Difference between revisions of "Language/Classical-quechua/Grammar/Gramatical-generalities"

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- Quechua belongs to the group of agglutinating languages ​​in which a root can be followed by one or more suffixes
- Quechua belongs to the group of agglutinating languages ​​in which a root can be followed by one or more suffixes


            Rumi                            Piedra                                        Stone                            
  {| class="wikitable"
 
|Rumi
Rumiwan                       Con la piedra                              With the Stone                                       
|Piedra 
 
|Stone                          
Rumi-lla-wan                 Sólo con la piedra                      Onlv with the Stone                    
|-
 
|Rumiwan
Rumi-lla-wan-raq           Sólo con la piedra todavía          Only with the stone yet 
|Con la piedra
|With the Stone                                     
|-
|Rumi-lla-wan
|Sólo con la piedra
|Onlv with the Stone                  
|-
|Rumi-lla-wan-raq
|Sólo con la piedra todavía
| Only with the stone yet 
|}


In this way a series of sentences can be formed with any root. In some cases the suffix ''chu'' indicates the interrogative form
In this way a series of sentences can be formed with any root. In some cases the suffix ''chu'' indicates the interrogative form


Takinkichu                    Vas a cantar?                            Will you sing?                 
{| class="wikitable"
 
|Takinkichu
Riymanchu                    Puedo ir?                                  Shall i go?         
|Vas a cantar?
|Will you sing?               
|-
|Riymanchu 
|Puedo ir?
|Shall i go?     
|}      


The suffix ''wan'' equals to,
The suffix ''wan'' equals to:


Mamaywan                   Con mi madre                            With my mother  
{| class="wikitable"
|Mamaywan
|Con mi madre
|With my mother
|}


The suffix ''lla'' equals to,
The suffix ''lla'' equals to,:


Ñoqalla                         Solamente yo                             Only me  
{| class="wikitable"
|Ñoqalla
|Solamente yo
|Only me
|}


==GRAMMATIC UNITS==
==GRAMMATIC UNITS==
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In Quechua there are two kinds of morphemes: free and linked. Free are those that constitute words by themselves with a specific meaning, eg:
In Quechua there are two kinds of morphemes: free and linked. Free are those that constitute words by themselves with a specific meaning, eg:


Uma                             Cabeza                                    Head
{| class="wikitable"
|Uma
|Cabeza
|Head
|}


Morpheme linked is the one that never appears only but linked to another morpheme to have meaning:
Morpheme linked is the one that never appears only but linked to another morpheme to have meaning:


Uma-sapa                     Cabezón                                  Big-headed      
{| class="wikitable"
 
|Uma-sapa
As you can see, the sapa particle has no meaning if it is not linked to another morpheme, which does not happen with one that can appear alone. These linked morphemes are called suffixes. In a Quechua sentence there may be three or more suffixes linked to free morpheme ej
|Cabezón
 
|Big-headed      
Wawa                           Criatura                                    Babv               
|}    


Wawa-kuna-man            A las criaturas .                         To the babies               
As you can see, the sapa particle has no meaning if it is not linked to another morpheme, which does not happen with one that can appear alone. These linked morphemes are called suffixes. In a Quechua sentence there may be three or more suffixes linked to free morpheme ej:


Wawa-kuna-man-raq     A las criaturas, primero             To the babies first
{| class="wikitable"
|Wawa
|Criatura
|Babv               
|-
|Wawa-kuna-man
|A las criaturas
|To the  babies               
|-
|Wawa-kuna-man-raq
|A las criaturas, primero
|To the babies first
|}


===Root===
===Root===
- It is called like this some morphemes that do not carry suffixes. They are more numerous and have, in general, a greater number of phonemes, eg:
- It is called like this some morphemes that do not carry suffixes. They are more numerous and have, in general, a greater number of phonemes, eg:


Paya                             Vieja                                         Old woman                                             
{| class="wikitable"
 
|Paya
Mallki                            Arbol                                        Tree       
|Vieja
|Old woman                                           
|-
|Mallki
|Arbol
|Tree     
|} 


===Topic===
===Topic===
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- It is a root stripped of inflectional suffixes or bearing derivation suffixes, as in the case of Quechua, ex:
- It is a root stripped of inflectional suffixes or bearing derivation suffixes, as in the case of Quechua, ex:


