Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Indo‐European-etymology
This is a page of the etymology of common words and morphemes in modern Indo-European languages.
In progress.
Finish this lesson and explore these related pages: Glossary for translations, Transparent Words, Similarities between French and Italian & Second Language Loss or Attrition.
Proto-Albanian
Proto-Anatolian
Proto-Armenian
Proto-Balto-Slavic
Proto-Slavic
| etymon | derivative | etymon's cognate | etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon |
|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Celtic
Proto-Greek
The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) was conventionally named the oldest form of the Greek language after its differentiation
from early Indo-European and before its division into more recent Greek dialects (Mycenaean, Doric, Attic-Ionian, Arcadian, Cypriot, Aeolian, etc.).
It is chronologically spoken approximately between the 30th and the 16th century BC.
| etymon | derivative | etymon's cognate | etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon |
|---|---|---|---|
| *mā́tēr | Ancient Greek: μήτηρ, μᾱ́τηρ
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀔𐀳𐀩 Tsakonian: μάτη |
*méh₂tēr | |
| *patḗr | Ancient Greek: πατήρ
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀳 |
*ph₂tḗr | |
| *wóikos | Ancient Greek: ϝοῖκος, οἶκος
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀺𐀒 |
Gothic: 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃
Latin: vīcus Proto-Slavic *vьsь Sanskrit: विश्, वेश |
*weyḱ- |
Ancient Greek
| etymon | derivative | etymon's cognate | etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon |
|---|---|---|---|
| λύκος | Modern Greek: λύκος | Latin: lupus
Sanskrit: वृक |
*wĺ̥kʷos |
| μήτηρ | Modern Greek: μητέρα | Avestan: 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭
Church Slavic: мати Latin: māter Mycenaean Greek: 𐀔𐀳𐀩 Old Armenian: մայր Old English: mōdor Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 Phrygian: ματαρ Sanskrit: मातृ |
*méh₂tēr |
| πατήρ | Modern Greek: πατήρ, πατέρας
Yevanic: פַטִיר |
Latin: pater
Mycenaean Greek: 𐀞𐀳 Old Armenian: հայր Old English: fæder Phrygian: πατερης Sanskrit: पितृ |
*ph₂tḗr |
| τίς; | Modern Greek: ποιος; (who? which?) | *kʷis |
Proto-Italic
Latin
| etymon | derivative | etymon's cognate | etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon |
|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Indo-Iranian
Proto-Iranian
| etymon | derivative | etymon's cognate | etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon |
|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Indo-Aryan
Sanskrit
| etymon | derivative | etymon's cognate | etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon |
|---|---|---|---|
Proto-Germanic
| etymon | derivative | etymon's cognate | etymon's Proto-Indo-European etymon |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | |||
| *ab | Danish: af
Dutch: af Elfdalian: åv English: of, off Faroese: av German: ab Icelandic: af Limburgish: aaf, aof Low German: af, of Luxembourgish: of Norwegian Bokmål: ab; av Plautdietsch: auf Scots: of, off, af, aff Saterfrisisch: oawe, ou Swedish: av, af
Vlaams: of West Frisian: af, ôf Yiddish: אָפּ |
*h₂epó | |
| *an | Afrikaans: aan
Cimbrian: å Danish: å Dutch: aan Elfdalian: ą̊ English: on Faroese: á German: an Hunsrik: aan Icelandic: á Limburgish: aan Low German: an Luxembourgish: un North Frisian: a Norwegian: å Pennsylvania German: aa Saterfriesisch: an, oun Scots: an, on Swedish: å, a West Frisian: oan |
*h₂en- | |
| *andi | Afrikaans: en
Cimbrian: un Danish: end Dutch: en English: and Estonian: ent Faroese: enn Finnish: entä German: und Hunsrik: un Icelandic: enn Ingrian: entä Latvian: un Limburgish: ènde, ènd, èn, è Low German:
