Language/English/Grammar/Contractions

Contractions in English

Contractions are shortened words or groups of words, and they are always informal. In most cases, they are formed by adding a contracted suffix, usually beginning with an apostrophe, to another word.

Since contractions are not required in English, it is more important to be able to interpret them than to produce them. In fact, contractions should be avoided altogether in formal texts.

Here are the common contractions:

-'d (had / would)

Followed by an infinitive verb (without to) (e.g. be, do, have, go, eat, open), -'d is short for would. Followed by the past participle (e.g. been, done, had, gone, eaten, opened), it is short for had. If the verb is irregular and the infinitive is the same as the past participle, you may have to use context to determine the best interpretation.

• I'd put it there - I would put it there / I had put it there
• He'd left it behind - He had left it behind
• She'd found the last key - She had found the last key
• I'd trust you if you smiled more - I would trust you if you smiled more
• You'd have been better off if you'd finished what you'd started - You would have been better off if you had finished what you had started

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-'ll (will)

He'll - He will

I'll - I will

It'll - It will

She'll - She will

They'll - They will

We'll - We will

You'll - You will

What'll - What will

• Tomorrow I'll go to the store, because my refrigerator is almost empty!
• They'll start tomorrow - They will start tomorrow

~~

-'m (am)

I'm - I am

• I'm utterly exhausted, but I'm not giving up.

~~

-'re (are)

They're - They are

We're - We are

Where're - Where are

What're - What are

Why're - Why are

How're - How are

~~

-'s (has / is)

Don't confuse this with the possessive marker 's!

• Sam's a great friend - Sam is a great friend

• Sam's found something - Sam has found something

• Sam's dog is grey (That is, Sam has a dog, which is grey - this is the possessive marker and it is not considered a contraction!)

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-'ve (have)

Could've - Could have

I've - I have

Should've - Should have

They've - They have

Would've - Would have

You've - You have

• I could've gone to the gym, I should've gone to the gym, and I would've gone to the gym, but I didn't. Now I've gained weight!

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-n't (not)

"Shall" and "will" change to "shan't" and "won't" when "-n't" is added.

As a general rule, -n't takes priority over other contractions. For example, "I have not" usually contracts to "I haven't" rather than "I've not". However, "It is not" can contract to either "It isn't" or "It's not", "We/you/they are not" can contract to either "We/you/they aren't" or "We're/you're/they're not", and "I am not" usually contracts to "I'm not".

Ain't - Am not (This one is very, very informal. I would recommend avoiding it.)

Can't - Cannot

Couldn't - Could not

Didn't - Did not

Doesn't - Does not

Hadn't - Had not

Hasn't - Has not

Haven't - Have not

Isn't - Is not

Oughtn't - Ought not

Shan't - Shall not

Shouldn't - Should not

Wasn't - Was not

Weren't - Were not

Won't - Will not

Won't ever - Will never

Wouldn't - Would not

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't- (it)

This contraction is archaic. You may find it in old stories or in poetry, but it no longer exists in everyday speech. If you like learning obscure features that you don't really need to bother knowing, this is for you.

'Tis - It is (Everyday equivalent: It's)

'Twas - It was (No everyday equivalent contraction; just use It was)

'Twill - It will (Everyday equivalent: It'll)

• 'Twas a cold winter's night, and all the stars did cry.
• 'Tisn't as far as he thinks. (Yes, -n't can be added to 'tis and 'twas.)

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gonna (going to)

This contraction is very informal and generally used in speech rather than in writing.

• I'm gonna go home now.
• He gonna make it?

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wanna (want to)

Like gonna, this contraction is extremely informal, and it may also be associated with petulant childishness.

• You wanna try?
• Don't wanna go to bed! Wanna watch the movie!

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Finally, I'm sure there are more that I've missed, but these should help get you started on using Contractions in English!