Difference between revisions of "Language/Mandinka/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation"
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(Created page with "==Writing== Mandinka sometimes uses the Latin alphabet and sometimes the Arabic alphabet, the use of the latter being more traditional. But since 1949 there has also been a...") |
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But since 1949 there has also been a new script specific to the Mande languages, n'ko, developed by the Guinean linguist Souleymane Kante. | But since 1949 there has also been a new script specific to the Mande languages, n'ko, developed by the Guinean linguist Souleymane Kante. | ||
===Latin | === Latin Alphabet === | ||
==== Consonants ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Latin | |||
|('), aa, ee | |||
|(', with ''madda'' ŋ) | |||
|b, p | |||
|t | |||
|''t'' | |||
|''t'' | |||
|c, j | |||
|h | |||
|h | |||
| | |||
|d | |||
|r | |||
|s | |||
|s (sh) | |||
|''s'' | |||
|''s'' | |||
|''s'' | |||
|f | |||
|l | |||
|m | |||
|n, ñ, ŋ | |||
|w | |||
|y | |||
|k, g | |||
|la | |||
|} | |||
==== Vowels ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Latin | |||
|a, e | |||
|i, e, ee | |||
|o, u | |||
|(no following vowel) | |||
|''e'' | |||
|aŋ, eŋ | |||
|iŋ, eeŋ, eŋ | |||
|oŋ, uŋ | |||
|aa | |||
|ii | |||
|oo, uu | |||
|- | |||
!Mandinka names of Arabic marks: | |||
|sira tilidiŋo; | |||
|sira tilidiŋo duuma; | |||
|ŋoo biriŋo; | |||
|sira murumuruliŋo; | |||
|tambi baa duuma; | |||
|sira tilindiŋo fula; | |||
|sira tilindiŋo duuma fula; | |||
|ŋoo biriŋo fula. | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== Arabic Alphabet === | |||
==== Consonants ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Arabic | |||
|ا | |||
|ع | |||
|ب | |||
|ت | |||
|ط | |||
|ض | |||
|ج | |||
|ه | |||
|ح | |||
|خ | |||
|د | |||
|ر | |||
|س | |||
|ش | |||
|ص | |||
|ث | |||
|ظ | |||
|ڢ | |||
|ل | |||
|م | |||
|ن | |||
|و | |||
|ي | |||
|ك | |||
|لا | |||
|} | |||
==== Vowels ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Arabic | |||
|ـَ | |||
|ـِ | |||
|ـُ | |||
|ـْ | |||
|ـִ | |||
|ـً | |||
|ـٍ | |||
|ـٌ | |||
|ـَا | |||
|ـِي | |||
|ـُو | |||
|- | |||
!Mandinka names of Arabic marks: | |||
|sira tilidiŋo; | |||
|sira tilidiŋo duuma; | |||
|ŋoo biriŋo; | |||
|sira murumuruliŋo; | |||
|tambi baa duuma; | |||
|sira tilindiŋo fula; | |||
|sira tilindiŋo duuma fula; | |||
|ŋoo biriŋo fula. | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
=== N'ko === | |||
==== Vowels ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|ô | |||
/ɔ/ | |||
|o | |||
/o/ | |||
|ou | |||
/u/ | |||
|è | |||
/ɛ/ | |||
|i | |||
/i/ | |||
|é | |||
/e/ | |||
|a | |||
/a/ | |||
|- | |||
|ߐ | |||
|ߏ | |||
|ߎ | |||
|ߍ | |||
|ߌ | |||
|ߋ | |||
|ߊ | |||
|} | |||
==== Consonants ==== | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
|ra | |||
/ɾa/ | |||
|da | |||
/da/ | |||
|tcha | |||
/t͡ʃa/ | |||
|dja | |||
/d͡ʒa/ | |||
|ta | |||
/ta/ | |||
|pa | |||
/pa/ | |||
|ba | |||
/ba/ | |||
|- | |||
|ߙ | |||
|ߘ | |||
|ߗ | |||
|ߖ | |||
|ߕ | |||
|ߔ | |||
|ߓ | |||
|- | |||
|ma | |||
/ma/ | |||
|la | |||
/la/ | |||
|ka | |||
/ka/ | |||
|fa | |||
/fa/ | |||
|gba | |||
/ɡ͡ba/ | |||
|sa | |||
/sa/ | |||
|rra | |||
/ra/ | |||
|- | |||
|ߡ | |||
|ߟ | |||
|ߞ | |||
|ߝ | |||
|ߜ | |||
|ߛ | |||
|ߚ | |||
|- | |||
|n' | |||
/n̩/ | |||
| | |||
|ya | |||
/ja/ | |||
|wa | |||
/wa/ | |||
|ha | |||
/ha/ | |||
|na | |||
/na/ | |||
|nya | |||
/ɲa/ | |||
|- | |||
|ߒ | |||
| | |||
|ߦ | |||
|ߥ | |||
|ߤ | |||
|ߣ | |||
|ߢ | |||
|} | |||
== Phonology == | |||
=== Tone === | |||
Mandinka has two tones, high and low. | |||
:* /búŋ/ 'a room' > /búŋò/ 'the room | |||
:* /tèŋ/ 'a palm tree' > /tèŋô/ 'the palm tree' | |||
:* /kídí/ 'a gun' > /kídòò/ 'the gun' | |||
:* /kòrdàà/ 'a house' > /kòrdáà/ 'the house' | |||
In Senegal and Gambia, Mandinka is approaching a system of pitch accent under the influence of local non-tonal languages such as Wolof, Serer, and Jola. | |||
=== Vowels === | |||
Vowel qualities are /i e a o u/. All may be long or short. | |||
* vowels: a e i o u | |||
* long vowels: aa ee ii oo uu | |||
=== Consonants === | |||
* consonants: b c d f g h j k l m n ñ ŋ pr s t w y | |||
The letter g is rare. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! colspan="2" | | |||
!Labial | |||
!Alveolar | |||
!Palatal | |||
!Velar | |||
!Glottal | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Nasal | |||
|m | |||
|n | |||
|ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | |||
|ŋ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" |Stop | |||
!voiceless | |||
|(p) | |||
|t | |||
|t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ | |||
|k | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!voiced | |||
|b | |||
|d | |||
|d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | |||
|(g) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
!Fricative | |||
!voiceless | |||
|f | |||
|s | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|h | |||
|- | |||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | |||
|w | |||
|l (r) | |||
|j ⟨y⟩ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} |
Revision as of 19:38, 27 January 2022
Writing
Mandinka sometimes uses the Latin alphabet and sometimes the Arabic alphabet, the use of the latter being more traditional.
