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<div class="pg_page_title">Esperanto Grammar - Plurals</div>
<div class="pg_page_title">Esperanto Grammar - Plurals</div>
Hi Esperanto learners!😊<br>Learning [https://polyglotclub.com/language/esperanto Esperanto] Grammar can be a challenge, but it's also a lot of fun! In this lesson, we'll be looking at plurals in Esperanto. __TOC__


== What are Plurals? ==
Hi [https://polyglotclub.com/language/esperanto Esperanto] learners! 😊<br>In this lesson, we will talk about plurals in Esperanto. Plurals are used in every language, and Esperanto is no exception. They indicate that you're talking about more than one thing or person. So let's take a deeper look at how plurals work in Esperanto.
Plurals are words that refer to more than one person, place, or thing. In English, we usually add an 's' to the end of a word to make it plural. For example, the word "cat" becomes "cats" when it is plural.
Β 
__TOC__
Β 
== Basic rules ==
Β 
In Esperanto, the basic rule for forming the plural is very simple: just add "-j" at the end of the noun. For example:
Β 
{| class="wikitable"
! Esperanto !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| domo || 'domo' || house
|-
| domoj || 'domoy' || houses
|}
Β 
Note that the consonant before "j" is pronounced, and the "j" itself is pronounced like the "y" in "yes."
Β 
Another example:
Β 
{| class="wikitable"
! Esperanto !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| libro || 'libro' || book
|-
| libroj || 'libroy' || books
|}
Β 
Now let's see a dialogue:
Β 
* Person 1: Mi ŝatas legi libron. ('mee SHA-tas LE-gee LEE-bron') (I like to read a book.)
* Person 2: Kial ne legi multajn librojn? ('KEY-al neh LE-gee MOOL-tine LEE-broyne?') (Why not read many books?)
Β 
As you can see, by adding "-j" at the end of the noun, you're pluralizing it, and it's very simple to do. However, there are some cases where additional rules come into play.
Β 
== Special cases ==
Β 
There are a few special cases where you need to pay attention to the ending of the noun before adding "-j" to form the plural.
Β 
=== Nouns ending in "-o" ===


In Esperanto, plurals are formed differently. Instead of adding an 's', you add a 'j'. For example, the word "kato" (cat) becomes "katoj" (cats).
For example, if the noun ends in "-o," but the previous letter is a consonant, you need to add "-j" and change the "-o" to "-oj." For example:


== Plural Endings ==
{| class="wikitable"
The ending 'j' is used for most nouns in Esperanto. However, there are some exceptions. Here are the different endings for plurals in Esperanto:
! Esperanto !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| boto || 'BO-to' || boat
|-
| botoj || 'BO-toy' || boats
|}


* Nouns ending in 'o': add 'j' (e.g. kato β†’ katoj)
But if the noun ends in "-oj," then just add "-j" to form the plural. For example:
* Nouns ending in 'a': add 'j' (e.g. hundo β†’ hundoj)
* Nouns ending in 'e': add 'j' (e.g. birdo β†’ birdoj)
* Nouns ending in 'i': add 'j' (e.g. floro β†’ floroj)
* Nouns ending in 'u': add 'j' (e.g. domo β†’ domoj)
* Nouns ending in 'an': add 'oj' (e.g. urbo β†’ urboj)
* Nouns ending in 'on': add 'oj' (e.g. leono β†’ leonoj)
* Nouns ending in 'ar': add 'oj' (e.g. akvo β†’ akvoj)


== Plural Adjectives ==
{| class="wikitable"
Adjectives also change when they are used with plural nouns. To make an adjective plural, you add the ending 'aj'. For example, the word "bela" (beautiful) becomes "belaj" (beautiful) when it is used with a plural noun.
! Esperanto !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| abomeno || 'a-bo-MEH-no' || abomination
|-
| abomenoj || 'a-bo-MEH-noy' || abominations
|}


== Plural Pronouns ==
=== Nouns ending in "-a" or "-e" ===
Pronouns also change when they are used with plural nouns. To make a pronoun plural, you add the ending 'j'. For example, the word "mi" (I) becomes "ni" (we) when it is used with a plural noun.


