Editing Language/Multiple-languages/Culture/Basics-of-Economy
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When you read news, the “finance” section is often puzzling. What is the interest rate that Federal Reserve System is raising and why do so? Why are German enterprises investing the People's Republic of China, even in Xinjiang? What has Erdoğan been doing? | When you read news, the “finance” section is often puzzling. What is the interest rate that Federal Reserve System is raising and why do so? Why are German enterprises investing the People's Republic of China, even in Xinjiang? What has Erdoğan been doing? | ||
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I make mistakes from time to time. As a result, don't believe what I say without critical thinking. | I make mistakes from time to time. As a result, don't believe what I say without critical thinking. | ||
To practise and understand economy, you can play the game [https://www.enlight.com/capitalism2/ Capitalism 2], where several masters of business administrations participated in its development | To practise and understand economy, you can play the game [https://www.enlight.com/capitalism2/ Capitalism 2], where several masters of business administrations participated in its development. In FLOSS gaming, there is [https://www.openttd.org/ OpenTTD], where you can experience the transportation business. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has its teaching materials including [https://mitsloan.mit.edu/teaching-resources-library/management-simulations management simulations]. | ||
In progress | In progress | ||
== Basic ideas == | == Basic ideas == | ||
Let's start | Let's start from asking questions. | ||
=== Currency === | === Currency === | ||
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==== Will people get rich if I simply print banknotes and distribute them? ==== | ==== Will people get rich if I simply print banknotes and distribute them? ==== | ||
When the banknotes become too much for the value in the society, they will devalue. Given 100 apples, if there | When the banknotes become too much for the value in the society, they will devalue. Given 100 apples, if there have 10 banknotes, then each banknote corresponds to 10 apples; if there are 100 banknotes, then each banknote corresponds to 1 apple. | ||
Values in a society will increase. When | Values in a society will increase. When there are 1000 apples and you still have 100 banknotes, then each banknote corresponds to 10 apples. In order to maintain the price, you need to print 900 banknotes to make it 1000 banknotes, each banknote corresponds to 1 apple again. | ||
In the situation where the increase of value doesn't catch up the increase of banknotes, it is an “inflation”; in the contrary situation, it is a “deflation”. In fact, inflation and deflation are not limited to banknotes, but any other currencies. After a war, there could be much gold and silver moving from the one country to another, causing deflation and inflation separately. | In the situation where the increase of value doesn't catch up the increase of banknotes, it is an “inflation”; in the contrary situation, it is a “deflation”. In fact, inflation and deflation are not limited to banknotes, but any other currencies. After a war, there could be much gold and silver moving from the one country to another, causing deflation and inflation separately. | ||
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To make the CPI look better, tricks include modifying the market basket and the weights for goods. | To make the CPI look better, tricks include modifying the market basket and the weights for goods. | ||
==== How can I make money with money? ==== | ==== How can I make money with money? ==== | ||
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Securities are certificates of possession of value. Common securities are | Securities are certificates of possession of value. Common securities are | ||
* stocks | * stocks, which are a portion of ownership of a listed company in a stock market; | ||
* bonds, which are IOU with interests in a bond market; | * bonds, which are IOU with interests in a bond market; | ||
* warrants, which can only be issued by an entity like a listed company and not individuals, where one side has the right to buy specified amount of stocks at the specified time in the future or during the specified period at the negotiated price from the other side. | * warrants, which can only be issued by an entity like a listed company and not individuals, where one side has the right to buy specified amount of stocks at the specified time in the future or during the specified period at the negotiated price from the other side. | ||
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* contracts for difference, where differences between prices are paid and received, instead of the full prices. This is outlawed in many countries. | * contracts for difference, where differences between prices are paid and received, instead of the full prices. This is outlawed in many countries. | ||
A little challenge: can you tell the difference among warrants and options? If you failed, then try to avoid memorising them together. | |||
=== Business Entity === | |||
=== | |||
==== What does a bank do? ==== | ==== What does a bank do? ==== | ||
