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Line 543: |
| === How to tell the one being referenced is animate or inanimate? === | | === How to tell the one being referenced is animate or inanimate? === |
| ==== By the context. ==== | | ==== By the context. ==== |
|
| |
| === How to tell the one being referenced is human or animal? ===
| |
| ==== By the no-gender pronoun. ====
| |
|
| |
| ==== By the human and animal pronouns. ====
| |
| {| class="wikitable"
| |
| !language
| |
| !word
| |
| !note
| |
| |-
| |
| |Finnish
| |
| |se/ne
| |
| |for inanimate and non-human animate things
| |
| |-
| |
| |Thai
| |
| |มัน
| |
| |for inanimate and non-human animate things
| |
| |}
| |
Revision as of 13:51, 26 October 2018
If you have learned some languages, you will want to ask a question like this: what can I do to express something in this language.
Different languages have different answers.
Far from being completed.
pronoun
How to indicate the speaker?
By the first-person singular pronoun.
Are there different first-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
language
|
word
|
note
|
Amharic
|
እኔ
|
|
Arabic
|
أَنَا
|
|
Basque
|
ni
|
|
Bengali
|
আমি
|
|
Chinese
|
我
|
|
English
|
I
|
|
French
|
je
|
|
German
|
ich
|
|
Hausa
|
ni
|
|
Hebrew
|
אֲנִי
|
|
Hindi
|
मैं; हम
|
the latter can also mean plural
|
Italian
|
io
|
|
Javanese
|
aku
|
|
Kabyle
|
nekk
|
|
Kannada
|
ನಾನು
|
|
Malayalam
|
ഞാന്
|
|
Marathi
|
मी
|
|
Mon
|
အဲ
|
|
Portuguese
|
eu
|
|
Punjabi
|
ਮੈਂ
|
|
Russian
|
я
|
|
Spanish
|
yo
|
|
Swahili
|
mimi
|
|
Tamil
|
நான்
|
|
Telugu
|
నేను
|
|
Tigrinya
|
ኣነ
|
|
Turkish
|
ben
|
|
Urdu
|
ہم; میں
|
The latter can also mean plural
|
Yes.
language
|
word
|
note
|
Burmese
|
ကျွန်တော်; ကျွန်မ; ငါ; ကျုပ်
|
formal, male; formal, female; informal; more polite
|
Indonesian
|
saya; aku
|
formal; informal
|
Japanese
|
私(わたし); 私(わたくし); 僕; あたし; 俺
|
common; formal; informal; female; male
|
Khmer
|
ខ្ញុំ; ខ្ញុំបាទ; នាងខ្; ខ្ញុំព្រះករុណា; ខ្ញុំព្រះអង្គ; ខ្ញុំម្ចាស់
|
common; formal, male; formal, female; royalty; royalty, male; royalty, female
|
Korean
|
나; 저
|
common; formal
|
Malay
|
saya; aku; daku; hamba; patik; beta
|
formal; informal; poetic; lowest social strata; facing royalties; royalties
|
Thai
|
ผม; ดิฉัน; ฉัน; กระหม่อม; ข้าพเจ้า; หนู; กู
|
male; female; informal; more formal; more formal; child to adult; crude
|
Tsafiki
|
la; čiʰké; če
|
adult male; adult female; immature
|
Vietnamese
|
tôi; tớ; ta; mình
|
common; informal; informal; intimate
|
How to indicate the listener?
By the second-person singular pronoun.
Are there different second-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
language
|
word
|
note
|
English
|
you
|
|
Malayalam
|
നീ
|
|
Mon
|
ဗှ်ေ
|
|
Swahili
|
wewe
|
|
Tibetan
|
ཁྱེད་རང
|
|
Vietnamese
|
bạn
|
|
Yes.
