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[[File:Kannada-Alphabet.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Kannada-Alphabet.jpg|thumb]]
Kannada, a Dravidian language, is predominantly spoken in Karnataka, a southwestern state of India. The Kannada alphabet (ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ) evolved from the Kadamba and Chalukya scripts, descendants of the Brahmi script, used between the 5th and 7th centuries AD. In the 19th century, under the influence of Christian missionary organizations, the Kannada and Telugu scripts were standardized.
Kannada is a Dravidian language spoken mainly by the people of Karnataka in the southwestern region of India. The Kannada alphabet (ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ) developed from the Kadamba and Chālukya scripts, descendents of Brahmi, which were used between the 5th and 7th centuries AD. Under the influence of Christian missionary organizations, Kannada and Telugu scripts were standardized at the beginning of the XIX<sup>th</sup> century.


When you've absorbed the information in this lesson, you might enjoy learning more about these related topics: [[Language/Kannada/Grammar/Vowels|Vowels: Pronunciation and Writing]], [[Language/Kannada/Grammar/Conjuncts|Learn about Kannada Grammar Conjuncts with a Kannada ...]].
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After completing this lesson, explore related topics: [[Language/Kannada/Grammar/Vowels|Vowels: Pronunciation and Writing]], [[Language/Kannada/Grammar/Conjuncts|Kannada Grammar Conjuncts]].
==Kannada Consonants==
 
== Kannada Consonants ==
Kannada features a rich set of consonants, divided into structured and unstructured categories.
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Letter'''
!'''Letter'''
Line 115: Line 112:
|[ɭa]
|[ɭa]
|}
|}
There are 2 categories of consonant letters: the '''structured consonants''' and the '''unstructured consonants'''.


=== Kannada Structured Consonants ===
=== Kannada Structured Consonants ===
Structured consonants are grouped based on their articulation points.
The structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into 5 groups.  
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
!Voiceless
!Voiceless
!Voiceless Aspirate
!Voiceless aspirate
!Voiced
!Voiced
!Voiced Aspirate
!Voiced aspirate
!Nasal
!Nasal
|-
|-
!Velars
!Velars
|ಕ (''ka'')
|ಕ (''ka'')
|...
|ಖ (''kha'')
|ಗ (''ga'')
|ಘ (''gha'')
|ಙ (''ṅa'')
|-
!Palatals
|ಚ (''ca'')
|ಛ (''cha'')
|ಜ (''ja'')
|ಝ (''jha'')
|ಞ (''ña'')
|-
!Retroflex
|ಟ (''ṭa'')
|ಠ (''ṭha'')
|ಡ (''ḍa'')
|ಢ (''ḍha'')
|ಣ (''ṇa'')
|-
!Dentals
|ತ (''ta'')
|ಥ (''tha'')
|ದ (''da'')
|ಧ (''dha'')
|ನ (''na'')
|-
!Labials
!Labials
|ಪ (''pa'')
|ಪ (''pa'')
|...
|ಫ (''pha'')
|ಬ (''ba'')
|ಭ (''bha'')
|ಮ (''ma'')
|}
|}


=== Kannada Unstructured Consonants ===
=== Kannada Unstructured consonants ===
Unstructured consonants don't fit into the above categories:
The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into the above structures:


* '''ಯ''' (ya)
* '''ಯ''' (ya)
* ...
* '''ರ''' (ra)
* '''ಱ''' (ṟa; obsolete)
* '''ಲ''' (la)
* '''ವ''' (va)
* '''ಶ''' (śa)
* '''ಷ''' (ṣa)
* '''ಸ''' (sa)
* '''ಹ''' (ha)
* '''ಳ''' (''ḷa'')
* '''ೞ''' (ḻ; obsolete).
* '''ೞ''' (ḻ; obsolete).
 
==Kannada Vowels==
== Kannada Vowels ==
There are 13 vowel letters. When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter.
Kannada has 13 vowels, which are written with diacritics when following a consonant.
 