The function of a bank is to gather unused money and | The function of a bank is to gather the unused money and provide the money to those who need it. | ||
To gather the money, a bank will provide some interests to those who save money, then lend the money and ask for interests from those who borrow the money. However, in some countries, a bank won't provide interests for depositors and even charge for the service of saving money. This is to stimulate consumption. | To gather the money, a bank will provide some interests to those who save money, then lend the money and ask for interests from those who borrow the money. However, in some countries, a bank won't provide interests for depositors and even charge for the service of saving money. This is to stimulate consumption. | ||
There are central banks, controlled by the government to implement policies; commercial banks, which mainly focus on deposits and loans. | There are central banks, controlled by the government to implement policies; commercial banks, which mainly focus on deposits and loans. Investment banks don't belong to banks. | ||
Investment banks | |||
There is also the Islamic banking, where banking activities must comply the Islamic law. In an Islamic bank, Muslims can save money free of charge and non-Muslims are charged, because the Quran says that Muslims are superior. There are no interests, because Quran prohibits getting something for nothing and interests are included. Any profiting activity based on uncertain events in the future are also prohibited, which includes gambling, trading of derivatives, and so on. | There is also the Islamic banking, where banking activities must comply the Islamic law. In an Islamic bank, Muslims can save money free of charge and non-Muslims are charged, because the Quran says that Muslims are superior. There are no interests, because Quran prohibits getting something for nothing and interests are included. Any profiting activity based on uncertain events in the future are also prohibited, which includes gambling, trading of derivatives, and so on. | ||
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If you need money from an Islamic bank to invest something, then the bank may agree to join you and participate in your invest and share the profit and risk with you. | If you need money from an Islamic bank to invest something, then the bank may agree to join you and participate in your invest and share the profit and risk with you. | ||
==== What is a corporate? ==== | ==== What is a corporate? ==== | ||
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* A cooperative is an association for its members to helping each other. | * A cooperative is an association for its members to helping each other. | ||
* A company is an association of legal people with a specific goal. | * A company is an association of legal people with a specific goal. | ||
* A conglomerate is a combination of business entities | * A conglomerate is a combination of many business entities. | ||
* A corporation is an organisation comprised by natural persons | * A corporation is an organisation comprised by natural persons or legal persons to act as a single business entity. | ||
There are several types of companies: | There are several types of companies: | ||
* | * | ||
** In a private company, the company is owned by individuals. | ** In a private company, the company is owned by individuals. | ||
** In a | ** In a joint-stock company, the company's share capitals are tradable. If its stocks are available on a stock exchange, it is then called a “public company”, then its important decisions must be made public as it is funded by the public. | ||
* | * | ||
** In a limited company, the liability of members of the company is limited, which means its members are not liable to repay the debts of the company with the members' own money. | ** In a limited company, the liability of members of the company is limited, which means its members are not liable to repay the debts of the company with the members' own money. | ||
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==== What is a partnership? ==== | ==== What is a partnership? ==== | ||
A partnership is not a legal person, but a relationship among many people. They must share the risks and have unlimited liability to debts. | |||
a general partner is a person who joins such partnership and take responsibility in its business actions. | a general partner is a person who joins such partnership and take responsibility in its business actions. | ||
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* In a limited partnership, there are at least one general partner and at least one limited partner. | * In a limited partnership, there are at least one general partner and at least one limited partner. | ||
* In a limited liability partnership, some or all partners have limited liabilities. | * In a limited liability partnership, some or all partners have limited liabilities. | ||
==== Why do I often see the foreign words when foreign business entities are mentioned? ==== | ==== Why do I often see the foreign words when foreign business entities are mentioned? ==== | ||
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Here is the child page: [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Similar-Business-Entities]] | Here is the child page: [[Language/Multiple-languages/Vocabulary/Similar-Business-Entities]] | ||