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[[File:Time chinese.jpg|thumb]]
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<div style="font-size:250%;">How to express time and duration in Chinese</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">How to express time and duration in Chinese</div>
Greetings everyone!


Hello everybody!
In this lesson, we will explore the topic of time and duration in Chinese and provide you with useful tools to express these concepts with ease.


In today's lesson, we will teach you how to express time and duration in Chinese.
Understanding how to talk about time is essential to your Chinese learning journey.  


Feel free to edit this wiki page, if you think it can be improved.
As always, we encourage you to edit and contribute to this wiki page to make it an even more valuable resource for all learners.


Once you've made sense of this lesson, you may be interested in exploring these associated areas: [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/%E6%98%AF...%E7%9A%84|是...的]], [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/How-to-ask-a-question-in-Chinese|How to ask a question in Chinese]], [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Express-possession-with-有-(yǒu)|Express possession with 有 (yǒu)]] & [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Modal-Verbs-and-Auxiliary-Verbs|Modal Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs]].
==The time==
==The time==


Line 22: Line 24:
<blockquote>03:00</blockquote>
<blockquote>03:00</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
<!--SPLIT-->
===<span class="notranslate">鐘/钟 (zhōng)</span>===
===<span class="notranslate">鐘/钟 (zhōng)</span>===


Line 38: Line 37:
* <span class="notranslate">七時。/七时。 (Qī shí.)</span>  
* <span class="notranslate">七時。/七时。 (Qī shí.)</span>  
<blockquote>7 o'clock.</blockquote>
<blockquote>7 o'clock.</blockquote>
 
<!--SPLIT-->
===<span class="notranslate">整 (zhěng)</span>===
===<span class="notranslate">整 (zhěng)</span>===


Line 44: Line 43:
* <span class="notranslate">七點整。/七点整。 (Qī diǎn zhěng.)</span>  
* <span class="notranslate">七點整。/七点整。 (Qī diǎn zhěng.)</span>  
<blockquote>7 o'clock sharp.</blockquote>
<blockquote>7 o'clock sharp.</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
 
===Minutes and seconds: <span class="notranslate">分 (fēn)</span> and <span class="notranslate">秒 (miǎo)</span>===
===Minutes and seconds: <span class="notranslate">分 (fēn)</span> and <span class="notranslate">秒 (miǎo)</span>===


The minutes are built with <span class="notranslate">分 (fēn)</span>; the seconds are built with <span class="notranslate">秒 (miǎo)</span>.
The minutes are built with <span class="notranslate">分 (fēn)</span>; the seconds are built with <span class="notranslate">秒 (miǎo)</span>.
* <span class="notranslate">八點五分二十秒。/八点五分二十秒。 (Bā diǎn wǔ fēn 'èrshí miǎo.)</span>
* <span class="notranslate">八點五分二十秒。/八点五分二十秒。 (Bā diǎn wǔ fēn èrshí miǎo.)</span>
<blockquote><span class="notranslate">08:05:20.</span></blockquote>
<blockquote><span class="notranslate">08:05:20.</span></blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->


