Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Indo‐European-etymology

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This is a page of the etymology of common words and morphemes in modern Indo-European languages.

In progress.

Finish this lesson and explore these related pages: Glossary for translations, Transparent Words, Similarities between French and Italian & Second Language Loss or Attrition.

Proto-Albanian[edit | edit source]

Proto-Anatolian[edit | edit source]

Proto-Armenian[edit | edit source]

Proto-Balto-Slavic[edit | edit source]

Proto-Slavic[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon

Proto-Celtic[edit | edit source]

Proto-Greek[edit | edit source]

The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) was conventionally named the oldest form of the Greek language after its differentiation

from early Indo-European and before its division into more recent Greek dialects (Mycenaean, Doric, Attic-Ionian, Arcadian, Cypriot, Aeolian, etc.).

It is chronologically spoken approximately between the 30th and the 16th century BC.

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
*mā́tēr Ancient Greek: μήτηρ, μᾱ́τηρ

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀔𐀳𐀩

Tsakonian: μάτη

*méh₂tēr
*patḗr Ancient Greek: πατήρ

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀳

*ph₂tḗr
*wóikos Ancient Greek: ϝοῖκος, οἶκος

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀒

Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃

Latin: vīcus

Proto-Slavic *vьsь

Sanskrit: विश्, वेश

*weyḱ-

Ancient Greek[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
λύκος Modern Greek: λύκος Latin: lupus

Sanskrit: वृक

*wĺ̥kʷos
μήτηρ Modern Greek: μητέρα Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭‎

Church Slavic: мати

Latin: māter

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀔𐀳𐀩

Old Armenian: մայր

Old English: mōdor

Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠

Phrygian: ματαρ

Sanskrit: मातृ

*méh₂tēr
πατήρ Modern Greek: πατήρ, πατέρας

Yevanic: פַטִיר‎

Latin: pater

Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀳

Old Armenian: հայր

Old English: fæder

Phrygian: πατερης

Sanskrit: पितृ

*ph₂tḗr
τίς; Modern Greek: ποιος; (who? which?) *kʷis

Proto-Italic[edit | edit source]

Latin[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon

Proto-Indo-Iranian[edit | edit source]

Proto-Iranian[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon

Proto-Indo-Aryan[edit | edit source]

Sanskrit[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon

Proto-Germanic[edit | edit source]

etymon derivative etymon's cognate etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon
a
*ab Danish: af

Dutch: af

Elfdalian: åv

English: of, off

Faroese: av

German: ab

Icelandic: af

Limburgish: aaf, aof

Low German: af, of

Luxembourgish: of

Norwegian Bokmål: ab; av

Plautdietsch: auf

Scots: of, off, af, aff

Saterfrisisch: oawe, ou

Swedish: av, af

  • Westrobothnian: åv, å, a

Vlaams: of

West Frisian: af, ôf

Yiddish: אָפּ‎

*h₂epó
*an Afrikaans: aan

Cimbrian: å

Danish: å

Dutch: aan

Elfdalian: ą̊

English: on

Faroese: á

German: an

Hunsrik: aan

Icelandic: á

Limburgish: aan

Low German: an

Luxembourgish: un

North Frisian: a

Norwegian: å

Pennsylvania German: aa

Saterfriesisch: an, oun

Scots: an, on

Swedish: å, a

West Frisian: oan

*h₂en-
*andi Afrikaans: en

Cimbrian: un

Danish: end

Dutch: en

English: and

Estonian: ent

Faroese: enn

Finnish: entä

German: und

Hunsrik: un

Icelandic: enn

Ingrian: entä

Latvian: un

Limburgish: ènde, ènd, èn, è

Low German:

  • Dutch Low Saxon: en
  • German Low German: un, on
  • Urkers: in

Luxembourgish: an

Mócheno: ont

North Frisian: en

Norwegian: enn

Pennsylvania German: un

Plautdietsch: un, en

Saterfrisisch: un

Scots: an

Swedish: än

West Frisian: en, in

Yiddish: און‎

*h₂énti
*at Danish: at, ad

Elfdalian: að

English: at

Faroese: at

Icelandic: að

North Frisian: et, it, äät, äit

Norwegian Bokmål: åt

Scots: at

Swedish: åt

Latin: ad *h₂éd
b
*beuną English: be

Scots: be

Latin: fuī, futūrus

Sanskrit: भवति

*bʰéwH-ti
*bi Alemannic German: bii

Dutch: bij

English: by

German: bei

Limburgish: bie

Low German: bi

North Frisian: bi

Saterfrisisch: bie

Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b'

Swedish: bi

Wymysorys: by

West Frisian: by

Yiddish: בײַ‎

Ancient Greek: ἐπί *h₁epi
d
*dōną Alemannic German: tue, due, tuä

Central Franconian: donn, don, dun

Afrikaans: doen

Bavarian: doa

  • Viennese: tuan

Cimbrian: tüan, tüunan

Dutch: doen

English: do

German: tun

Hunsrik: dun

Kölsch: dunn

Limburgish: doon

Low German: doon

  • Paderbornisch: deoen
  • Münsterländisch: dohn

Luxembourgish: doen, dinn, dunn

North Frisian:

  • Föhr-Amrum: du
  • Mooring: düünj

Pennsylvania German: duh

Saterfriesisch: dwo

Scots: dae

Swabian: dua, doa

West Frisian: dwaan

Yiddish: טאָן‎

*dʰéh₁t, *dʰédʰeh₁ti
þ
*þai Danish: de

English: tho, those; they

Faroese: teir

Gutnish: dair, di

Icelandic: þeir

Norwegian: dei, de

Saterfrisisch: do

Scots: tha, thai, thais; they

Swedish: de, di, da

  • Jamtish: dei
  • Westrobothnian: de, di, däi
*só
*þat Central Franconian: dat, datt

Afrikaans: dat

Danish: det

Dutch: dat, het

English: that

German: das, dass

Faroese: tað, hað

Icelandic: það

Limburgish: det

Low German: dat, datt

Luxembourgish: dass; dat, datt

Norwegian Bokmål: det

Norwegian Nynorsk: det, dat

Saterfriesisch: dat

Scots: that

Silesian: doas

Swabian: des

Swedish: det

*só
*þes- Cimbrian: diiza

Dutch: deze, dit

English: these

German: diese

Icelandic: þessi

Limburgish: deze

Low German: düsse, disse

Saterfrisisch: disse

West Frisian: dizze

*só
e
*ek, *ik Alemannic German: ich, ig, i

Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech

Afrikaans: ek

Bavarian: i

  • Gottscheerish: iχ, ī, i, iχχe

Cimbrian: ich, i

Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ

Dutch: ik

Elfdalian: ig

English: ich; I

Faroese: eg, jeg

German: ich

  • Erzgebirgisch: iech
  • Hessian: aisch
  • Hunsrückisch: äijsch

Hunsrik: ich

Icelandic: ek, eg, ég

Kölsch: ich

Limburgish: ich, iech, ik

Low German: ik

Luxembourgish: ech

Mainfränkisch: i, iech

Mócheno: i

North Frisian: ick, ik

Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj

Norwegian Bokmål: jeg

NorwegianNynorsk: eg

Pennsylvania German: ich

Saterfriesisch: iek

Scanian: jağ

Scots: ik; A, I

Silesian: iech

Swabian: i

Swedish: jag

  • Jamtish: jeg
  • Westrobothnian: jäg, jeg, jig, jög

Upper Saxon: isch, ische

West Frisian: ik

Wymysorys: ych

Yiddish: איך‎

*éǵh₂
f
*fram Danish: fra; frem

English: from; fro

  • Northumbrian: frae, fra

Faroese: frá; fram, frá

Icelandic: frá; fram

Norwegian: fram

Norwegian Bokmål: fra; frem

Norwegian Nynorsk: frå

Scots: from, frome; frae, fra, fro, fae

Swedish: från; fram

  • Westrobothnian: frå, fra; frånn, frönn; framm
*pro-
h
*habjaną Afrikaans: hê; hef