== Practice ==
If a noun ends in "-a" or "-e," add "-j" after the vowel to form the plural. For example:
Now that you know how to form plurals in Esperanto, it's time to practice! Try making the following words plural: Β 


* domo (house)
{| class="wikitable"
* hundo (dog)
! Esperanto !! Pronunciation !! English
* floro (flower)
|-
| lanterno || 'lan-TER-no' || lantern
|-
| lanternoj || 'lan-TER-noy' || lanterns
|-
| biero || 'BE-ro' || beer
|-
| bieroj || 'BE-roy' || beers
|}


Answer: domoj, hundoj, floroj.
=== Nouns ending in "-io" ===


To improve your [[Language/Esperanto|Esperanto]] [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar|Grammar]], you can also use the [https://polyglotclub.com Polyglot Club] website. [https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=37 Find native speakers] and ask them any [https://polyglotclub.com/language/esperanto/question questions]!
If a noun ends in "-io," change the "-io" to "-i" and add "-j" to create the plural. For example:
Β 
{| class="wikitable"
! Esperanto !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| vorto || 'VOR-to' || word
|-
| vortoj || 'VOR-toy' || words
|-
| regiono || 're-GIO-no' || region
|-
| regionoj || 're-GIO-noy' || regions
|}
Β 
Now let's see a dialogue using special cases:
Β 
* Person 1: Vidu tiun belan hundon kun grandaj orelmuffoj! ('VEE-du TEE-oohn BEL-an HOON-don kun GRAND-aj o-rel-MOOF-o(y)!') (Look at that beautiful dog with big earmuffs!)
* Person 2: Jes, li estas haviginta multajn ĝojigaġojn al ni. ('YES, lee EH-stas ha-vee-GINT-ah MOOL-tine JOY-ee-gah-JOY-ne al nee.') (Yes, he has brought us many joyful things.)
Β 
== Irregular nouns ==
Β 
As in any language, there are some irregular nouns in Esperanto that don't follow the standard rules for plurals. Here are a few examples:


<hr>If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.<br>Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎
{| class="wikitable"
! Esperanto !! Pronunciation !! English
|-
| viro || 'VEE-ro' || man
|-
| homoj || 'HO-moy' || men
|-
| virino || 'vee-REE-no' || woman
|-
| virinoj || 'vee-REE-noy' || women
|-
| infano || 'in-FA-no' || child
|-
| infanaro || 'in-fa-NA-ro' || children
|}


As you can see, the plural forms of these irregular nouns don't follow the "-j" rule, so it's important to memorize them.


Now let's see a dialogue using irregular nouns:


==Videos==
* Person 1: Kie estas la infanoj? ('KEY-eh EH-stas la in-FA-noy?') (Where are the children?)
* Person 2: Ili estas tie kun la viroj kaj virinoj. ('EE-lee EH-stas TEE-eh kun la VEE-roy kaj veer-EE-noy.') (They are over there with the men and women.)


===Esperanto lesson 2: Nouns, adjectives, plurals, and articles - YouTube===
== Recap ==
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exVduwoZKH4</youtube>


===Learn Esperanto - Direct Method 01 - YouTube===
To sum up, here are the rules for forming plurals in Esperanto:
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZPzSIemRz4</youtube>


===Esperanto lesson 1: Alphabet and Pronunciation - YouTube===
1. Add "-j" to the end of the noun to form the plural.
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bLx5hLag6WQ</youtube>
2. If the noun ends in "-o" preceded by a consonant, change it to "-oj" and add "-j".
3. If the noun ends in "-io," change it to "-i" and add "-j."
4. If the noun ends in "-a" or "-e," add "-j" after the vowel.
5. Memorize irregular nouns.


===Esperanto lesson 3: Pronouns, infinitives, present tense, adverbs ...===
To improve your [[Language/Esperanto|Esperanto]] [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar|Grammar]], you can also use the [https://polyglotclub.com Polyglot Club] website. [https://polyglotclub.com/find-friends.php?search=send&d=0&f=36&offre1=37 Find native speakers] and ask them any [https://polyglotclub.com/language/esperanto/question questions]!
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6LPRMylvhQ</youtube>


===Esperanto Basics 1 - YouTube===
== Sources ==
<youtube>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OhDQRYD9rw</youtube>
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto Esperanto]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_grammar#Number Esperanto Grammar - Number]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural Plural]


{{#seo:
|title=Esperanto Grammar - Plurals
|keywords=Esperanto, language, grammar, plurals, irregular nouns
|description=Learn how to form plurals in Esperanto with examples and explanations of special cases and irregular nouns.
}}


==Related Lessons==
<hr>➑ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.<br>➑ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/Word-Order|Word Order]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/Past-Tense|Past Tense]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/Past-Participle-in-Esperanto|Past Participle in Esperanto]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/Interrogative-Sentences|Interrogative Sentences]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/Comaratives-and-Superlatives|Comaratives and Superlatives]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/Adverb|Adverb]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/THE-CORRELATIVES|THE CORRELATIVES]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/COMPARATIVES|COMPARATIVES]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/Gender|Gender]]
* [[Language/Esperanto/Grammar/WORD-BUILDING|WORD BUILDING]]


{{Esperanto-Page-Bottom}}
{{Esperanto-Page-Bottom}}

Revision as of 23:16, 4 March 2023

Esperanto-Language-PolyglotClub.png


Esperanto Grammar - Plurals

Hi Esperanto learners! 😊
In this lesson, we will talk about plurals in Esperanto. Plurals are used in every language, and Esperanto is no exception. They indicate that you're talking about more than one thing or person. So let's take a deeper look at how plurals work in Esperanto.