Luxembourgish: an Mócheno: ont North Frisian: en Norwegian: enn Pennsylvania German: un Plautdietsch: un, en Saterfrisisch: un Scots: an Swedish: än West Frisian: en, in Yiddish: און |
*h₂énti | |
| *at | Danish: at, ad
Elfdalian: að English: at Faroese: at Icelandic: að North Frisian: et, it, äät, äit Norwegian Bokmål: åt Scots: at Swedish: åt |
Latin: ad | *h₂éd |
| b | |||
| *beuną | English: be
Scots: be |
Latin: fuī, futūrus
Sanskrit: भवति |
*bʰéwH-ti |
| *bi | Alemannic German: bii
Dutch: bij English: by German: bei Limburgish: bie Low German: bi North Frisian: bi Saterfrisisch: bie Scots: by, bye, bi', be, b' Swedish: bi Wymysorys: by West Frisian: by Yiddish: בײַ |
Ancient Greek: ἐπί | *h₁epi |
| d | |||
| *dōną | Alemannic German: tue, due, tuä
Central Franconian: donn, don, dun Afrikaans: doen Bavarian: doa
Cimbrian: tüan, tüunan Dutch: doen English: do German: tun Hunsrik: dun Kölsch: dunn Limburgish: doon Low German: doon
Luxembourgish: doen, dinn, dunn North Frisian:
Pennsylvania German: duh Saterfriesisch: dwo Scots: dae Swabian: dua, doa West Frisian: dwaan Yiddish: טאָן |
*dʰéh₁t, *dʰédʰeh₁ti | |
| þ | |||
| *þai | Danish: de
English: tho, those; they Faroese: teir Gutnish: dair, di Icelandic: þeir Norwegian: dei, de Saterfrisisch: do Scots: tha, thai, thais; they Swedish: de, di, da
|
*só | |
| *þat | Central Franconian: dat, datt
Afrikaans: dat Danish: det Dutch: dat, het English: that German: das, dass Faroese: tað, hað Icelandic: það Limburgish: det Low German: dat, datt Luxembourgish: dass; dat, datt Norwegian Bokmål: det Norwegian Nynorsk: det, dat Saterfriesisch: dat Scots: that Silesian: doas Swabian: des Swedish: det |
*só | |
| *þes- | Cimbrian: diiza
Dutch: deze, dit English: these German: diese Icelandic: þessi Limburgish: deze Low German: düsse, disse Saterfrisisch: disse West Frisian: dizze |
*só | |
| e | |||
| *ek, *ik | Alemannic German: ich, ig, i
Central Franconian: ich, eich, ech Afrikaans: ek Bavarian: i
Cimbrian: ich, i Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ Dutch: ik Elfdalian: ig English: ich; I Faroese: eg, jeg German: ich
Hunsrik: ich Icelandic: ek, eg, ég Kölsch: ich Limburgish: ich, iech, ik Low German: ik Luxembourgish: ech Mainfränkisch: i, iech Mócheno: i North Frisian: ick, ik Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj Norwegian Bokmål: jeg NorwegianNynorsk: eg Pennsylvania German: ich Saterfriesisch: iek Scanian: jağ Scots: ik; A, I Silesian: iech Swabian: i Swedish: jag
Upper Saxon: isch, ische West Frisian: ik Wymysorys: ych Yiddish: איך |
*éǵh₂ | |
| f | |||
| *fram | Danish: fra; frem
English: from; fro
Faroese: frá; fram, frá Icelandic: frá; fram Norwegian: fram Norwegian Bokmål: fra; frem Norwegian Nynorsk: frå Scots: from, frome; frae, fra, fro, fae Swedish: från; fram
|
*pro- | |
| h | |||
| *habjaną | Afrikaans: hê; hef
Cimbrian: haban, hen, håm; höoban Danish: have; hæve Dutch: hebben; heffen Elfdalian: åvå English: have; heave Faroese: hava; hevja German: haben; heben
Hunsrik: hon Icelandic: hafa; hefja Javindo: geef Kölsch: han Limburgish: höbbe; höffe Low German: heven
Luxembourgish: hunn; hiewen Mócheno: hom North Frisian:
Norwegian Bokmål: have, ha; heve NorwegianNynorsk: hava, have, ha; hevja, hevje Pennsylvania German: hawwe Pfaelzisch: hann, hawwe, hunn Plautdietsch: haben Saterfriesisch: hääbe; hieuwje Scots: hae, ha, hiv, have, hawe; heave, heve, hewe Swabian: hau Swedish: ha, hava; häva Upper Saxon: ham, hom West Frisian: hawwe; heffe Westphalien:
Wymysorys: hon Yiddish: האָבן |
*keh₂p-, *kh₂pyéti | |
| *hezōi | Alemannic German: ire
Dutch: haar English: her German: ihr Low German: ehr, hör, eer, er Luxembourgish: hir North Frisian: hör Scots: her West Frisian: har Yiddish: איר |
*ḱís | |
| *hijō | English: hoo, she
Saterfrisisch: jo, ju Scots: scho, shu West Frisian: so, sy, se |
||
| *hit | Dutch: het
