Difference between revisions of "Language/Mandinka/Pronunciation/Alphabet-and-Pronunciation"

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(Created page with "==Writing== Mandinka sometimes uses the Latin alphabet and sometimes the Arabic alphabet, the use of the latter being more traditional. But since 1949 there has also been a...")
 
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But since 1949 there has also been a new script specific to the Mande languages, n'ko, developed by the Guinean linguist Souleymane Kante.
But since 1949 there has also been a new script specific to the Mande languages, n'ko, developed by the Guinean linguist Souleymane Kante.


===Latin alphabet===
=== Latin Alphabet ===
The letters of the Latin alphabet used represent a sound. Double vowels are long vowels.
 
==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin
|('), aa, ee
|(', with ''madda'' ŋ)
|b, p
|t
|''t''
|''t''
|c, j
|h
|h
|
|d
|r
|s
|s (sh)
|''s''
|''s''
|''s''
|f
|l
|m
|n, ñ, ŋ
|w
|y
|k, g
|la
|}
 
==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Latin
|a, e
|i, e, ee
|o, u
|(no following vowel)
|''e''
|aŋ, eŋ
|iŋ, eeŋ, eŋ
|oŋ, uŋ
|aa
|ii
|oo, uu
|-
!Mandinka names of Arabic marks:
|sira tilidiŋo;
|sira tilidiŋo duuma;
|ŋoo biriŋo;
|sira murumuruliŋo;
|tambi baa duuma;
|sira tilindiŋo fula;
|sira tilindiŋo duuma fula;
|ŋoo biriŋo fula.
|
|
|
|}
 
=== Arabic Alphabet ===
 
==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Arabic
|ا
|ع
|ب
|ت
|ط
|ض
|ج
|ه
|ح
|خ
|د
|ر
|س
|ش
|ص
|ث
|ظ
|ڢ
|ل
|م
|ن
|و
|ي
|ك
|لا
|}
 
==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Arabic
|ـَ
|ـِ
|ـُ
|ـْ
|ـִ
|ـً
|ـٍ
|ـٌ
|ـَا
|ـِي
|ـُو
|-
!Mandinka names of Arabic marks:
|sira tilidiŋo;
|sira tilidiŋo duuma;
|ŋoo biriŋo;
|sira murumuruliŋo;
|tambi baa duuma;
|sira tilindiŋo fula;
|sira tilindiŋo duuma fula;
|ŋoo biriŋo fula.
|
|
|
|}
 
=== N'ko ===
 
==== Vowels ====
{| class="wikitable"
|ô
/ɔ/
|o
/o/
|ou
/u/
|è
/ɛ/
|i
/i/
|é
/e/
|a
/a/
|-
|ߐ
|ߏ
|ߎ
|ߍ
|ߌ
|ߋ
|ߊ
|}
 
==== Consonants ====
{| class="wikitable"
|ra
/ɾa/
|da
/da/
|tcha
/t͡ʃa/
|dja
/d͡ʒa/
|ta
/ta/
|pa
/pa/
|ba
/ba/
|-
|ߙ
|ߘ
|ߗ
|ߖ
|ߕ
|ߔ
|ߓ
|-
|ma
/ma/
|la
/la/
|ka
/ka/
|fa
/fa/
|gba
/ɡ͡ba/
|sa
/sa/
|rra
/ra/
|-
|ߡ
|ߟ
|ߞ
|ߝ
|ߜ
|ߛ
|ߚ
|-
|n'
/n̩/
| 
|ya
/ja/
|wa
/wa/
|ha
/ha/
|na
/na/
|nya
/ɲa/
|-
|ߒ
| 
|ߦ
|ߥ
|ߤ
|ߣ
|ߢ
|}
 
== Phonology ==
 
=== Tone ===
Mandinka has two tones, high and low.
:* /búŋ/ 'a room' > /búŋò/ 'the room
:* /tèŋ/ 'a palm tree' > /tèŋô/ 'the palm tree'
:* /kídí/ 'a gun' > /kídòò/ 'the gun'
:* /kòrdàà/ 'a house' > /kòrdáà/ 'the house'
In Senegal and Gambia, Mandinka is approaching a system of pitch accent under the influence of local non-tonal languages such as Wolof, Serer, and Jola.
 