Basic rules

In Esperanto, the basic rule for forming the plural is very simple: just add "-j" at the end of the noun. For example:

Esperanto Pronunciation English
domo 'domo' house
domoj 'domoy' houses

Note that the consonant before "j" is pronounced, and the "j" itself is pronounced like the "y" in "yes."

Another example:

Esperanto Pronunciation English
libro 'libro' book
libroj 'libroy' books

Now let's see a dialogue:

  • Person 1: Mi ŝatas legi libron. ('mee SHA-tas LE-gee LEE-bron') (I like to read a book.)
  • Person 2: Kial ne legi multajn librojn? ('KEY-al neh LE-gee MOOL-tine LEE-broyne?') (Why not read many books?)

As you can see, by adding "-j" at the end of the noun, you're pluralizing it, and it's very simple to do. However, there are some cases where additional rules come into play.

Special cases

There are a few special cases where you need to pay attention to the ending of the noun before adding "-j" to form the plural.

Nouns ending in "-o"

For example, if the noun ends in "-o," but the previous letter is a consonant, you need to add "-j" and change the "-o" to "-oj." For example:

Esperanto Pronunciation English
boto 'BO-to' boat
botoj 'BO-toy' boats

But if the noun ends in "-oj," then just add "-j" to form the plural. For example:

Esperanto Pronunciation English
abomeno 'a-bo-MEH-no' abomination
abomenoj 'a-bo-MEH-noy' abominations

Nouns ending in "-a" or "-e"

If a noun ends in "-a" or "-e," add "-j" after the vowel to form the plural. For example:

Esperanto Pronunciation English
lanterno 'lan-TER-no' lantern
lanternoj 'lan-TER-noy' lanterns
biero 'BE-ro' beer
bieroj 'BE-roy' beers

Nouns ending in "-io"

If a noun ends in "-io," change the "-io" to "-i" and add "-j" to create the plural. For example:

Esperanto Pronunciation English
vorto 'VOR-to' word
vortoj 'VOR-toy' words
regiono 're-GIO-no' region
regionoj 're-GIO-noy' regions

Now let's see a dialogue using special cases:

  • Person 1: Vidu tiun belan hundon kun grandaj orelmuffoj! ('VEE-du TEE-oohn BEL-an HOON-don kun GRAND-aj o-rel-MOOF-o(y)!') (Look at that beautiful dog with big earmuffs!)
  • Person 2: Jes, li estas haviginta multajn ĝojigaΔ΅ojn al ni. ('YES, lee EH-stas ha-vee-GINT-ah MOOL-tine JOY-ee-gah-JOY-ne al nee.') (Yes, he has brought us many joyful things.)

Irregular nouns

As in any language, there are some irregular nouns in Esperanto that don't follow the standard rules for plurals. Here are a few examples:

Esperanto Pronunciation English
viro 'VEE-ro' man
homoj 'HO-moy' men
virino 'vee-REE-no' woman
virinoj 'vee-REE-noy' women
infano 'in-FA-no' child
infanaro 'in-fa-NA-ro' children

As you can see, the plural forms of these irregular nouns don't follow the "-j" rule, so it's important to memorize them.

Now let's see a dialogue using irregular nouns:

  • Person 1: Kie estas la infanoj? ('KEY-eh EH-stas la in-FA-noy?') (Where are the children?)
  • Person 2: Ili estas tie kun la viroj kaj virinoj. ('EE-lee EH-stas TEE-eh kun la VEE-roy kaj veer-EE-noy.') (They are over there with the men and women.)

Recap

To sum up, here are the rules for forming plurals in Esperanto:

1. Add "-j" to the end of the noun to form the plural. 2. If the noun ends in "-o" preceded by a consonant, change it to "-oj" and add "-j". 3. If the noun ends in "-io," change it to "-i" and add "-j." 4. If the noun ends in "-a" or "-e," add "-j" after the vowel. 5. Memorize irregular nouns.

To improve your Esperanto Grammar, you can also use the Polyglot Club website. Find native speakers and ask them any questions!

Sources

➑ If you have any questions, please ask them in the comments section below.
➑ Feel free to edit this wiki page if you think it can be improved. 😎


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