Editing Language/Catalan/Culture/Andorra-History

<div class="pg_page_title">Historical Timeline for Andorra - A chronology of key events</div>
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==Andorra Timeline==
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== Prehistoria of Andorra ==
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|No remains have been found that demonstrate the existence of a population during the Paleolithic.
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|However, there is evidence that the area was inhabited in Neolithic times (3500 BC -  2000 BC). Small groups of people lived near the Valira River, especially in  the parish of Sant Julià de Lòria. Other small groups lived in caves in  Cima de Pal, in Roque de Llunsí, in La Massana and in Arinsal. In 1959, the oldest skeleton found in Andorra was discovered.
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|Little  by little, with the installation of villages at the foot of the Sierra de Enclar, in the Robleda de Cedre and other points they pass to the Bronze Culture, also progressing in the megalithic, as shown by some dolmen in Encamp, rock engravings such as the from the Rock of Les Bruixes, Prats,  Ordino and la Massana. Iberian coins from this period have also been found in Sant Julià de Lòria.
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== From ancient times to the middle ages ==
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|It is known that the ancient Iberians, Celts, Carthaginians and Romans who occupied the Mediterranean coast used Andorra as a refuge from battles. Remains of coins and paintings show the presence of these peoples. As for the language, this  one, in the Valleys, was originally and with great probability a Basque-Iberian type as evidenced by part of Andorran toponymy, with Basque consonances.
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== Beginning of the foundation of the country ==
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=== 714 ===
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|Around  this time the Visigoths, current invaders of Andorra, will be eliminated by  other invaders, the Muslims.
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=== 788 ===
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|The most  exhaustive data suggest that the Andorran territory was consolidated by  Charlemagne, who according to tradition, fought against the Arab army in the  Querol Valley. Initially the Arabs were winning, but a group of Andorran  mountaineers, under the command of Marc Almugàver and coming from the valleys  of the Valira River, appeared in Pimorent and Campcardós to help  Charlemagne's armies to fight against the Arabs.
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|The  grateful emperor granted his protection to Andorra and declared it a  sovereign people (788). The emperor donated tithes and other rights to  the bishops of Urgel.
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|There is  a Charter of the foundation of Andorra, which is preserved in the Archives of  the Principality, granted by Charlemagne to his son Luis, which is not  accepted by all historians because it was drawn up at a much later  time. This document affirms that the Andorrans were their tributaries,  although they did not have to pay more than "a fish" as a tribute,  a curious fact that refers for the first time to the trout of the Valira  River.
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== Epoch of the Counts ==
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=== 817 ===
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|Andorra,  like Urgel and Cerdanya, come under the Carolingian Sovereignty.
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|823-877
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|During  the reign of Carlos el Calvo, the Carolingian empire was dismembered and this  king ceded Andorra to Sunifredo I, Count of Cerdaña and Urgel.
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|839
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|It is  time to remake the Pyrenees regions. The first indisputable document  regarding the history of Andorra is the Act of Consecration and Endowment of  the Cathedral of the Seo de Urgel, where for the first time the valley of  Andorra and its parish division are mentioned as dependents of that diocese,  at the same time as the religious relationship with the Seo de Urgel is  confirmed.
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|Throughout  this century and the next, through purchases or exchanges, the successors of  the Counts of Urgel expanded their properties in Andorra.
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|1133
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|Count  Ermengol VI of Urgel cedes to Bishop Pere Berenguer and to the Cathedral of  Urgel, all the rights he has or may have in the Valleys of Andorra, "in  perpetuity and without any reservation", and the inhabitants of the  Valleys are ordered to swear fidelity to the bishop and his successors and to  punctually observe their duties as good vassals. The territorial domain  of the bishops of Urgel is then transformed into an episcopal lordship, but  conflicts soon arise ...
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|1162
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|With  Bishop Bernat Sanç a concord had to be signed on the appointment of the  Batlles in exchange for the commitment to an annual tribute.
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|1176
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|A new  concord with Bishop Arnau de Preixens completes and clarifies the previous  one.
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|The  unstable situation suffered by both France and Spain during the Middle Ages  with the internal struggles between the small kingdoms and the constant  invasions of the Arabs, forced the Counts of Urgel to request help and agree  an alliance with the counts of Caboet, to protect Andorran parishes.
