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<div class="pg_page_title">[[Language/Moroccan-arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]  → [[Language/Moroccan-arabic/Grammar|Grammar]] → [[Language/Moroccan-arabic/Grammar/0-to-A1-Course|0 to A1 Course]] → Indirect Speech → Reported Speech</div>


<div class="pg_page_title">Moroccan Arabic Grammar → Indirect Speech → Reported Speech</div>
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== Introduction ==
Indirect speech, also known as reported speech, is a common feature in spoken and written communication. In this lesson, you will learn how to report speech and direct quotations in Moroccan Arabic. This is an important skill that will enable you to communicate effectively with others, especially in situations where you want to convey information that someone else has said or written.
In this lesson, we will explore the topic of indirect speech, also known as reported speech, in Moroccan Arabic. Indirect speech is an essential aspect of language learning, as it allows us to convey what others have said or thought. By using reported speech, we can share information, express thoughts, and tell stories in a more dynamic and engaging way. Throughout this lesson, we will delve into the rules and structures of indirect speech in Moroccan Arabic, providing numerous examples and practice exercises to enhance your understanding.


== What is Indirect Speech? ==
Indirect speech, also referred to as reported speech, is a way of relaying what someone has said or thought without using their exact words. In Moroccan Arabic, indirect speech is commonly used in daily conversations, storytelling, and written texts. It allows us to report statements, questions, commands, and other types of utterances made by others.


In indirect speech, the reported words are usually introduced by verbs such as "قال" (qāl) meaning "said", "قالت" (qālat) meaning "said" (feminine), "سأل" (saʾal) meaning "asked", and "ظن" (ẓan) meaning "thought". These verbs are followed by a direct or indirect object pronoun, and then the reported statement.
<span link>After mastering this lesson, these related pages might interest you: [[Language/Moroccan-arabic/Grammar/The-verb-"To-Come"|The verb "To Come"]] & [[Language/Moroccan-arabic/Grammar/The-verb-To-Come|The verb To Come]].</span>
== Direct and Indirect Speech ==
Direct speech is the exact words that someone says or writes in the original context. Indirect speech, on the other hand, is a statement that reports or summarizes what someone else has said or written.  


== Structure of Indirect Speech ==
Here is an example of direct and indirect speech:
The structure of indirect speech in Moroccan Arabic involves several key elements. These include the reporting verb, the reporting clause, and the reported speech itself.


1. Reporting Verb: In indirect speech, the reporting verb introduces the reported words. Common reporting verbs used in Moroccan Arabic include "قال" (qāl), "قالت" (qālat), "سأل" (saʾal), and "ظن" (ẓan).
Direct speech:
‎قال: "أنا سعيد جدًا"
qaal: "ana saeid jiddan"
He said, "I am very happy."


2. Reporting Clause: The reporting clause connects the reporting verb with the reported speech. It typically consists of the reporting verb followed by a direct or indirect object pronoun, which agrees in gender and number with the subject of the reported speech.
Indirect speech:  
قال إنه كان سعيدًا جدًا
qaal 'innahu kaan sa'eedan jiddan
He said he was very happy.


3. Reported Speech: The reported speech contains the actual words spoken or thought by someone. It can include statements, questions, commands, or other types of utterances. The reported speech is often introduced by a complementizer, such as "أن" (ʾan) meaning "that", or "إذا" (idhā) meaning "if".
In the example above, the indirect speech is a statement that reports what someone else has said. Notice how the verb tense changes from present to past in the indirect speech.


Let's examine each of these elements in more detail, with examples to illustrate their usage.
== Reporting Statements ==
When you are reporting what someone has said, there are a few things that you need to keep in mind.  


== Reporting Verbs ==
### Use the correct verb tense
In Moroccan Arabic, there are several common reporting verbs that are used to introduce reported speech. These verbs include:
The verb tense changes in the indirect speech, depending on the time frame of the original statement. Here are a few examples:


* "قال" (qāl) - said (masculine)
Direct speech:
* "قالت" (qālat) - said (feminine)
قال: "أنا أكلت الفطور"
* "سأل" (saʾal) - asked
qaal: "ana 'akalt alfutuur"
* "ظن" (ẓan) - thought
He said, "I ate breakfast."


