Difference between revisions of "Language/Italian/Grammar/Italian-Alphabet"

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Language/Italian/Grammar/Italian-Alphabet (edit)

Revision as of 20:55, 19 May 2024

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→‎Accents and Diacritics
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'''ACCENTS'''  
'''ACCENTS'''  


Every language uses accents for different purposes: in French for example they are mostly used to show the correct pronunciation of a vowel, to distinguish homophone words that have different grammar roles, but they are not used to show the stress, since it is implicit that it always falls on the last syllable; in Castellano, on the other hand, it have the purpose to distinguish homophone words with different grammar roles, to show the right stress when needed, but it is hardly used to show the correct pronunciation of a vowel, since it is very regular already (the only exception could be the dieresis on Ü when the letter must be pronounced in syllables GÜE, GÜI, because it would be silent otherwise).  
Every language uses accents for different purposes and in different ways.  


Nowadays the Italian language uses two accents which are placed only above vowels.  
Nowadays the Italian language uses two accents which are placed only above vowels.  
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One is the '''acute accent''' which may be found only on É and Ó and the other one is the '''grave accent''' which may be found on any vowel À È Ì Ò Ù.  
One is the '''acute accent''' which may be found only on É and Ó and the other one is the '''grave accent''' which may be found on any vowel À È Ì Ò Ù.  


Their purposes are the following ones:
As you can see, only E and O admit two types of accent: you should pick the grave accents on these vowels only when they are pronounced open /ɛ/ or /ɔ/, while you should use the acute accent when they are pronounced closed /e/ or /o/. For the other vowels only the grave accents is the correct one.


- distinguishing homophone words that have a different grammar role (like in Castellano or French); '''mandatory for correct spelling'''
Their are used:


* LA -> feminine singular article -- LÀ -> adverb "there"
- to distinguish homophone words that have a different grammar role (like in Castellano or French); '''mandatory for correct spelling'''
* SI -> pronoun for "itself, himself, herself" -- SÌ -> "yes"
* NE -> pronoun that means "of this, that, these, those" -- NÉ -> "nor, neither"
* DA -> preposition "from" -- DÀ -> he/she/it gives (verb)  


- marking the stress of a plurisyllabic word when it falls on the very last letter; '''mandatory for correct spelling'''
* LA -> feminine singular article -- LÀ -> adverb "there"
* SI -> pronoun for "itself, himself, herself" -- SÌ -> "yes"
* NE -> pronoun that means "of this, that, these, those" -- NÉ -> "nor, neither"
* DA -> preposition "from" -- DÀ -> he/she/it gives (verb)
*E -> "and" -- È -> it, she, he is (verb)
 
- to mark the stress of a plurisyllabic word when it falls on the very last letter; '''mandatory for correct spelling'''


* VERITÀ -> stress on 'a'
* VERITÀ -> stress on 'a'
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* COMPÌ -> stress on 'i'
* COMPÌ -> stress on 'i'


- marking the stress of a monosyllabic word when it contains I + VOWEL and the stress falls on this very last vowel: in these cases we knoe we must not pronounce the vowels as a hiatus; '''mandatory for correct spelling'''
- marking the stress of a monosyllabic word when it contains I + VOWEL and the stress falls on this very last vowel: in these cases you know you must not pronounce the vowels as a hiatus; '''mandatory for correct spelling'''


* GIÀ -> the stress shows that the word is monosyllabic and that is pronounced /dʒa/ and not /dʒia/ with a hiatus
* GIÀ -> the stress shows that the word is monosyllabic and that is pronounced /dʒa/ and not /'dʒia/ with a hiatus
* PIÙ -> the stress shows that the word is monosyllaboc and that is pronounced /pju/ and not /piu/ with a hiatus
* PIÙ -> the stress shows that the word is monosyllaboc and that is pronounced /pju/ and not /'piu/ with a hiatus
* GIÙ -> pronounced /dʒu/ and not /'dʒiu/
* GIÙ -> pronounced /dʒu/ and not /'dʒiu/


- distinguishing homograph words that olny differs for the stress; '''non''' '''mandatory for correct spelling'''
- to distinguish homograph words that only differs for the stress; '''NON''' '''mandatory for correct spelling'''
 
*
 
=== Acute Accent (L'accento Acuto) ===
 
The acute accent (´) shows that the vowel 'e' and 'o' are closed, thus pronounced respectively as /e/ and /o/. It must be written only when:
*


=== Grave Accent (L'accento Grave) ===
* ÀNCORA -> "anchor" -- ANCÓRA -> "one more time" or "again"
* PRÌNCIPI -> "princes" -- PRINCÌPI -> "principles"


The grave accent (`) that in Italian is called l'accento grave, is used exclusively on the vowel "e" and "a". It specifies a different pronunciation, indicating that the stressed syllable is on the penultimate syllable, while without an accent in the same word with the stressed syllable on the final vowel. It is also used to distinguish homographic words.


Examples:
In Italian were once used the circumflex accent and the umlaut accent but nowadays they are never used by Italians (with some very rare exceptions).
* né (nor) - stressed on 'e'
* ne' (short for 'nei' or 'nella', in the + female/male/feminine/masculine) - stressed on 'e'
* là (there) - stressed on 'a'
* la (the + feminine) - stressed on final 'a'


=== Circonflexe Accent (L'accento Circonflesso) ===


The circumflex accent (ˆ) that in Italian is called l'accento circonflesso, is only applied on the vowel "i" and "u". When applied on the vowel "i" it indicates that it is pronounced separately from the other vowels in the word.
'''APOSTROPHE'''


Example:
The Italian language uses the apostrophe like French or English. It usually stands at the end of a word when some of the final letters are dropped for phonetic reasons.
* vergogna (shame) - pronounced as "ver-gò-gna"


While when on the vowel "u", an accent is placed to distinguish homophonic forms.
L'AQUILA -> "L' " stands for "LA" in front of wirds beginning with a vowel


Examples:
UN'OCA -> UN' stands for "UNA" in front of words beginning with a vowel
* tuo (your + masculine) ~ to (so)
* su (on) ~ sù (up)


=== Diaresis (La dieresi) ===
UN PO' -> PO' stands for "POCO": this is a very common Italian expression which can be translated as "a little, a bit"


The diaeresis (¨) that in Italian is called la dieresi, is placed on the vowel "i" and "u" to indicate that these vowels are to be pronounced separately.
TUTT'ALTRO -> TUTT' stands for "TUTTO"


Example:
C'È -> C' stands for "CI": This expression means "there is"
* lingua (*language) - pronounced as "lin-gua" with separate "i"


== Conclusion ==
== Conclusion ==
Davide93
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