Mihuy                           Comer                                     To eat    
{| class="wikitable"
 
|Mihuy
            Mihuna                         Comida                                    Food     
|Comer
 
|To eat  
            Qhaway                       Mirar                                         To look  
|-
 
|Mihuna
            Qhawana                     Mirador                                    Watch-tower       
|Comida
|Food   
|-
|Qhaway 
|Mirar
|To look
|-
|Qhawana
|Mirador
|Watch-tower     
|}


===Word===
===Word===
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- It is the morpheme that can be used independently. In Quechua it can consist of a simple root, ex:
- It is the morpheme that can be used independently. In Quechua it can consist of a simple root, ex:


Karu                             Lejos                                        Far        
{| class="wikitable"
 
|Karu
            Wayna                         Joven                                       Young man        
|Lejos
 
|Far      
|-
|Wayna
|Joven
|Young man      
|}
Or also in a root with derivative and inflectional suffixes. ex:
Or also in a root with derivative and inflectional suffixes. ex:


Karumanta hamuni        Vengo de lejos                         I come from far off
{| class="wikitable"
|Karumanta hamuni
|Vengo de lejos
|I come from far off
|}


===Prayer===
===Prayer===
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- Prayer is a syntactically independent unit. It is simple when it has only one verb, eg: It is said that the sentence is composed when it has more than one verb, ex:
- Prayer is a syntactically independent unit. It is simple when it has only one verb, eg: It is said that the sentence is composed when it has more than one verb, ex:


Ñañay takiyta munan     Mi hermana quiere cantar          My sister wants to sing
{| class="wikitable"
|Ñañay takiyta munan
|Mi hermana quiere cantar
|My sister wants to sing
|}

Revision as of 18:06, 8 November 2018

GRAMATICAL GENERALITIES OF QUECHUA


Typology

- Quechua belongs to the group of agglutinating languages ​​in which a root can be followed by one or more suffixes

Rumi Piedra  Stone                          
Rumiwan Con la piedra With the Stone                                     
Rumi-lla-wan Sólo con la piedra Onlv with the Stone                  
Rumi-lla-wan-raq Sólo con la piedra todavía  Only with the stone yet 

In this way a series of sentences can be formed with any root. In some cases the suffix chu indicates the interrogative form

Takinkichu Vas a cantar? Will you sing?               
Riymanchu  Puedo ir? Shall i go?     

    

The suffix wan equals to:

Mamaywan Con mi madre With my mother

The suffix lla equals to,:

Ñoqalla Solamente yo Only me

GRAMMATIC UNITS

Morfema

- It is the minimum unit of speech with its own meaning.

In Quechua there are two kinds of morphemes: free and linked. Free are those that constitute words by themselves with a specific meaning, eg:

Uma Cabeza Head

Morpheme linked is the one that never appears only but linked to another morpheme to have meaning:

Uma-sapa Cabezón Big-headed      

    

As you can see, the sapa particle has no meaning if it is not linked to another morpheme, which does not happen with one that can appear alone. These linked morphemes are called suffixes. In a Quechua sentence there may be three or more suffixes linked to free morpheme ej:

Wawa Criatura Babv               
Wawa-kuna-man A las criaturas To the babies               
Wawa-kuna-man-raq A las criaturas, primero To the babies first

Root

- It is called like this some morphemes that do not carry suffixes. They are more numerous and have, in general, a greater number of phonemes, eg:

Paya Vieja Old woman                                           
Mallki Arbol Tree     

 

Topic

- It is a root stripped of inflectional suffixes or bearing derivation suffixes, as in the case of Quechua, ex:

Mihuy Comer To eat  
Mihuna Comida Food   
Qhaway  Mirar To look
Qhawana Mirador Watch-tower     

Word

- It is the morpheme that can be used independently. In Quechua it can consist of a simple root, ex:

Karu Lejos Far      
Wayna Joven Young man      

Or also in a root with derivative and inflectional suffixes. ex:

Karumanta hamuni Vengo de lejos I come from far off

Prayer

- Prayer is a syntactically independent unit. It is simple when it has only one verb, eg: It is said that the sentence is composed when it has more than one verb, ex:

Ñañay takiyta munan Mi hermana quiere cantar My sister wants to sing
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