These reporting verbs are conjugated according to the subject of the reported speech. Here are some examples:
Indirect speech:
قال إنه أكل الفطور
qaal 'innahu 'akala alfutuur
He said he had eaten breakfast.


{| class="wikitable"
Notice how the past tense is used in the indirect speech. This is because the original statement was made in the past.
! Moroccan Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| قال لي الطبيب || qāl lī aṭ-ṭabīb || The doctor said to me
|-
| قالت لهم المعلمة || qālat lahum al-muʿallimah || The teacher said to them
|-
| سألتني سؤالاً || saʾaltnī suʾālan || He asked me a question
|-
| ظنت أنه سيأتي || ẓanat ʾannahu sayati || She thought he would come
|}


== Reporting Clause ==
### Use the correct pronouns
The reporting clause is a crucial element in indirect speech, as it connects the reporting verb with the reported speech. It typically consists of the reporting verb followed by a direct or indirect object pronoun, which agrees in gender and number with the subject of the reported speech.
When you are reporting what someone else has said, you need to change the pronouns to reflect the new context. Here are a few examples:


Here are some examples of reporting clauses in Moroccan Arabic:
Direct speech:  
قال: "أنا إذهب إلى المدينة"
qaal: "ana 'adhhabu 'iilaa almadinah"
He said, "I am going to the city."


* قال لي (qāl lī) - He said to me
Indirect speech:
* قالت لها (qālat lahā) - She said to her
قال إنه سيذهب إلى المدينة
* سألتني (saʾaltnī) - He asked me
qaal 'innahu sayadhhabu 'iilaa almadinah
* ظنت أنه (ẓanat ʾannahu) - She thought he
He said he was going to the city.


== Reported Speech ==
Notice how the pronoun 'I' changes to 'he' in the indirect speech.
The reported speech contains the actual words spoken or thought by someone. It can include statements, questions, commands, or other types of utterances. The reported speech is often introduced by a complementizer, such as "أن" (ʾan) meaning "that", or "إذا" (idhā) meaning "if".


Here are some examples of reported speech in Moroccan Arabic:
### Use the correct reporting verb
When you are reporting speech, you need to use an appropriate reporting verb to introduce the reported speech. Here are a few examples:


* وقال: "أنا ذاهب إلى المدرسة" (wa-qāl: "anā ḏāhib ʾilā al-madrasah") - And he said, "I am going to school."
Direct speech:  
* قالت له: "هل أنت جائع؟" (qālat lahā: "hal ʾanta jāʾiʿ?") - She said to him, "Are you hungry?"
يقول: "أفضل لحم الضأن"
* قال لي: "اكتب هذا الرسالة" (qāl lī: "iktab haḏā ar-risālah") - He said to me, "Write this letter."
yaquul: "afdal lahmi alda'an"
He says, "The best meat is lamb."


== Cultural Insights ==
Indirect speech:
In Moroccan Arabic, indirect speech reflects the cultural values and communication patterns of the Moroccan people. Moroccans value politeness and respect in their interactions, and this is often reflected in the use of indirect speech. Indirect speech allows speakers to convey their thoughts or report the words of others in a more tactful and diplomatic manner.
قال إنه يعتقد أن أفضل لحم هو لحم الضأن
qaal 'innahu yu'taqid 'anna afdal lahmi huwa lahmi alda'an
He said he believes that the best meat is lamb.


Additionally, storytelling is an important part of Moroccan culture, and indirect speech plays a significant role in narrative discourse. Traditional Moroccan stories and folktales are often told using indirect speech, allowing the storyteller to convey the thoughts and words of different characters in a vivid and engaging way.
Notice how the reporting verb changes from 'says' to 'believe' in the indirect speech.