language
|
word
|
note
|
Amharic
|
አንተ; አንቺ; እርስዎ
|
to male; to female; formal
|
Arabic
|
أَنْتَ ; أَنْتِ ; حَضْرَتَك ; حَضْرَتِك
|
to male; to female; to male, formal; to female, formal
|
Bengali
|
তুই; তুমি; আপনি
|
informal; intimate; formal
|
Burmese
|
နင်; မင်း; ခင်ဗျား; ရှင်
|
informal; informal; formal, by male; formal, by female
|
Chinese Mandarin
|
你; 您
|
informal; formal
|
French
|
tu; vous
|
informal; formal
|
German
|
du; Sie
|
informal; formal
|
Hebrew
|
אַתָּה; אַתְּ
|
to male; to female
|
Hindi
|
तू; तुम; आप
|
informal; polite; more polite
|
Italian
|
tu; lei
|
informal; formal
|
Japanese
|
貴方; 君; お前; あんた; てまえ; 貴様
|
polite; familiar; intimate or rude; by female or by older male; vulgar, by male; insulting
|
Khmer
|
លោក; លោកស្រី; នាងស្រី; អ្នក
|
to male or Buddhist monk; to older female; to younger female; common
|
Korean
|
당신; 너; 네; 자네
|
common; informal; informal; to low social strata
|
Malay
|
kamu; awak; anda; dikau; engkau
|
common; informal; formal; poetic; poetic, informal
|
Portuguese
|
tu; você
|
familiar in Portugal, rarely used in Brazil; polite in Portugal, general in Brazil
|
Russian
|
ты; Вы; вы
|
familiar; polite; polite
|
Spanish
|
tú; usted; vos
|
familiar; polite; familiar
|
Tamil
|
நீ; நீங்கள்; தாங்கள்
|
familiar; polite; more polite
|
Telugu
|
నీవు; మీరు
|
familiar; polite
|
Thai
|
คุณ; เธอ; มึง; เอ็ง; ท่าน; นาย; หล่อน; เรา; โยม; ประสก; สีกา
|
colloquial; polite; vulgar, familiar; less vulgar, familiar; colloquial; colloquial, to male; colloquial, to female; elder to younger; vulgar; priest to layperson; priest to layman; priest to laywoman
|
Tigrinya
|
ንስኻ; ንስኺ; ንስኹም; ንስኽን
|
informal, to male; informal, to female; formal, to male; formal, to female
|
Turkish
|
sen; siz
|
familiar; polite
|
Urdu
|
آپ; تم; تو
|
formal; less informal; informal
|
Yoruba
|
ìwọ; ệyin
|
informal; formal
|
How to indicate a person being neither the speaker nor the listener?
By the third-person singular pronoun.
Are there different third-person singular pronouns for different use?
No.
language
|
word
|
note
|
Chinese Cantonese
|
佢
|
|
Filipino
|
siya
|
|
Finnish
|
hän
|
|
Haitian
|
li
|
|
Hindi
|
वह
|
|
Hungarian
|
ő
|
|
Igbo
|
ọ
|
|
Malay/Indonesian
|
dia
|
|
Persian
|
او
|
|
Swahili
|
yeye
|
|
Turkish
|
o
|
|
Punjabi
|
ਉਹ
|
|
Shona
|
iye
|
|
Urdu
|
وہ
|
|
Yes.
language
|
word
|
note
|
Amharic
|
እሱ; እሷ
|
male; female
|
Arabic
|
هُوَ; هِيَ
|
male; female
|
Basque
|
bera; hura
|
male; female
|
Bengali
|
সে; আপনি
|
familiar; polite
|
Burmese
|
သူ; သူမ
|
male or colloquial female; formal female
|
Chinese Mandarin
|
他; 她
|
male; female
|
English
|
he; she
|
male; female
|
French
|
il; elle
|
male; female
|
German
|
er; sie
|
male; female
|
Hausa
|
shíi; ’ítá
|
male; female
|
Hebrew
|
הוא; היא
|
male; female
|
Italian
|
lui; lei; egli; ella
|
male; female; male, literary; female, literary
|
Japanese
|
彼; 彼女
|
male; female
|
Kannada
|
ಇವನು; ಇವ; ಅವನು; ಅವ; ಇವಳು; ಅವಳು
|
this male; this male; that male; that male; this female; that female
|
Khmer
|
គាត់; នាង
|
male; female
|
Korean
|
그; 그녀
|
male; female
|
Malayalam
|
അവൻ; അവൾ
|
male; female
|
Portuguese
|
ele; ela
|
male; female
|
Russian
|
он; она
|
male; female
|
Somali
|
isagu; iyada
|
male; female
|
Spanish
|
él; ella
|
male; female
|
Tamil
|
அவர்; அவள்
|
male; female
|
Telugu
|
అతను; ఆమె
|
male; female
|
Vietnamese
|
anh ta; bà ấy
|
male; female
|
Yoruba
|
oun; o
|
male; female
|
= Human and animal. =
language
|
word
|
note
|
Finnish
|
se/ne
|
for inanimate and non-human animate things
|
Thai
|
มัน
|
for inanimate and non-human animate things
|
= Animate and inanimate. =
language
|
word
|
note
|
Finnish
|
se/ne
|
for inanimate and non-human animate things
|
Persian
|
آن
|
for singular inanimate things
|
Thai
|
มัน
|
for inanimate and non-human animate things
|
How to indicate people including the speaker and excluding the listener?
By the first-person plural pronoun and context.
By the first-person plural pronoun (exclusive “we”).
How to indicate people excluding the speaker and including the listener?
By the second-person plural pronoun.
How to indicate people including the speaker and the listener?
By the first-person plural pronoun and context.
By the first-person plural pronoun (inclusive “we”).
How to indicate people excluding the speaker and the listener?
By the third-person plural pronoun.
Are there different first-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.
Are there different second-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.
Are there different third-person plural pronouns for different use?
No.
Yes.
How to tell the one being referenced is animate or inanimate?
By the context.