Editing Language/Mandarin-chinese/Grammar/Time

[[File:Time chinese.jpg|thumb]]
<div style="font-size:250%;">How to express time and duration in Chinese</div>

Hello everybody!

In today's lesson, we will teach you how to express time and duration in Chinese.

Feel free to edit this wiki page, if you think it can be improved.

==The time==

===<span class="notranslate">點/点 (diǎn)</span>===
In Chinese, the punctual time (and not the duration) is built with <span class="notranslate">點/点 (diǎn)</span>:

[[File:Tell time chinese.jpg]]

* <span class="notranslate">一點/一点 (yī diǎn)</span>
<blockquote>01:00</blockquote> 
* <span class="notranslate">兩點/两点 (liǎng diǎn)</span> 
<blockquote>02:00</blockquote>
* <span class="notranslate">三點/三点 (sān diǎn)</span>
<blockquote>03:00</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
===<span class="notranslate">鐘/钟 (zhōng)</span>===

We can add <span class="notranslate">鐘/钟 (zhōng)</span> after <span class="notranslate">點/点 (diǎn)</span>, but it is not mandatory. 

* <span class="notranslate">七點鐘。/七点钟。 (Qī diǎn zhōng.)</span> 
<blockquote>7 o'clock.</blockquote>

===<span class="notranslate">時/时 (shí)</span>===

<span class="notranslate">點/点 (diǎn)</span> can be replaced by <span class="notranslate">時/时 (shí)</span> in formal speech, but <span class="notranslate">鐘/钟 (zhōng)</span> cannot be added.

* <span class="notranslate">七時。/七时。 (Qī shí.)</span> 
<blockquote>7 o'clock.</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
===<span class="notranslate">整 (zhěng)</span>===

If we want to specify that it is the exact time, we can add <span class="notranslate">整 (zhěng)</span> after <span class="notranslate">點/点 (diǎn)</span>:
* <span class="notranslate">七點整。/七点整。 (Qī diǎn zhěng.)</span> 
<blockquote>7 o'clock sharp.</blockquote>

===Minutes and seconds: <span class="notranslate">分 (fēn)</span> and <span class="notranslate">秒 (miǎo)</span>===

The minutes are built with <span class="notranslate">分 (fēn)</span>; the seconds are built with <span class="notranslate">秒 (miǎo)</span>.
* <span class="notranslate">八點五分二十秒。/八点五分二十秒。 (Bā diǎn wǔ fēn 'èrshí miǎo.)</span>
<blockquote><span class="notranslate">08:05:20.</span></blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
===<span class="notranslate">半 (bàn)</span> and <span class="notranslate">一刻 (yí kè)</span>===

To say “it's half past 3”, use <span class="notranslate">半 (bàn)</span>; to say “it's a quarter past 10”, use <span class="notranslate">一刻 (yí kè)</span>. 
* <span class="notranslate">三點半。/三点半。 (Sān diǎn bàn.)</span>
<blockquote>It's half past 3.</blockquote>
* <span class="notranslate">十點一刻。/十点一刻。 (Shí diǎn yí kè.)</span>
<blockquote>It's a quarter past 10.</blockquote>

===Number "two": <span class="notranslate">兩/两 (liǎng)</span>===
For the number "two", when it comes to the time, it is necessary to use <span class="notranslate">兩/两 (liǎng)</span> instead of <span class="notranslate">二 (èr)</span> and that's only for the number 2, not for the numbers composed with 2 like 12, 22, etc.
===Use of the apostrophe===
When a syllable that begins with a vowel (zero initial [零聲母/零声母, líng shēngmǔ]), like <span class="notranslate">二 (èr)</span>, is preceded by another syllable, it must be indicated by an apostrophe: <span class="notranslate">shí'èr 十二</span>, <span class="notranslate">Tiān'ānmén 天安門/天安门</span>, etc.
<!--SPLIT-->
===Morning and Afternoon: <span class="notranslate">上午 (shàngwǔ)</span> and <span class="notranslate">下午 (xiàwǔ)</span>===
In Chinese, we can say <span class="notranslate">13:00 十三點/十三点 (shísān diǎn)</span>, <span class="notranslate">14:00 十四點/十四点 (shísì diǎn)</span>. But it is preferred to say 2 o'clock in the afternoon, 9 o'clock in the morning, etc.

The word "morning" <span class="notranslate">上午 (shàngwǔ)</span> or "afternoon" <span class="notranslate">下午 (xiàwǔ)</span> is placed before the time:
* <span class="notranslate">上午九點二十五分。/上午九点二十五分。 (Shàngwǔ jiǔ diǎn èrshíwǔ fēn.)</span> 
<blockquote>9:25 am.</blockquote>
* <span class="notranslate">下午六點鐘。/下午六点钟。 (Xiàwǔ liù diǎn zhōng.)</span>
<blockquote>6 o'clock pm.</blockquote>

===What time is it?===
The question for asking the time is:
* <span class="notranslate">現在幾點了？/现在几点了? (Xiànzài jǐ diǎn le?)</span> 
<blockquote>What time is it now?</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
We can remove the <span class="notranslate">了 (le)</span> to give less force in the sense of "now":

* <span class="notranslate">現在幾點？/现在几点? (Xiànzài jǐ diǎn?)</span> 
<blockquote>What time is it?</blockquote>

It is quite possible to answer using <span class="notranslate">現在/现在 (xiànzài)</span>:
* <span class="notranslate">現在三點了。/现在三点了。 (Xiànzài sān diǎn le.)</span> 
<blockquote>It's three o'clock now.</blockquote>

===Difference between <span class="notranslate">小时 (Xiǎoshí)</span> and <span class="notranslate">點/点 (diǎn)</span>===
Both words mean hour. 
<span class="notranslate">小时 (Xiǎoshí)</span> is used for the duration of time and <span class="notranslate">點/点 (diǎn)</span> is used to tell the time.