===<span class="notranslate">半 (bàn)</span> and <span class="notranslate">一刻 (yí kè)</span>===
===<span class="notranslate">半 (bàn)</span> and <span class="notranslate">一刻 (yí kè)</span>===
Line 64: Line 64:
When a syllable that begins with a vowel (zero initial [零聲母/零声母, líng shēngmǔ]), like <span class="notranslate">二 (èr)</span>, is preceded by another syllable, it must be indicated by an apostrophe: <span class="notranslate">shí'èr 十二</span>, <span class="notranslate">Tiān'ānmén 天安門/天安门</span>, etc.
When a syllable that begins with a vowel (zero initial [零聲母/零声母, líng shēngmǔ]), like <span class="notranslate">二 (èr)</span>, is preceded by another syllable, it must be indicated by an apostrophe: <span class="notranslate">shí'èr 十二</span>, <span class="notranslate">Tiān'ānmén 天安門/天安门</span>, etc.
<!--SPLIT-->
<!--SPLIT-->
===Morning and Afternoon: <span class="notranslate">上午 (shàngwǔ)</span> and <span class="notranslate">下午 (xiàwǔ)</span>===
===Morning and Afternoon: <span class="notranslate">上午 (shàngwǔ)</span> and <span class="notranslate">下午 (xiàwǔ)</span>===
In Chinese, we can say <span class="notranslate">13:00 十三點/十三点 (shísān diǎn)</span>, <span class="notranslate">14:00 十四點/十四点 (shísì diǎn)</span>. But it is preferred to say 2 o'clock in the afternoon, 9 o'clock in the morning, etc.
In Chinese, we can say <span class="notranslate">13:00 十三點/十三点 (shísān diǎn)</span>, <span class="notranslate">14:00 十四點/十四点 (shísì diǎn)</span>. But it is preferred to say 2 o'clock in the afternoon, 9 o'clock in the morning, etc.
Line 73: Line 72:
* <span class="notranslate">下午六點鐘。/下午六点钟。 (Xiàwǔ liù diǎn zhōng.)</span>
* <span class="notranslate">下午六點鐘。/下午六点钟。 (Xiàwǔ liù diǎn zhōng.)</span>
<blockquote>6 o'clock pm.</blockquote>
<blockquote>6 o'clock pm.</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->


===What time is it?===
===What time is it?===
Line 79: Line 77:
* <span class="notranslate">現在幾點了?/现在几点了? (Xiànzài jǐ diǎn le?)</span>  
* <span class="notranslate">現在幾點了?/现在几点了? (Xiànzài jǐ diǎn le?)</span>  
<blockquote>What time is it now?</blockquote>
<blockquote>What time is it now?</blockquote>
 
<!--SPLIT-->
We can remove the <span class="notranslate">了 (le)</span> to give less force in the sense of "now":
We can remove the <span class="notranslate">了 (le)</span> to give less force in the sense of "now":


Line 88: Line 86:
* <span class="notranslate">現在三點了。/现在三点了。 (Xiànzài sān diǎn le.)</span>  
* <span class="notranslate">現在三點了。/现在三点了。 (Xiànzài sān diǎn le.)</span>  
<blockquote>It's three o'clock now.</blockquote>
<blockquote>It's three o'clock now.</blockquote>
===Other useful words===
At last, here are other useful words related to time:
*<span class="notranslate">早上 zǎoshànɡ</span> 
<blockquote>(early) morning</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">中午 zhōnɡwǔ</span>
<blockquote>midday, noon</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">晚上 wǎnshànɡ</span>
<blockquote>evening</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">前天 qiántiān </span>
<blockquote>the day before yesterday</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">昨天 zuótiān </span>
<blockquote>yesterday</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">今天 jīntiān </span>
<blockquote>today</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">明天 mínɡtiān </span>
<blockquote>tomorrow</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">後天/后天 hòutiān </span>
<blockquote>the day after tomorrow</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">星期 xīnɡqī</span>
<blockquote>week</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">年 nián </span>
<blockquote>year</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">月 yuè </span>
<blockquote>month</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">日 rì</span>
<blockquote>day</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">號/号 hào</span>
<blockquote>number (of the day)</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
<!--SPLIT-->


Line 109: Line 150:
<blockquote>I'm going home tomorrow morning.</blockquote>
<blockquote>I'm going home tomorrow morning.</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
<!--SPLIT-->
===Time and space===
===Time and space===
If both the "circumstantial complement of place" and "the circumstantial complement of time" are found in the same sentence, which one comes first?
If both the "circumstantial complement of place" and "the circumstantial complement of time" are found in the same sentence, which one comes first?
Line 126: Line 166:
Unlike the punctual time, the duration is not a circumstantial complement (which is placed before the verb), but a verbal complement which is placed after the verb:
Unlike the punctual time, the duration is not a circumstantial complement (which is placed before the verb), but a verbal complement which is placed after the verb:
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語兩年。/我学汉语两年。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián.) </span>  
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語兩年。/我学汉语两年。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián.) </span>  
<blockquote>I learned two years of Chinese.</blockquote>
<blockquote>I have studied Chinese for 2 years.</blockquote>


===Use of <span class="notranslate">了 (le)</span>===
===Use of <span class="notranslate">了 (le)</span>===
Line 138: Line 178:
#In the first sentence, the action does not continue in the present. I studied Chinese 2 years in the past but I am not studying anymore.
#In the first sentence, the action does not continue in the present. I studied Chinese 2 years in the past but I am not studying anymore.
#In the second sentence, the action continues to occur now. I am still studying Chinese now.
#In the second sentence, the action continues to occur now. I am still studying Chinese now.
 
