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| [[File:persian-alphabet.gif|thumb]]
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| Lingala is a Bantu language spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a large part of the Republic of the Congo.
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| In today's lesson, we will study the Alphabet and the pronunciation of each letter.
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| __TOC__
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| ----
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| ==Alphabet==
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| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| !Letter | | !Letter |
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| |} | | |} |
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| == Phonology ==
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| === Vowels ===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| !
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| !Front
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| !Back
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| |-
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| !Close
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| |i
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| |u
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| |-
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| !Close-mid
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| |e
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| |o
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| |-
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| !Open-mid
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| |ɛ
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| |ɔ
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| |-
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| !Open
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| |a
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| !IPA
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| !Example (IPA)
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| !Example (written)
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| !Meaning
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| !Notes
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| |-
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| |i
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| |/lilála/
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| |lilála
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| |orange
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| |-
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| |u
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| |/kulutu/
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| |kulútu
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| |elder
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| |-
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| |e
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| |/eloᵑɡi/
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| |elongi
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| |face
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| |-
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| |o
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| |/mobáli/
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| |mobáli
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| |boy
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| |pronounced slightly higher than the cardinal o,
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| realized as [o̝]
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| |-
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| |ɛ
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| |/lɛlɔ́/
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| |lɛlɔ́
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| |today
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| |-
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| |ɔ
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| |/ᵐbɔ́ᵑɡɔ/
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| |mbɔ́ngɔ
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| |money
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| |-
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| |a
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| |/áwa/
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| |áwa
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| |here
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| |}
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| ==== Vowel harmony ====
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| Lingala words show vowel harmony to some extent. The close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/ normally do not mix with the open-mid vowels /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ in words. For example, the words ''ndɔbɔ'' 'fishhook' and ''ndobo'' 'mouse trap' are found, but not ''*ndɔbo'' or ''*ndobɔ''.
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| ==== Vowel shift ====
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| The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from /ɔ/ to /o/, leading to the absence of the phoneme /ɔ/ in favor of /o/. The same occurs with /ɛ/ and /e/, leading to just /e/. So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say ''mbóte'' as /ᵐbóte/, compared to the more traditional pronunciation of /ᵐbɔ́tɛ/.
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| === Consonants ===
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| !
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| ! colspan="2" |Labial
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| ! colspan="2" |Alveolar
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| ! colspan="2" |Post-
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| alveolar
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| !Palatal
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| ! colspan="2" |Velar
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| |-
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| !<small>Nasal</small>
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| |m
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| |n
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| |ɲ
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| |-
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| !<small>Stop</small>
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| |p
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| |b
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| |t
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| |d
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| | colspan="2" |
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| |k
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| |g
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| |-
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| !Pre-nasalized
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| |ᵐp
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| |ᵐb
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| |ⁿt
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| ⁿs
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| |ⁿd
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| ⁿz
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| | colspan="2" |
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| |ᵑk
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| |ᵑg
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| |-
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| !<small>Fricative</small>
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| |f
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| |v
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| |s
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| |z
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| |ʃ
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| |(ʒ)
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| | colspan="2" |
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| |-
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| !<small>Approximant</small>
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| |w
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| |l
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| |j
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| |}
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| !IPA
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| !Example (IPA)
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| !Example (written)
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| !Meaning
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| |-
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| |p
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| |/napɛ́si/
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| |napɛ́sí
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| |I give
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| |-
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| |ᵐp
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| |/ᵐpɛᵐbɛ́ni/
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| |mpɛmbɛ́ni
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| |near
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| |-
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| |b
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| |/boliᵑɡo/
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| |bolingo
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| |love
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| |-
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| |ᵐb
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| |/ᵐbɛlí/
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| |mbɛlí
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| |knife
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| |-
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| |t
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| |/litéja/
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| |litéya
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| |lesson
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| |-
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| |ⁿt
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| |/ⁿtɔ́ᵑɡɔ́/
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| |ntɔ́ngó
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| |dawn
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| |-
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| |d
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| |/daidai/
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| |daidai
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| |sticky
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| |-
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| |ⁿd
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| |/ⁿdeko/
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| |ndeko
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| |sibling, cousin, relative
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| |-
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| |k
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| |/mokɔlɔ/
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| |mokɔlɔ
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| |day
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| |-
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| |ᵑk
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| |/ᵑkóló/
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| |nkóló
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| |owner
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| |-
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| |ɡ
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| |/ɡalamɛ́lɛ/
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| |galamɛ́lɛ
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| |grammar
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| |-
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| |ᵑɡ
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| |/ᵑɡáí/
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| |ngáí
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| |me
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| |-
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| |m
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| |/mamá/
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| |mamá
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| |mother
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| |-
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| |n
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| |/bojini/
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| |boyini
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| |hate
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| |-
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| |ɲ
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| |/ɲama/
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| |nyama
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| |animal
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| |-
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| |f
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| |/fɔtɔ́/
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| |fɔtɔ́
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| |photograph
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| |-
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| |v
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| |/veló/
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| |veló
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| |bicycle
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| |-
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| |s
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| |/sɔ̂lɔ/
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| |sɔ̂lɔ
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| |truly
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| |-
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| |ⁿs
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| |/ɲɔ́ⁿsɔ/
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| |nyɔ́nsɔ
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| |all
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| |-
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| |z
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| |/zɛ́lɔ/
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| |zɛ́lɔ
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| |sand
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| |-
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| |ⁿz <small>(1)</small>
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| |/ⁿzáᵐbe/
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| |nzámbe
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| |God
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| |-
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| |ʃ
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| |/ʃakú/
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| |cakú or shakú
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| |African grey parrot
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| |-
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| |l
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| |/ɔ́lɔ/
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| |ɔ́lɔ
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| |gold
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| |-
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| |j
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| |/jé/
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| |yé
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| |him; her (object pronoun)
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| |-
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| |w
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| |/wápi/
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| |wápi
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| |where
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| |}
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| ==Pronunciation: VIDEO==
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| <youtube>iiDWgi_YdLU</youtube> | | <youtube>iiDWgi_YdLU</youtube> |
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| ==Lingala Online Virtual Keyboard==
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| __NOCACHE__<include iframe src='https://polyglotclub.com/keyboard.php?souscat_url=lingala' height='600px' frameborder='0' scrolling='yes' />"
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| [[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]] | | [[Category:Alphabet-and-Pronunciation]] |