Cimbrian: haban, hen, håm; höoban

Danish: have; hæve

Dutch: hebben; heffen

Elfdalian: åvå

English: have; heave

Faroese: hava; hevja

German: haben; heben

  • Berlinerisch: ham
  • Erzgebirgisch: hamm
  • Ruhrpott: habn
  • Upper Hessian: hu, hunn

Hunsrik: hon

Icelandic: hafa; hefja

Javindo: geef

Kölsch: han

Limburgish: höbbe; höffe

Low German: heven

  • German Low German: hebben, hewwen

Luxembourgish: hunn; hiewen

Mócheno: hom

North Frisian:

  • Föhr-Amrum, Sylt: haa
  • Hallig, Mooring: heewe
  • Helgoland: hoa

Norwegian Bokmål: have, ha; heve

NorwegianNynorsk: hava, have, ha; hevja, hevje

Pennsylvania German: hawwe

Pfaelzisch: hann, hawwe, hunn

Plautdietsch: haben

Saterfriesisch: hääbe; hieuwje

Scots: hae, ha, hiv, have, hawe; heave, heve, hewe

Swabian: hau

Swedish: ha, hava; häva

Upper Saxon: ham, hom

West Frisian: hawwe; heffe

Westphalien:

  • Münsterländisch: häbben, hävven
  • Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: häwwen, häbben
  • Sauerländisch: hewwen, häbben, hänn, hann
  • Westmünsterländisch: häbben