English: it, hit Limburgish: hèt Low German: et, it Plautdietsch: et Saterfriesisch: et Scots: it West Frisian: it |
*ḱe(y)- | |
| *hiz | Central Franconian: hä
Dutch: hij, ie English: he Limburgish: hae Low German: he Luxembourgish: hien North Frisian: hi, he
Saterfriesisch: hie Scots: he West Frisian: hy Wymysorys: hār |
*ḱís | |
| i | |||
| *in | Central Franconian: en, ön, on
Rhine Franconian: in, en Afrikaans: in Bavarian: i Cimbrian: inn, in Danish: i Dutch: in Elfdalian: i English: in Faroese: í, íggj German: in Icelandic: í Limburgish: in Luxembourgish: an Norwegian: i Pennsylvania German: in Pfaelzisch: in, en Saterfriesisch: in Scots: in Swedish: i
West Frisian: yn Yiddish: אין |
*h₁én | |
| *izwiz | Alemannic German: öi; üüch
Afrikaans: jou Cimbrian: òich Dutch: u; jou, a English: you German: euch Icelandic: yður Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg Luxembourgish: iech North Frisian: juu Norwegian Bokmål: dere Norwegian Nynorsk: øder Saterfriesisch: jou, Jou Scots: you Swedish: eder, er West Frisian: jo |
*yū́ | |
| n | |||
| *ne, *ni | Dutch: n-
English: ne German: nee Icelandic: né Scots: ne |
*ne | |
| s | |||
| *sa | Alemannic German: dr
Afrikaans: die Bavarian: da Cimbrian: dèar, dar Dutch: de English: the German: der
Faroese: sá Hunsrik: dää Icelandic: sá Kölsch: dä Limburgish: dae Low German: de Mócheno: der Saterfrisisch: die Scots: the Swabian: d'r Swedish: de West Frisian: de, dy Yiddish: דער |
Ancient Greek: ὁ
Sanskrit: स Tocharian B: se |
*só |
| *sagjaną | Alemannic German: säge
Central Franconian: sage Afrikaans: sê, seg Bavarian: sogn, soon, sång Danish: sige Dutch: zeggen Elfdalian: saja English: say Faroese: siga German: sagen Gutnish: säge Icelandic: segja Low German: seggen Luxembourgish: soen Norwegian Bokmål: si Norwegian Nynorsk: seie Scanian: siğa, sæğa Scots: say, sa Swabian:
Swedish: säga
Swiss German:
Walser: sägä, séege, ŝchegi, ŝchége West Frisian: sizze Wymysorys: ziön Yiddish: זאָגן |
*sokʷ-h₁-yé- | |
| t | |||
| *ta | East Central German: ze
East Franconian: ze Afrikaans: te, tot Dutch: te, tot German: zu West Frisian: ta |
*do | |
| *tō | East Central German: zu
Afrikaans: tot; toe Cimbrian: zo Dutch: toe; tot English: to, too German: zu Limburgish: tót Low German: to Luxembourgish: zou, zu North Frisian: to, tö, tu Saterfrisisch: tou Scots: tae West Frisian: ta Wymysorys: cy Yiddish: צו |
*doh₁ | |
| ū | |||
| *ūt | Alemannic German: us
Cimbrian: aus, auz Danish: ud Dutch: uit English: out Faroese: út German: out, outen; aus Icelandic: út Low German: ut
Luxembourgish: aus Norwegian: ut Saterfrisisch: uut Scots: out, oot Swedish: ut West Frisian: út Yiddish: אויס |
*úd | |
| *ūtai | Danish: ude
English: out Faroese: úti Icelandic: úti Swedish: ute |
||
| *ūtanē | Danish: uden
English: outen Faroese: uttan German: außen Icelandic: utan Low German: uten Norwegian: utan Swedish: utan |
||
| w | |||
| *wiþrą | Dutch: weder, weer
English: wither German: wider, wieder Hunsrik: witter Low German: wedder Swedish: vid, veder- |
*wi + *-teros | |
| *wihtiz | Danish: vætte
Dutch: wicht English: wight, whit; weight German: Wicht Faroese: vættur, veittur Icelandic: vættur Low German:
North Frisian: wecht Norwegian: vette, vætte, vett, vitt Saterfrisisch: nit; Wächte Scots: wicht; wecht, weicht Swedish: vätte Westphalien:
|
Proto-Slavic: *veťь | *wekti- |
| *wīz | Alemannic German: mir, mier
Bavarian: mia Cimbrian: biar, bar Danish: vi Dutch: wij Elfdalian: wįð English: we Faroese: vær German: wir; mir Hunsrik: meer Icelandic: vér Jamaican Creole English: wi Low German:
Luxembourgish: mir, mer Mócheno: biar North Frisian: wi, wü Norwegian: vi Norwegian Nynorsk: me Pennsylvania German: mer Plautdietsch: wie Saterfrisisch: wie Scots: we, wee, wa Sranan Tongo: wi Swedish: vi
West Frisian: wy Yiddish: מיר |
*wéy | |
Proto-Tocharian
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