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Letter'''
!'''Letter'''
Line 155: Line 187:
|a
|a
|[a]
|[a]
|...
|-
|ಆ
|ಾ
|ā
|[aː]
|-
|ಇ
|ಿ
|i
|[i]
|-
|ಈ
|ೀ
|ī
|[iː]
|-
|ಉ
|ು
|u
|[u]
|-
|ಊ
|ೂ
|ū
|[uː]
|-
|ಋ
|ೃ
|rū
|[rɨ]
|-
|ಎ
|ೆ
|e
|[e]
|-
|ಏ
|ೇ
|ē
|[eː]
|-
|ಐ
|ೈ
|ai
|[eʲ]
|-
|ಒ
|ೊ
|o
|[o]
|-
|ಓ
|ೋ
|ō
|[oː]
|-
|ಔ
|ಔ
|ೌ
|ೌ
Line 161: Line 248:
|[oʷ]
|[oʷ]
|}
|}
== Practice and Application ==
Practice writing and pronouncing each consonant and vowel. Pay attention to structured consonants and vowel diacritics.
== Further Learning ==
Continue your Kannada language journey with advanced topics such as sentence structure and verb conjugations.


==Video: Pronunciation==
==Video: Pronunciation==

Revision as of 23:17, 14 November 2023

Kannada-Alphabet.jpg

Kannada is a Dravidian language spoken mainly by the people of Karnataka in the southwestern region of India. The Kannada alphabet (ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ) developed from the Kadamba and Chālukya scripts, descendents of Brahmi, which were used between the 5th and 7th centuries AD. Under the influence of Christian missionary organizations, Kannada and Telugu scripts were standardized at the beginning of the XIXth century.

When you've absorbed the information in this lesson, you might enjoy learning more about these related topics: Vowels: Pronunciation and Writing, Learn about Kannada Grammar Conjuncts with a Kannada ....

Kannada Consonants

Letter IPA
ಕ [ka]
ಖ [kʰa]
ಗ [ɡa]
ಘ [ɡʱa]
ಙ [ŋa]
ಚ [tʃa]
ಛ [tʃʰa]
ಜ [dʒa]
ಝ [dʒʱa]
ಞ [ɲa]
ಟ [ʈa]
ಠ [ʈʰa]
ಡ [ɖa]
ಢ [ɖʱa]
ಣ [ɳa]
ತ [t̪a]
ಥ [t̪ʰa]
ದ [d̪a]
ಧ [d̪ʱa]
ನ [n̪a]
ಪ [pa]
ಫ [pʰa]
ಬ [ba]
ಭ [bʱa]
ಮ [ma]
ಯ [ja]
ರ [ra]
ಲ [l̪a]
ವ [ʋa]
ಶ [ça]
ಷ [ʂa]
ಸ [sa]
ಹ [ħa]
ಳ [ɭa]

There are 2 categories of consonant letters: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants.

Kannada Structured Consonants

The structured consonants are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into 5 groups.

Voiceless Voiceless aspirate Voiced Voiced aspirate Nasal
Velars ಕ (ka) ಖ (kha) ಗ (ga) ಘ (gha) ಙ (ṅa)
Palatals ಚ (ca) ಛ (cha) ಜ (ja) ಝ (jha) ಞ (ña)
Retroflex ಟ (ṭa) ಠ (ṭha) ಡ (ḍa) ಢ (ḍha) ಣ (ṇa)
Dentals ತ (ta) ಥ (tha) ದ (da) ಧ (dha) ನ (na)
Labials ಪ (pa) ಫ (pha) ಬ (ba) ಭ (bha) ಮ (ma)

Kannada Unstructured consonants

The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into the above structures:

  • ಯ (ya)
  • ರ (ra)
  • ಱ (ṟa; obsolete)
  • ಲ (la)
  • ವ (va)
  • ಶ (śa)
  • ಷ (ṣa)
  • ಸ (sa)
  • ಹ (ha)
  • ಳ (ḷa)
  • ೞ (ḻ; obsolete).

Kannada Vowels

There are 13 vowel letters. When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter.

Letter Diacritic ISO IPA
ಅ ◌ a [a]
ಆ ಾ ā [aː]
ಇ ಿ i [i]
ಈ ೀ ī [iː]
ಉ ು u [u]
ಊ ೂ ū [uː]
ಋ ೃ rū [rɨ]
ಎ ೆ e [e]
ಏ ೇ ē [eː]
ಐ ೈ ai [eʲ]
ಒ ೊ o [o]
ಓ ೋ ō [oː]
ಔ ೌ au [oʷ]

Video: Pronunciation

Kannada Online Virtual Keyboard

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