<!--SPLIT-->
===Place of the direct object===
===Place of the direct object===
As the verbal complement is placed after the verb, the place of the direct object can vary:  
As the verbal complement is placed after the verb, the place of the direct object can vary:  
Line 146: Line 186:
*<span class="notranslate">我學兩年漢語了。/我学两年汉语了。 (Wǒ xué liǎng nián hànyǔ le.)</span>  
*<span class="notranslate">我學兩年漢語了。/我学两年汉语了。 (Wǒ xué liǎng nián hànyǔ le.)</span>  
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for two years.</blockquote>
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for two years.</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
But the use of the spoken language is more flexible and the duration can be put behind the direct object:
But the use of the spoken language is more flexible and the duration can be put behind the direct object:


*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語兩年了。/我学汉语两年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián le.)</span>  
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語兩年了。/我学汉语两年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián le.)</span>  
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for two years.</blockquote>
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for two years.</blockquote>
We must therefore remember these two sentences that are often used:
<!--SPLIT-->
<!--SPLIT-->
We must therefore remember these two sentences that are often used:
*<span class="notranslate">你學漢語幾年了?/你学汉语几年了? (Nǐ xué hànyǔ jǐ nián le.) </span>  
*<span class="notranslate">你學漢語幾年了?/你学汉语几年了? (Nǐ xué hànyǔ jǐ nián le.) </span>  
<blockquote>How many years have you been learning Chinese?</blockquote>
<blockquote>How many years have you been learning Chinese?</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語三年了。/我学汉语三年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ sān nián le.) </span>  
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語三年了。/我学汉语三年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ sān nián le.) </span>  
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for three years.</blockquote>
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for three years.</blockquote>
===<span class="notranslate">小時/小时 (xiǎoshí)</span>===
<span class="notranslate">小時/小时 (xiǎoshí)</span> is used for the duration of time. It means “hour”.
* <span class="notranslate">我們一個小時后開會。/我们一个小时后开会。(Wǒmen yīgè xiǎoshí hòu kāihuì.)</span>
<blockquote>We will have a meeting 1 hour later.</blockquote>


==Sources==
==Sources==
Line 167: Line 210:
|title=How to express time in Chinese
|title=How to express time in Chinese
|keywords=time, punctual, duration, now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, years, days
|keywords=time, punctual, duration, now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, years, days
|description=In this lesson we will learn how to express time and duration in Chinese. Grammar rules and examples. Good learning !
|description=In this lesson we will learn how to express time and duration in Chinese. Grammar rules and examples. Happy learning !
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/9/94/Time_chinese.jpg/800px-Time_chinese.jpg
|og:image=https://polyglotclub.com/wiki/images/thumb/9/94/Time_chinese.jpg/800px-Time_chinese.jpg
}}
}}
==Videos==
===For English speakers===
<span class="notranslate"><youtube>Vlo7iJeJFZM</youtube></span>
==Other Lessons==
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Use-the-verb-姓-(xìng)|Use the verb 姓 (xìng)]]
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Classifiers-The-Complete-Guide|Classifiers The Complete Guide]]
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Conditional-Mood|Conditional Mood]]
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/是...的|是...的]]
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Plurals|Plurals]]
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Separable-verbs|Separable verbs]]
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/二-(èr)-versus-两-(liǎng)|二 (èr) versus 两 (liǎng)]]
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Adjectives|Adjectives]]
* [[Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Plural|Plural]]
<span links></span>

Latest revision as of 21:17, 26 March 2023

Time chinese.jpg
How to express time and duration in Chinese

Greetings everyone!

In this lesson, we will explore the topic of time and duration in Chinese and provide you with useful tools to express these concepts with ease.