== Practice Exercises ==
## Examples
Now it's time to put your knowledge into practice! Here are some exercises to help you reinforce what you have learned about indirect speech in Moroccan Arabic.
Here is a table with additional examples of how to report speech and direct quotations in Moroccan Arabic:


Exercise 1: Convert Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
{| class="wikitable"
Convert the following sentences from direct speech to indirect speech. Remember to use the appropriate reporting verb, reporting clause, and complementizer.
! Moroccan Arabic !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| "أنا أحب القراءة" || "ana 'ahabbu alqiraa'ah" || "I like reading"
|-
| "لم يقل شيئًا" || "lam yaqul shay'an" || "He didn't say anything"
|-
| "قالت: أحب السفر" || "qaalat: 'ahabbu alsafar" || "She said, 'I like to travel'"
|}


1. He said, "I will come tomorrow."
## Indirect Questions
2. She asked, "Where are you going?"
In Moroccan Arabic, indirect questions are a common way to ask questions in a more polite and indirect manner. They are often used in formal situations or when the speaker is unsure about the information they are requesting.
3. They said, "We want to go to the beach."
4. He thought, "She is a talented musician."


Exercise 2: Report Speech in Different Contexts
Here are a few examples:
Imagine you are a journalist reporting on a conversation between two people. Write a news article using indirect speech to report what was said. Be sure to include the reporting verb, reporting clause, and the reported speech.


Exercise 3: Create a Dialogue
Direct question:  
Create a dialogue between two characters using indirect speech. The dialogue should include statements, questions, and commands. Use the appropriate reporting verbs and reporting clauses to convey the speech.
أين تذهب الآن؟
"ayna tadhabu al'aan?"
Where are you going now?


== Solutions ==
Indirect question:
Exercise 1: Convert Direct Speech to Indirect Speech
هل تستطيع أن تخبرني أين تذهب الآن؟
1. He said that he would come tomorrow.
"hal tastatiu 'an takhbirnii 'ayna tadhabu al'aan?"
2. She asked where you were going.
Can you tell me where you are going now?
3. They said that they wanted to go to the beach.
4. He thought that she was a talented musician.


Exercise 2: Report Speech in Different Contexts
Notice how the indirect question is more formal and indirect than the direct question.
[Your own creative response]


Exercise 3: Create a Dialogue
## Conclusion
[Your own creative response]
In this lesson, you learned how to report speech and direct quotations in Moroccan Arabic. Remember to use the correct verb tense, pronouns, and reporting verb when reporting speech. You also learned how to use indirect questions to ask questions in a more polite and indirect manner.


== Conclusion ==
By practicing these skills, you will become a more effective and confident communicator in Moroccan Arabic.
In this lesson, we explored the topic of indirect speech, or reported speech, in Moroccan Arabic. We learned about the structure of indirect speech, including the reporting verb, reporting clause, and reported speech. Through numerous examples and practice exercises, we practiced converting direct speech to indirect speech and creating dialogues using indirect speech.


Remember to continue practicing and using indirect speech in your conversations, as it will greatly enhance your ability to convey information and express thoughts in Moroccan Arabic. Keep in mind the cultural insights we discussed, as indirect speech reflects the politeness and storytelling traditions of Moroccan culture.
== Sources ==
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reported_speech Reported Speech]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroccan_Arabic Moroccan Arabic]


Congratulations on completing this lesson! You are now one step closer to mastering Moroccan Arabic and becoming a confident speaker. Keep up the great work!
{{#seo:
|title=Moroccan Arabic Grammar → Indirect Speech → Reported Speech
|keywords=Moroccan Arabic, grammar, indirect speech, reported speech
|description=Learn how to report speech and direct quotations in Moroccan Arabic with this comprehensive lesson. Discover the rules of indirect speech, and practice reported speech with examples.
}}


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==Other Lessons==
==Other Lessons==
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* [[Language/Moroccan-arabic/Grammar/Demonstratives|Demonstratives]]
* [[Language/Moroccan-arabic/Grammar/Demonstratives|Demonstratives]]
* [[Language/Moroccan-arabic/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]
* [[Language/Moroccan-arabic/Grammar/Prepositions|Prepositions]]


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