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|1096
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|Guitard  Isarn de Caboet swears allegiance.
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|1110
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|Guillem  Guitard does.
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|1159
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|Arnau  de Caboet also does it to Bishop Bernat Sanç. Where this union is  consolidated by which, as compensation, it promises to share the domain of  the Principality.
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|1185
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|Arnaua,  eldest daughter of the House of Caboet, marries Arnau de Castellbó, which  links this surname to the destinations of Andorra.
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|1201
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|Bishop  Bernat de Vilamur grants Viscount Arnau de Castellbó and his only daughter  and heir Ermessanda, the investiture of the Andorra Valley, in exchange for  their oath of fidelity.
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|1208
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|Ermessanda  marries the Count of Foix, Roger Bernat II. Marriage alliances further  magnify the House of Foix.
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|1257
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|Roger  Bernat III marries Margarida de Bearn.
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|Time of  conflicts where Pedro III the Great of Aragon supports the bishop's rights,  while his brother Jaume II of Mallorca, Roussillon and Sardinia, married to  Esclarmonda (Roger Bernat III's sister), protects his brother-in-law, the  Count of Foix.
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|1278
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|On  September 8, in Lleida, an agreement is signed, bound by Pere II of  Catalonia, between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Urgel, by which the  latter gives up part of his rights and both remain as co-sovereigns of  Andorra. This agreement is known as the "first pariatge", a  very important event in the history of the Principality.
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|1288
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|On  December 6, both brothers sign a "segon pariatge". The  Andorrans thus have two sovereigns.
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== Modern age ==
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|Time of Conquests and Invasions
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|The changing political life of the  16th century also affected Andorra. Monarchs and nobles viewed it  without much interest, using it only as an exchange for firmer political  strategies.
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|Several  times it was invaded by various kings. The Catholic Monarchs annexed it  to the crown, after the battle against the Dukes of Foix and during the reign  of Carlos V, Andorra was returned to the House of Foix.
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=== 1589 ===
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|Henry  III, King of Navarre and Count of Foix, becomes King of France, under the  name of Henry IV.
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=== 1607 ===
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|Louis  XIII, successor of Henry IV, incorporated the county of Foix to the Crown of  France, a fact that made him co-prince of Andorra with the bishop of Urgel, a  dignity that, two centuries later, when the monarchy of France disappeared,  passed to the successive heads of state.
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|In the  early years of the 18th century, Andorra managed to remain neutral in the War  of the Spanish Succession.
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=== 1715 ===
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|The  bishop of Urgel, Simeó de Guinda, dictates various norms in which the Consuls  of the Valleys of Andorra were instructed not to obey any order that was not  issued by the King of France or himself.
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|The Solidez of Andorra
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=== 1748 ===
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|The  “Manual Digest” appears, a compilation of the uses and customs of Andorra,  made by the most prominent Andorran of the Enlightenment, Antoni Fiter i  Rossell, a doctor of law and nature from Ordino.
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=== 1763 ===
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|Mosén  Antoni Puig, a native of Les Escaldes, writes another work based on the  history of Andorra inspired by that of Dr. Fiter i Rossell, entitled “Politar  Andorrà”, a description of the privileges of the Principality and the powers  of the authorities among other topics .
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=== 1789 ===
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|The  outbreak of the French Revolution leaves Andorra between two powers, France  and Spain, continuously at odds.
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=== 1793 ===
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|On  January 21, when Louis XVI was beheaded, the "pariatge" was  interrupted and France decided to renounce all the seigniorial rights it had  over Andorra and not accept the payment of the Qüestia.
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=== 1794 ===
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|In the  middle of the war with Spain, a French detachment penetrated to Soldeu in an  attempt to occupy the Seo de Urgel.
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=== 1806 ===
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|At the  request of the Andorrans, Napoleon I reestablished the positions of Veguer  and French Batlle, the Qüestia and the customs exemptions granted years ago  by Louis XV.
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|This  definitive reestablishment of the co-ownership marks the beginning of a new  era in the history of Andorra. It could be said that the Valleys of  Andorra open up to the world.
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|The  first books emerge, of which the "Relation on the Valley of  Andorra" by Fray Tomas Junoy should be highlighted.