Understanding how to talk about time is essential to your Chinese learning journey.

As always, we encourage you to edit and contribute to this wiki page to make it an even more valuable resource for all learners.

Once you've made sense of this lesson, you may be interested in exploring these associated areas: 是...的, How to ask a question in Chinese, Express possession with 有 (yǒu) & Modal Verbs and Auxiliary Verbs.

The time[edit | edit source]

點/点 (diǎn)[edit | edit source]

In Chinese, the punctual time (and not the duration) is built with 點/点 (diǎn):

Tell time chinese.jpg

  • 一點/一点 (yī diǎn)

01:00

  • 兩點/两点 (liǎng diǎn)

02:00

  • 三點/三点 (sān diǎn)

03:00

鐘/钟 (zhōng)[edit | edit source]

We can add 鐘/钟 (zhōng) after 點/点 (diǎn), but it is not mandatory.

  • 七點鐘。/七点钟。 (Qī diǎn zhōng.)

7 o'clock.

時/时 (shí)[edit | edit source]

點/点 (diǎn) can be replaced by 時/时 (shí) in formal speech, but 鐘/钟 (zhōng) cannot be added.

  • 七時。/七时。 (Qī shí.)

7 o'clock.

整 (zhěng)[edit | edit source]

If we want to specify that it is the exact time, we can add 整 (zhěng) after 點/点 (diǎn):

  • 七點整。/七点整。 (Qī diǎn zhěng.)

7 o'clock sharp.

Minutes and seconds: 分 (fēn) and 秒 (miǎo)[edit | edit source]

The minutes are built with 分 (fēn); the seconds are built with 秒 (miǎo).

  • 八點五分二十秒。/八点五分二十秒。 (Bā diǎn wǔ fēn èrshí miǎo.)

08:05:20.

半 (bàn) and 一刻 (yí kè)[edit | edit source]

To say “it's half past 3”, use 半 (bàn); to say “it's a quarter past 10”, use 一刻 (yí kè).

  • 三點半。/三点半。 (Sān diǎn bàn.)

It's half past 3.

  • 十點一刻。/十点一刻。 (Shí diǎn yí kè.)

It's a quarter past 10.

Number "two": 兩/两 (liǎng)[edit | edit source]

For the number "two", when it comes to the time, it is necessary to use 兩/两 (liǎng) instead of 二 (èr) and that's only for the number 2, not for the numbers composed with 2 like 12, 22, etc.

Use of the apostrophe[edit | edit source]

When a syllable that begins with a vowel (zero initial [零聲母/零声母, líng shēngmǔ]), like 二 (èr), is preceded by another syllable, it must be indicated by an apostrophe: shí'èr 十二, Tiān'ānmén 天安門/天安门, etc.

Morning and Afternoon: 上午 (shàngwǔ) and 下午 (xiàwǔ)[edit | edit source]

In Chinese, we can say 13:00 十三點/十三点 (shísān diǎn), 14:00 十四點/十四点 (shísì diǎn). But it is preferred to say 2 o'clock in the afternoon, 9 o'clock in the morning, etc.

The word "morning" 上午 (shàngwǔ) or "afternoon" 下午 (xiàwǔ) is placed before the time:

  • 上午九點二十五分。/上午九点二十五分。 (Shàngwǔ jiǔ diǎn èrshíwǔ fēn.)

9:25 am.

  • 下午六點鐘。/下午六点钟。 (Xiàwǔ liù diǎn zhōng.)

6 o'clock pm.

What time is it?[edit | edit source]

The question for asking the time is:

  • 現在幾點了?/现在几点了? (Xiànzài jǐ diǎn le?)

What time is it now?

We can remove the 了 (le) to give less force in the sense of "now":

  • 現在幾點?/现在几点? (Xiànzài jǐ diǎn?)

What time is it?

It is quite possible to answer using 現在/现在 (xiànzài):

  • 現在三點了。/现在三点了。 (Xiànzài sān diǎn le.)

It's three o'clock now.