Example with <span class="notranslate">小时 (Xiǎoshí)</span>:   
* <span class="notranslate">我们一个小时 后开会。(Wǒmen yīgè xiǎoshí hòu kāihuì.)</span>
<blockquote>We will have a meeting 1 hour later.</blockquote>

===Other useful words===
At last, here are other useful words related to time:

*<span class="notranslate">早上 zǎoshànɡ</span>   
<blockquote>(early) morning</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">早上 zǎoshànɡ</span>   
<blockquote>(early) morning</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">中午 zhōnɡwǔ</span> 
<blockquote>midday, noon</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">晚上 wǎnshànɡ</span> 
<blockquote>evening</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">前天 qiántiān </span> 
<blockquote>the day before yesterday</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">昨天 zuótiān </span> 
<blockquote>yesterday</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">今天 jīntiān </span> 
<blockquote>today</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">明天 mínɡtiān </span> 
<blockquote>tomorrow</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">后天 hòutiān </span> 
<blockquote>the day after tomorrow</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">星期 xīnɡqī</span> 
<blockquote>week</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">年 nián </span> 
<blockquote>year</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">月 yuè </span> 
<blockquote>month</blockquote>

*<span class="notranslate">日 rì / 号 hào </span> 
<blockquote>date</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
==The punctual time==
===Rule===
It is a general rule in Mandarin Chinese that the circumstantial complements are placed before the action verb (we must first set the scene before talking about the action).

The punctual time can take the function of circumstantial complement and thus follows this rule:
*<span class="notranslate">我今天打電話。/我今天打电话。 (Wǒ jīntiān dǎ diànhuà.) </span> 
<blockquote>I'm calling today.</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">我明天去看他。 (Wǒ míngtiān qù kān tā.) </span> 
<blockquote>I'll go see him tomorrow.</blockquote>

===When: <span class="notranslate">什麽時候/什么时候 (shénme shíhou)</span>===
The question is <span class="notranslate">什麽時候/什么时候 (shénme shíhou)</span>: when?

Like almost all the interrogative in Mandarin Chinese, the answer words are placed in the same position as the interrogative word:
*<span class="notranslate">你什麽時候回家？/你什么时候回家？ (Nǐ shénme shíhou huí jiā.) </span> 
<blockquote>When do you come home?</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">我明天上午回家。 (Wǒ míngtiān shàngwǔ huí jiā.)</span> 
<blockquote>I'm going home tomorrow morning.</blockquote>
<!--SPLIT-->
===Time and space===
If both the "circumstantial complement of place" and "the circumstantial complement of time" are found in the same sentence, which one comes first?

Time is considered more general than space. It is therefore first:

*<span class="notranslate">我明天在家打電話。/我明天在家打电话。 (Wǒ míngtiān zài jiā dǎ diànhuà.) </span> 

<blockquote>I'll call tomorrow at home.</blockquote>

Note that in Chinese, there is no verb tense. These are the words of time that locate the action in the present, past or future.
<!--SPLIT-->
==The duration==

===Rule===
Unlike the punctual time, the duration is not a circumstantial complement (which is placed before the verb), but a verbal complement which is placed after the verb:
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語兩年。/我学汉语两年。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián.) </span> 
<blockquote>I learned two years of Chinese.</blockquote>

===Use of <span class="notranslate">了 (le)</span>===
Notice the difference between:
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語兩年。/我学汉语两年。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián.) </span>
<blockquote>I have studied Chinese for two years.</blockquote>
and
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語兩年了。/我学汉语两年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián le.)</span> 
<blockquote>I have been studying Chinese for two years.</blockquote>

#In the first sentence, the action does not continue in the present. I studied Chinese 2 years in the past but I am not studying anymore.
#In the second sentence, the action continues to occur now. I am still studying Chinese now.
<!--SPLIT-->
===Place of the direct object===
As the verbal complement is placed after the verb, the place of the direct object can vary: 

The official grammar rule wants it to be in front of the action verb:

*<span class="notranslate">我學兩年漢語了。/我学两年汉语了。 (Wǒ xué liǎng nián hànyǔ le.)</span> 
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for two years.</blockquote>
But the use of the spoken language is more flexible and the duration can be put behind the direct object:

*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語兩年了。/我学汉语两年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ liǎng nián le.)</span> 
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for two years.</blockquote>
We must therefore remember these two sentences that are often used:
<!--SPLIT-->
*<span class="notranslate">你學漢語幾年了？/你学汉语几年了？ (Nǐ xué hànyǔ jǐ nián le.) </span> 
<blockquote>How many years have you been learning Chinese?</blockquote>
*<span class="notranslate">我學漢語三年了。/我学汉语三年了。 (Wǒ xué hànyǔ sān nián le.) </span> 
<blockquote>I have been learning Chinese for three years.</blockquote>

==Sources==
http://www.chine-culture.com/chinois/cours-de-chinois-6-grammaire.php

https://www.hanbridgemandarin.com/article/daily-chinese-learning-tips/time-in-chinese/

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|description=In this lesson we will learn how to express time and duration in Chinese. Grammar rules and examples. Good learning !
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==Videos==
===In English===
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