|-
| 充分条件 || 
| chōngfèn tiáojiàn || 
| hinreichende Bedingung || 
| sufficient condition || sufficiency
| condition suffisante || 
| 十分条件 || 
| じゅ↑うぶんじょ↓うけん || 
| доста́точное усло́вие || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
| syntax || 
|  || 
| syntaxe [f] || 
|  || 
|  || 
| си́нтаксис || 
|-
| 恒真式 || 
| héngzhēn shì || 
| Tautologie [f] || 
| tautology || well-formed formula
| tautologie [f] || 
| 恒真式，トートロジー || 
| こ↑うし↓んしき，ト↑ート↓ロジー || 
| тавтоло́гией || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|}

=== Classical Logic ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
| 前件 || 
| qián jiàn || 
| Antezedens [n] || 
| antecedent || hypothesis; proposition
| antécédent [m] || 
| 前件 || 
| ぜ↑んけん || 
| антецеде́нт || 
|-
| 后件 || 
| hòu jiàn || 
| Sukzedens [n] || 
| consequent || hypothesis; proposition
| conséquent [m] || 
| 後件 || 
| こ↑うけん || 
| сле́дствие, консекве́нт || 
|-
| 解释 || 
| jiěshì || 
| Erklärung [f] || 
| explanation || statement; description; causality; logical consequence
| explication [f] || 
| 説明 || 
| せ↑つめい || 
| объясне́ние || 
|-
| 假说 || 
| jiǎshō || 
| Hypothese [f] || 
| hypothesis [pl:hypotheses] || explanation; phenomenon
| hypothèse [f] || 
| 仮説 || 
| か↑せつ || 
| гипо́теза || 
|-
| 蕴涵 || 
| yùnhán || 
| Implikation [f] || 
| logical consequence, entailment || statement
| déduction [f] logique || 
| 論理的帰結 || 
| ろ↑んりてき↓き↑けつ || 
| умозаключе́ние || 
|-
| 现象 || 
| xiànxiàng || 
| Phänomen [n] || 
| phenomenon [pl:phenomena] || 
| phénomène [m] || 
| 現象 || 
| げ↑んしょう || 
| фено́мен || 
|-
| 前提 || 
| qiántí || 
| Prämisse [f], Vordersatz [m] || 
| premise, premiss || argument; logical consequence
| prémisse [f] || 
| 前提 || 
| ぜ↑んてい || 
| посы́лка || 
|-
| 充足理由律 || 
| chōngzú lǐyóu lǜ || 
| Satz [m] vom zureichenden Grund [m] || 
| principle of sufficient reason || reason; causality
| principe [f] de raison suffisante || 
| 充足理由律 || 
| じゅ↑うそくりゆ↓うりつ || 
| зако́н доста́точного основа́ния || 
|-
| 命题 || 
| mìngtí || 
| Aussage [f] || 
| proposition || 
| proposition [f] || 
| 命題 || 
| め↑いだい || 
| пропози́ция || 
|-
| 可靠性 || 
| kěkào xìng || 
| Korrektheit [f] || 
| soundness || validity
| correction [f] || 
| 健全性 || 
| け↑んぜんせい || 
|  || 
|-
| 有效性 || 
| yǒuxiào xìng || 
| Allgemeingültigkeit [f] || 
| validity || premise; tautology
| validité [f] || 
| 妥当性 || 
| だ↑とうせい || 
| общезна́чимость [ж] || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ law of thought
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
| 思维规律，思考规律 || 
| sīwéi guǐlǜ, sīkǎo guīlǜ || 
| Denkgesetz [n] || 
| law of thought || 
| loi [f] de la pensée || 
| 思考の原理 || 
| し↑こうのげ↓んり || 
|  || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
| 同一律 || 
| tóngyī lǜ || 
| Identitätsprinzip [n] || 
| law of identity, principle of identity || 
| principe [m] d'identité || 
| 同一律，同一原理 || 
| ど↓ういちりつ，ど↑ういつげ↓んり || 
| зако́н то́ждества || 
|-
| 无矛盾律，矛盾律 || 
| wú máodùn lǜ, máodùn lǜ || 
| Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Widerspruch, Satz [m] vom Widerspruch || 
| law of non-contradiction, principle of non-contradiction, law of contradiction, principle of contradiction || 
| principe [m] de non-contradiction, principe [m] de contradiction || 
| 無矛盾律，矛盾律 || 
| む↑むじゅ↓んりつ，む↑じゅ↓んりつ || 
| зако́н непротиворечия, зако́н противоречия || 
|-
| 排中律 || 
| páizhōng lǜ || 
| Satz [m] vom ausgeschlossenen Dritten || 
| law of excluded middle, principle of excluded middle, law of the excluded third, principle of the excluded third || 
| principe [m] du tiers exclu || 
| 排中律 || 
| は↑いちゅ↓うりつ || 
| зако́н исключённого тре́тьего || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|}