Other useful words[edit | edit source]

At last, here are other useful words related to time:

  • 早上 zǎoshànɡ

(early) morning

  • 中午 zhōnɡwǔ

midday, noon

  • 晚上 wǎnshànɡ

evening

  • 前天 qiántiān

the day before yesterday

  • 昨天 zuótiān

yesterday

  • 今天 jīntiān

today

  • 明天 mínɡtiān

tomorrow

  • 後天/后天 hòutiān

the day after tomorrow

  • 星期 xīnɡqī

week

  • 年 nián

year

  • 月 yuè

month

  • 日 rì

day

  • 號/号 hào

number (of the day)


The punctual time[edit | edit source]

Rule[edit | edit source]

It is a general rule in Mandarin Chinese that the circumstantial complements are placed before the action verb (we must first set the scene before talking about the action).

The punctual time can take the function of circumstantial complement and thus follows this rule:

  • 我今天打電話。/我今天打电话。 (Wǒ jīntiān dǎ diànhuà.)

I'm calling today.

  • 我明天去看他。 (Wǒ míngtiān qù kān tā.)

I'll go see him tomorrow.

When: 什麽時候/什么时候 (shénme shíhou)[edit | edit source]

The question is 什麽時候/什么时候 (shénme shíhou): when?

Like almost all the interrogative in Mandarin Chinese, the answer words are placed in the same position as the interrogative word:

  • 你什麽時候回家?/你什么时候回家? (Nǐ shénme shíhou huí jiā.)

When do you come home?

  • 我明天上午回家。 (Wǒ míngtiān shàngwǔ huí jiā.)

I'm going home tomorrow morning.

Time and space[edit | edit source]

If both the "circumstantial complement of place" and "the circumstantial complement of time" are found in the same sentence, which one comes first?

Time is considered more general than space. It is therefore first:

  • 我明天在家打電話。/我明天在家打电话。 (Wǒ míngtiān zài jiā dǎ diànhuà.)

I'll call tomorrow at home.

Note that in Chinese, there is no verb tense. These are the words of time that locate the action in the present, past or future.

The duration[edit | edit source]

Rule[edit | edit source]

Unlike the punctual time, the duration is not a circumstantial complement (which is placed before the verb), but a verbal complement which is placed after the verb:

  • 我學漢語兩年。/我学汉语两年。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián.)

I have studied Chinese for 2 years.

Use of 了 (le)[edit | edit source]

Notice the difference between:

  • 我學漢語兩年。/我学汉语两年。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián.)

I have studied Chinese for two years.

and

  • 我學漢語兩年了。/我学汉语两年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián le.)

I have been studying Chinese for two years.

  1. In the first sentence, the action does not continue in the present. I studied Chinese 2 years in the past but I am not studying anymore.
  2. In the second sentence, the action continues to occur now. I am still studying Chinese now.

Place of the direct object[edit | edit source]

As the verbal complement is placed after the verb, the place of the direct object can vary:

The official grammar rule wants it to be in front of the action verb:

  • 我學兩年漢語了。/我学两年汉语了。 (Wǒ xué liǎng nián hànyǔ le.)

I have been learning Chinese for two years.

But the use of the spoken language is more flexible and the duration can be put behind the direct object:

  • 我學漢語兩年了。/我学汉语两年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián le.)

I have been learning Chinese for two years.

We must therefore remember these two sentences that are often used:

  • 你學漢語幾年了?/你学汉语几年了? (Nǐ xué hànyǔ jǐ nián le.)

How many years have you been learning Chinese?

  • 我學漢語三年了。/我学汉语三年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ sān nián le.)

I have been learning Chinese for three years.

小時/小时 (xiǎoshí)[edit | edit source]

小時/小时 (xiǎoshí) is used for the duration of time. It means “hour”.

  • 我們一個小時后開會。/我们一个小时后开会。(Wǒmen yīgè xiǎoshí hòu kāihuì.)

We will have a meeting 1 hour later.

Sources[edit | edit source]

http://www.chine-culture.com/chinois/cours-de-chinois-6-grammaire.php

https://www.hanbridgemandarin.com/article/daily-chinese-learning-tips/time-in-chinese/

Videos[edit | edit source]

For English speakers[edit | edit source]

Other Lessons[edit | edit source]