=== Vowels ===
Vowel qualities are /i e a o u/. All may be long or short.
* vowels: a e i o u
* long vowels: aa ee ii oo uu
 
=== Consonants ===
* consonants: b c d f g h j k l m n ñ ŋ pr s t w y
The letter g is rare.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n
|ɲ ⟨ñ⟩
|ŋ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Stop
!voiceless
|(p)
|t
|t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩
|k
|
|-
!voiced
|b
|d
|d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩
|(g)
|
|-
!Fricative
!voiceless
|f
|s
|
|
|h
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|w
|l (r)
|j ⟨y⟩
|
|
|}

Revision as of 19:38, 27 January 2022

Writing

Mandinka sometimes uses the Latin alphabet and sometimes the Arabic alphabet, the use of the latter being more traditional.

But since 1949 there has also been a new script specific to the Mande languages, n'ko, developed by the Guinean linguist Souleymane Kante.

Latin Alphabet

Consonants

Latin ('), aa, ee (', with madda ŋ) b, p t t t c, j h h d r s s (sh) s s s f l m n, ñ, ŋ w y k, g la

Vowels

Latin a, e i, e, ee o, u (no following vowel) e aŋ, eŋ iŋ, eeŋ, eŋ oŋ, uŋ aa ii oo, uu
Mandinka names of Arabic marks: sira tilidiŋo; sira tilidiŋo duuma; ŋoo biriŋo; sira murumuruliŋo; tambi baa duuma; sira tilindiŋo fula; sira tilindiŋo duuma fula; ŋoo biriŋo fula.

Arabic Alphabet

Consonants

Arabic ا ع ب ت ط ض ج ه ح خ د ر س ش ص ث ظ ڢ ل م ن و ي ك لا

Vowels

Arabic ـَ ـِ ـُ ـْ ـִ ـً ـٍ ـٌ ـَا ـِي ـُو
Mandinka names of Arabic marks: sira tilidiŋo; sira tilidiŋo duuma; ŋoo biriŋo; sira murumuruliŋo; tambi baa duuma; sira tilindiŋo fula; sira tilindiŋo duuma fula; ŋoo biriŋo fula.

N'ko

Vowels

ô

/ɔ/

o

/o/

ou

/u/

è

/ɛ/

i

/i/

é

/e/

a

/a/

ߐ ߏ ߎ ߍ ߌ ߋ ߊ

Consonants

ra

/ɾa/

da

/da/

tcha

/t͡ʃa/

dja

/d͡ʒa/

ta

/ta/

pa

/pa/

ba

/ba/

ߙ ߘ ߗ ߖ ߕ ߔ ߓ
ma

/ma/

la

/la/

ka

/ka/

fa

/fa/

gba

/ɡ͡ba/

sa

/sa/

rra

/ra/

ߡ ߟ ߞ ߝ ߜ ߛ ߚ
n'

/n̩/

  ya

/ja/

wa

/wa/

ha

/ha/

na

/na/

nya

/ɲa/

ߒ   ߦ ߥ ߤ ߣ ߢ

Phonology

Tone

Mandinka has two tones, high and low.

  • /búŋ/ 'a room' > /búŋò/ 'the room
  • /tèŋ/ 'a palm tree' > /tèŋô/ 'the palm tree'
  • /kídí/ 'a gun' > /kídòò/ 'the gun'
  • /kòrdàà/ 'a house' > /kòrdáà/ 'the house'

In Senegal and Gambia, Mandinka is approaching a system of pitch accent under the influence of local non-tonal languages such as Wolof, Serer, and Jola.

Vowels

Vowel qualities are /i e a o u/. All may be long or short.

  • vowels: a e i o u
  • long vowels: aa ee ii oo uu

Consonants

  • consonants: b c d f g h j k l m n ñ ŋ pr s t w y

The letter g is rare.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ ŋ
Stop voiceless (p) t t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ k
voiced b d d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ (g)
Fricative voiceless f s h
Approximant w l (r) j ⟨y⟩
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