==== Propositional Calculus ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
| 逻辑运算 || 
| luóji yùnsuàn || 
| logische Operation || 
| logical operation || binary operation; well-formed formula
| opération [f] logique || 
| 論理演算 || 
| ろ↑んりえ↓んざん  || 
| логи́ческая опера́ция || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ logical connective
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
| 逻辑运算符，逻辑联结词 || 
| luóji yùnsuàn fú, luóji liánjié cí || 
| Logische Verknüpfung || 
| logical connective, logical operator, sentential connective, sentential operator || logical operation
| connecteur [m] logique || 
| 論理演算子，論理結合子 || 
| ろ↑んりえんざ↓んし，ろ↑んりけつご↓うし  || 
| логи́ческими опера́циями || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
| 谢费尔竖线 || 
| Xièfèi'ěr shùxiàn || 
| shefferscher Strich || 
| alternative denial, Sheffer stroke || negation; conjunction
| barre [f] de Sheffer || 
| 否定論理積，シェファーの棒記号 || 
| ひ↑ていろんりせ↓き，シェ↑ファーの↓ぼ↑うき↓ごう || 
| штрих Ше́ффера || 
|-
| 合取，与 || 
| héqǔ, yǔ || 
| Konjunktion [f] || 
| conjunction || set <mathematical logic>
| conjonction [f] || 
| 論理積 || 
| ろ↓んりせき || 
| конъю́нкция || 
|-
| 逆 || 
| nì || 
| Gegenteil [n] || 
| converse || statement
| implication [f] réciproque || 
| 逆 || 
| ぎゃ↑く || 
| обра́тная теоре́ма || 
|-
| 析取，或 || 
| xīqǔ, huò || 
| Disjunktion [f] || 
| disjunction || set <mathematical logic>
| disjonction [f] || 
| 論理和 || 
| ろ↑んり↓わ || 
| дизъю́нкция || 
|-
| 互斥或，异或 || 
| hùchì huò, yì huò || 
| Kontravalenz [f], ausschließende Disjunktion, Antivalenz [f], Kontrajunktion [f], Alternation [f] || 
| exclusive disjunction, exclusive or || 
| disjonction exclusive, ou exclusif || 
| 排他的論理和 || 
| は↑いたてきろんり↓わ || 
| исключа́ющее «или» || 
|-
| 或非 || 
| huò fēi || 
| NICHT-ODER-Gatter [n], Peirce-Funktion [f] || 
| joint denial || 
| non-ou [m] || 
| 否定論理和 || 
| ひ↑ていろんり↓わ || 
|  || 
|-
| 双条件 || 
| shuāng tiáojiàn || 
| Bikonditional [n] || 
| material biconditional || 
| biconditionnel [m], biconditionnel matériel || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
| 实质条件 || 
| shízhì tiáojiàn || 
| Subjunktion [f], Konditional [m], materiale Implikation || 
| material conditional, material implication || 
| conditionnel [m], implication matérielle || 
| 論理包含 || 
| ろ↑んりほ↓うがん || 
| имплика́ция || 
|-
| 当且仅当 || 
| dāng qiě jǐn dāng || 
|  || 
| material equivalence, if and only if || 
|  || 
| 同値，等価 || 
| ど↓うち，と↓うか || 
| тогда́ и то́лько тогда́ || 
|-
| 非 || 
| fēi || 
| Negation [f] || 
| negation || set <mathematical logic>
| négation [f] || 
| 否定 || 
| ひ↑てい || 
| отрица́ние, инве́рсия || 
|-
| 陈述 || 
| chén shù || 
| Aussagesatz [n] || 
| statement || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ rule of inference
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
| rule of inference || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
| affirming the antecedent, ''modus ponens'', ''modus ponendo ponens'' || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
| denying the consequent, ''modus tollens'', ''modus tollendo tollens'' || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|}

=== Non-Classical Logic ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|}

== Informal Logic ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! cmn-Hans-CN: 概念 !! cmn-Hans-CN: 前提
! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: gàiniàn !! cmn-Latn.Pinyin-CN: qiántí
! deu-Latn-DE: Begriff [m] !! deu-Latn-DE: Voraussetzung [f]
! eng-Latn-US: concept !! eng-Latn-US: prerequisite
! fra-Latn-FR: concept [m] !! fra-Latn-FR: préalable [m]
! jpn-Jpan-JP: 概念 !! jpn-Jpan-JP: 前提
! jpn-Hrkt-JP: が↓いねん !! jpn-Hrkt-JP: ぜ↑んてい
! rus-Cyrl-RU: конце́пция !! rus-Cyrl-RU: предпосы́лка
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|-
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|  || 
|}

<center>
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Modus_ponens.png
</center>

{{Sci-Tech-Index-Menu}}

==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/False-Friends|False Friends]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Greetings-Where-are-you-going|Greetings Where are you going]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Must‐Know-Words-for-Polyglots|Must‐Know Words for Polyglots]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Collocations-with-have|Collocations with have]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Collocations-with-take|Collocations with take]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Emotions-in-many-languages|Emotions in many languages]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Similarities-between-French-and-Italian|Similarities between French and Italian]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Airport-in-Many-Languages|Airport in Many Languages]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Hydraulics-and-Pneumatics|Hydraulics and Pneumatics]]
* [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Animal-sounds-in-many-languages|Animal sounds in many languages]]
<span links></span>