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=== 1848 ===
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|Halevy's  opera "La Vallée d'Andorre" opens in Paris.
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=== 1852 ===
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|The  zarzuela "El Valle de Andorra" by maestro Gaztambide is premiered  in Madrid.
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=== 1866 ===
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|Guillem  de Plandolit i de Areny, noble and wealthy owner, heads the “Nova Reforma”  (New Reform), which was accepted by Bishop Josep Caixal i Estradé on April 14  of the same year. This profound reform of the institutions grants a more  active participation to the people in the government of the country. The  “Consell General” (General Council) will be made up of 24 “consellers”  (directors) who will be chosen from among the “Síndics”.
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== Twentieth century ==
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|The institutions maintain their  spirit and are curiously respected, such as the Civil Justice, administered  by "batlles", appeals judge and superior courts; the Criminal,  by the "Tribual de Corts"; and the Administrative - neighbor  to neighbor cases - by the "Court of Veeduria".
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===1899===
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|The  Highway Administrative Board is formed.
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===1914===
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|The  first road that communicated Andorra with the Seo de Urgel is built.
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===1914===
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|The  Virgin of Meritxell is declared Patroness of the Valleys of Andorra.
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===1921===
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|On  September 8, the archbishop of Tarragona with the bishop co-prince,  canonically crown the image of the Mare de Déu de Meritxell. This day is  proclaimed as the National Holiday of the Principality.
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|1928 - The Spanish government  creates a postal service between Andorra and publishes stamps on Andorran  items. France will do the same three years later.
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===1929===
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|The first  electrical installations are created.
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===1933===
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|The  route of the road that communicated with the Seo de Urgel to Pas de la Casa,  on the border with France, is completed.
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===1933===
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|On June  10, the “Tribunal de les Corts” dismisses the “Consell” and the permanent  delegates of the co-princes call elections. The electoral system was  reformed on July 17, the date from which any man over the age of 30 could be  elected, and all men over the age of 25 had the right to vote.
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===1935===
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|The  “Consell General” agrees to grant a radio station: “Radio Andorra”.
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===1936-1945===
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|(Spanish  Civil War and World War II)
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|Andorra  continues with its strict neutrality and welcomed the continuous arrival of  political refugees and immigrants.
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===1943===
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|The last  execution takes place in the lands of the Valleys of a condemned to death.
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|The  standard of living in the Principality begins to be that of a modern  country. The population doubles in twelve years and reached 12,199  inhabitants in 1964.
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|The  great commercial and tourist development also begins as a consequence of the  increase in the standard of living. The first facilities for the  practice of winter sports are developed. Skiing is declared a national  sport. New generations of Andorrans trained abroad are beginning to  emerge.
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===1967===
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|Co-Prince  Charles de Gaulle is enthusiastically received in the Principality.
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===1968===
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|The  " Caixa Andorrana de Seguretat Social " (CASS) is  established and the automatic telephone service and telex are inaugurated.
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===1970===
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|The  electoral law is reformed again and women win the right to vote.
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===1973===
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|The  first meeting of the two co-princes since the 13th century, SS. USA Joan  Martí i Alanis and George Pompidou.
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===1978===
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|The  parish of Escaldes-Engordany is separated from that of Andorra la Vella and  becomes the seventh civil parish of the Principality.
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===1982===
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|On  January 14, the first Andorran Government was constituted, chaired by Mr.  Òscar Ribas.
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===1984===
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|The Prime  Minister resigns (Prime Minister).
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===1989===
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|Nationalist  candidates triumph in elections.
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===1990 and 1992===
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|Andorra  signs an agreement with the European Economic Community, the Penal Code is  approved and the population census increases dramatically.
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===1993===
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|Andorra lives its great splendor, with  the approval of the Constitution and the entry into the United  Nations Organization and its entities.
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|At present, Andorra is consolidated  as a great tourist center both in the commercial sense and in the practice of  winter and mountain sports.
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|The  ancestral Co-princes continue to represent the Head of State in Andorra, but  it can be said that both the Bishop of Urgel and the President of the French  Republic, reign but do not govern in Andorra and represent the Principality  although it maintains its autonomy. Both have a permanent representative  for Andorra.
|}

==Source==
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/
* https://www.petitfute.com/

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