Wymysorys: hon

Yiddish: האָבן‎

*keh₂p-, *kh₂pyéti
*hezōi Alemannic German: ire

Dutch: haar

English: her

German: ihr

Low German: ehr, hör, eer, er

Luxembourgish: hir

North Frisian: hör

Scots: her

West Frisian: har

Yiddish: איר‎

*ḱís
*hijō English: hoo, she

Saterfrisisch: jo, ju

Scots: scho, shu

West Frisian: so, sy, se

*hit Dutch: het

English: it, hit

Limburgish: hèt

Low German: et, it

Plautdietsch: et

Saterfriesisch: et

Scots: it

West Frisian: it

*ḱe(y)-
*hiz Central Franconian: hä

Dutch: hij, ie

English: he

Limburgish: hae

Low German: he

Luxembourgish: hien

North Frisian: hi, he

  • Halligen: hii

Saterfriesisch: hie

Scots: he

West Frisian: hy

Wymysorys: hār

*ḱís
i
*in Central Franconian: en, ön, on

Rhine Franconian: in, en

Afrikaans: in

Bavarian: i

Cimbrian: inn, in

Danish: i

Dutch: in

Elfdalian: i

English: in

Faroese: í, íggj

German: in

Icelandic: í

Limburgish: in

Luxembourgish: an

Norwegian: i

Pennsylvania German: in

Pfaelzisch: in, en

Saterfriesisch: in

Scots: in

Swedish: i

  • Westrobothnian: i, öy, äi

West Frisian: yn

Yiddish: אין‎

*h₁én
*izwiz Alemannic German: öi; üüch

Afrikaans: jou

Cimbrian: òich

Dutch: u; jou, a

English: you

German: euch

Icelandic: yður

Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg

Luxembourgish: iech

North Frisian: juu

Norwegian Bokmål: dere

Norwegian Nynorsk: øder

Saterfriesisch: jou, Jou

Scots: you

Swedish: eder, er

West Frisian: jo

*yū́
n
*ne, *ni Dutch: n-

English: ne

German: nee

Icelandic: né

Scots: ne

*ne
s
*sa Alemannic German: dr

Afrikaans: die

Bavarian: da

Cimbrian: dèar, dar

Dutch: de

English: the

German: der

  • Hessian: dè

Faroese: sá

Hunsrik: dää

Icelandic: sá

Kölsch: dä

Limburgish: dae

Low German: de

Mócheno: der

Saterfrisisch: die

Scots: the

Swabian: d'r

Swedish: de

West Frisian: de, dy

Yiddish: דער‎

Ancient Greek: ὁ

Sanskrit: स

Tocharian B: se

*só
*sagjaną Alemannic German: säge

Central Franconian: sage

Afrikaans: sê, seg

Bavarian: sogn, soon, sång

Danish: sige

Dutch: zeggen

Elfdalian: saja

English: say

Faroese: siga

German: sagen

Gutnish: säge

Icelandic: segja

Low German: seggen

Luxembourgish: soen

Norwegian Bokmål: si

Norwegian Nynorsk: seie

Scanian: siğa, sæğa

Scots: say, sa

Swabian:

  • Sathmar: sage

Swedish: säga

  • Jamtish: segi
  • Westrobothnian: saaij

Swiss German:

  • Alsatian: soeje, sawe, sàge

Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége

West Frisian: sizze

Wymysorys: ziön

Yiddish: זאָגן‎

*sokʷ-h₁-yé-
t
*ta East Central German: ze

East Franconian: ze

Afrikaans: te, tot

Dutch: te, tot

German: zu

West Frisian: ta

*do
*tō East Central German: zu

Afrikaans: tot; toe

Cimbrian: zo

Dutch: toe; tot

English: to, too

German: zu

Limburgish: tót

Low German: to

Luxembourgish: zou, zu

North Frisian: to, tö, tu

Saterfrisisch: tou

Scots: tae

West Frisian: ta

Wymysorys: cy

Yiddish: צו‎

*doh₁
ū
*ūt Alemannic German: us

Cimbrian: aus, auz

Danish: ud

Dutch: uit

English: out

Faroese: út

German: out, outen; aus

Icelandic: út

Low German: ut

  • German Low German: uut

Luxembourgish: aus

Norwegian: ut

Saterfrisisch: uut

Scots: out, oot

Swedish: ut

West Frisian: út

Yiddish: אויס‎

*úd
*ūtai Danish: ude

English: out

Faroese: úti

Icelandic: úti

Swedish: ute

*ūtanē Danish: uden

English: outen

Faroese: uttan

German: außen

Icelandic: utan

Low German: uten

Norwegian: utan

Swedish: utan

w
*wiþrą Dutch: weder, weer

English: wither

German: wider, wieder

Hunsrik: witter

Low German: wedder

Swedish: vid, veder-

*wi +‎ *-teros
*wihtiz Danish: vætte

Dutch: wicht

English: wight, whit; weight

German: Wicht

Faroese: vættur, veittur

Icelandic: vættur

Low German:

  • German Low German: Wicht
  • Dutch Low Saxon: wicht

North Frisian: wecht

Norwegian: vette, vætte, vett, vitt

Saterfrisisch: nit; Wächte

Scots: wicht; wecht, weicht

Swedish: vätte

Westphalien:

  • Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: Wicht
  • Sauerländisch: Weyht
  • Westmünsterländisch: Wicht
Proto-Slavic: *veťь *wekti-
*wīz Alemannic German: mir, mier

Bavarian: mia

Cimbrian: biar, bar

Danish: vi

Dutch: wij

Elfdalian: wįð

English: we

Faroese: vær

German: wir; mir

Hunsrik: meer

Icelandic: vér

Jamaican Creole English: wi

Low German:

  • Dutch Low Saxon: wi
  • German Low German: wi, wî

Luxembourgish: mir, mer

Mócheno: biar

North Frisian: wi, wü

Norwegian: vi

Norwegian Nynorsk: me

Pennsylvania German: mer

Plautdietsch: wie

Saterfrisisch: wie

Scots: we, wee, wa

Sranan Tongo: wi

Swedish: vi

  • Jamtish: mæð
  • Westrobothnian: ve

West Frisian: wy

Yiddish: מיר‎

*wéy

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