But since 1949 there has also been a new script specific to the Mande languages, n'ko, developed by the Guinean linguist Souleymane Kante.
Latin Alphabet
Consonants
Latin | ('), aa, ee | (', with madda ŋ) | b, p | t | t | t | c, j | h | h | d | r | s | s (sh) | s | s | s | f | l | m | n, ñ, ŋ | w | y | k, g | la |
---|
Vowels
Latin | a, e | i, e, ee | o, u | (no following vowel) | e | aŋ, eŋ | iŋ, eeŋ, eŋ | oŋ, uŋ | aa | ii | oo, uu |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mandinka names of Arabic marks: | sira tilidiŋo; | sira tilidiŋo duuma; | ŋoo biriŋo; | sira murumuruliŋo; | tambi baa duuma; | sira tilindiŋo fula; | sira tilindiŋo duuma fula; | ŋoo biriŋo fula. |
Arabic Alphabet
Consonants
Arabic | ا | ع | ب | ت | ط | ض | ج | ه | ح | خ | د | ر | س | ش | ص | ث | ظ | ڢ | ل | م | ن | و | ي | ك | لا |
---|
Vowels
Arabic | ـَ | ـِ | ـُ | ـْ | ـִ | ـً | ـٍ | ـٌ | ـَا | ـِي | ـُو |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mandinka names of Arabic marks: | sira tilidiŋo; | sira tilidiŋo duuma; | ŋoo biriŋo; | sira murumuruliŋo; | tambi baa duuma; | sira tilindiŋo fula; | sira tilindiŋo duuma fula; | ŋoo biriŋo fula. |
N'ko
Vowels
ô
/ɔ/ |
o
/o/ |
ou
/u/ |
è
/ɛ/ |
i
/i/ |
é
/e/ |
a
/a/ |
ߐ | ߏ | ߎ | ߍ | ߌ | ߋ | ߊ |
Consonants
ra
/ɾa/ |
da
/da/ |
tcha
/t͡ʃa/ |
dja
/d͡ʒa/ |
ta
/ta/ |
pa
/pa/ |
ba
/ba/ |
ߙ | ߘ | ߗ | ߖ | ߕ | ߔ | ߓ |
ma
/ma/ |
la
/la/ |
ka
/ka/ |
fa
/fa/ |
gba
/ɡ͡ba/ |
sa
/sa/ |
rra
/ra/ |
ߡ | ߟ | ߞ | ߝ | ߜ | ߛ | ߚ |
n'
/n̩/ |
ya
/ja/ |
wa
/wa/ |
ha
/ha/ |
na
/na/ |
nya
/ɲa/ | |
ߒ | ߦ | ߥ | ߤ | ߣ | ߢ |
Phonology
Tone
Mandinka has two tones, high and low.
- /búŋ/ 'a room' > /búŋò/ 'the room
- /tèŋ/ 'a palm tree' > /tèŋô/ 'the palm tree'
- /kídí/ 'a gun' > /kídòò/ 'the gun'
- /kòrdàà/ 'a house' > /kòrdáà/ 'the house'
In Senegal and Gambia, Mandinka is approaching a system of pitch accent under the influence of local non-tonal languages such as Wolof, Serer, and Jola.
Vowels
Vowel qualities are /i e a o u/. All may be long or short.
- vowels: a e i o u
- long vowels: aa ee ii oo uu
Consonants
- consonants: b c d f g h j k l m n ñ ŋ pr s t w y
The letter g is rare.
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ | ||
Stop | voiceless | (p) | t | t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ | k | |
voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | (g) | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | ||
Approximant | w | l (r) | j ⟨y⟩ |